ABSTRACT
Green building (also known as green construction or sustainable building) refers to a structure and using process that is environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition. This practice expands and complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort. Although new technologies are constantly being developed to complement current practices in creating greener structures, the common objective is that green buildings are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment by: • Efficiently using energy, water, and other resources • Protecting occupant health and improving employee productivity • Reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation Buildings are the structure of the modern world. They represent society's ingenuity and ability to manipulate our environment into forms that serve our purpose. In many ways, building form and functionality is a reflection of our greater human culture. William McDonough describes a modern advanced building: “ Today even the most advanced building or factory in the world is still a kind of steamship, polluting, contaminating, and depleting the surrounding environment, and relying on scarce amounts of natural light and fresh air. People are essentially working in the dark, and they are often breathing unhealthful air. Imagine, instead, a building as a kind of tree. It would purify air, accrue solar income, produce more energy than it consumes, create shade and habitat, enrich soil, and change with the seasons. ” If we are to transform our society toward a sustainable future, it requires demolishing the current unsustainable façade of contemporary economic growth and ultimately addressing the inefficiency and waste that supports it. CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
Why Build Green? Building green saves money • The cost per square foot for buildings seeking LEED certification falls into the existing range of costs for buildings not seeking LEED certification. An upfront investment of 2% in green building design, on average, results in life cycle savings of 20% of the total construction costs – more than ten times the initial investment. •
Building sale prices for energy efficient buildings are as much as 10% higher per square foot than conventional buildings. •
•
Real estate and construction professionals overestimate the costs of green building
by 300%. •
Perceived cost benefits of green building according to building owners:
Operating costs decrease 13.6% for new construction and 8.5% for existing building projects o Building value increases 10.9% new construction and 6.8% existing building projects o Return on investment improves 9.9% new construction and 19.2% existing building projects o Occupancy increases 6.4% new construction and 2.5% existing building projects o Rent increases 6.1% new construction and 1% existing building projects o
Why Build Green? Green buildings consume less energy and fewer resources • In comparison to the average commercial building: o Green buildings consume 26% less energy o Green buildings have 13% lower maintenance costs o Green buildings have 27% higher occupant satisfaction o Green buildings have 33% less greenhouse gas emissions Why Build Green? Green building occupants are more productive • An experiment identifies a link between improved lighting design and a 27% reduction in the incidence of headaches, which accounts for 0.7% of overall employee health insurance cost at approximately $35 per employee annually. • Sales in stores with skylights were up to 40% higher compared to similar stores without skylights. • Students with the most daylighting in their classrooms progressed 20% faster on math tests and 26% faster on reading tests in one year than those with less daylighting. CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
Corporate perception of whether green fosters innovation: 57% agree; 28% neutral and 15% disagree. • Improvements in indoor environments are estimated to save $17-48 billion in total health gains and $20-160 billion in worker performance. •
Why Build Green? Green building occupants are healthier • People in the U.S. spend about 90% of their time indoors. • EPA studies indicate indoor levels of pollutants may be up to ten times higher than outdoor levels. • Significant associations exist between low ventilation levels and higher carbon dioxide concentrations – a common symptom in facilities with sick building syndrome.
INTRODUCTION : GREEN BUILDING Green building design is a practical and climate conscious approach to building design. Various factors, like geographical location, prevailing climatic conditions, use of locally CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
available and low embodied energy materials and design parameters relevant to the type of usage of the building are normally taken into consideration. Such an approach ensures minimum harm to the environment, while constructing and using the building. A look at traditional building techniques clearly shows that the concept of green or sustainable buildings has existed in our country for a long time. These buildings were generally made of locally available materials like wood, mud and stone and dealt with the vagaries of weather without using a large amount of external energy to keep the inhabitants comfortable. Buildings are among the greatest consumers of energy. Combining cutting edge energy efficient technologies with adaptation of practices used in vernacular architecture which used more of locally available materials and resources is necessary, especially for countries like India where per capita energy consumption is rising rapidly due to high economic growth. This will reduce our dependence on the fossil fuels which have to be imported and are depleting at an alarming rate. A green building uses minimum amount of energy, consumes less water, conserves natural resources, generates less waste and creates space for healthy and comfortable living. When a number of green buildings are located in proximity, they would create a green zone, providing much healthier environment and minimise heat-island effect. The ultimate aim will then be to create many such areas, which would help the towns and cities and therefore the nation in reducing total energy requirement and also the overall global carbon footprint.
