01#UNTAGGED. a year in Collective Housing

a year in collective housing

issue 01 | 2023

Anne Lacaton

Elli Mosayebi

Dietmar Eberle

Hrvoje Njiriç

Alison Brooks

Andrés Cánovas

Atxu Amann

Nicolás Maruri

Andrea Deplazes

Sacha Menz

Javier García Germán

Ignacio Fernández Solla

Jonathan Benhamu

Carmen Espegel

Fernando Altozano

Daniel Sorando

Cristiane Muniz

Fernando Veigas

José Ma Ezquiaga

the best of the MCH 2022 edition...

#untagged presents a selection of the best works produced by students in the Master of Collective Housing – MCH 2022 edition.

The knowledge produced in the MCH through the projects in its Workshops and Specialty courses is at the forefront of the body of thought related to collective housing architecture.

The teachers, juries and guest lecturers are amongst the most recognized in the field, contributing to the quality of the discussions and production made during the one year master.

This first issue lays out the structure for the following numbers, opening up on display the entire year and its contents.

https://www.mchmaster.com/

MCH Directors

José Ma de Lapuerta - UPM

Andrea Deplazes - ETH

MCH Manager

Nuria Muruais

a year in collective housing

MCH

MAS in Collective Housing

ISBN 978-84-09-50596-8

© 2023 Master in Collective Housing. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. ETH Zurich.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher.

MCH Directors

José María de Lapuerta- UPM

Andrea Deplazes - ETH

MCH Manager

Nuria Muruais

Concept

Nuria Muruais

Edition

Andrés Solano

Cover image by Andrés Solano selected by Dietmar Eberle from Workshop final submission

Printed and bound by Omán Impresores.

Sociology,

Construction

Leadership

Urban

Low

One house, one building, one public space Snapshots of collective life

Notes from the editor

Andrés Solano, alumni - 2022 edition

When reviewing the projects and work produced by my fellow classmates and exposed by our teachers and guest lecturers during the 2022 edition, I was impressed at the amount of high quality knowledge that had been produced.

It is only with the distance of time that one realizes what has been achieved in the months of duration of the MCH. Many of the ideas that are being discussed, designed and displayed in the Specialties and Workshops will undoubtedly be on the frontline of the discipline in the following years.

The knowledge portrayed in this first issue is still raw, in the melting pot. It is thus impossible to organize it outside the encasing frame of the courses. In this sense, the name #untagged makes reference to this myriad of ideas that flourish during the intense weeks of the Master but cannot be “tagged” as they flow freely in-between the classes. However, we believe the effort must be made to publish and externalise it, enabling to become raw material for something new.

“Only an idea has the power to spread itself so far.”

- Mies Van der Rohe

The name is a tribute to HOUSETAG, the first publication developed entirely by the MCH that catalogs and “tags” existing European collective housing buildings of the last two decades. The next decades, and the next HOUSETAG will hopefully involve the projects of our former students participating as architects, builders or promoters. Others will take what is being learned to infiltrate academia somewhere else, as the network of alumni grows ever more with each edition.

Letter from the Director - UPM Career development & housing research. They are not exclusive for the MCH.

Jose Maria de Lapuerta

For the MCH it is very important that students, when they finish, have a professional profile, knowledge and skills that are different from when they started. And that this can be measured, that it is not something subjective. Also different job and salary aspirations.

Non graduate program in the world, at any discipline, “contractually” guarantees a certain job position upon completion. However, much of the prestige and the reasons for investing in tuition depend on that Career Development.

At the MCH, two months before the end of the classes and four months before the delivery of the Master’s thesis, we begin with the Career Advise work.

Both in common talks for all students, as well as by groups with the same interest, as well as with individual interviews, as a director, I explain the different job and salary options, from different offices and countries. The differences are explained, the ways of approaching, the possible difficulties of visas depending on the country of origin, the “friendly” studies that usually employ MCH graduates, the total support for those who return to their country of origin and what the work that the director and the MCH team will do for each one.

Access is also given to the specific job bank for participants in the MCH.

Finally, the alumni association is supported, its connections around the world, its exchanges of opportunities. The culminating moment of this was the MCH FEST where all the participants of 15 editions and their partners were invited to the Parador de la Granja de San Ildefonso. Throughout the day and before the gala dinner, the former participants were grouped into

large classrooms according to their profiles. The day was exciting. The class that was working in large offices, those who had founded their own study, those who worked for the public administration and those who dedicated themselves to teaching and research.

The other side of the MCH coin, with a clearly professional profile, is that it does not renounce the investigation. It seems difficult for us to talk about teaching if it is not linked to research. Every year a book or research is promoted. The TC Cuadernos publishing house, with international distribution and one of the most active in architecture, has an agreement with us and, in addition to publishing monographs for professors who pass through the MCH (Wiel Arets, Fritz Van Donguen, Felix Claus,...) believe in any proposal of the management of MCH ETH-UPM. Thus, the idea of any participating teacher is analyzed and the selected one will be published with a significant stake. In recent months, we have published two books:

PATRIMONIO ACCESIBLE: LA INTERVENCIÓN EN EL PATRIMONIO Y EL PROYECTO DE ACCESIBILIDAD

HOUSETAG: VIVIENDA COLECTIVA EN EUROPA 20002021 10/2021, this one developed entirely in the MCH classrooms and with the participation of MCH students, it has led to the most serious and important research in housing in Europe in recent years. It has already had its first consequences in an exhibition with a catalog at the ICO museum “Domestic Sunrises”. It will be a traveling exhibition throughout Europe.

The Master in Collective Housing knows that the success and future of our postgraduate course depends to a large extent on the professional future of its participants. But also that it is research that builds a chair, high, to see beyond the near horizon, to look into the future.

Is the Master in Collective Housing ETH-UPM a professional or research postgraduate?

Climate, Metabolism & Architecture. Towards Post-Sustainability Specialties

This module explores the design opportunities which the field of thermodynamics and ecology are opening to architecture, and specifically to the field of collective housing. It focuses on climatic questions and on the metabolic dimension of architecture, with the objective of finding design strategies which bridge the void between quantitative and qualitative approaches.

As a result, special attention is given to questions which in rare occasions are addressed in mainstream sustainability courses. The workshop immerses in the quotidian implications of sustainability, connecting everyday life to architecture, which introduces to the specialty the ethnological dimension of architecture. This question opens the experiential realm, introducing the human body in its physiological and psychological dimensions to architecture. Under this perspective, the history of architecture —which offers a rich variety of climatic and metabolic references— is a powerful design tool.

This workshop departs from the structural connection that exists between the climate of a given location and the culture unfolded by its inhabitants. This question, which has been rarely addressed by architects, underpins a wide array of questions which connect climate to social patterns, local lifestyles, how people dress themselves or how architecture is inhabited.

From this perspective, a thermodynamic approach to architecture needs to explore the interactions between the local climate, the spatial and material particularities of architecture, and the lifestyle of its users.

Contrary to typical design procedures which deploy a topdown approach which proceeds from outdoor massing to indoor space, this studio explores the potential to conceive architecture from the interior. The objective is to design a building starting from the particular atmospheres demanded by its users. As a result, departing from the specific ambient conditions needed by users, students will define the set of sources and skills required to induce specific atmospheric situations.

Urban, landscape and building typologies will be a useful tool during the module as it offers the possibility to bridge the gulf between local climate and specific everyday life patterns. Climatic typologies show how architecture can interact between a given climate and the way people live and socialize, offering the potential to connect the spatial and material lineaments with the specific physiological and psychological behaviors, bridging the gulf between the thermodynamic processes induced by architecture and the quotidian behavior of its inhabitants.

Javier García-Germán Specialty Leader Emiliano López

Renata Sentkiewicz Jury Jury

On atmospheres, constructed space

Silvia Benedito | 2022 | 03 | 04

Silvia Benedito puts into question the necessity to design for comfort standards. Using examples of built work from pre-air-conditioning times such as Le Corbusier and Lina Bo Bardi, the presentation explored the possibilities of designing for different and chaging atmospheric conditions in opposition to the homoestatis convention.

Already there, on reuse and deconstruction

Renaud Haerlinger | 2022 | 03 | 15

Renaud Haerlinger presents us Rotor DC, a cooperative design practice related to material resources, waste and obsoloscene with both a research and practical operation. Through the work of Rotor and satellite organizations such as Opalis, Renaud explains the possibilities of reuse of construction materiales through dismantling and deconstruction. A new concept of beauty, aesthetics and tectonics for the building environment, that takes into consideration the characteristics of already existing materials, is discussed.

Climate, Metabolism & Architecture. Towards Post-Sustainability Specialties

Reinforcing feedback loops

Daniel Ibañez | 2022 | 03 | 18

The lecture focused on teaching how to think on the whole cycle of a project, not just what is related to its own construction, but how the materials, energy and resources are organised to make it happen. This is called the material metabolic interdependence. A way of designing by engaging into the complex and material relations of a project.

The

Sascha Roesler | 2022 | 04 | 01

Prof Sascha Roesler presents us a lecture focused on relating the concerns of energy to design concerns. With so many demands for energy and water sources in our cities, our idea of landscape is going to include more and more the infraestructure needed to obtain it.

“WE ARE WHERE WE ARE. The sentence plays demonically with the be/be and the stay/be.

[...]

No place is repeatable and, therefore, any corner of the world is worthy of reverence. All the stones are valuable, all. And places, too.”

“PARAULES LOCALS” Perejaume

Climate, Metabolism & Architecture. Towards Post-Sustainability

Proyectos López-Rivera Arquitectos

Emiliano López | 2022 | 04 | 22

Specialties

Emiliano López presents the projects of his studio López Rivera Arquitectos, a very interesting selection of projects designed taking into consideration locally sourced construction techniques and materials. Architecture is thought from the physical and climatic conditions of the location, up to the program and use.

A post-sustainable commune for Barcelona. Our project proposes a new way of living in connection with natural and changing seasons. It is also easy to understand and replicate with local materials, which have a low metabolic impact on the environment.

Climate, Metabolism & Architecture. Towards Post-Sustainability

SEASONAL MIGRATION IN BARCELONA

CLIMATE AND TERRITORIAL ATMOSPHERES

03 / Built Atmospheres

Plaza with outdoor eating. Many restaurants in Barcelona use neighbouring outdoor spaces to extend their space with more seating area. During the summer it is just a canopy, and during winter, the spaces close with plastic transparent sheeting and artificial heating.

relationship between inside and outside spaces.

04 / Environments

Protest and rights / Barcelona`s inhabitants are very keen on protecting and demanding their rights. Protest is part of the life and culture of the city, which is done using the public spaces.

Catalan Culture / Barcelona has a very particular culture different from the rest of Spain, related to its Catalan origins. That is a very important part of the inhabitants way of life and its identity.

Simple

at the beach. At summer the best space is outdoors near the beach with a simple roofing for protecting agains the sun.

Urban Life / The city and its buildings projects itself to the outdoors, something that is not very common in other more northern European cities. Many commerces and stores extend their use outside whenever it is possible.

Public Spaces / Barcelona’s public spaces are really important for people´s lives. They are very used in summer and in winter. It is surprising to see people at the beach even in the coldest months, and using parks and plazas. Whenever the climate is good, the inhabitants of the city use the outdoors.

José Hevia - studio in Barcelona, working space combining indoor and outdoor spaces.

José Coderch - Ugalde House. This project is represantive of a Barcelona way of life, incorporating nature and diluting the

Refurbishment of catalan Masia, maintaining the original conditions of materiality and incorporating contemporary elements.

Catalan Masia. The massive walls and small openings, oriented to the South makes this type of traditional architecture the best for the winter.

José Coderch - House for an Artist in Barcelona, interior garden. Bringing light and heat during winter using glass and louvres.

roofing

Climate, Metabolism & Architecture. Towards Post-Sustainability

SEASONAL MIGRATION IN BARCELONA

CLIMATE AND TERRITORIAL ATMOSPHERES

05 / Strategies

11:00hrs / During the morning, the best working space would be under a roof, protected from the prevailing wind, but still well ventilated

ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY

JAVIER GARCÍA-GERMÁN

14:00hrs / Lunch time in summer can be done outside like a picnic if the proper space is found. A perfect space would be under trees with a big canopy, close to a body of water so that the wind can lower its temperature as it approaches.

16:00hrs / During the afternoon, when it is really hot, and there is plenty of sun radiation, the best way to have a siesta is outside with a shade from a light roof canopy to protect from the sun. The sleeping or relaxing time can be done in a hammock. The fabric can be of a breathable mesh to promote ventilation.

