HATT INGEN HANDBOOK HANDBUCH
Version 1.0
Hattingen Handbook
CONTENTS 1 Contents 2 Statistical Overview 3 Geographical Overview 6 Landmarks 18 City Seal 20 Historical Timeline 27 Themes
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Contents
Hattingen Handbuch
How \ What \ When \ Where \ Who
STATISTICAL OVERVIEW City of Hattingen Administration State
North Rhine-Westphalia
Administrative Region
Arnsberg
District
Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis
Mayor
Dr. Dagmar Goch (SPD)
City Area Area of city (square km / sq m)
71.39 / 27.57
Length of city limits (km)
52.6
East-west spread (km)
10.3
North-south spread (km)
12.7
Highest elevation over sea-level (m) – Bergerweg
306
Lowest elevation over sea-level (m) – Ruhraue, on the border with Essen
60
Geographic position – Kirchplatz
Lattitude Longitude
51° 23’ 57’’ 7° 11’ 9’’
Inhabitants Number of inhabitants – Dec. 31, 2011
55,861
Male
26,910
Female
28,951
Population Density (square km / sq mi)
760 / 2,000
By District Hattingen-Mitte
19,925
Winz-Baak
7,992
Welper
6,975
Niederwenigern
6,072
Holthausen
5,917
Bredenscheid-Stüter
3,059
Blankenstein
2,762
Niederbonsfeld
2,473
Upper Elfring Hausen
353
Upper Stüter
228
Lower Elfring Hausen
192
Hattingen Handbook
Statistical Overview
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Hamburg
How \ What \ When \ Where \ Who
GEOGRAPHICAL OVERVIEW
Bremen
Berlin
Hannover NORDRHEINWESTFALEN Hattingen Köln
Erfurt
Dresden
Frankfurt
Stuttgart
München
Nordrhein-Westfalen Region within Germany
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Geographical Overview
Hattingen Handbuch
How \ What \ When \ Where \ Who
Lippe Wesel Rhein
Hamm
Marl
Dorsten
Recklinghausen Dinslaken
Gladbeck
Herten
Castrop-Rauxel Herne
Bottrop Emscher Oberhausen
Moers
Duisburg
Bergkamen Lünen
Dortmund
Gelsenkirchen
Essen
Mulheim a. d. Ruhr
Unna
Bochum Witten
Ruhr Hattingen
Hagen
Dusseldorf
Wuppertal
Cities of the Ruhr Valley – By Population Rank
City
Population
Area (square km)
Inhabitants per square km
1
Dortmund
580,688
280.37
2,071
2
Essen
575,027
210.38
2,733
3
Duisburg
501,564
232.81
2,154
4
Bochum
385,626
145.43
2,652
5
Gelsenkirchen
268,102
104.86
2,557
6
Oberhausen
218,898
77.04
2,841
7
Hagen
196,934
160.36
1,228
8
Hamm
184,239
226.24
814
9
Herne
170,992
51.41
3,326
10
Mülheim an der Ruhr
169,917
91.29
1,861
96,136
72.40
1,300
54,286
71.40
760
Wetter
27,725
31.47
880
Herdecke
22,754
22.4
1,000
Witten Hattingen
Hattingen Handbook
Geographical Overview
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21
Winz-Baak
Welper
25
Blankenstein
27
Niederwenigern
WITTEN
26
19
20
43
22
Hattingen Mitte (Altstadt)
Holthausen
23
How \ What \ When \ Where \ Who
BOCHUM
ESSEN
Niederbonsfeld Bredenscheid-Stuter
VELBERT
SPROCKHÖVEL Niederelfringhausen
Oberstüter
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Oberelfringhausen
WUPPERTAL
City of Hattingen – Districts and Landmarks
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19
Hattingen City Museum / Burg Blankenstein
22
Museum in the Iron House Bügeleisenhaus
25
Nikolaus Groß House
20
LWL Industrial Museum Henrichshütte
23
House Custodis / Isenburg Ruins
26
House Kemnade / Farmhouse Museum
21
Westphalia Firefighting Museum Westf. Feuerwehrmuseum
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Ribbon Weaving Museum Bandwebereimuseum
27
Ruhr Railway Museum Train Ruhrtalbahn
Geographical Overview
Hattingen Handbuch
How \ What \ When \ Where \ Who
August-Bebel-Straße
15 18
17 Obermarkt
13 Untermarkt
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Kirchplatz
14 Ma
rtin
1
11
2
3 12
4
-Lu
6
5 the
r-S tra
7
ße
Stadtgarten
9 8 10
Hattingen Mitte – Landmarks 1
Old Town Hall Altes Rathaus
7
Well Square Brunnenhof
13
Upper Market and Lower Market Untermarkt und Obermarkt
2
St. George’s Church St. Georgskirche
8
Remnants of the City Wall Reste der ehem. Stadtmauer
14
Former City Court Gelinde
3
Houses of the Church Square Häuser Kirchplatz
9
Steinhagen
15
Customs House Zollhaus
4
Church Street Kirchstraße
10
Towers of the former City Wall Bruchtorturm
16
Krämersdorf
5
Steinhagen Houses No. 6-8 Haus Steinhagen 6–8
11
Flat Iron House Bügeleisenhaus
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Towing Fountain Treidelbrunnen
6
Emscher Square Emscheplatz
12
Hall Square Haldenplatz
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Northern City Gate Heggertor
Hattingen Handbook
Landmarks
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1 \ Old City Hall The old city hall on the Untermarkt (lower market) is one of the most well known buildings of the old town. It was built in 1596, and modernized at the end of the 18th century. In the early 20th century, it was used as a museum of local history, and since 1993, it has contained the city gallery, in which exhibits are displayed and cultural events (cabarets, chamber concerts, readings, lectures) take place. 1
2 \ St. George’s Church A gothic hall church built in the 13th century, with a bell tower and a crooked spire. In 1800 the church was renovated in a classical style, with columns and a barrel vault. The church square, with its narrow entrances, has preserved its medieval ground plan and is probably one of the most beautiful in North-Rhine Westphalia, featuring carefully restored half-timbered houses and historic grave stones.