PARAMETERS OF GREEN BUILDING DESIGN : The measures that need to be taken to make a green building can be distributed over three different phases of construction. These are: • Measures taken before construction o Site selection o Soil and landscape conservation CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
Health and well being o Conservation and efficient utilisation of energy and resources o Waste management. • Measures taken during construction o Soil and landscape conservation o Conservation and efficient utilisation of energy and resources o Waste management o Health and well-being • Measures taken to maintain the building during operation. However, there are some genuine overlaps between steps taken before and during construction. o
MEASURES TAKEN BEFORE CONSTRUCTION
1
SITE SELECTION
Location of site
Priority: Easy availability of public transport and public conveniences. • Reason: A large amount of energy is consumed in travelling from one's residence to his or her place of work. Presence of efficient public transport near the site would encourage their usage cutting down on energy consumption. •
Rehabilitate sites damaged by environmental contamination
Priority: Reducing pressure on undeveloped land. Reason: A lot of energy and resources are needed to make a virgin piece of land worthy of building on. Rehabilitating old sites can thus save a lot of energy. • •
2
SOIL AND LANDSCAPE CONSERVATION
Reduce hard paving on site
Priority: Minimise storm water run-off from the site. Reason: Avoiding hard paving on the site preserves the top soil and also aids in CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
harvesting rain water.
Efficient planning of utilities
Priority : Minimise road and pedestrian walkway lengths. Reason : Optimising circulation on the site reduces the energy and materials spent in the circulation area.
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HEALTH AND WELL-BEING
Indoor finishes CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
Priority : Paints having high volatile organic compounds should be avoided. Sealants and adhesives should be water based rather than solvent-based. Reason : These help in maintaining healthy indoor air quality, which is essntial for healthy living.
Appliances
Priority : Zero ODP (ozone depletion potential) insulation should be used. HVAC and refrigeration equipment should be HCFC (hydrochlorofluorocarbon) and CFC (chlorofluorocarbon) free. Fire suppression and fire extinguishing systems should be halon-free. Electrical appliances used should be BEE star-rated Reason : Using such appliances reduces electricity consumption as well as the potential of global warming.
Water treatment
Priority : Groundwater and municipal water should be treated properly to meet the basic water quality norms applicable. Reason : This is essential for providing healthy living conditions for all the building users.
Air quality
Priority : Provision for smoke free rooms in public and commercial buildings. Reason : Non-smokers should not be exposed to tobacco smoke.
Universal accessibility
Priority : Provision of facilities like ramps and toilets for the physically challenged.
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1
CONSERVATION AND EFFICIENT UTILISATION OF ENERGY AND RESOURCES Water conservation CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
Landscaping
Priority : Use of local plants and trees for landscaping. Reason : Plants and trees local to a certain region consume less water for landscaping purposes.
Fixtures and fittings
Priority : Water efficient low-flow fixtures should be used. Reason : These help in conserving water. Water closets with dual-flush options help in saving water.
Water recycling and reusing
Priority : Facilities for recycling and reusing water should be provided. Waste water can be treated and used for activities like irrigating plants or used in WC's. Rainwater harvesting systems should be integrated into the building design so as to utilise maximum possible rain water. • •
Rainwater harvesting Rainwater harvesting involves collection and storage of rainwater for future use. Rainwater can also be discharged into the ground without loss through evaporation
or seepage.
Rainwater can be stored in tanks.
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Rainwater can be recharged into the ground. The main components of a rainwater harvesting system are: o The catchment area where the water is collected. o The conduits through which the harvested water is carried. o Storage and recharge facilities where the harvested water is stored or recharged into the ground. •
Elements of a typical water harvesting system • o o
Quality of the harvested water can be assured by: Filtering at the origin of rooftop drains. Providing a chamber for impurities to settle down. CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
Providing a filter bed. • Water can be recharged into the ground through recharge wells, percolation pits or recharge trenches. o
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Details of recharge through percolation pits. Recycling of water • Recycling of water is another important aspect of water conservation. • Raw sewage can be recycled using aquatic plants like duckweed and water hyacinth to produce clean water suitable for re-use in irrigation and industry. • The plants themselves can be harvested and used for producing biogas. • In these systems natural processes are fully utilised, thus saving a lot of energy. Reason: Reduce dependency on municipal water supply, conservation of water.