JUANITA GÓMEZ / ALEXIA VALTADOROU / SUZANE KTEICH / ANDRÉS SOLANO

SEASONAL MIGRATION IN BARCELONA

CLIMATE AND TERRITORIAL ATMOSPHERES

06/ Material Metabolic Interdependencies

ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY

PROFESSOR JAVIER GARCÍA-GERMÁN

Photographic Essay

Compound Earth Panel/ 1 / Tests with soil from Castellbisbal - Casa S-Low ProjectCongreso Internacional de Arquitectura en Tierra 2013 - UPC Catalunya - Arq. Montserrat Bosch 2 / Moli de Rafelet at Delta Del Ebro - Tarragona 3 y 4 / Construction process for “light quincha” - Instituto Francés de Estudios Andinos - RomanBauer + Enrique Santillana Arquitectos - Lima 5 / Afterlife - green cover and urban agriculture at calle Balcells Gracia - Paisatge Urbà, Ajuntament de Barcelona y Comunidad de

Material Geographies

JUANITA GÓMEZ / ALEXIA VALTADOROU / SUZANE KTEICH / ANDRÉS SOLANO

MASTER IN COLLECTIVE HOUSING 2022. ETH ZÜRICH, ETSAM, UPM

Climate, Metabolism & Architecture. Towards Post-Sustainability

SEASONAL MIGRATION IN BARCELONA

AND TERRITORIAL ATMOSPHERES

08 / Elements of the Commune System

Units. Conectors. Expansions / The system is composed of a series of elements that can be used to assemble together and create a commune. There are winter (W) and summer (S) units which can be used according to the season and placed according to a manual. There are also many smaller elements like conectors (stairs, stands and lattice walls) that can be used to articulate the different units between each other. The expansions are wooden structures used for canopies that can serve to create covered areas for temporary uses.

09 / Self-built affordable units. How to assemble.

Because these units are made of simple locally available materials of small size, they can be easily assembled by the users using a manual. In this case, the

10 / Seasonal migration between units

Wood and brick lattice / The thermal properties of reused brick are beneficial for the project. Because the structure of the units is made up of wood, a special wooden shelving design is proposed where bricks are placed like books. This allows for more contact with the sun and wind allowing the lattice to enhance its thermal capacities.

Climate, Metabolism & Architecture. Towards Post-Sustainability

Inhabiting the threshold: Climate and territorial atmospheres

Paloma Allende, Francisco Heredia, Androniki Petrou, Jorge Sánchez

The proposal starts by analysing the traditional Catalonyan barraca, transfering its climatic qualities to a prototype. The project then transfers this investigation onto a multistory collective housing building on the coast of Barcelona.

INHABITING THE THRESHOLD CLIMATE AND TERRITORIAL ATMOSPHERES

- Months of January, February and March

- Cold and humid climate.

- Average temperature of 9ºC.

- Maximum temperatures during the day of 19ºC.

- Minimum temperatures during the night of 2ºC.

- Average relative humidity of 79%.

- Months of July, August and September.

- Hot and humid climate.

- Average temperature of 24ºC.

- Maximum temperatures during the day of 30ºC.

- Minimum temperatures during the night of 16ºC.

- Average relative humidity of 70%.

- The city has a high relative humidity throughout the year.

- More than 60% of relative humidity = discomfort.

- 64% of the year, the relative humidity is between 60% and 80%.

- 31% of the year, the relative humidity is higher than 80%.

- We can find peaks of almost 90%.

- We only have from 55% to 60% of r. humiduty in 6% of the year.

- We can find the lowest measurment during January noon of almost 55%.

Everyday Life Atmospheres

Winter (January-March):

- Prevalining humid, cold, strong, North wind.

- Wind temperature less than 20ºC.

- Average wind speed of 6 m/s with peaks of 16 m/s.

Summer (July-September):

- Prevaling humid, cool, light North breezes.

- Wind temperature betwwen 20ºC and 24ºC.

- Average wind speed of 4 m/s with peaks not stronger than 8 m/s.

Who is a barcelonean guy?

Working in a big and multicultural city like Barcelona raises a question for us: Who is Barcelonean person? What sort of person is?.

But the climate, in this case, Mediterranean climate is the same for all of them, but not everybody feel the same confort zone.

On the basis of this questioning, the research is focused on the beach as a meeting public space of different sort of people. The only place in the city where clothing doesn’t clearly show people’s economic status. As a consequence, our next approach is to look at clothing as the primary form of climate control by people. As simple as if you are hot you take off a garment or if you are cold you put on another.

CLIMATE, METABOLISM AND ARCHITECTURE

FRANCISCO HEREDIA | PALOMA ALLENDE | ANDRONIKI PETROU | JORGE SÁNCHEZ

PROFESSOR JAVIER GARCÍA - GERMÁN

Mediterranean Climate Barcelona Beaches Barcelona and its surroundings

Climate, Metabolism & Architecture. Towards Post-Sustainability

temperature 36.5°C

Shaded Chiringuito Natural wind cooling

INHABITING breeze

EVERYDAY temperature 5°C temperature 0°C Body temp 36.5°C Skin temperature 15°C

Summer exterior temperature 36°C Loosing Temperature through sweating

heating through eas Body temperature 36.5°C

Natural sun heating Natural wind cooling through eas breeze

temperature 40°C

through sweating

heating temperature 40°C Natural wind cooling through eas breeze Water depth temperature 15°C

Seasonal spaces Temporary shading structures

temperature 15°C Body temperature 36.5°C Summer 21/07/2022 Azimut : 229 º Elevation : 61 º Sunrise 04.35 Sunset 19.20

seafront promenade 01 Mediterranean Sea seafront promenade 02 beach chiringuito

heating Summer exterior temperature 35°C Shaded Chiringuito temperature 30°C

temperature 35°C through sweating

through sweating

temperature 35°C through eas

Cross ventilation try Open indoors spaces

Use of the public space Temporary shading structures

temperature 35°C Skin temperature 40°C Summer 21/07/1955 Azimut : 229 º Elevation : 61 º Sunrise : 04.35 Sunset : 19.20

through eas

Mediterranean Sea beach barraca barraca barraca barracas barracas

Evergreen vegetation

summer (2022) summer (1955) winter (2022) winter (1955) e: 1. 200 012 5 10

PROFESSOR JAVIER GARCÍA - GERMÁN

Natural sun Natural wind cooling through eas breeze Natural wind cooling through eas

temperature 5°C Bench temperature surface 20 °C

temperature 5°C

heating Body temp 36.5°C Skin temperature 10°C Body temp 36.5°C Skin temperature 10°C

Seasonal spaces

temperature 5°C through eas

temperature 5°C through eas

Use of the sun Enclosing external spaces

heating temperature 10°C Natural wind cooling through eas breeze temperature 5°C Body temperature 36.5°C

Evergreen vegetation seafront promenade 01 Mediterranean Sea seafront promenade 02 beach chiringuito

Water surface Winter 21/12/2022 Azimut : 204 º Elevation : 21 º Sunrise 07.15 Sunset 16.25

Problems of maintaining thermal inertia

temperature 35°C Skin temperature 10°C Winter 21/12/1955 Azimut : 204 º Elevation : 21 º Sunrise 07.15 Sunset 16.25

FRANCISCO HEREDIA | PALOMA ALLENDE | ANDRONIKI PETROU | JORGE SÁNCHEZ

Climate, Metabolism & Architecture. Towards Post-Sustainability

INHABITING THE THRESHOLD

EVERYDAY LIFE ATMOSPHERES. CLIMATIC TYPOLOGIES

SUMMER In the chiringuito near the beach the temperature under the shading is lower than the rest of the beach. The shading and low roof also keeps the coold east-west breeze near to the human body.

WINTER Eating and sitting in a chiringuito in wintertime is more comfortable in the morning hours where the sun heats the sitting surface and the human body.

SUMMER

The open umbrella is mandatory in order for the human body to cool and be in a more comfortable situation .The umbrella keeps part of the west-east sea breeze under it, makes the surface of the sand colder and protect the human body from the direct radiation of the sun.Additionally the body loses temperature throught sweating.

WINTER During the day the sand absorbs the heat from the morning sun with the result of keeping the temperature of the human body higher when in touch with it. Until the afternoon the sun heats the human body and make a more comfortable situation than in the afternoon, as well as balances the cool breeze from the sea.

SUMMER

The temperature under the shading of chringuito is lower than the outdoor temperature. The chiringuito roof creates a shadow and keeps the cool east-west breeze from the sea. The human body loses temperature through sweating and the sand is getting hotter because it absorbs all the heat from the sun.

WINTER The space under the roof of chiringuito is not comfortable for the human body on the winter because the shade and the breeze make the space too cool. The east south part of the beach is comfortable and heated in the first hours of the day.

SUMMER

The outdoor temperature is too high because of the high radiation of the sun. The cool breeze slowly cools the south part of the facade of barracas and make the space more comfortable especially the night. The facade absorbs the heat alla day and this side of the building is more heated in the evening.

CLIMATE, METABOLISM AND ARCHITECTURE

WINTER The outdoor sitting is pleasant in the morning due to the straight natural heating from the sun. As the human goes near to the facade, the temperature becomes cooler because the velocity of the east-west wind coold the surface.

FRANCISCO HEREDIA | PALOMA ALLENDE | ANDRONIKI PETROU | JORGE SÁNCHEZ

Analysis

Climate, Metabolism & Architecture. Towards Post-Sustainability

INHABITING THE THRESHOLD

MATERIAL CULTURE. BETWEEN TECTONICS, CLIMATE AND METABOLISM

RAMMED EARTH

Demolition

BUILDING DEMOLITION

The blocks are 100% recyclable, but the agregates need to go through a clasifica�on process before being reused

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

The blocks are self-suppor�ng do not need any finishing, and their joint is also made with the same material

QUARRY Fetdeterra works with quarries within a radius of 50 km away

RAMMED EARTH BLOCKS Clasifica�on and compacta�on of the soil into blocks, which are air dryed with no energy cost

FETDETERRA FACTORY 100% recyclable materials, with low economic and energy cost

STORAGE AND COMMERCIALIZATION

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION The material can be used either in the form of H-zero blocks or it can be poured as tradi�onal concrete.

BUILDING DEMOLITION More

RECYCLED CONCRETE BLOCKS H-zero blocks are made from concrete with 100% recycled aggregate and contributes to the reduc�on of landfills.

PROCESS

Mixing of soil and demoli�on agregates to obtain DTierra 0-30

RECYCLED CONCRETE The new concrete is made with recycled aggregates so it does not consume natural resources (quarry aggregates).

CLIMATE, METABOLISM AND ARCHITECTURE

PROFESSOR JAVIER GARCÍA - GERMÁN

TRANSPORTATION

it is necesary to use the minimum amount in aor design.

FRANCISCO HEREDIA | PALOMA ALLENDE | ANDRONIKI PETROU | JORGE SÁNCHEZ

Climate, Metabolism & Architecture. Towards Post-Sustainability

INHABITING THE THRESHOLD

-Crossed ventilation.

-Open spaces benefit from summer breeze.

-Canopy controls the sunlight.

Thermodynamic Configurations

Wicker cover in the canopy to control the sunlights, both vertically and horizontally, providing shade in summer and allowing maximum light in winter.

-Crossed ventilation is controled with windows.

-Open spaces benefit from summer breeze.

-Wall insulation allow rooms to remain cool.

-Enclosing allows the breeze to go over the building.

-Sunlight is retained with high thermal materials.

-Maximum sunlight captured through open canopy.

-Enclosing allows the breeze to pass by retained warmth in high thermal materials.

-Interior enclosing allow room to remain warmth.

In summer, the opening of the skylight allows hot air to be released from the rooms. During the winter, it will retain the heat inside the rooms.

Thermal curtains to retain the return of solar radiation during the winter. And during the summer, they try to do the opposite.

In-Between spaces to allow better control of thermal comfort through user actions.

Indoor vegetation acts as a regulator of internal humidity.

Polished concrete flooring allows the heat generated by the sunlights to be retained during the night.

The high thermal inertia of the vegetation roof reduces heat loss, conserving heat during winter nights. The same applies to the walls of rammed earth blocks.

Swing window systems make it possible to regulate the ventilation and the air flow of rooms.

North patios generate different microclimates (lower temperature in the shade) while reducing the effect of winter wind.

Rammed Earth Screen Walls promote air flow and allow selfbreathing during the summer. They also allow cross ventilation through the patios.

Foundations are slightly elevated from the ground by means of galleries, as well as a large amount of gravel, allowing for some air flow and limiting the effect of humidity on the pavement.

Climate, Metabolism & Architecture. Towards Post-Sustainability

Climate, Metabolism & Architecture. Towards Post-Sustainability

The mediterranean is not a myth

Carolina Basilis, Gaurav Chordia, Andrew Georges, Ana Victoria Ottenwalder, Isabella Pineda

The title of the project, by Bernard Rudofsky presents this proposal that takes from Mediterranean traditional architecture to create a multi-storey collective housing building based on climatic conditions.