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3 \ Churchyard Houses Nos. 6-8 until 1982 housed the “Lion Pharmacy”; No.17: Built in 1721, was formerly the Evangelical Lutheran City school; No. 19: School building from 1824; “Hatt ingia” mural crown, the coat of arms of the city, and the war memorial from 1870/71 (Franco-Prussian War).
How \ What \ When \ Where \ Who
LANDMARKS
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4
4 \ Church Street Formerly “Kuhgasse;” cows were once driven through this alley. 5 \ Steinhagen No. 6-8 A typical farming community homestead, and the only preserved farm in the city, dating from 1729. It later housed coppersmiths, a white bread bakery and a leather wholesale business. It was thoroughly renovated from 1968-1970.
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5
Landmarks
Hattingen Handbuch
How \ What \ When \ Where \ Who
6 \ Emscheplatz With three interesting houses - Ms 12 (1553) is offset from the flat market; Ms 14 is a modern building adaptation; Ms 16 is of a design uncharacteristic for Hattingen, a converted farmhouse from Soest. 7 \ Brunnenhof An example of one of the numerous domestic wells that were for centuries the source of the city’s water supply. 9
8 \ Remnants of the former City Wall Built 1586-90; before its construction the city had been secured since 1396 with a “tun-stacket” (wattle fence between oak posts, moat and wall). 9 \ Steinhagen Steinhagen stands on a flat, rocky elevation. Formerly known as “Steynhagen poerte”, it served as a crossroads where city and farming communities came together. In 2003, a new city gate embellished with steel figures was created by the artist Voré from Ettlingen, leading to the Steinhagen square and old town. 10 \ Bruchtorturm & Iron Men The Bruchtorturm is a group of seven former city towers, comprising the best preserved part of the Hattingen city walls. Partially broken away in 1820, they have been made visible by the urban renewal and permanently repaired. The artwork of the Polish artist Zbigniew Fraczkiewicz adorns Hattingen’s city wall near the Steinhagen. Rusting steel sculptures - the iron men - symbolize the battle for the Hattingen steel manufacturing site.
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11 \ Bügeleisenhaus (Flat Iron House) The Bügeleisenhaus, built in 1611, is a unique half-timbered house whose name comes from the floor plan and the distinctive gables. It formerly housed a cloth weaving workshop, and then the slaughter room, kitchen and sausage sales room of a Jewish butcher. It was expropriated in 1941 as Jewish property, and was acquired in 1955 by the home club of Hattingen. Today it contains the local heritage society museum. 12 \ Haldenplatz Originally “Hall Place” (place of the Meat Market), the inclined terrain was the origin of its present name. No. 8 was one of the first banks in Westphalia. 13 \ Lower Market and Upper Market Formed the center of the city’s economic life. The town and parish was granted a charter for “a free weekly market” in 1435. 14 \ Gelinde Formerly the city court of Hattingen, located at a crossroads that was for centuries the hub of an important regional road. Until 1969 it was the site of the line 8 tram.