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Energy conservation
Sources of renewable energy like solar, wind, biomass, fuel cells, etc. should be utilised as for as possible.
Solar energy
Solar energy can be utilised in various ways to reduce usage of electricity. CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
Day lighting Day lighting refers to the lighting of spaces using light from the sun. Light reaching a particular point inside a building may consist of: •
(1) Direct sunlight (2) Diffused light or light from skylights (3) Externally reflected light ( by the ground or other buildings ) (4) Internally reflected light ( from walls, ceiling and other internal surfaces. Louvers may be used to regulate the amount of light entering the building and permit ventilation. )
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•
Direct Gain
Direct Gain is a system generally used in cold climates. Sunlight admitted into the living spaces through openings or windows heats the walls and floors which store and transmit the heat to the indoors. Suitable overhangs for shading and openable windows for ventilation must also be provided to avoid overheating in the summer.
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•
Solarium
Solariums are also used for heating in cold climates. They consist essentially of a sunspace or a greenhouse constructed on the south side of the building with a thick wall linking the two. Sun rays heat up the air which, by convection and conduction through the mass wall reaches the inside. The sunspace can be used as a sit-out during day as it allows solar radiation but keeps out the
surrounding At night, it acts buffer space.
cool air. as a
•
Heat storage wall
Heat storage walls are used for heating indoor spaces. CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
A wall is placed between the living space and the glazed exterior such that solar radiation does not enter the living space but is collected, absorbed and stored. The glazed exterior reduces heat loss. Different types of storage walls are:
(a) Trombe wall • A Trombe wall is a heat storage wall made of materials like concrete or bricks. • The external surface of the wall is painted black to increase its absorption. • Heat loss through the glass can be reduced by venting the storage wall at the top and bottom.
(b) Water wall • Water walls work on a similar principle as Trombe walls. • It is made up of drums of water stacked up behind glazing and painted black on the outside to increase the absorption of heat. • Water is employed as the heat storage material.
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(c) Transwall • Transwall is a heat storage wall that is semitransparent in nature. • It consists of a container made of parallel glass walls with a partially absorbing plate at the centre and water or any other liquid on both sides of the plate. • It absorbs a part of the sun's radiations falling on it and transmits the rest. • The transmitted radiation directly heats and lights the building while the absorbed heat is transferred into the living space.
•
Rooftop collectors
A rooftop collector is made of absorbing surfaces with a glass surface on it. It absorbs heat from the sun and heats up the air in the space between the absorber and the glass.
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A well-insulated collector reduces heat loss. Hot air forces itself into the living space through vents and warms it. Cooler air takes its place and the cycle is repeated. Heat generated can also be stored for later use.
•
Solar water heating
Solar water heating is a popular and an economically attractive application of solar
energy. CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
Water is stored and heated in an insulated container with a transparent cover, generally glass.  The container can be covered with an insulated lid to reduce heat loss at night. 
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•
Solar air heating Solar air heaters work on a principle similar to solar water heaters. Air is heated directly in collectors and stored in a tank packed with rock, gravel or
pebbles. When hot air is needed for a living space, cool air is pushed through the storage to get heated up before it is circulated in the room.
•
Solar cooking
Cooking is another important and successful domestic application of solar energy
for heating. CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
A solar cooker consists of a square box insulated on the bottom and sides and having double glazing on the top. Solar radiation transmitted through the top heats up the cooking vessels kept inside the box. The time required for cooking varies, depending on the level of solar radiation. The box is provided with an insulated lid fitted with a mirror in the inner side. The lid can be adjusted to reflect radiation onto the cooking vessels and augment the level of radiation.
•
Solar photovoltaic devices
Solar Photovoltaic Devices directly convert sunlight into electricity by means of
solar cells. They can produce electricity ranging from microwatts to kilowatts and hence, can be used in a variety of applications such as calculators, watches, water pumps, buildings, satellites, communications, and even space vehicles.