Carmen Espegel Specialty Leader

Fernando Altozano

Specialty Leader

being+doing

Under this heading, we collect different practical experiences of the 21st century in collective housing, which develop the ambiguous exploratory territory between theory and discipline and contain the sedimentation of the know-how of design, build and inhabit collective housing. They constitute tactical patterns, inventories of ways of doing of collectively generated wisdom. They materialize the perfect coexistence of being and doing. They represent new lines of argument to realize what and how the domestic space we will inhabit soon should be.

From the vantage point of the present, we observed these experiences to extract indications for the collective housing on which we desire to advance. What is immanent in these projects and processes is filtered through the sieve of today’s social, cultural, political, and economic reality.

These architectures conceive as transmitters of knowledge, as manuals built with the hope of collecting data that will help to understand the recurring dynamics around the collective habitat. They focus on the production of reference spaces in which individual identities, although they preserve their autonomy, can find their correspondence.

The fields of interest of contemporary housing focus on values that, directly or tangentially, have to do with the understanding of the house and its extensions as an “urban stem cell”. That is, everything local and restricted on a domestic scale, influences and is influenced by the urban and territorial context that contains it.

We understand that, as a society, we can create a better environment from the domestic space, with more light, more ventilation, or optimal spatial performance. We believe that ignorance, cultural habits, the inability to access financing, or the appropriate professionals should not be obstacles for any user to enjoy a place suitable for their housing needs.

Carlos Arroyo presents the collective housing works of his office, interested in innovation of scales, new forms and sustainability. The projects shown speak of a new culture of architecture pertaining new parameters on living in relation to a different approach to architectural aesthetics and language.

Winners of the

Emerging Architecture

gave an inspiring lecture about collective and collaborative processes in housing designing that not only produce high quality results, but enable and promote the involvement of the community and its inhabitants.

EU Mies Van der Rohe award for

2022, Cristina Gamboa from LACOL cooperative

Housing

Living together

Juan Herreros, Estudio Herreros | 2022 | 03 | 14

The projects of Juan Herreros show a lifetime achievement and effort in quality and innovation in architecture. The studios’s collective housing projects are sensible urban pieces that bridge the domesticity of the interiors with the scale and density of the city.

Housing projects

Édouard François, Maison Édouard François | 2022 | 03 | 14

Édouard François gave us a masterclass on how to think-out-of-thebox with successful housing projects. Working in his reknown studio for more than two decades he is one of the precursors of “green architecture” in collectie housing.

Cristina Ballester and Carles Olivier work at IBAVI, the Balearic Islands Public Housing Institute. Together with a multidisciplinary team, they are taking action in promoting new ways for managing the issue of public and social housing through design. New housing projects are being promoted that incorporate traditional building materials, following the EU sustainable agenda, and changing radically the way public administration defines “good” projects.

The Slovenian architecture studio Bevk Perovic presents some of their most outstanding collective housing projects in which each work is an opportunity for exploration of material, programmatic and environmental issues.

Housing Practice Specialties

Site visit to refurbishment of Coderch house

Victor López Cotelo | 2022 | 03 | 28

Victor López Cotelo, one of the most important living spanish architects, winner of the Spanish Architecture prize in 2015, refurbished a private house designed by José Antonio Coderch in the 1960’s. The careful choice of materials, and update of furnishings and fixtures are an lesson on how to work on architectural heritage. Layers of time that coexist together with its inhabitants.

is one of the most important studios in France. The presentation organised their collective housing projects in slabs, urban villas, courtyards and towers.

The Swiss office of Patrick Gmür is one where continuous effort is made to improve the living conditions of the collective housing projects they do. One of the highlights was a building in Zurich where dozens of different typologies were introduced in a single housing project.

Atelier Kempe Hill

The kitchenless house: a concept for the 21st century Anna Puigjaner, MAIO | 2022 | 05 | 26

Anna Puigjaner shows us the works of MAIO, one of the most interesting cotemporary architecture practices that is changing the way we address collective housing. Her research about the possibility of imagining cities without kitchens is a an interesting proposal for future dwellings dealing with the alternative of communal cooking spaces.

Hk Architeketen has decades of practice in timber construction. A masterclass on detail and contemporary structures for collective housing was made by Hermann Kaufmann.

Essay: R50 Housing: the emergence of Baugruppen

Gaurav Chordia, Isabella Pineda, Sebastián Worm

R50 Cohousing Building

Ifau, Jesko Fezer, Heide & Von Beckerath Kreuzberg Berlin, Germany, 2013

R50 Housing, a result of the Baugruppen movement in the year 2010, is located in Ritterstrasse 50 (hence the name: R50), Berlin - Kreuzberg, Germany. Finished in 2013, Architects Heide, Von Beckerath, Ifau and Jesko Fezer designed a nineteen unit commune within a 2037 square meter property.

Berlin’s historical timeline of Housing constructs dates back to 1919, during the introduction of Berlin Modernism Housing Estates (known as Siedlungen Der Berliner Moderne). It was the era of the Weimar Republic; a progressive Berlin in many aspects- including the building reform movement. This movement was meant to improve housing for the lower income constituents. This went on until 1933, with Walter Gropius, Bruno Taut, and Martin Wagner at the forefront of these new developments. In 1945, at the end of World War II, Housing in Berlin had been heavily depleted. A fifth was demolished, and another fifth were damaged from the war, creating a genuine need for new housing to be erected.

From 1957 up to 1961, the smallest district in Berlin, also called the Hansaviertel, was reconstructed after being destroyed in the war - this massive master plan in the area was also called Interbau. The overall plan of Interbau was managed by Otto Bartning, and the urban design competition was won by Gerhard Jobst and Willy Kreuer. Working with constraints such as size, layout and cost, forty-eight architects designed an array of accommodation, both low-rise and high-rise, with many permutations in plan. Some of these architects were Alvar Aalto, Ego Eirmann, Walter Gropius, Oscar Neimeyer, and Sep Ruf.

In the year 1987, IBA (Internationale Bauausstellung Berlin) was an urban renewal project in Berlin. Given a budget of 1.2 Billion dollars, 30,000 people were going to be housed in different locations within West Berlin. Divided into two programs, the IBA Neubau and IBA Altbau. Josef Kleihauswas the appointed director of IBA Neubau, which was known as the Autonomous Architecture division, mainly focused on Urban Renewal and Construction. On the other hand, Hardt Waltherr Hämer was the director of the IBA Altbau, also known as Participatory Architecture, was mainly focused on repairs.

The 2000’s brought about a decline in the German Economy due to consumer spending and low investment. Due to this decline, there was a lack of funding for

housing projects. In 2010, the Baugruppen ideology flourished in Berlin. It somehow emerged from the logic of Neoliberalism. Neoliberalism is geared towards market-oriented reform policies such as eliminating price controls, deregulating capital markets, and lowering trade barriers. Baugruppen represents collaborative living or co-housing with private apartments and common spaces, developed through a collective effort from all owners. This essentially cuts out the middleman, usually known as developers, who create housing commodities and price them to gain their investment back as well as additional payments to gain profit.

A traditional housing property in Berlin begins with a parcel of land available with fluctuating prices in the market, sold to the highest bidder or developer, who then creates these overpriced apartments to be sold. In the Baugruppen scheme, multiple lands within Berlin were chosen to be future Baugruppen locations, and have been held at a stable price by the Berlin Property Fund. Architects design concepts for these properties to submit to the government who then chooses the best design for said location versus the cheapest structure. The design is approved and the architects find friends or colleagues who would be interested in investing in the proposed structure. Each person who will be part of this new housing can take out micro loans to build the property together, with equal payments. This means the owners and developers of the building are the occupants as well. In R50’s case, 19 apartments meant 19 groups

Housing Practice

of people coming together to pay and construct the building, with the help of a manager and builder. One of the main architects of the building decided to be one of the nineteen occupants as well.

R50 is located within Kreuzberg, which was once Berlin’s poorest area. It became a hotspot for counterculture after the Berlin Wall came down, now hosting multiple museums, galleries, trendy restaurants, and cafes. The neighborhood (Kiez), is largely made up of the Turkish community. In a micro scale, the surrounding buildings that envelop R50 are all previous housing complexes; from IBA social housing to social housing.

With nineteen distinct flats, each designed purposefully for its individual users, each unit comes out to about 80-132 square meters. The cost of each flat per square meter is 2150 Euros, and with public space factored in, 2350 Euros. The median price of Kreuzberg properties at the time of this development was 2950 Euros per square meter.

The building sits on the property not fully taking up its entirety, keeping the surrounding vegetation and creating a shared garden. Each unit was carefully designed by the architects with the help of the occupants. Forty to fifty meetings were conducted every two weeks for a year and a half to finalize each unit and the needs of each unit owner, as well as the necessary shared spaces, their sizes, and locations. The 19 flats are heavily flexible in terms of its interior with false and movable walls within each unit. The location of R50 is in close proximity to other housing developments, almost like a suburban area, but still with a cultural vibrance due to its Turkish community and heritage, as well as the museums and galleries nearby. The building’s structural elements are made up of reinforced concrete and a steel-attached mesh wire balcony around the perimeter on every floor. This type of wire mesh construction is also locally available and cost efficient. A central core with a lift and staircase is located in the middle of the building, creating a massive column within the structure, allowing the other columns to be placed at the outer walls. This opens up the floor plate with six meter spans in all directions. Ramps are available at the entrance of the building, making it accessible from the street side to the ground floor area.With bicycle parking, and mini studios for each owner, these communal spaces are divided equally among tenants. The winter garden room is a shared living room with a double height ceiling, with fully glazed windows and located at the ground floor. This is a place for meetings and moments when users want to be outside of their apartments or play music on the baby piano, but still be inside the building. It also has a guest room at the second level, which can be used by any of the tenants’ guests if needed.

The shortage of housing stock in Germany’s urban centers, lack of newly constructed public housing, and the sale of existing public housing to private controllers have all heightened anxieties. The time for alternatives is now. This ideology of Baugruppen has become a solution to the current state of Berlin’s housing situation, and in that sense has brought about a positive impact to the city. It is a more affordable and sustainable way of attaining property. The group assembled includes architects, artists, and journalists. They all essentially bought into the project, with everyone purchasing his or her unit in the building on spec before it had even been developed. The thing that elevates R50 beyond just a clever financing model is that it was designed with the intensive participation of its residents. The architects facilitated the process, starting with the founding of the building group, leading participatory planning and design meetings. R50 is a comparative bargain as it was sold per square meter at 2350 Euros (including shared spaces) versus the Kreuzberg market at 2950 Euros. (Bridger, J. 2015)

The communal aspect of Baugruppen hangs perpetually in the balance with individual ownership. While the original residents might uphold the underlying tenets of the groupthink project, the question of selling—and selling out—comes up. Under German law, owners of units in the

R50 building and other similar cohousing complexes can sell to whom they please. This, naturally, leads to some anxiety on the part of the community of owners, which only time will put to rest or realize in new, nasty neighbors. (Bridger, J. 2015) There is a lack of residents with a lower than average income and education background. Baugruppen accommodates mostly the German middleclass and is leading to increase in segregation and a rise in rents in urban areas. (University of Toronto, n.d.)

From the outside of R50, the building seems continuous and simple due to the mesh wraparound, minimizing the focus on the fact that the windows on every floor are not similar. These windows are of German manufacturers, making it possible to fully glaze the facade with very thick and insulated windows which keep the microclimate within the building at a good temperature. The use of wire mesh balconies is more affordable than reinforced concrete beams extending out, but also provides a light and airy feeling to the exterior. These materials blend in perfectly with the greenery. It is also environmentally thoughtful to not place any car parking within the building, promoting more sustainable modes of transportation.

The R50 building, although flexible in its interiors, is not as flexible in the exterior. It is a very angular structure and with its wraparound mesh balconies, cannot be extended or added onto as easily as the interior spaces which can be reconfigured. These mesh balconies are also considered communal space, and are used by any unit owner. This poses a reduction of privacy, since any member of the community walking past another member’s property can see through their living quarters. This may be solved through placing thick curtains, but the idea that someone can see through the interiors of a private space is not the most appealing. A divider per unit within the balconies could also improve this, however, by dividing these balconies, this loses its idea to become a communal balcony, and instead becomes private space for each unit owner.

The plans of each unit, although somewhat similar to the programming each unit owner and architect designed together, fell short in a way. To save on costs, most bathrooms and kitchens are located near the core of the building, altering some of the initial programming of certain units. This makes it partly similar but not fully realized.