Hattingen Handbook
Landmarks
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8
How \ What \ When \ Where \ Who
15 \ Customs House Starting at the Zollhaus, Hattingen’s smallest house, you can walk along the Grabenstraße. The moats previously formed a ring along the city wall and remain partially intact. Merchants had to pay their customs duties on the nearby Weiltor. It stands on the remains of an ancient fortified tower, but its present form dates from 1820, when it was built as the workshop of a blacksmith. Below it is a vaulted cellar with access to what remains of the tower. 15
16 \ Krämersdorf Another of five beautiful squares of the city. Formerly home to St. John’s Church, which was destroyed along with its belltower in a March 1945 bombing raid. 17 \ Treidelbrunnen Located on the upper market, the “Towing Fountain” commemorates the Ruhr as a transport route for coal. 18 \ Heggertor City gate to the north, leading to the countryside of today’s Welper district and Burg Blankenstein. It was here that troops broke through the city fortifications during the Thirty Years War, concluding a bloody siege. The Heggerstraße is the shopping district of Hattingen. “The Watchman,” a modern sculpture in striking counterpoint to the ambience of the old town, stands here. Jan Koblasa’s large statue watches over the area of the previous Heggertor (Hegger gate), recalling the guardian stones that were not uncommon at the city entrances during the Middle Ages.
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Landmarks
Hattingen Handbuch
How \ What \ When \ Where \ Who
BLANKENSTEIN CASTLE BURG BLANKENSTEIN
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Burg Blankenstein was built in the 13th century on a hill above the Ruhr river. Adolf I, Count of the Mark, gave the order to build the castle on May 12, 1226. He charged his steward Ludolf von Bönen with its construction, which began in 1227. The castle was completed by 1243, but further developed over the course of 200 years by the subsequent Counts of the Mark. By 1425, Blankenstein was one of the most important castles in the county. In 1614, shortly before the Thirty Years' War, it was occupied by Spanish troops. After 1637, the castle fell into such disrepair that in September 1662 Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, ordered its demolition. Only the tower and parts of the curtain wall remained. In 1860, the owner of the ruin, Gustav vom Stein, began to rebuild the castle and established a factory on the site. The property has belonged to the city of Bochum since 1922. Between 1957 and 1959 most of the 19th-century buildings were demolished, although a few remain. The main tower can still be visited and offers a good view over Bochum and the Kemnader Lake. 0
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E
D
B G
C F
L K
H
A J I
Modern Era Building Bausubstanz der Neuzeit
Medieval Era Building Bausubstanz des Mittelalters
Possible Medieval Era Building Mögliche Bauten im Mittelalter
A
Bridge Brücke
E
Northern Ring Wall Nördliche Ringmauer
I
Building Ruins Gebäuderest
B
Gate Tower Torturm
F
Location of Headquarters Standort des Hauptgebäudes
J
Round Tower Rundturm mit Ringmaueransätzen (im Boden)
C
Current Restaurant Heutige Gastronomie
G
Remnants of Restaurant Building Rest des Gastättengebäudes
K
Rectangular Tower Rechteckturm (im Boden)
D
Location of Stables Standort des Marstalls
H
Southeastern Building Südostbau
L
Fountain Brunnen
Hattingen Handbook
Landmarks
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How \ What \ When \ Where \ Who
HATTINGEN MUNICIPAL MUSEUM STADTMUSEUM HATTINGEN
In 1990, the "Heimatmuseum" (local historical museum) was removed from the Old Town Hall in the centre of Hattingen, and the idea to establish a new "Stadtmuseum" (Municipal Museum) was born. In 1994, the old administrative buildings at the market place in Hattingen-Blankenstein became vacant. Until 1970, this historical landmark, dating from the middle of the 19th century, served as the administrative seat of the Blankenstein municipality. For the following 24 years it was used by the municipal building administration. Reconstruction began in 1996, and upon completion the museum inventory was relocated there.
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Landmarks
Hattingen Handbuch
How \ What \ When \ Where \ Who
HENRICH STEELWORKS MUSEUM OF INDUSTRY INDUSTRIEMUSEUM HENRICHSHĂœTTE
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For 150 years, the HenrichshĂźtte was a major center of steel production, with up to 10,000 people working on the huge industrial site. The mill produced coke, iron and steel, cast, rolled and forged metal. Against great opposition, the last blast furnace in Hattingen was extinguished in 1987. It is now the oldest surviving blast furnace in the area, and a centerpiece exhibit of the LWL Industrial Museum, which has taken over the site. The museum offers exhibits and tours, and is one of 25 anchor points on the Industrial Heritage Trail.
Map of the present-day Heinrichspark
Hattingen Handbook
Landmarks
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How \ What \ When \ Where \ Who Reconstruction depicting a 1920s Heinrichsh端tte
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Landmarks
Hattingen Handbuch
How \ What \ When \ Where \ Who
INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE TRAIL ROUTE DER INDUSTRIEKULTUR The Industrial Heritage Trail links tourist attractions related to the industrial heritage of the Ruhrgebeit. It is a part of the European Route of Industrial Heritage. The route connects museums and exhibitions that present the history of the industrial revolution in the Ruhr area, and includes 400 km of road network and about 700 km of bicycle tracks. There are 52 main attractions on the trail, of which 25 are considered main anchor points (including Hattingen’s Heinrichshßtte).