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Panels on shading devices
View of Building-Integrated Solar Photo-Voltaic Panels
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View of Roof-Top Solar Photo-Voltaic Panels
Ventilation
•
A good ventilation system needs to be ensured so as to reduce the requirements requirements of artificial ventilation. This can be achieved through various techniques and devices.
•
Wind towers
Wind towers are used in hot and dry climates for cooling purposes. The tower has openings at the top which direct wind into the building. The tower can have openings in one or many directions depending on the direction of wind flow. A necessary requirement for using a wind tower is that the site have consistent winds at good
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should speed.
•
Induced ventilation
Passive cooling by induced ventilation is used in hot and humid climates as well as hot and dry climates.
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This method involves the heating of air in a certain area of the building to create a difference in the temperature of air causing it to move.  Hot air rises and escapes to the atmosphere drawing in cooler air and thereby causing cooling. 
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•
Earth-air pipe system
The earth air pipe system consists of a pipe buried at a depth of about 4 to 5 metres below the ground. The earth air pipe system takes advantage of the fact that temperature at a depth of about 4 to 5 metres is equal to the annual average temperature. Air is blown through it by a blower at one end of the pipe while the other end is connected to the building to which it supplies conditioned air. Air flowing through the pipe gets cooled (in summer) or heated up (in winter) before entering the living space of a building.
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Biomass
Biomass can be used to produce various types of energies in the form of gaseous or
liquid fuels. Plants, agricultural residues and municipal, animal and human wastes can all be used as biomass. Anaerobic fermentation of wet livestock or human wastes to produce biogas. High temperature gasification of dry biomass to produce producer gas . Fermentation of sugarsto ethanol . Thermochemical conversion of biomass to pyrolysis oils or methanol. The processing of vegetable oils to biodiesel to produce heat and power. As a source of lighting. To substitute a part of diesel for machines with dual fuel engines. Converted to heat and power by directly burning.
CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
Reason : Reduce usage of electricity and dependency on grid supply, conserve electricity. ďƒ˜
Automated building systems
Automated HAVC systems can be used to regulate the functioning of air conditioners and heating equipment. These sensor-based systems regulate the functioning of airconditioners and room heating devices based on the indoor environmental conditions. Sensor controlled lighting appliances that regulate the amount of light based on the available natural light should be preferred. 
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Alternative materials
Priority : Locally available materials should be preferred over materials that need to be brought in from distant places. Alternative materials like those which can be produced with lesser energy or materials which can be generated from wastes should be used over conventional building materials. CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
Reason : Use of local materials saves a lot of energy on transportation. Alternative materials or such materials that are generated from waste may be produced with lesser energy and/or can be suitable to the existing climatic conditions. Residual building materials can be used for landscaping. Some alternative materials that can be used are: 1. Fly ash, for bricks, outdoor paving and in concrete. 2. Sand and aggregate obtained from pulverised debris. 3. Recycled steel for reinforcement. 4. Ferro-cement and precast concrete for beams, slabs, staircases, lofts , balconies, lintels, sunshades and 'jalis' 5. Industrial waste based bricks and blocks, aerated lightweight BPC concrete blocks, Phospho-Gypsum based blocks and Latoblocks for masonry structures. 6. Fibre reinforced Clay Plaster / Non-erodable Mud Plaster / Phospho-Gypsum Plaster for different plastering work. 7. Terrazzo flooring for terraces and semi-open areas 8. Alternative materials for timber like MDF board, Mica Laminates and Veneers on composite boards should be used instead of natural timber. Timber used must be renewable timber or from salvaged wood. Boards made of bamboo, bagasse, coir composite boards and fibre reinforced polymer boards should be used. 9. Unplasticised Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) or High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) products and products with recycled aluminium and brass components should be used for electrical fittings and fixtures. 5
Waste management
Reduce waste generation.
Priority : Biodegradable waste should be recycled. Waste that cannot be recycled should be disposed off safely Reason : Energy can be generated from biodegradable waste. This reduces pollution.
MEASURES TAKEN DURING CONSTRUCTION Measures that can be taken during construction are aimed at: • Efficient utilisation and conservation of resources • Promoting recycling and reuse of materials CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
Ensuring healthy living conditions • Reducing the global warming potential The steps involved in this phase are: •
1.