The R50 cohousing building, even with its minor drawbacks, is a great building to reside in. Its functionality is catered specifically to its community. The collaboration between architects and owners has made the building meet the needs of its users to a level above typical developer-driven properties available on the market.

Baugruppen acts as a possibility for the upper working class to move from a rental property to acquiring their own property that they can keep and grow old in, despite the fluctuating prices of the housing market. This ensures them from being evicted or gentrified from their current location for years to come.

It is possible that the future holds multiple communal housing properties like R50 for all classes, not only the upper working class. These kinds of structures can elevate the sense of community and the idea of codependency not only in a work environment, but in a living environment as well.

The introduction of buildings like R50 in Berlin may be the solution for now, but as times change, problems and solutions evolve as well. It is not certain what lies ahead or what the Baugruppen will mature into. Looking back at the Berlin Housing timeline, it is clear that housing situations always change based on the political and economic status of Germany during a certain period of time. It is certain that the ideology and practices of R50 are not where Baugruppen and the need for cohousing ends, it will only improve over time to provide better experiences and meet the needs of Berlin residents at a higher level.

Selected Bibliography

This bibliography consists exclusively of those publications (books, articles in journals or websites) focused on the project of R50 Housing’

2018

Hartmann, T. (2018). Situative Standards. What co-housing looks like - Inside Berlin’s Radical R50 Baugruppen Project. Retrieved from https://docplayer.org/58008080-Situativestandards-what-co-housing-looks-like-inside-berlin-s-radicalr50-baugruppen-project.html

2015

Bridger, J. (2015, June 10). Don’t Call It A Commune: Inside Berlin’s Radical Housing Project. Retrieved March 6, 2022, from https://metropolismag.com/projects/dont-call-it-acommune-inside-berlin-radical-cohousing-project/

2015

R50 – Cohousing / ifau und Jesko Fezer + Heide & von Beckerath” 08 Feb 2015. ArchDaily. Accessed 6 Apr 2022. https://www.archdaily.com/593154/r50-nil-cohousing-ifauund-jesko-fezer-heide-and-von-beckerath

2011

Kuhnert, N. (Ed.). (2011, March). R50: Ifau and Jesko Fezer, Heide and Von Beckerath. ARCH+ Features. Review of R50 Cohousing by University of Toronto. (n.d.).

Daniel Sorando

Specialty Leader

Housing in Spain.

The familistic welfare regime gives housing a key role in the reproduction of its main structures (Allen et al., 2004). Promoting home ownership has been an instrument to promote the economy, rather than to reduce social inequalities. Tax relief for mortgage repayments on primary and secondary homes has been the traditional instrument of housing policy. Public spending on this policy has been applied to the detriment of public support for the working classes regardless of their tenancy.

In societies with pronounced dualism in the labour market, where the informal economy occupies an important position, owning a residence is an imperative for household social security (Castles & Ferrera, 1996). Solidarity strategies within the family are organized around the transmission of property assets across generations, legitimizing the abandonment of social housing policy.

Two types of social housing have coexisted in Spain. Most of the social housing has been the so-called Vivienda de Protección Oficial (VPO), which is destined almost entirely to homeownership and is publicly subsidized. Low-income households were systematically excluded from VPO, for which around 80% of households were eligible. The second type of social housing corresponds to its common use in the rest of Europe: rental social housing (Alberdi, 2014). From 1952, 6.8 million units have been built (27% of the total stock) and today we only have 300,000 rental social housing units.

In 2011, the distribution of tenure in Spain showed the consequences of this model. 79.6% of the population lived in their own home compared to 12.1% who did so in rental housing at market price and 2,8% in social rental housing (according to data from INE). In this context, Spain is the fourth country in the EU with the lowest percentage of rental social housing, only above Greece, Luxembourg, and Estonia (Pittini, 2019).

The deregulation of the mortgage markets during the 1980s and 1990s, in conjunction with the reduction in interest rates, allowed the expansion of the mortgage supply to sectors with less economic solvency, mainly migrants and young people.

The consequences of this model have made access to housing (both owned and rented) dramatic for some sections of society. Difficulties in accessing adequate and safe housing are, together with the low quality of employment, the main paths towards social exclusion in Spain. Social inequality is strongly linked to the Spanish residential model, due to the overburden that housing costs have on the economies of the most vulnerable households (FOESSA, 2019).

Sociology of housing: concepts, theories, process

Jesús Leal | 2022 | 04 | 25

A thorough examination of key sociological concepts regarding housing in relation to society and means of production. The change of paradigms in history is visible int he construction of the city and Madrid is a perfect example for this.

Housing financialisation

Melissa García Lamarca | 2022 | 04 | 26

Housing & old age

Irene Lebrusán | 2022 | 04 | 26

The ‘Airbnbisation’ of the city

Javier Gil | 2022 | 05 | 03

Rent regulation as a tool to secure the right to housing in the rental market

Max Gigling | 2022 | 05 | 03

Social resilience in urban contexts: researches and implementations in the Atlas of the A-Gentrification & PAX – Patios de la Axerquia

Gaia Redaelli | 2022 | 05 | 03

“The city converts itself in the main laboratory in which local solution to global problems are researched, experimented, drawn and tested””. This quote by philosopher Zygmunt Bauman, explains the research and works of Gaia Redaelli from a broader perspective in analysing data of European cities, to a particular case study in Axerquia, Córdoba.

Sociology, Economy & Politics

The Vienna model of social housing

Susane

The city of Vienna, Austria has been in the front line developing and implementing social housing policies since 1840. A series of tax reforms and specific city legal framework promoting rent over ownership have allowed for almost two hundred years of social housing tradition to thrive in benefit of its citizens.

Study trip to housing case studies in Madrid

Daniel

An encircling trip around Madrid, visiting iconic neighbourhoods and housing projects interesting from a sociological point of view, but chosen by an Architect.

Research project: Proposal for Bellas Vistas, Madrid.

Juanita Gómez, Andrew Georges, Sebastian Worm, Nayanatara Tampi

Bellas Vistas is a wonderfully diverse gem in the middle of Madrid. Historically it has been able to provide refuge and shelter for a wide array of immigrants and locals who come from underprivileged backgrounds and need to be in the proximity of the economic center of Madrid. Better policies regarding rent control, zoning and equitable developments are crucial for the deterrence of an incoming wave of gentrification that is targeting this relatively cheap neighborhood. Alongside policy measures, we believe proper urban and architectural interventions that focus on the public and common goods and grounds ensures the wellbeing and longevity of communities in this area.

Essay: The paradox of vacant housing in a homeless India

Nayanatara Tampi

Estimated Housing requirement: 19 million units1

Estimated Vacant Houses: 11 million units2

On superficial screening it appears to be a simple problem of matching surplus supply with need/demand. However, the problem is much more varied and has deeper underlying causes. This essay seeks to explore the causes and conditions for houses to go uninhabited in the slum dwelling cities of India.

On initial inspection, one cause may appear to be obvious: the financialization of Housing.

“It is argued that the absorption of capital by the housing sector and real estate more generally was one of the defining characteristics of the current age of financialization, exceptionally inflating the balance sheet of households and banks in the process.”3

In India, parking of one’s capital into second homes as a way to avoid taxations and illegal income is common amongst the higher income groups. It becomes a safe investment and protection against inflation and market changes. The prices for Housing in Urban areas thus becomes inflated and more unaffordable.4

The rental yield on residential property in India is one of the lowest in the world; ranging from 1-3%. This is because of rent control policies in India. The rental yield

would barely cover the cost of maintaining and redoing the flat between tenants and therefore is not a lucrative income source. The better source for financial gain is through capital appreciation of the property and so, owners often prefer to keep properties empty.5

Rent control in India since independence has always been through very pro-tenant policies. The policies allow very little to no appreciation on rent and allows passing on of the lease through generations. This creates ‘muddled property rights’ between the owner and renter. 6 This is also the reason for little future investment in rental housing in Urban India, despite the desperate need. Although the owner can always sell the property as a whole, there is a lack of buyers for such rent-controlled properties. The strong rent control also results in dilapidation of the buildings because maintenance does not fall under the renter’s responsibilities, however the rent is too low to cover the expenses for the owner.7 This is a cause for concern for the city as a whole, and few solutions have been able to eradicate it.

1 (MHUPA - Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, 2012)

2 (Census of India, 2011)

3 (Aalbers, 2016)

4 (Monani, 2020)

5 (Monani, 2020)

6 (Bertaud, 2004)

7 (Monani, 2020)

Image A

In cities like Mumbai, the pro- tenant policies on rent also allow many months of non-payment of rent without legal eviction from properties. Legal issues when taken to court may be prolonged typically for years as the judicial system in India is tediously slow. 8 Such policies make owners wary of renting out their properties and the legal issues that may arise from it. As housing and rent policies come under the State Government in India, a clear difference can be seen between states that have chosen to reform their rental policy and allow for better legal policing of the rental contract. For example, in the city of Vishakhapatnam, a maximum of one month may be allowed to pass without rent payment before legal eviction. This resulted in a shrinkage of vacant houses in the city and a rise in renting.9 Therefore we can see a clear co-relation between the strict rent control policies and resulting vacant homes because of reluctance to rent by owners.

The second type of housing that can be discussed under this theme is public housing. In Maharashtra the municipal body in charge of developing and distributing low-cost housing is known as MHADA (Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority). The system of developing houses is that MHADA acquires land through the Government at a very low cost, which allows subsidizing of the sale of housing units after construction. The housing units can be applied for under various categories

of income and are distributed through a lottery system at random. Also, there are many Government schemes for low-cost housing to encourage private developers to build affordable housing, through tax incentives and development rights. Through both these systems, slum rehabilitation and low-income housing stock is built.

Through statistics it can be observed that the large quantum of vacant housing lies in this section of public housing incentivised or provided by the Government.10 Housing is provided at a highly subsidised rate to an economic group that has no other form of formal housing (slum dwellers) and yet these houses remain vacant. This paradoxical situation arises due to various reasons that will be explored ahead.

In many situations the city centre is too congested to absorb new housing and these developments need to take place in peripheral areas of the city. These areas often are lacking in infrastructure, in terms of public transport or even basic road networks. The cost of long commutes is pushed on to an economic group that can least afford it and has no means of private commute. As quoted by a resident from ‘Moving to Opportunity or Isolation?’ report:

Sociology, Economy & Politics

“[My husband] was working at a public distribution system shop that was in Rakhial. He continued working there, in the same shop, even after we moved to Colony A. He used to ride his bicycle to work — it would take him one hour to get there. The commute was very difficult for him...Sometimes he would fall sick from exhaustion”. 11

Being away from the city also meant being away from schools and medical infrastructure. The situation could be grave in case of medical emergencies, as was reported by another resident. To walk children to school could take as long as an hour everyday and became an unsustainable lifestyle for many residents.12

Sometimes in peripheral urban areas, due to lack of city by-laws or enforcement, the buildings are built without access to proper service infrastructure. This may mean that the building does not have a 24-hour water supply or electricity supply and may have to be supplied through water tankers or electricity generators. In many cases this may result in water being supplied only for a few hours a day and elevators are kept functional only for an hour in the morning and evenings. Apartments on higher floors become more difficult to access and become less lucrative options. Often, they are not sold at all.13

In slums, the residents lack good quality housing but enjoy a rich communal life. Social ties are built over the sharing of a meal or a conversation over tea on the street. These social ties become a form of informal insurance between

the neighbourhood and is a fallback in case of emergency situations where the public infrastructure does not come through. These communities are able to make their voice heard through numbers and participate in their local Government. However, with the randomised allotment of houses by the government these communities are broken down and the voices are scattered.14 This results in social isolation of the residents and a feeling of insecurity in their new neighbourhoods, especially those in peripheral locations to the city. The social net of security formed through community, extended family and next generations is broken down, and they report fewer and fewer visits from their family in their new neighbourhoods.15

The lack of enforcement of by-laws also results in poor quality construction, and bad design. As was discussed earlier, multistorey houses are built without the proper infrastructure to service them. The size of the units are small, and so multiple units need to be fit on a single floor level, resulting in double-loaded corridors and badly lit, badly ventilated spaces. So, even though a large area is spent on common space, the quality of common space discourages social interaction and can even feel unsafe. The social security that existed in communal slum spaces

11 (Sharon Barnhardt, 2015)

12 (Monani, 2020)

13 (Monani, 2020)

14 (Sharon Barnhardt, 2015)

15 (Sharon Barnhardt, 2015)

16 (Monani, 2020)

Image B

is broken down by walls of privacy and extroverted apartment units. As quoted from a resident in the report ‘Moving to Opportunity or Isolation?’ -

“The whole area was deserted and lonely — you could die there and no one would know it.”