Hattingen Handbook
Landmarks
14
ISENBURG RUINS
The site of the former Castle Isenburg today display the ruins of the razed fortress. Despite its dominant placement within the County of Isenberg, the castle was only inhabited for about 25 years, until 1225. It was constructed from 1193-1199 by Archbishop Adolf of Cologne with his brother Count Arnold. It was destroyed by Cologne vassals in the winter of 1225/26 because the owner, Count Friedrich von Isenberg, had the Archbishop Count Engelbert of Cologne and Duke of Westphalia ambushed and killed in a ravine at Gevelsberg. The remains of walls betray the former enormous size of the edifice; the lower castle and upper castle were each 120 feet long.
How \ What \ When \ Where \ Who
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HAUS CUSTODIS Haus Custodis is situated above the Ruhr's bend, in the southern part of Hattingen among the Isenburg castle ruins, and is a popular destination for both hikers and museum fans, offering a spectacular view over the verdant Ruhr valley. The Verein zur Erhaltung der Isenburg (Society for the Preservation of Isenburg) manages not only maintenance of the castle grounds, but also the museum in the Haus Custodis, which houses exhibits on the castle's history from the 12th and 13th centuries. A crown jewel of the Haus Custodis exhibition is the painstaking reconstruction of the once immense castle grounds, which was made more difficult due to the fact that the original appearance of the fortifications was not documented. The museum also holds a facsimile of the first document to mention the castle.
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Landmarks
Hattingen Handbuch
How \ What \ When \ Where \ Who
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ELFRINGHAUSEN RIBBON WEAVING MUSEUM BANDWEBEREIMUSEUM ELFRINGHAUSEN
This museum shows the history of the centuries-old craft of ribbon weaving, with its development from shaft looms through to a computer controlled machines. Hattingen based weavers produced curtains, hosiery and silk ribbons using machines that were driven first by hand, then by water power, and subsequently with oil fueled and electric motors. After the Second World War, the ribbon weaving flourished again as a cottage industry. As late as 1961 there were at least 29 weavers operating 63 looms. Fully automatic machines eventually brought an end to domestic ribbon production.
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HAUS KEMNADE
Haus Kemnade is a moated Renaissance-era castle in the district of Blankenstein, housing museum collections and a restaurant. Its exact date of construction is unknown, but documentary evidence dates it to at least the late 16th century. Current exhibits include collections of musical instruments, East Asian art, and the Kemnade Treasury. On the castle grounds, a group of timber-frame buildings house the Farmhouse Museum of the City of Bochum. Although the building technically stands within Hattingen, it is owned and administered by the city of Bochum.
Hattingen Handbook
Landmarks
16
The Birschel Mill was a corn mill on the Ruhr river in Hattingen. It was built in 1880 by the Birschel family on the grounds of Haus Kliff. Today it houses a residential facility for the elderly and a restaurant. The associated hydroelectric power plant was recently reactivated, and the existing on-site water turbine has been renovated to feed green electricity into the power grid. The Hattingen Ruhr lock next to the mill was built in 1774 and rebuilt from 1819-20. It is still operational. In 1989, the wooden gates of the lock were replaced.
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Landmarks
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BIRSCHEL MILL & KLIFF HOUSE BIRSCHEL-MĂœHLE & HAUS KLIFF
Hattingen Handbuch
How \ What \ When \ Where \ Who
CITY SEAL The official coat of arms of the city of Hattingen shows the dragon-slayer St. George. It has been used as a seal of the city administration since the beginning of the 15th century. In the Festungsvertrag (“fortress contract”) of 1396, Count Dietrich von der Mark mentions that the Mayor and city council of Hattingen had no seal of their own, and that therefore the bailiff of Lüdenscheid had been asked to seal the contract for them. It is likely, but not certain, that the right to a seal was awarded by the sovereign as part of the laws of the city's fortification. The oldest seal dates from 1476. A seal from 1479 shows a sigil depicting St. George with the inscription "sigullum opidi hatneggen 1479". It is not entirely clear how Hattingen chose the image of the dragon slayer. Von Steinen writes in his Westphalian History that the Count of the Mark had the church in honor of Saint George built in Hattingen around 1200. In 1403 the St George's Protection Brotherhood was founded. Together with the Fraternity of St. Sebastian, also founded in 1403, it organized the armed citizens of the city who were responsible for its defense. The St. George's Society was an important civic organization, and its leaders were also mayors and councilors. After the founding of the first guilds this brotherhood was also known as the Archers. For about 300 years shooting matches were regularly celebrated in the city as folk festivals. During an examination of the coat of arms of the Westphalian cities in the last decades of the 19th century, the State Archives of Münster made an assessment of options for Hattingen: "An old coat of arms is no longer known; the ancient sigil is St. George on horseback, with the dragon slain by his lance. The oldest known seal, which shows this representation dates from 1476, and two more bear the date 1479. If the city wants to adopt a coat of arms, it is recommended that you set the figure of the saint in a shield, with the colors still to be determined…red and silver would be advisable." After reviewing the matter, the leadership of the city settled in February 1910 on a design for the coat of arms, although the old city blue and yellow were used in place of the proposed Westphalian colors of red and silver. Since its official royal approval on August 15, 1911, the coat of arms has been within a French shield. Saint George’s armor was golden in the original drawing, making the city colors a part of the coat of arms. In the historical description the color of the armor was not specified, so the saint is sometimes shown in silver. During the reorganization of the city of Hattingen in 1970 it was expanded to include some neighboring communities. The provincial government in Arnsberg renewed the right of the city to use the St. George coat of arms on July 10, 1970. Since then the official crest has been one based on a 1940 drawing by Waldemar Mallek.