Soil and landscape conservation
•
Soil and vegetation
Priority : The top soil and existing vegetation need to be preserved during construction. Reason : The natural ecosystem of the site can use the existing climatic and soil conditions to maximum advantage. Changes to the soil conditions can severely harm the ecosystem which then takes long time to revive itself. 2.
Conservation and efficient utilisation of energy and resources
•
Water management
Priority : Water should be efficiently used during construction. Reason : A lot of water is required during construction. This water should be recycled and reused as much as possible. Proper measures should be taken to harvest rainwater even during the time of construction and wastage of water should be curbed. 3.
Waste management
•
Waste management
Priority : Waste generated during construction should be recycled and reused. Reason : Construction waste can be reused for a variety of purposes. This eliminates the requirement of their disposal. 4.
Health and well-being •
Pollution
Priority : Proper sanitation facilities should be provided for construction workers. Cleanliness of workplace with regard to material storage and waste disposal should be ensured. Reason : Provision of proper sanitation facilities reduces pollution during the time of construction. Proper storage of materials reduces loss and wastage.
CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
MEASURE TAKEN DURING OPERATION AND MAINTAINENCE OF THE BUILDING
Maintainence
Priority : All appliances and systems installed should be properly maintained when the building is operational. Reason : Regular monitoring and maintainence of services ensures efficient functioning. This reduces wastage of energy due to malfunctioning of appliances.
RATING SYSTEMS There are three primary Rating systems in India • • •
GRIHA IGBC BEE
GRIHA stands for "Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment" and has been developed keeping in mind the various conditions and requirements specific to the design and construction of green buildings in India. •
IGBC stands for "Indian Green Building Council" and provides the LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) ratings for green buildings devised in the United States in India. •
The Bureau of Energy Efficieny (BEE) launched a Star Rating Programme in 2009, for office buildings in order to accelerate the Energy Efficiency activities in commercial •
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buildings. The programme developed by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency, BEE is based on actual performance of the building, in terms of specific energy usage (in kWh/sq m/year).
ADVANTAGES OF GREEN BUILDING Efficient technologies: Green buildings incorporate energy and water efficient technologies that are not as readily available in traditional buildings. These technologies create a healthier and more comfortable environment as they utilize renewable energy, reduce waste, and decrease heating and cooling expenses. • Easier maintenance: Green buildings typically involve less maintenance. For example, green buildings generally do not require exterior painting every three to five years: this simple method helps saves the environment, as well as a consumer time and money. • Improved indoor air quality: With green buildings, the indoor air quality is improved via natural and healthy materials: green buildings utilize clean energy sources such as solar and wind power, rather than burning coal. • Return on investment: Considering the average lifecycle of a building (50-100 years), certain green building measures, such as installing solar panels or doubling the amount of installation, can yield a strong return on investment and lead to higher resale values. • Energy efficiency: Green building methods make the most out of energy, resources, and materials. As enforced by The Department of Energy (DOE), builders and design professionals must adhere to energy code requirements. For more information, visit Building to Energy Code. • Tax incentives: Incentives exist on a local, state, and federal level to support building green initiatives. •
•
DISADVANTAGES OF GREEN BUILDING Cost: Many believe the costs associated with green building make the building methods cost-prohibitive. • Air Cooling Features: When utilizing green building cooling components, such as natural ventilation, consumers do not have a precise mechanism to increase or decrease exact temperatures: This is a difficult hurdle for many green building occupants to overcome. • Structural Orientation: In order to best optimize sun exposure, green building may demand structural positioning opposite of other neighborhood homes, causing friction among •
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neighbors. In addition, differences in structural orientation will affect how natural daylight enters the building structure: with this in mind there may be a need to install more overhangs, blinds, or shades. • Green roofs: In general, green roofs are comprised of multiple layers including a vegetation layer, growing medium, drainage or water storage, insulation, a waterproofing membrane, and roof support. Since they are usually heavier than a traditional roof, builders need to improve upon the existing roof’s strength in order to install a green roof. • Labor Laws: Labor law compliance requirements, in regards to green building, have not fully solidified. For this reason, it is advisable to seek experienced legal counsel in order to avoid costly liabilities.