In India, being a home-owner is aspirational and also a sign of social and financial security. When a newer area of Mira Road was being developed in Mumbai, many slum dwellers chose to stretch their budget to buy the best home they can. However, even after buying their new house, the commute to work and daily life from Mira road was impossible, and they chose to rent out their new homes and continue living the informal living conditions of slums as before.16

In conclusion, we can see, while the problem appears simple, the underlying causes are numerous and diverse. Each part of the issue needs to be tackled separately. In the private sectors many reports suggest an easing of rent regulations to be fair to both parties but also to be more financially lucrative for owners, in a controlled fashion. In public housing, the key issue is off-site peripheral relocation of slum dwellers. Slum rehabilitation should as much as possible take place on the same site as the original slum and maintain the communities previously formed. When new low-income projects are taken up, sufficient infrastructure should be provided under the by-laws and all conditions should be legally enforced. The Government could compensate for any new

infrastructure of roads and services that may have to be provided by the developer. In a developing country like India, it is of utmost importance that every investment in infrastructure is made use of to the fullest, and we do not leave our cities vacant or unused.

Images

Image A. Collage by Nayanatara Tampi

Image B. Generated by DALL-E using the prompts: skyline, Mumbai, homeless. https://openai.com/dall-e-2/

Selected Bibliography

Aalbers, R. F. (2016). Financialization and Housing: Between Globalization and Varieties of Capitalism. Univeristy of Leuven. Bertaud, A. (2004). The perfect storm: the four factors restricting the construction of new floor space in Mumbai . Census of India, 2. (2011). Census of India.

MHUPA - Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, I. (2012).

Monani, D. J. (2020). The Paradox of Vacant Houses in India: Ahmedabad Report. Anant Centre for Sustainability.

Munshi, S. G. (2017, May 11). Housing paradox: Despite a severe shortage, 12% of houses in Indian cities are lying vacant. Scroll.in.

Sahil Gandhi, R. G. (2021). India’s housing paradox: Empty houses and housing shortages. CSEP: Centre for Social and Economic Progress.

Sharon Barnhardt, E. F. (2015). Moving to Opportunity or Isolation? Network Effects of Randomised Housing Lottery in Urban India. Harvard Kennedy School.

Ignacio Fernández Solla

Specialty Leader

The specialty emphasizes the concept that buildings are like entities and that ongoing progressive industrialisation has made possible to understand the different parts of it. The building envelope, services, technologies, structure, materiales are all part of an industrialised process that is important to take into consideration as contemporary architects.

Buiding envelopes

The building envelope is the surface through which a building interacts with the external environment. It is the skin of the building. Amongs the main functions of the envelope are: support, environmental control and become the image of the building. These functions have changed in the history of architecture. Nowadays for example the envelope tends to be non-bearing, transparent, lightweight, prefabricated, passive and active environmentally.

Industrialised housing

Why is better to industrialise construction? This is the first question asked in this lecture. The reasons are very simple: the works are better, faster, greener and safer. This is because the building parts are bigger, lesser, lighter and richer. The concept of knolling is introduced, an important one to understand how to differentiate the components of the building in order to think of how to assembñe the parts. Emphasis is made on newer 3d off-site large prefabrication which have many logistical benefits for the construction process.

Building services and technologies

This topic relates directly to human comfort inside a building. Traditionally, sercices are also the main component affecting energy consumption and sustainability issues in architecture. How to achieve a comfortable environment with less energy is the main issue and it is discussed that this relates specifically to the initial climatic conditions of the building. Services also relate to water installations and the concerns around reducing consumption and re-utilization of this scarce resource.

Structural materials and techniques

A very comprehensive overview of structures and material techniques is presented making emphsais on those related to collective housing. The main concrete and steelwork kind of structures are discussed, alongside more natural timber and bamboo materials. Case studies related to industrialised structures and sustainability are important in the session to understand the pertinence of these issued in contemporary architecture.

Diego García-Seitén

Archie Campbell

David Castro

Specialty Teacher Specialty Teacher Specialty Teacher

Construction & Technology Specialties

Construction study trip in Madrid

Ignacio Fernández Solla | 2022 | 05 | 30

A day trip in Madrid visiting projects around La Castellana focusing on envelope, facade solutions and structural technology. Projects included buildings from the late twentieth century to more contemporary ones even under construction.

La minga del caracol

Bettina Kagelmacher, Joaquín Ipince, Jorge Sánchez, Andrés Solano

The “minga” is a tradition in southern Chile where houses are moved to other locations with the help of animals. This project involves doing this process to a housing building from Barcelona, Spain to Atacama, Chile. The movement across the Atlantic, from Tropic to Tropic, brings changes to the project, which has to adapt itself to the new conditions. The new requirements from within the building, its new climate, inhabitants and isolated context implies a rearrangement of its physical characteristics. A new structure, newonstruction process, new envelope, new plan distribution are proposed.

Ground floor plan

Typical floor plan

Common floor plan

Longitudinal section | Exterior view

Axonometric showing exploded elements

Transversal Section | View from the courtyard | Interior view from a housing unit

Sacha Menz

Specialty Leader

Axel Paulus Specialty Teacher

Does society need architecture and engineering? Our course is a guided tour through the design and building process, covering consultants’ competences and responsibilities of all involved parties. We want to explore the nature of our built environment and we believe that our approach to it can be referred to as building culture: the ways in which we can preserve our services’ integrity will be our prime concern. Through an exploration of the consultant’s role in society, we compel to make your own decisions as to what your roles and responsibilities are.

Authorship

Through a brief exploration of the architect’s role in society, we compel you to make your own decisions as to what your roles and responsibilities are. The various methodologies, introduced tools andavailable instruments which you will come to appreciate will maintain and realise your architectural concepts.

Collaboration

We pursue our key question as to how we can best work together by introducing you to the guiding principles of the design and building process: the service model. If all involved parties accept the service model as common ground they are able to much better understand both the appointing party’s goals, which are to be reached, and the appointed parties’ tasks, which are to be undertaken. We explore the different roles you are able to play in the design and building process. Within these roles we put our competences into the project, we serve our client, we assume responsibility, and we take liability. Furthermore, we want to present the multiple ways in which we interact with each other.

Competence

We explore the different roles you are able to play in the design and building process. Within these roles we put our competence into the project, we serve our client, we assume responsibility, we take liability, and we are involved in the decision- making process. Furthermore, we want to present the multiple ways in which we interact with each other. Armed with a sound knowledge of everybody’s responsibilities, organisational forms can be determined for specific projects.

Entrepreneurship

In line with our acquired knowledge of how to manage the project and how to interact with the involved parties, we now pay attention to our entrepreneurial spirit: how to run your own office. Firstly, we want to describe a simplified business model which illustrates how our business creates, delivers, and captures value. We should keep in mind that unique projects, in contrast to repeatable products, are in powerful symbiosis with corporate governance. Furthermore, it is a necessity to understand the tasks and duties of every role which you can take on in an office. Whilst a majority aim to become a team manager, it must be kept in mind that it is, in essence, a managerial role, and that by assuming responsibilities for project and office- related matters, the opportunities for exercising your creative powers may be compromised.

Urban Design & City Science Specialties

Urban Design and project strategy: place making - the creation of a setting that imparts a sense of place to an area.

All over the world, neibourhoods, cities and regions are challenged by the risks and opportunities associated with accelerating challenges arising from migration, climate change, the fourth industrial revolution, globalization, rising inequality, and political instability.

Planning for resilience and sustainability, for organic growth, for flexibility, and for adaptivity means that planning has become a process of intensive interaction, negotiation, and communication between involved stakeholders, looking for shared visions and strategies to go forward. Such a process is helped by diverse tools and ways of approaching the tasks at hand, with the formulation of alternative spatial scenarios and by vision and strategy making.

Urban design involves the arrangement and design of buildings, public spaces, transport systems, services, and amenities. Urban design is the process of giving form, shape, and character to groups of buildings, to whole neighborhoods, and the city.

City Science - The application of science and research to address urban challenges through an evidencebased approach

New design paradigms are emerging based on humancentered principles and systems-based approaches. Based on the notion of the City as a complex system, or as a system of systems, City Science seeks to provide tools and techniques to navigate the complexity of city making.

There are many different aspects to study in urban systems from a scientific point of view. These aspects include demography and population evolution, mobility, economic output, land use and urban planning, home accessibility, real estate market, energy and water consumption, waste processing, health, education, integration of minorities, just to name a few.

The challenges associated to these aspects can be very wide and include: social segregation, environmental footprint, resources shortage, pollution, food scarcity, inequality, climate change, ageing population and sprawl.

City making, and the application of City Science is a dynamic and iterative process in which the conclusions have to be periodically revisited as the base conditions and the technological tools and solutions are constantly evolving.City Science must be applied at all stages of a project, from diagnosis, to gather the most relevant data for the project, to design stage, making use of the available tools to manage large data sets in order to make informed evidence-based decisions, and to development and implementation, to select design solutions that respond to the most pressing urban challenges and opportunities.

Gemma Peribáñez

Susana Isabel

Julia Landaburu

Specialty Teacher Urban Design Specialty Teacher City Science Specialty Teacher City Science

José María Ezquiaga Specialty Leader Urban Design

Madrid: A new urbanism of transformation and recycling

José María Ezquiaga & Gemma Peribañez | 2022 | 09 | 05

Conventional urban planning oriented to the regulation of land use and zoning is an insufficient tool to tackle the new urban and environmental challenges. The lecture explores how to face future challenges from a new urbanism based on the transformation and recycling of the existing city, using Madrid as an example.

City sciences, city challenges | The city of layers | Urban sustainabilty

Susana Isabel & Julia Landaburu | 2022 | 09 | 06

Three different lectures that explain the concept of city science related to the application of science and research to address urban challenges through an evidence based approach.

The path towards climate neutrality in the building sector

Luis Irastorza | 2022 | 09 | 08

The lecture focuses on presenting real data showing an up to date status report on the issue of climate neutrality in relation to the built environment. The global status on agreements, a roadmap for buildings and constructions in different regions is analysed to finally present how to achieve climate neutrality in the EU and the path to this goal.

Urban Design & City Science Specialties

Madrid Rio study trip

Javier Malo de Molina, Burgos+Garrido | 2022 | 09 | 23

Madrid Rio is perhaps one of the best contemporary examples of urban regeneration and new successful public spaces in the world. Javier Malo de Molina, who was part of the team at Burgos+Garrido (architects in charge of the project), was the tour guide. Riding a rented bike, the trip started where the M30 highway sinks underground, allowing for the creation of the linear park above. The design takes into consideration the exisiting natural environment, specially water and vegetation, as continuation of the broader ecosystem of Madrid.

The study trip to the BBVA tower had two parts. One related to the building itself, an original building from XXX refurbished to incorporate new uses as the bank moved to a new location. The second part was a lecture on the economic factors involved in real state decisions and how to adapt to the changing market demans.

Data

The lecture focuses on the work of the urban planning office 300000kms and the way they use data to make decisions. They overview the different scales of data, from global and more comparable, to local and precise. The use of maps and graphics is essential in the data driven approach as it is the means to communicate to others. During the days following the lecture, and exhibition opened at CentroCentro gallery showing their work on Madrid.

Urban Design & City Science

Urban sustainable mobility

Luis Willumsen | 2022 | 09 | 08

Specialties

Ecosistemas urbanos

Belinda Tato | 2022 | 09 | 22

Golden rules of playground design

Peter Heuken | 2022 | 09 | 29

Peter Heuken taks about the importance of designing for children in cities through theory and examples. Playgrounds shouldn’t be thought as objects that you buy and place on an open space, but as places for children to explore, relate with each other and with the natural context.

The lecture explains the work done by the company Nommon Solutions and Technologies using information, models and decision support tools for the planning and management of transport and mobility systems. Different examples of real project applications were shown.

Current projects

WEST 8 is a leading architectural firm with a lot of experience in the urban scale. Christian Dobrick gave a panorama of the offices main projects with enphasis on the methodological approach they have when dealing with architecture at the scale of the city.

is the most important big urban project in the city today. The

lectureres explained the whole process from the political agreement starting point to the more detailed technical analysis that places sustainability as the driving force behind its design.

Madrid Nuevo Norte

guest

Urban Design & City Science

The city of tomorrow: data & nature for our urban futures

Carlo Ratti, Carlo Ratti Associates | 2022 | 10 | 14

Carlo Ratti Associati is an innovative design and research firm based in Torino, Italy, Boston and London, but with works in many places around the world. Their projects are presented involving architecture and urban design, with cutting edge technology looking for more sustainable and intelligent cities and buildings.