Historical
1479
Hattingen Handbook
Hupp (1935)
City Seal
Roth
Mallek (1940)
Approved by RP Arnsberg (1970) 18
How \ What \ When \ Where \ Who
Current
Official Seal – Reserved for government use
Stylized Seal – Approved for general use by the public 19
City Seal
Hattingen Handbuch
Year
Hattingen Event
Ruhr / Germany Event
715
The Saxons conquer the Frankish Gau of Hatuarier on the lower reaches of the Ruhr. Part of the Chattuarenlandes (around Herbede and Hattingen) is Saxon. The conflict between the Saxons and Frankish Hatuariern continues until 800, when the Franks complete their conquest of the region
936- 973
Reign of Otto I the Great as King of the Germans
941
Otto I (the Great) stays for the first time in Dortmund. A few years later, he also celebrates Easter in the Rhineland Palatinate. The Hellweg is an important connecting road of the Ottonischen kingdom. Along this trade route lie Dortmund and other old towns of the Ruhr, such as Duisburg and Essen.
962
Otto I is crowned Holy Roman Emperor
Middle Ages
How \ What \ When \ Where \ Who
HISTORICAL TIMELINE
990
In a document detailing a donation to the local diocese the court and chapel of Hatneggen (Hattingen) are mentioned for the first time
1160
The County of Mark comes into being as a result of the division of the inheritance of the Count von Berg.
1199
Completion of the Isenburg Castle in Hattingen as the new power centre of the County of Isenberg an der Ruhr. The site was chosen for its strategic location between the capital of the Archbishopric of Cologne and the capital of the Duchy of Westphalia Soest.
1225
The Archbishop of Cologne, Engelbert I, is killed by his cousin Frederick of Isenberg, likely as a result of a dispute surrounding Frederick’s exploitation of Essen Abbey. Frederick is executed for the crime, and the larger part of the county of Isenberg an der Ruhr falls to his relative, the Count von der Mark. The Isenburg Castle and town of Nienbrßgge are razed, and the Isenbergers are absorbed into the County of Limburg
Hattingen Handbook
Historical Timeline
20
Hattingen Event
1283–1289
Ruhr / Germany Event War of the Limburg Succession. The weakened position of the ducal power, i.e. the Archbishop of Cologne, after the Battle of Worringen in 1288, strengthens the already powerful position enjoyed by the counts. In the Ruhr, this applies especially to the participants in the conflict, the counts of Berg and Mark
13th Century Construction of Blankenstein Castle 1335
Count Adolf II von der Mark , greatgreat-grandson of Adolf I lays the foundation for Haus Kliff. Haus Kliff was a manor near Hattingen and served to monitor crossing points on the Ruhr.
1350
The Black Death reaches the Ruhr.
1356
Hanseatic League officially founded
1396
Count Dietrich von der Mark is granted permission for the construction of a fortification. This privilege is generally considered the basis for Hattingen’s formation as a city, as the inhabitants of the previously unprotected location rose to be residents of a defensible settlement. The first set of fortifications were constructed of wattle between oak posts.
1424
In the war between the two brothers Adolphus and Gerhard of the Mark, Hattingen is conquered by Berg troops and completely burned down apart from two houses. A city-wide fire followed in 1429, and among other casualties, the church was severely damaged. Thus most buildings in Hattingen date from after 1450.
14th-16th Centuries
Construction of the timber-framed (fachwerk) houses of the present historic district
1435
The city is granted the privilege of organizing weekly and annual markets
1455 1486
21
How \ What \ When \ Where \ Who
Middle Ages
Year
Gutenberg bible first printed by Johann Gutenberg On May 24, 1486, Duke Johann gives the mayor and the City Council the right to enact their own laws and statutes. They were also granted permission to quarry stone in order to reinforce the city fortifications. Around 1500 the oak wattle wall was replaced by a double stone wall with a moat.