THE PROBLEM OF GREEN BUILDINGS: AVOIDING MOISTURE & MOLD PROBLEMS
It’s our belief that the moisture integrity of a building is one of the best report cards on the performance of its design and construction process and the correct use of materials. After reviewing the designs of lots of new buildings and observing the failures in an equal number of structures we have found the following consistent truths: ■ Building Commissioning— The current industry approach to building commissioning (even the LEED Enhanced Commissioning version EA Credit 3) is unlikely to prevent moisture and similar building failures in almost any climate, except for the most forgiving climate. ■ New Materials— CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
The use of many new building products often have the unintended consequence of performing in unexpected ways, sometimes encouraging significant moisture accumulation and mold growth. Since wall and roof assemblies have historically been high risk areas, it should be no surprise that the increased use of new products in these areas can dramatically increase the overall potential of moisture problems within the envelope. ■ Increased Building Ventilation — The positive benefits of increased outside air ventilation for the occupant’s health and comfort can oftentimes be outweighed by the increased potential for moisture problems, some of which have caused catastrophic failures in the past. Forensic engineers have strong evidence that buildings can perform in unexpected and damaging ways when additional air is moved through them.
EXAMPLES OF TECHNICAL RISKS FOR CONTRACTORS & DESIGNERS Moisture intrusion, whether bulk water intrusion through the building envelope or a relative humidity increase due to the heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system, results in a large percentage of construction claims in the United States. Sustainable building practices, some of which are part of the LEED accreditation process, can increase the potential for moisture intrusion if not carefully considered and implemented. Examples include: • Vegetative roofs, which are more risky than conventional roofs (due to the constantly wet conditions) and must be carefully designed, constructed, and monitored after construction. • Improved energy performance through increased insulation and the use of new materials, which may change the dew point location in walls, resulting in damaging condensation and a reduced drying potential for wall assemblies. Lower risk buildings emphasize the drying potential of the envelope over increased insulation. • Reuse of existing buildings or recycled components, which may not be easily integrated to the adjacent new materials and could cause compatibility problems between these materials. • Use of new green construction materials that have not been field-tested over time. The designer needs to assess new materials and their risks compared to traditional materials found in lower risk buildings. • Increased ventilation to meet indoor air quality (IAQ) goals that may unintentionally result in increased interior humidity levels in hot, humid climates. • Building startup procedures, such as “building flush-out,” which could result in increased humidity levels and mold growth. Lower risk buildings rely almost exclusively on source control (which is also a green building goal) rather than relying on “flush-out” and increased building exhaust. Through our evaluation of various LEED credit opportunities for designers, we hope to establish the fact that a sustainable building must be equally designed to prevent likely moisture and mold problems. We believe that a building attaining LEED certification is not necessarily a building with a low potential for failure due to moisture intrusion. However, it is our belief that it is possible to combine LEED certification with the best practices for moisture CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
and mold problem avoidance – but it will require extra effort from both architects and mechanical engineers. An important aspect to avoiding moisture problems in green buildings is the inclusion of the best practices from the waterproofing/ HVAC (heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning) disciplines in combination with the LEED certification principles. It is unwise to assume that LEED certification has automatically incorporated those best practices. Green building practices must always be subservient to best design practices in areas such as exterior waterproofing, good humidity control, and proper due diligence in selecting new construction materials. In order to facilitate the dual vision of an environmentally sensitive building with a highly durable, well performing, moisture resistant building, we have compressed a significant amount of data into the following discussion. This discussion moves from an overview of LEEDŽ certification points with potential moisture issues (shown in a table) to a more detailed analysis of several specific LEED credits that we view as examples of high risk. These are credits that align with the consistent truths we listed above concerning building commissioning, new materials, and ventilation issues. The concerns raised in the following pages are not climatically or regionally specific, but are universal concerns for all but the most forgiving climates. Forgiving climates would include those areas with very low rainfall, year-round moderate temperatures, and minimal humidity levels. Even in those climates specific building types could be expected to exhibit problems if best practices are not followed.