Future traditions

Teresita Campino, Alexandre De Rungs, Cristhian Haro, Francisco Heredia, Joaquín Ipince

The proposal analyses the current existing conditions and problems found at Campamento site to project future trends based on the study of how other cities are being shaped around the world. The layout is based upon proximity, creating walkable neighbourhoods within a 6 minute radius. City science and data driven policies through adaptative infrastructure are introduced to project the evolution in stages in the future.

Worldwide situation of todays activities and changing trends Proposal for Campamento, Madrid of the future

Urban Design & City Science

Masterplan - Urban Proposal

Adaptative infrastructure - Stage 2 (2050-2300)

Urban Design & City Science

The natural city. A plan for Campamento, Madrid.

Borja Martínez-Alcalá, Androniki Petrou, Felipe Santamaría, Andrés Solano

Learning from what already exists in Madrid, and the way the city has built its public spaces and established its morphology through time, is the catalyst of this plan that proposes an opposite approach. That is, to let nature take the leading role in structuring the shape of the city, as a continuation of a broader ecosystem of Madrid.

the proposal is a continuation of the ecosystem of Madrid

nature structures the city

valley buffer

inlets

vegetation system valley, buffer and natural inlets

vegetation system parks, lawns and gardens

creeks

swamps reservoirs

water system

urban reservoirs, creeks and swamps

natural systems

neighbourhood system organic, courtyard and modern city

courtyard organic metropolitan commercial

modern

road system metropolitan, commercial and neighbourhood scale

neighborhood sports

comercial schools

equipment and service system education, sports and commercial areas

antropic systems

Urban Design & City Science

the plan for campamento is a yuxtaposition of an antropic system and a natural one, where the latter structures and gives sense to the former

the organic city, loosely structured through green corridots

the courtyard city, structured around defined but connected lawns and gardens

Urban Design & City Science

Growing in the city

Gaurav Chordia, Karol Diaz, Susanne Kteich, Nayanatara Tampi, Sebastián Worm

The proposal for Campamento is a bottom-up strategy that focuses on the scale of the neighborhood at the heart of the new city. In this sense, the main driver of communal life is related to childhood and urban farming, placing these ideas in the center of all latter design decisions.

the proposal takes urban childhood and urban farming as the driver for a neighbourhood to city approach

the masterplan brings green area as urban farming into the different neighbourhoods

core of the neighbourhood an array of activities from neighbourhood to block scale, intergenerational play + exchange

cycle of interventions block level decisions to create a circular ecological and economic cycle

composting

using the compostable farm wastes for composting at roof level

solar power generation policy decision to use minimum 30% of roof surface for power generation

water recycling at block level inclusion of recycling bodies in the city landscape to create awareness

urban farming

a deisgn policy to adapt minimum 30% of roof surface and courtyards for farming

Cristiane Muñiz Fernando Veigas

Infrastructure, geography and architecture: Houses as territory and territory as houses

Specialty Leader

The city of São Paulo grew dramatically during the 20th century. However, the transformation of the small village into the largest South American metropolis in less than 100 years contributed to blur the relationship of its residents with the surrounding geography and to increases, year per year, population living in vulnerable conditions. During the pandemic we had a 35% increase in people going to live on the streets.

The metropolitan region of São Paulo is the area with the highest number of people living in favelas in Brazil, according to data from the 2010 census released by the IBGE. According to the study that maps the “subnormal agglomerations” - irregular settlements known as favelas, invasions, grotas, lowlands, communities, vilas, ressacas, mocambos, stilt houses, among others -in the city of São Paulo there are more than 2 million people living in these conditions.

This Master proposes a speculation about the relationship between the urban structure of the city, which sits on a site that once featured watercourses and small hills; and the contrast with the housing historical situation, a kind of tragic project to push away poor immigrant people.

We will direct our gaze towards the peripheral neighborhoods of this city, working to better know this reality and to understand how we could add our knowledge to this places.

Infrastructural works in the 20th century have changed the course of the small rivers, streams, narrowed their valleys creating paved areas, turning its margins into heavy traffic corridors, polluting its waters, causing constant flooding, killing the vegetation.

People who had nowhere to live sought to settle in unoccupied areas, ohen distant from downtown, ohen along or over small streams, increasing their risks and contributing to the pollution of these water channels.

In view of those reflections, we propose a renewed acknowledgement of the binomial housing+geography in the city, a new relationship with vulnerable housing and urban water resources, an understanding of the available socio-spatial means and a new, environmentally responsible type of organization. We recognize that the city needs another urban-natural pact.

Specialty Leader

María González Aranguren Jury

Infrastructure, geography and architecture

Cristiane Muñiz & Fernando Veigas | 2022 | 07 | 19

This Workshop is about dissolving the rigid limits between architecture, landscape and urbanism in the vulnerable housing context, and it’s about Sao Paulo and its urban waters. We propose a deep investigation on the urban structure of the city, connecting the occupation of the borders of the small streams with the possibility of cleaning waters and create new housing; at the same time understanding the existing relations and necessities on this areas.

Emergency housing

Elena Giral, European Commission | 2022 | 07 | 20

Sanitation systems in the city

Andreas Schiffer | 2022 | 07 | 21

On refugee camps

Juana Canet Roselló | 2022 | 07 | 22

Low Cost & Emergency Housing

Float. Emerge. Submerge.

This proposal focuses on the relationship of water with architecture proposing an infraestructure for the inhabitants to cross the Guarapiranga water body to the North of Chácara. The project is organized in architectural fragments following with characteristics that arise from the dynamic water landscape: to float, to emerge and to submerge.

Teresita Campino, Gaurav Chordia, Flavia Fernandes, Francisco Heredia, Andrés Solano

a fragment plan in opposition to a masterplan

the water system of Sao Paulo

water variability in Guarapiranga

float. emerge. submerge fragment situations in plan and cross section

Low Cost & Emergency Housing

Learning from Chácara, Florida.

Karol Díaz, Juanita Gómez, Cristhian Haro, Anastasia Lizardou, Jorge Sánchez Bajo

Learning from informality in Chácara Florida and the possibility to work with the identity of the existing constructions is the base for this project. An area is selected as case study where the proposal is tested under four different scale interventions: small, medium, large and extra large.

learning from the existing - facade study

small - skylight

medium - cover

medium - water tank

small - balcony

large - roof

large - roof infill

small - canopy

x-large - structure and roof

x-large - collective housing

Hybrid Techniques for Architecture Design

Jonathan Benhamu

Specialty Leader

Specialties

HYTAC – Hybrid Techniques for Architecture Design excerpt from: https://hytac.arch.ethz.ch/about/

Hybrid Techniques for Architecture Design (HYTAC) is a teaching unit of the D-ARCH at ETH Zürich. It was founded in 2017 by Jonathan Benhamu to answer the question: How can technology support architectural design (Entwurf).

We realized that in architectural design, digital tools are often used reluctantly by established architects, as they were seen as a threat to conventional tools such as drawing on paper and hand-made models. Yet, we think that it must not be a decision between digital or manual tools. We believe the real strength for future architects lies in the combination of the two.

However, most digital tools are not devised for architectural design. In our teaching, we try to identify and re-use existing software and technologies and put them to use in the design process. We use 3D Printing, CAD software, photogrammetry, and augmented reality to gain new perspectives on designing. We reinterpret their functions to fit the needs of a contemporary architect. Digital tools enable us to quickly create many iterations of our design, removing our fearof losing time by exploring new concepts and improvements of our project. Our courses support the students to represent their ideas, thus unlocking their potential and creativity.

In the last five years we have constantly grown, collaborating with several chairs at the Department of Architecture. We are offering an elective course for Master Students in addition to introducing 380 first year students each year to various software and design techniques. Our team consists of one lecturer, a junior faculty and ten student assistants who excelled in previous HYTAC courses and thus enable us to reach the new students on a collegial level, passing on their motivation and expertise. We are all focused on improving the learning environment for our students and constantly pushing the limits of how architects can design.

At the MCH Master, HYTAC is a one week workshop focused on representing architecture ideas with 3D Printing using the machines at the disposal of students.

A series of online sessions previous to the start of lessons gave the kickoff to HYTAC. Days later, the knowledge acquired from the tutorials was put into action in the classroom with the 3d printing machines through practical exercises and even a small competition.

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The MCH is based in Madrid, a city with both a vast history and innovation tradition on collective housing architecture. One year living in Madrid for two former MCH 2022 foreign students is showcased here, expressing their impressions and memories freely only following the title as brief. This edition, Cristhian Haro, from Peru and Gaurav Chordia, from India, collaborate with their back recollections on the city. The first: one house, one building, one public space, is about thinking back on the different scales of architecture. The second one: living together, snapshots of collective live in the city, looks for a graphic curation through the lens of a personally chosen theme.

Edificio Girasol by José Antonio Coderch in Madrid, visited during Construction specialty field trip. typical floor plan & photo of the building from Lagasca street

One house, one building, one public space.

Cristhian Haro

Cristhian is a very keen observant and very talented at expressing by hand. During his stay in Madrid for the MCH Master, he walked the city and learned from its different scales through his very detailed drawings with vivid textures and shadows. Here we present a selection of them.

Living together, snapshots of collective life in the city

Gaurav Chordia

Avid traveller and photographer, Gaurav presents moving Snapshots of Madrid. Filmed with his cellphone they introduce the variable of time in opposition to still pictures. Specially interesting are those recorded from his bicycle while he roams around the city, with the added speed of the two-wheeled means of transportation. Madrid is a very welcoming city for cyclists. This project portrays this.

Andrés Cánovas

Housing assumes more and more old buildings that were not initially intended to house bodies; From obsolete factories and office buildings to obsolete warehouses and industrial structures, we have a vast built heritage that we cannot possibly lose.

Atxu Amann

Workshop Leader

Nicolás Maruri

Workshop Leader

Gabriel Wajnerman

Workshop Leader Assistant Teacher

On the other hand, housing has mutated not only responding to the usual family condition but also from its organization and in relation to its situation in consolidated cities.

Also, the Universities must adapt their structures and incorporate different uses if they do not want to face the vulgarity that they seem to tend to.

The gender and technological revolutions of the last century have meant that several decades later, the limits between reproductive and productive work do not correspond to private and public spheres, but coexist within assemblages of hybrid spaces where the temporal condition seems to impose itself on the pure spatial condition.

We propose, as a project and research exercise, to re-think one of the ETSAM Pavilions on its four floors as a container for effective use of work and domesticity.

The proposal must accommodate both places for daily, individual and collective work and for living during stays of 3, 6 and 12 months for a group of 150 students and researchers.

The proposal should allow 40% of the population to live in accommodation with

ETSAM North Wing Elevation

ETSAM North Wing Aerial Photo

Reload with work

It’s not housing but objects and other pieces

Bettina Kagelmacher, Jorge Sánchez Bajo, Felipe Santamaria, Alexia Valtadorou

Thinking domesticity through the objects that make up a home is the idea behind this proposal for “recharging” the ESTAM North Wing. Based on the book by Georges Perec “Species of spaces and other pieces” from 1974 the group explores how the building can configure itself using only furniture.

diagrams showing degrees of intimacy

Charles de Beistegui’s apartment by Le Corbusier in 1929

ETSAM north wing structure

the proposal is an architectural system

schematic section relationship in section between furniture and devices.

but also, communicates the two courtyards.

every day life in the building scenes

Housing and Reuse: A solution for good conditions of life

Anne Lacaton Diego García-Seitén

Workshop Leader Assistant Teacher

Christopher Hutin

Jury

Tamino Kuni

Jury

Workshop 2

Good conditions of life

In our ongoing reflection on the good housing conditions that the city should unquestionably provide for its inhabitants and which architects should design, the transformation of existing buildings provides good solutions that meet many criteria of housing quality, sustainability, economy, waste reduction and carbon emissions, etc. Anne Lacaton’s workshop continues exploring the potential reuse of obsolete industrial facilities turned into a mixed-use and dwelling structures to foster good conditions of life. The work is done at a complex site in Kreis, Zurich, owned by the Schweizerische Bundesbahnen (SBB), Switzerland’s national railway company and occupied by SBB’s workshop sheds, still used now as a train reparation center. Within and next to the site, there are several housing blocks, totaling 447 dwellings. In the next future, SBB plans to demolish and build new dwellings and working spaces for small companies, and they have conducted consultation with neighbors trying to find out the best fit for the plot. Unlike the recent and similar project of Europaallee (2004-2020), here there should be an opportunity to avoid demolition and to find alternative strategies to provide good living conditions on the site.

We take the area of the whole SBB as our plot and look critically at every building inside. We develop new dwelling solutions for the sheds, alternative upgrading solutions for the existing housing buildings, and propose new structures on the site. Reuse of such buildings is an opportunity to design and invent new housing typologies far away from standards, providing more space and a diversity of qualities and atmospheres. Big span buildings as these industrial sheds -sometimes considered un-useful or lacking spatial quality- open the opportunity to think about deep housing plans and spaces of generous surfaces and heights.