Historical Timeline
Hattingen Handbuch
Hattingen Event
1517 Early Modern Era
How \ What \ When \ Where \ Who
Year
Martin Luther’s 95 Theses
1554
Hattingen becomes part of the Hanseatic League and develops into an important trading town
1576
The Old Town Hall is completed at the eastern end of the Untermarkt.
1598
1611
The Spanish send troops into Vest Recklinghausen and the County of Mark. During the Eighty Years’ War involving the Netherlands, the bordering areas of the Lower Rhine and Westphalia are crossed repeatedly by both Spanish and Dutch troops. Bügeleisenhaus built
1618–1648
Thirty Years’ War causes massive devastation and population losses
1631-1633
Plague is rampant in Hattingen
1635
Hattingen is taken by the Swede, Wilhelm Wendt zum Crassenstein, after a 10-day siege by an army of 3,000 soldiers. The city is impoverished after it capitulates and is forced to turn over a huge sum of money to the attacking forces
1648
1660
The Treaty of Westphalia is agreed. This treaty formally ends both the Thirty Years War and the Eighty Years War. Johann Diedrich von Syberg acquires Haus Kliff
1666
Kleve succession is disputed between Brandenburg and Palatinate-Neuburg. The County of Mark, including Hattingen, goes to Brandenburg
18th Century
Hattingen becomes a major textile center
1720
52 operating coal mines within the municipal area. The citizens of Hattingen rebel against Prussian conscription.
1738 1757-1762
The Mark Mining Office is founded in Bochum. In the Seven Years War, French troops occupy Hattingen.
1766
Hattingen Handbook
Ruhr / Germany Event
On 29. April, Frederick II issues the ‘’Revised Mining Ordinances for the Duchy of Cleves, the Principality of Meurs and the County of Mark“
Historical Timeline
22
Ruhr / Germany Event
1780
The construction of the last of 16 Ruhr locks commissioned by Prussia is completed. These locks were constructed in tandem with other measures such as widening and dredging needed to make the Ruhr navigable. The river saw heavy traffic, primarily for coal, although it declined with the later construction of railways and the advance of the coalfield northwards. At this time, coal was being extracted from shallow drift mines in the vicinity of the river.
1804 - 1815
Napoleonic Wars
1806
Dissolution of the Holy Roman empire. Confederation of the Rhine established
1810
Hattingen city wall demolished
1815
The Vienna Congress ends the Napoleonic Wars. Prussia regains its possessions in Westphalia and on the Rhine, to which are added the former Duchy of Berg and the territories of the former Reichsstadt (imperial city) and Grafschaft Dortmund. As a result, all territories on the Ruhr, Emscher and lower Rhine are united under one regime. The area to the East belongs to the Prussian Province of Westphalia and that to the West to its Rheinprovinz.
1820
The owner of Haus Kliff constructs a stone lock on the Ruhr, measuring 39 meters long and 5.50 meters wide.
1838
The Hattingen Savings Bank is founded.
1853
Discovery of siderite, and beginning of steel production. Count Henrich of Stollberg-Wernigerode acquires the first 76 acres of land for the construction of Henrichsh端tte from the break-up of a manor in Welper, thus laying the foundation for heavy industry in Hattingen.
1869
The Ruhr Valley Railway connects Hattingen to the railway network.
1870
The Hattingen railway station is opened
1871
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Hattingen Event
How \ What \ When \ Where \ Who
Early Modern Era Industrial Era
Year
Franco-Prussian War Formal unification of Germany into a politically and administratively integrated nation state on January 18, 1871. Wilhelm of Prussia is proclaimed Emperor Wilhelm of the German Empire.
Historical Timeline
Hattingen Handbuch
Hattingen Event
Ruhr / Germany Event
1873
Gründerkrise. France’s defeat in the Franco-Prussian War leads to the payment of substantial reparations. Some of this capital flowed into Ruhr mining companies, resulting in rampant speculation by German investors. Without the additional capital requirements from the mine share certificates being covered, the market collapsed. Steel production in the Ruhr dropped by 13%.
1882
On February 24, 1882 fifteen Rheinish and Westfälish steelworks formed themselves into a cartel to protect themselves from competition.
Industrial Era
How \ What \ When \ Where \ Who
Year
1885
The County of Hattingen is formed.
1889
1907
A mass strike of miners spreads from Bochum to encompass the entire Ruhr. The workers demand a share in the profits of the companies whose production was stabilized after the years of the Gründerkrise. In the same year, the first permanent miners’ union, the “Alten Verband” was founded in Dortmund-Dorstfeld. In 1894, a Christian union was also founded and in 1902 a Polish miners’ union followed. Hattingen is electrified.
1912
Miners strike across the whole of the Ruhr. In response William II sends in troops. The workers give up in the face of imperial opposition.
1914-1918
First World War
1925
The 311.60 m-long Koster bridge is opened
1929
As part of a major municipal reform, the previous district of Hattingen is incorporated into the newly formed Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis
1932
The political struggles of the Weimar Republic find their way to Hattingen. While the workers of the Henrichshütte especially organized through the KPD and SPD, operating manager Arnold, nominally a member of the DNVP, supported the early Nazi Party both financially and through his local political influence. In 1932 he was shot by communist activists from a moving car. At the funeral were 10,000 workers from Hattingen, Bochum and the wider area.
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1933-1945
After the rise to power of the Nazis, Third Reich they began systematically to arrest the leaders of Hattingen’s Social Democrats and Communists. Throughout the period of National Socialism forced labor was employed in Hattingen, especially at the Henrichshütte, which from the beginning of the war played a special role in the production of armaments. By the end of 1944, the workforce of Heinrichshütte consisted of almost 50% French, Serbian and Soviet prisoners of war, as well as Belgian, Italian, Dutch and Polish civilian workers and Italian military internees. While the Western workers were able to move virtually freely in Hattingen, Eastern workers, Soviet prisoners of war and Italian military prisoners were housed in a detention camp. After the war, at least 356 deaths were uncovered, of which 20% were due to poor living conditions and 31 were cases of violent death. The actual death toll is unknown, as the district office in Schwelm was ordered on April 11, 1945 to destroy its files and what remained of the Hattingen camp.
1939-1945
Hattingen was bombed several times by the Allies, as the Henrichshütte was a high-value target. It suffered raids in May 1940, in May and July 1943 and in March 1944. On 14 March 1945 a serious attack on both Hattingen and the Henrichshütte took place, with 144 people killed and the power supply cut off. Just four days later, on 18 March 1945 a new attack killed 30 people and crippled the water supply.
Post-War Era
1946
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How \ What \ When \ Where \ Who
Hattingen Event
Second World War
Year
Ruhr / Germany Event
Second World War. Allied Bombing of the Ruhr destroys over 65% of houses in several cities, such as Dortmund and Duisburg. In Essen more than half the houses are destroyed. Thousands of people lose their lives. The centres of towns along the Hellweg zone lie almost completely in rubble.
Creation of North Rhine-Westphalia by the British military government, with the entire Ruhr region lying within its boundaries. France had pressed for the Ruhr to be partitioned from Germany
1962
Hattingen Old City (Altstadt) reorganization plan
1970
Blankenstein , Bredenscheid-Stüter, Lower Elfring Hausen, Upper Elfring Hausen, Upper Stüter and Winz are incorporated into the city of Hattingen
Historical Timeline
Hattingen Handbuch
Hattingen Event
1977 Post-War Era
How \ What \ When \ Where \ Who
Year
1987-2005
The steel crisis signals problems in the industry. Since 1974 the production of steel had sunk from 32.2 million tonnes to 21.5 million tonnes. The crisis affects large parts of the Ruhr. 200,000 jobs are lost. In the 1970s, Henrichshütte owner Thyssen began the slow dismantling of the facility. Between 1976 and 1986, one-third of its 24,000 employees lost their jobs. The opening of the new Koster Bridge in 1980, which was intended to help strengthen the Henrichshütte’s link to the transportation network, could not stop the trend. The Thyssen AG began closing the Henrichshütte in several phases in the autumn of 1986. Despite opposition from the entire region, the final steps were taken on 18 December 1987 to end the 133-year-old tradition of steel production. In the following years, major parts of the complex were demolished, including the Gasometer in 1994 and the steelworks in 2005
1990
German Re-Unification
1996
Three “Men of Iron”, created by Polish sculptor Zbigniew Fraczkiewicz are installed at the city wall in memory of steel production at Henrichshütte
2002
Inauguration of the new Ruhr bridge
2010
50 Ruhr cities, including Hattingen, are collectively named European Capital of Culture. Each city held one week of events during which they were spotlighted as the reigning “local hero” (apart from Essen, which held events all year).
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Ruhr / Germany Event
Historical Timeline
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THEMES Timber Frame Architecture \ Fachwerk Ruhr River Barge Transport \ Ruhrschifffahrt Steel Fabrication Medieval Markets, Trading, Hanseatic League Ribbon Weaving Three Castles (Isenburg, Blankenstein, Kemnade)
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Themes Overview
Hattingen Handbuch
How \ What \ When \ Where \ Who
TIMBER FRAME ARCHITECTURE FACHWERK
Germany has several distinct regional styles of timber framing, and boasts what is probably the greatest number of half-timbered buildings in the world. There are many small towns which escaped both war damage and modernisation and consist mainly, or even entirely, of half-timbered houses. German fachwerk building styles are extremely varied with a huge number of carpentry techniques which are highly regionalised. German planning laws for the preservation of buildings and regional architecture preservation dictate that a half-timbered house must be authentic to regional or even city-specific designs before being accepted. In general the northern states have fachwerk very similar to that of the nearby Netherlands and England while the more southerly states (most notably Bavaria and Switzerland) have more decoration using timber because of greater forest reserves in those areas. The German fachwerkhaus usually has a foundation of stone (or sometimes brick) that extends as much as several feet (a couple of metres) high, which the timber framework is mortised into or which more rarely supports an irregular wooden sill.