The workshop will focus on defining and exemplifying optimal conditions to live in the city. The city should provide exceptional quality of life by offering a large range of facilities, proximities, and pleasures, as well as a large variety of dwelling typologies to fit different needs, expectations and ways of life: living in a public space, living in the neighborhood, living collectively within a close community, and living individually.

Defining a set of principles should be mandatory before designing architecture and especially dwellings. To do so, it is fundamental to hold a critical position as an essential part of the design process. The following ten qualities of Inhabiting, represent Anne Lacaton and Jean-Philippe Vassal’s design principles and close guidelines that are always present in their work, and which both bring into their teaching: Generosity, Freespace and extra-space, Capacity of appropriation, Transparency, Inside-outside continuity, Movement, Open structure, Private outdoor space, Space of transition, Pleasure and imagination.

SBB area of work, aerial photo

Inside the SBB, existing structures

Housing and Reuse: A solution for good conditions of life

Making do and getting by with 1093 rooms

Alexandre de Rungs, Jorge Sánchez Bajo, Karol Díaz, Nayanatara Tampi

The proposal introduces a new neighbourhood under the existing SBB workshop structure. It is based upon two story constructions that are easily built and expanded by its own inhabitants. The housing units then proliferate creating a myriad of public spaces and small shared areas where unexpected encounters occur and the community thrives.

living units

voids - green areas

streets

neighbourhood

ground floor plan

Housing and Reuse: A solution for good conditions of life

Housing and Reuse: A solution for good conditions of life

The futures that never arrived Andrew Georges, Flavia Fernandes, Ishan Goyal, Andrés Solano, Alexia Valtadorou

This proposal focuses on the narrative behind the project, exploring new ways of communicating architecture. The collective housing expansion to the SBB is presented in a film in which characters interact with each other. Architecture is the background of the story and is explained through the events that occur. A newspaper that is part of the film is also produced, explaining the more technical aspects of the proposal as if it were part of the news.

fig. 27 project presented as a series of events throught the day, as a means of exploring spatial properties through the eyes of the users.

Us this QR to stream the movie or: https://bit.ly/3IB44SO

Elli Mosayebi

A reflection on the problems and challenges of current housing production raises three central questions:

Innovation in housing?

Alvaro Martin Fidalgo Maria Conen

Workshop Leader Assistant Teacher Jury

This first question is based on the observation that housing, as an architectural discipline, changes very slowly and is largely conservative. The conformity of urban schemes and floor plan configurations is reinforced by the dominance of private investment. As states relegate the provision of dwellings to developers, housing becomes subject to market speculation. Risk-aversion leads to the suspension of innovation. How have architects and clients responded to and continue to respond to these conditions?

Housing for whom?

The second question is based on the observation that the predominant bourgeois housing models fail to reflect the wider changes perceptible in society, from family structures and population ageing to immigration and multiculturalism. Rising prosperity in Europe over the last fifty years allows almost everyone to shape their future according to their own desires. The plurality of concepts of life leads to a high differentiation in the patterns of demand and individual expression. How does architectural design respond to these changing conditions?

Housing and climate?

Private households still produce far too much CO2 for heating and cooling the interior. We want to design exemplary projects that rethink form, space and material from the principles of a specific energy resource and a specific climatic zone and develop a unique form of living from it. For this we distinguish different forms of energy, such as solar radiation, geothermal energy or waste heat. How does a house in a medium climate, a lot of fog and rain showers differ from a house with harsh temperature differences between summer and winter?

Project

The point of departure for each design will be a specific conception of dwelling. The social relevance of this conception is of secondary importance. At the fore lies its spatial and architectural potential. In its concrete formulation, the idea might even challenge the notion of ‘individual dwellings’. Buildings for collective living are also conceivable, in which such a distinction becomes irrelevant. Just as possible is the idea that these buildings do not solely serve as spaces for dwelling (whereby the immediate question would be what exactly is meant by ‘dwelling’), but also incorporating working, contemplation, or other activities. The sole prerequisite is that the apartment can be lived in by several people living independently of one another.

Apartment House Steinwiesstrasse | Edelar Mosayebi Architekten

Urban heat islands | Jonas Haldemann and Larissa Strub

Domestic Fragments

Doing nothing game - playing table rooms

Andrew Georges, Joaquín Ipince, Jorge Sánchez Bajo

At night they come, you better run, these red hands are not much fun. In your bed you must wait, until someone rolls the dice while read a five or an eight, A little tiny wall can make you rich, will make you breathe, and make you switch. This will no be an easy mission, enemies slow the expedition. His shares are sharp: he likes your taste. They grow much faster than bamboo. Take care, or they’ll come after you. A neighbor from the southern wild, makes you feel just like a child.

doing nothing game- playing table

Foggy 95% of the days of the year with high wind gusts recorded, but with sultry weather during the summer. Snowstorms for 4 months in a row.

Miniature

Domestic Fragments

The house for 100 days

Anastasia Lizardou, Andrés Solano, Nayanatara Tampi

74 dried salmon / 32 smoked salmon / 8 dried hams / 20kg salted meat / 20kg smoked meat / 24kg of butter /12 lts of oil / 32kg of cheese / 144 dozen eggs / 200kg of flour / 24kg sugar / 12kg salt / 64kg of legumes / 80kg of rice / 40kg of dried vegetables / 20kg of pickled vegetables / 20kg of canned vegetables / 40kg of dried fruit / 24kg of jam / 16kg of compote 8kg of coffee / 8kg of tea / 240 bottles of wine

inviting guests repairing fridge

Climate with little rainfall and temperatures below 10 degrees celsius and 0 degrees celsius in winter. These territories are covered with moss, lichens and small bushes and are usually swampy areas.

Team 01. Andres Solano, Nayanatara Tampi, Anastasia Lizardou Workshop Elli Mosayebi, Álvaro M. Fidalgo MCH 2022, UPM & ETH Zürich

Miniature

Team 01. Andres Solano, Nayanatara Tampi, Anastasia Lizardou Workshop Elli Mosayebi, Álvaro M. Fidalgo MCH 2022, UPM & ETH Zürich

Working + living structures: El Poblenou, Barcelona

Andrea Deplazes

Workshop Leader

Fernando Altozano

Assistant Teacher

Nuria Muruais

Assistant Teacher

Workshop 4

Dialectic mottos

Living + working

Inner + outer

Above + below

Stage + backstage

Convex + concave

Front + back

Void + mass

Inside + outside

House + courtyard

Open + closed

Level + above

Big + small

Show + conceal

Visible + invisible

Frame + fit-out

Day + night

Dwelling + wind

Dwelling + sand

Dwelling + snow

Dwelling + water

Dwelling + sun

Earth + sky

Light + dark

Compact + dispersed

Dense + loose

Positive + negative

Extroverted + introverted

Formal + informal

Rich + poor

Small + big

Hold up + weigh down

Aerial photo, El Poblenou, Barcelona, to the right

GATCPAC. La nova Barcelona. Plan Maciá | El Poblenou | Barri del Camp de la Bota, 1979

Le Familistère Guise, Guise, France. 1859 , Architect: Jean-Baptiste André Godin

Working + Living structures: El Poblenou Barcelona

The walled garden

Alexander de Rungs, Andrew Georges, Juanita Gómez, Suzane Kteich

An encircling system of walls that degrades in density from the more compact and closed exterior, to the more open and ephmeral interior; is the proposal for Poblenou from this group. The occupation of the spaces created by this variation in structural density, is free and according to the necessity of its inhabitants.

Working + Living structures: El Poblenou Barcelona

Infill

Isabella Pineda, Jorge Sánchez Bajo, Andrés Solano

A system of wall-based structura parallel one to another is proposed as a means to “infill” any urban void available at El Poblenou. The logic of the system derives from the different distances possible between the band of walls. In this manner, the tension generated between one and another is the responsible for creating spaces in a variety of dimensions as to configure different activities. The “infill” is referenced to Poblenou, but can be used anywhere.

living floor plan 1

working floor plan 0

living floor plan 2

living floor plan 3

community of bands | ground floor plan

Mediterranean sprawl housing in Kila

Hrvoje Njiric Esperanza Campaña

The task is focused on low-cost housing, on affordable and innovative solutions to the basic need for a small-sized housing within a specific Mediterranean context of the city of Split in Croatia.

Alberto Nicolau

Jury

Esaú Acosta

Workshop Leader Assistant Teacher Jury

Sometimes we face the task to design and situate a dwelling or a group of dwellings into a predefined contour. Reasons for this can be quite diversified – be it an existing structure that has to be converted into apartments or a complicated geometry of a lot, articulated in such a way to meet urban requirements. In this particular case the complex outline is topped with a legalized house in the middle of the designated plot and a road that runs diagonally across the site.

The aim of the exercise is to show how different important aspects of planning and housing design could be considered and included into the overall scheme such as:

1. solution for a pre-defined urban outline

2. increased density and collectivity

3. social inclusion and neighborhood mix

4. standardization of house services

5. sanitation and maintenance of the city

6. articulated public space

The workshop is designed to challenge and seek creativity with ideas and concepts in architectural design of collective living spaces. It aims to promote well-tempered solutions to housing, coming up with affordable and sustainable units with limited size and budget to meet demands in housing market even on a such a troubled location as Kila. The assignment gives an opportunity to think about social, cultural and environmental effects in sustainable design within defined parameters.

The title takes inspiration from the influential book from the Smithsons, Ordinariness and light, and extended exploration of their theories and work where not only aesthetical concerns are made plain but also emotional and political issues are considered under the light of ordinary life. We consider the text a source of valuable information for the course topic. Alison and Peter Smithson, Ordinariness and light, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.1970.

Aerial photos and location plan of the plot in Kila, Split, Croatia

Ordinariness and life: Mediterranean sprawl housing in Kila

Four ecologies

Paloma Allende, Alexandre De Rungs, Bettina Kagelmacher, Nancy Mandhan, Andrés Solano

The Kila neighbourhood surroundings is made up of detached houses many of self-built origin. The previous study detects a very loose definition between public and private space. In this sense a system of simple and small constructions is devised, so that a house can be defined through a collection of these spaces. These are later organised in the plot in four ecologies, creating different scenarios and configurations.

ordinariness of the surroundings the four ecologies

axonometric and section of the new ordinary neighbourhood

layout

Ordinariness and life: Mediterranean sprawl housing in Kila

materiality: made of ordinary confined brick structure

Ordinariness and life: Mediterranean sprawl housing in Kila

Lines of continuation

Gaurav Chordia, Ishan Goyal, Jorge Sánchez Bajo, Sebastián Worm

This proposal focuses on the progressive growth. It establish a series of stages for the house to be built with freedom by its inhabitants through time. The main element are the concrete walls that define the plot and include the main foundations and fixtures. The house later grows and extends in time with the effort and own labour of the owners.

ground floor plan

second floor plan

roof floor plan

first floor plan

Ordinariness and life: Mediterranean sprawl housing in Kila

possible floor plans section

Shipyards

Flavia Fernandes, Cristhian Haro, Joaquín Ipince, Isabella Pineda, Nayanatara Tampi

This project focuses on providing housing for a shipyard community in Split. The design uses the logical structure of a ship with a wooden frame to create living spaces and grow over time.

section through several housing units

Workshop 6

Alison Brooks

Alejandro de Miguel

It is likely that the Spanish “corridor house” model evolved as a synthesis of the traditional Castilian noble house (heir to the Roman domus, with the courtyard as the axis of the building and a structure of wooden bays on its outer perimeter) and the Andalusian Parapet that will provide the future corrala with the model of coexistence, without planning or infrastructure, sometimes forming dead ends that created a social space that will later be repeated in the Hispanic corral.

Miguel Cornejo

Workshop Leader Assistant Teacher Jury

The history of the city is also the history of collective housing. Since antiquity urban housing evolved in scale and organisation to become archetypes. These archetypes persist to define the architecture of the contemporary city: from the Roman Insula or courtyard block, to the perimeter block and the mansion block. In the preindustrial city, collective formations for urban dwelling also fostered artisan communities who manufactured goods and services for the wider urban population. With the industrial revolution in the late 19th Century and 20th century, the introduction of Use Classes and Zoning segregated places of manufacture from dwelling. Urban housing was rationalised into linear, corridor-based slab blocks and, with the advent of elevators and the balloon frame, the residential tower became a new model for concentrating urban living.