Timber Frame Terminology
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Themes
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How \ What \ When \ Where \ Who From the Lexikon der gesamten Technik (1904)
Wattle wall infill
Some fachwerk buildings feature polychromatic carved wood decorations on the ends of beams or on supports for the cantilevered jetties.
Regional Fachwerk Examples – Nordrhein Westfalen
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Themes
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Regional Fachwerk Examples – Nordrhein Westfalen (Continued)
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RUHR RIVER BARGE TRANSPORT RUHRSCHIFFFAHRT The construction of a series of locks in tandem with other measures such as widening and dredging made the Ruhr navigable by the late 18th century. The river saw heavy barge traffic, primarily for coal, although it declined with the later construction of railways and the advance of the coalfield northwards.
Towpath
The Ruhraaken (sing. Ruhraak) were flatboats used for the transport of coal on the Ruhr. Similar type variants of Aaken were the Cologne Aak and Dorsten Aak. The Ruhraaken underwent a change in size with the construction of the Ruhr locks built from 17761780. The ships had a length of 34-35 meters and a width of five meters. The draft was 0.8 meters. The Ruhraaken moved upstream by sail power, but were also towed from the banks by horses and carts in lines of up to 400 meters, on the so-called towpath. Downstream movement was facilitated by the Ruhr current alone. The wages of the boatmen were paid by local taxpayers. The crew of the boats consisted of the Aakesbaas (captain), a man at the bow, two rowers and the helmsman as pilot. Each Aak had a cabin as housing for the Aakesbaas. Model
Ruhrschifffahrt, by Thomas Spitzer, is a game in which 2 to 4 players transport and sell coal on the Ruhr river in the 18th and 19th century. They build locks and warehouses at cities and develop small scale industries along the river, trying to turn a profit
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Themes
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STEEL FABRICATION
The Ruhr Valley provided an excellent location for the German iron and steel industry because of the availability of raw materials, reliable transport, a skilled labor force, nearby markets, and an entrepreneurial spirit that led to the creation many firms, often in close conjunction with coal mines. By 1850 the Ruhr had 50 ironworks with 2,813 full-time employees. The first modern furnace was built in 1849. The creation of the German Empire in 1870 gave further impetus to rapid growth, as Germany started to catch up with Britain. From 1880 to World War I, the industry of the Ruhr area consisted of numerous enterprises, each working on a separate level of production. Mixed enterprises could unite all levels of production through vertical integration, thus lowering production costs. Technological progress brought new advantages as well. These developments set the stage for the creation of combined business concerns. The leading firm was "Friedrich Krupp AG Hoesch-Krupp" run by the Krupp family. Many diverse, large-scale family firms such as Krupp's reorganized in order to adapt to the changing conditions and meet the economic depression of the 1870s, which had reduced earnings in the German iron and steel industry. Krupp reformed his accounting system to better manage his growing empire, adding a specialized bureau of calculation as well as a bureau for the control of times and wages. The rival firm GHH quickly followed, as did Thyssen AG, which had been founded by August Thyssen in 1867. Germany became Europe's leading steel-producing nation in the late 19th century, thanks in large part to the protection from American and British competition afforded by tariffs and cartels. By 1913 American and German exports dominated the world steel market, as Britain slipped to third place. German steel production grew explosively from 1 million metric tons in 1885 to 10 million in 1905 and peaked in 19 million in 1918. In the 1920s Germany produced about 15 million tons, but output plunged to 6 million in 1933. Under the Nazis, steel output peaked at 22 million tons in 1940, then dipped to 18 million in 1944 after the major production facilities were damaged by Allied bombing.The merger of four major firms into the German Steel Trust (Vereinigte Stahlwerke) in 1926 was modeled on the U.S. Steel corporation in the U.S. The goal was to move beyond the limitations of the old cartel system by incorporating advances simultaneously inside a single corporation. The new company emphasized rationalization of management structures and modernization of the technology; it employed a multi-divisional structure and used return-on-investment as its measure of success. In iron and steel and other industries, German firms avoided cut-throat competition and instead relied on trade associations. Germany was a world leader because of its prevailing "corporatist mentality", its strong bureaucratic tradition, and the encouragement of the government. These associations regulated competition and allowed small firms to function in the shadow of much larger companies. With the need to rebuild the bombed-out infrastructure after the war, West Germany rebuilt and modernized its mills. It produced 3 million of steel in 1947, 12 million in 1950, 34 million in 1960 and 46 million in 1970.
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How \ What \ When \ Where \ Who
4 3
1
2 6
9
5
10
7 8
11
12
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Themes
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