In the 21st century, these archetypes are evolving to respond to both the established urban conditions of the historic city and to the requirement for increasing urban density. The climate crisis also demands that we re-think the modernist housing paradigm that responded to growing urban populations with large scale social housing projects on green field sites. Those perceived utopias segregated new communities from their places of work and leisure resulting in sterile ‘dormitory’ neighbourhoods.

In this Workshop we will prove the sustainable city is a diverse city - socially, economically, architecturally and ecologically. We will re-conceive urban housing a place of production, creativity and work, a necessary and resurgent cultural condition. A new vision of home as place of production is not only enabled by the digital/service economy – with our post-covid understanding of ‘work from home’, or the place where an individual’s daily life can be monetised via social media - but it is also by a renewed societal interest in making, in artisanal products, in the wider value of urban art communities as a form of social capital. There is an urgent need for the contemporary city to support low-carbon. Toward a circular economy, single use buildings for housing must be replaced with a new hybridity. In the historic/contemporary European city, as exemplified by Madrid, housing must be designed to serve as a platform for sustainable collective life, to enables creative communities to flourish.

Aerial photo of Lavapies, Madrid.

Photos of traditional “Corralas”

Photos of the plot.

‘Esta sigue siendo una plaza’

Gaurav Chordia, Felipe Santamaría, Alexandre De Rungs

Keeping the existing garden and public space is the main concept behind this housing project for artists. The project organizes the collective housing building in three volumes filling corners and voids in order to create as much free space in the ground floor as possible. The plan is organised in sensible wooden modules that overview the re-designed garden.

ground floor public space neighbourhood assemblage

ground floor green space connecting streets

Workshop 7

Dietmar Eberle

Workshop Leader

Alberto Nicolau

Assistant Teacher

About Dietmar Eberle

Born in 1952 in Hittisau, Austria. Mr. Eberle graduated in the Technical University of Viena. He worked for two years in Teheran and started in 1984 his collaboration with Carlo Baumschlager. Winner of over 150 national and international competitions, he has been a teacher in several universities in North America and Europe. Since 1999 he has been Professor at the ETH Zurich, becoming the Dean of the School of Architecture within the same university between 2003-2005. Header of the Center of Housing and Sustainable Urban Development, has participated since 2006 in the Master in Collective Housing as a workshop leader.

About Alberto Nicolau

Winner of several national and international architectural competitions, his work has been published in professional journals both inside and outside Spain. Likewise, his work has been selected to participate in several exhibitions in Spain, Germany, Holland, Switzerland and Italy, including the Venice Biennale of 2002. Among his most outstanding works, it is worth mentioning Suburban Loop for Almere (Europan winning entry), Social Housing for Young People in Seville or the Spuimarkt housing Complex in The Hague. His public work, Valdemoro Swimming Pools, received the A-plus Prize for the best sports architectural work in 2010.

Since 2002 he teaches Architectural Projects at the School of Architecture of Madrid where he combines his teaching activity with his research work. Especially interested in conception design, he is the author of a doctoral thesis on the use of concepts as a creative tool. This research analyses three key strategies to generate architectural concepts and shows how the best contemporary architects apply them in their professional work.

Aerial photo of Madrid showing the three plots with different historical contexts and scales.

Madrid: three histories, three scales

Housing in La Latina - 16th century Andrés Solano

La Latina is a neighbourhood in Madrid with a medieval morphology containing narrow and irregular streets with a very dense use of the soil. The plot, with two opposite fronts, is devoid of constructions but not of contents, with the presence of a neighbourhood garden, a wall belonging to a previous historic construction and big trees near the facades. The project is thought as a fitting piece, as one more layer in time, structured around the dialectic between urban continuity and a respect for the existing trees, garden and wall.

typical floor plan | 16th century morphology | structural axonometric

Housing in Plaza España - 19th century Andrew Georges

The project is located in the 19th century district of Plaza Espana and is at the junction between a main avenue and more docile and calmer secondary route. The strategy develops as a direct challenge to the palace, in using highly-esteemed stone construction for all facades facing south, the direction of prominent sun and the palace itself. The walls are thick, allowing for shade during the summer all the while the users perpective and gaze is forced and directed towards a view of the palace and its garden.

palacio real | model montages | rendering

Madrid: three histories, three scales

Housing in Madrid Rio - 20th century

Jorge Sánchez Bajo

This plot in front of Madrid Rio has been created after a large scale realstate operation. The proposal first addresses the urban configuration of the bigness of the building. It is a like a fortress but still the streets, heights and visuals are respected. The structural system then allows the greatest possible freedom both spatially and in the customization of each envelope. In plan, there are two facades to customize, no structural restrictions and some satellite rooms.

urban composition

typical plan section and section

section of continuous housing units ring of continuous housing units

Zürich

We asked two former MCH students from 2022 edition to reflect back on the impact the city of Zürich made on themselves during the study trip in the month of June. Suzanne Kteich, from Lebanon, and Androniki Petrou, from Greece, were selected to give their impressions on what impacted more in the city. They expressed themselves in a free manner only following the title as brief. The first: one house, one building, one public space, is about thinking back on the different scales of architecture. The second one: living together, snapshots of collective live in the city, looks for a graphic curation through the lens of a personally chosen theme.

Hunziker Areal housing cooperative in Zürich, visited during the 2022 MCH study trip plan of the housing quartier & photo of one of the shared open spaces

Participative housing planning in Zurich As housing affordability diminishes in large cities and inexpensive living space becomes scarce, the cooperative model is resurging in popularity. Housing cooperatives have a long tradition in Switzerland and make up 18 percent of all apartments in Zurich, the largest Swiss city.

Kalkbreite: is a model project for mixed use, high density and social, ecological and economic sustainability. It comprises residential use, retail, offices and socio-cultural venues.

In 2007, the Kalkbreite cooperative won the competition to build housing over and around a streetcar depot in the center of Zurich. The project’s initiators had to be creative to plan quiet, high-quality living space above parked streetcars while experimenting with new spatial arrangements, living situations, and concepts of collectivity.

The Kalkbreite has moderate rents, innovative and flexible housing forms, and a resource-friendly, sufficiency-oriented vision.

Suzane visited quietly more parts of Zürich than anyone else in the Master. She chose this particular housing project, visited by the group during the study trip, because of the qualities she saw in the three different scales

Living together, snapshots of collective life in the city

Androniki Petrou

Andy is an innate photographer. She has been during the past year the recorder of moments and places visited. Through her instagram @andy_pt she has done one of the best visual narrations of the experience of living abroad for the Master. In this particular project Andy chose a series of photographs related to the urban landscape of Zürich during the MCH study trip in June 2022.

Zürich

1. Living inside

2. Marks of history

3. Living in shadows

4. The landmark

5. The landmark within the landscape

6. Landscape and scaffolding

7. Urban empty festivities

Faculty 2022

Esaú Acosta

Estudio SIC. ETSAM.

Fernando Altozano

ETSAM.

Atxu Amann

amanncanovasmaruri arquitectos. ETSAM.

Carlos Arroyo

Carmen Espegel

Espegel arquitectos. ETSAM.

Jose María Ezquiaga

Ezquiaga Arquitectura Sociedad y Territorio.

Ignacio Fernández Solla

ARUP.

Edouard François

Maison Edouard François

Cristina Ballester

Carlos Arroyo Architects. Gerente del IBAVI (Balearic Housing Institute).

Susanne Bauer

Wiener Wohnen Kundenservice GmbH Vienna.

Silvia Benedito

Landscape Architecture. Harvard Graduate School of Design.

Jonathan Benhamu

ETH.

Alison Brooks

Alison Brooks architects.

Esperanza Campaña

SALTO proyectos. ETSAM.

Archie Campbell

ARUP.

Juana Canet

CristinaGamboa

LACOL arquitectura colaborativa.

Javier García Germán

Totem arquitectos. ETSAM.

Melissa García Lamarca

Barcelona Laboratory for Urban Environmental Justice and Sustainability.

Diego García Setién

gaSSz arquitectos. ETSAM.

Max Gigling

Consultant in social applied research, specialty in housing.

Javier Gil

Institute for Housing and Urban Reseach Uppsala University.

Patrick Gmür

Steib Gmür Geschwentner Kyburz architekten & stadtplaner.

Maria Gonzalez Aranguren

University of Virginia School of Architecture.

Andrés Canóvas

PhD. Refugee camps, from temporary to permanence. amanncanovasmaruri arquitectos. ETSAM.

David Castro

ARUP.

Maria Conen

ETH.

Miguel Cornejo

Avenier Cornejo architectes.

Juan Cruz

POPCORN. MCH alumni.

Alejandro De Miguel

Demiguelsolano arquitectos. ETSAM.

Andrea Deplazes

Conen Sigl architekten. ETH.

Christian Dobrick

WEST 8.

Dietmar Eberle

Baumschlager Eberle. ETH.

Elena Giral

RescEU at European Commission.

Renaud Haerlinger

ROTOR Deconstruction.

Miguel Hernández

ARUP.

Juan Herreros

Estudio Herreros

Peter Heuken

Richter Spielgeräte GmbH

Christophe Hutin

Christophe Hutin architecture.

Daniel Ibañez

Urbanitree. Director del IaaC.

Luis Irastorza

Green Building Council Spain.

Susana Isabel

ARUP.

Hermann Kaufmann

Hermann Kaufmann & partner architekten.

André Kempe

Hrvoje Njiric

Njiric plus arhitekti .

Carles Oliver

Arquitecto del IBAVI (Balearic Housing Institute).

Tamino Kuny

Atelier Kempe Thill. hochparterre.wettbewerbe. ZAS.

Anne Lacaton

Lacaton & Vassal. ETH.

Julia Landáburu

ARUP.

Jesús Leal

Universidad Complutense de Madrid.

Irene Lebrusán

Post-doctoral researcher at Harvard University.

Emiliano López

Lopez-Rivera arquitectos.

Victor López Cotelo

López Cotelo arquitecto.

Javier Malo de Molina

Burgos & Garrido arquitectos.

Daniel Martín

US Green Building Council.

Alvaro Martín Fidalgo

TallerDE2 architects. ETSAM.

Pablo Martínez

300 000 kms

Nicolás Maruri

amanncanovasmaruri arquitectos. ETSAM.

Jaume Mayol

Ted’A arquitectes.

Sacha Menz

SAM architekten.

Elli Mosayebi

Edelaar Mosayebi Inderbitzin architekten. ETH.

Cristiane Muñiz

UnaMunizViegas arquitetura.

Nuria Muruais

MURO arquitectos. ETSAM.

Borja Navarro

BAKPAK. MCH alumni.

Alberto Nicolau

Nicolau arquitectura. ETSAM.

Axel Paulus

ETH.

Alvaro Pedrayes

POPCORN. MCH alumni.

Gemma Peribañez

Ezquiaga Arquitectura Sociedad y Territorio.

Vasa Perović

Bevk Perović arhitekti

Anna Puigjaner

MAIO architects.

Carlo Ratti

Carlo Ratti Associati.

Gaia Redaelli

Studio Redaelli Speranza architetti associati.

Susana Rodríguez

SAVILLS.

Sascha Roesler

ETH.

Mar Santamaría

300 000 kms

Andreas Schiffer

FLASH.

Renata Sentkiewicz

Ábalos + Sentkiewicz.

Daniel Sorando

Universidad Complutense de Madrid.

Belinda Tato

Ecosistemas Urbanos.

Flavio Tejada

ARUP.

Fernando Viegas

UnaMunizViegas arquitetura.

Gabriel Wajnerman

Gabriel Wajnerman arquitecto. MCH alumni.

Luis Willumsen

Nommon Solutions.

Alexandre De Rungs

Mexico | 1994

Alexia Valtadorou

Greece | 1995

Ana Victoria Ottenwalder

Panama | 1996

Anastasia Lizardou

Greece | 1995

Andrés Solano

Peru | 1984

Andrew Georges

Lebanon | 1996

Androniki Petrou

Greece | 1996

Bettina Kagelmacher

Chile | 1994

Borja Martínez-Alcalá

Spain | 1994

Carolina Basilis

Dominican Republic | 1996

Cristhian Haro

Peru | 1989

Felipe Santamaría

Colombia | 1993

Flavia Fernandes

Brazil | 1994

Francisco Heredia

Argentina | 1993

Gaurav Chordia

India | 1995

Isabella Pineda

Philippines | 1993

Ishan Goyal

India | 1996

Joaquín Ipince

Peru | 1990

Jorge Sánchez Bajo

Spain | 1989

Juanita Gómez

Colombia | 1990

Karol Díaz

Colombia | 1994

Nancy Mandhan

India | 1995

Nayanatara Tampi

India | 1995

Paloma Allende

Argentina | 1995

Sebastián Worm

México | Switzerland | 1994

Suzane Kteich

Lebanon | 1994

Teresita Campino

Chile | 1989