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OVERVIEW OF LEED CREDITS THAT HAVE INCREASED POTENTIAL FOR MOISTURE & MOLD PROBLEMS : The following is a summary of LEED Credits that, if not carefully considered, designed, and constructed, have the potential for creating moisture and mold problems. This summary also includes LEED Credits that can be enhanced to minimize the potential for moisture and mold problems:
SR. NO .
LEED CREDIT
DESCRIPTION
ISSUE
COMMENTS
Option of installing a vegetated roof for at least 50 percent of roof area.
Vegetated roofs have more moisture due to irrigation and constant hydrostatic head of water than typical roofs, making it difficult to prevent water intrusion and condensation problems. Moisture migration & concentration between impermeable membranes is a possibility.
Enhanced commissioning addresses only the
1. The typical commissioning design review is not likely to predict the potential for future moisture and mold problems.
NUMBER 1
Sustainable Sites (SS)
Heat Island Effect: Roof
Credit 7.2
2
Energy & Atmosphere
Fundamental Commissioning of the
(EA) Prerequisite 1
Building Energy
and EA Credit 3
Systems and
most forgiving climates.
2. The reviews normally do not incorporate an analysis of the building envelope performance.
Enhanced Commissioning
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3
EA Prerequisite 2 and EA Credit 1
Minimum Energy Performance Required and
Increases in energy performance can reduce moisture control in buildings.
1. Increased thermal insulation changes wall system performance (dew point location) with possible condensation in wrong location.
Optimize Energy Performance
4
5
2. Modifying heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) control schemes alters equipment run times and impacts moisture control.
EA Credit 5:
Ongoing energy
Measurement &
measurement and
Verification
verification
Materials and
Building Reuse:
Resources (MR)
Maintain 75 percent
Credits 1.1 and 1.2
to 95 percent of
Sacrificing adequate relative humidity control to reduce energy usage.
Any good energy management plan must be subservient to adequate moisture control.
Moisture control performance of existing building
Existing Walls, Floors,
1. Quality and performance of existing components such as flashing, rainwater barriers, air barriers, need to be investigated envelope components and possibly tested. re-used under this
& Roof
credit. 2. Model both new and re-used component to identify how each component will act towards good moisture control — this includes interaction with the HVAC system.
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MR Credits 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, and 3.2
Building/Materials Reuse and Construction Waste Management
Inadvertent reuse of previously water damaged
1. Mold contamination is not often visible in the occupied side of materials and is not generally
and/or mold contaminated materials presents
found by air testing in a construction environment. Destructive testing and evaluation may be required.
an increased risk. Construction workers CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
at risk of handing mold contaminated materials.
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MR Credit 6
Rapidly Renewable Materials
2. Construction waste management plan may need to include section on handling moldy materials.
Use of rapidly renewable natural building materials
The mixture of synthetic materials with natural materials in the building envelope can create
and products without understanding their
increased potential for moisture condensation and entrapment.
properties related to water (permeance, absorption, etc.).
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Indoor Environmental Quality (EQ) Prerequisite 1,
9
Minimum Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Performance, Outdoor Air Delivery
EQ Credit 1, and
Monitoring, and
EQ Credit 2
Increased Ventilation
EQ Credit 3.1
Construction IAQ Management Plan: During Construction
10
EQ Credit 3.2 (and
Construction IAQ Management Plan:
Ventilation in many parts of the United States must to be carefully designed to avoid moisture
Increased ventilation air should never be added without an overriding control of both pressurization and dehumidification.
problems.
Typical construction sequencing does not always allow for meeting credit objectives for protection of materials from water damage.
Construction sequencing needs to be reviewed and material protection measures understood
Pre-occupancy flush out.
Introducing required air for this credit in many geographic areas
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and enforced.
3.1)
Before Occupancy
can result in indoor moisture problems.
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EQ Credit 5
Indoor Chemical & Pollutant Source
Requires significant exhaust rates for source control.
Local exhaust can result in local depressurization and introduction of humid outside air into building envelope. It can also result in inadvertent pollutant movement within a building.
Providing operable windows can allow untreated humid air or rainwater to enter building.
If operable windows are installed, consider sensors and automatic overrides.
Recognizing the inherent increased risk of using new products that have less in-field experience.
1. Probably unrealistic for the design and construction team to understand the performance characteristics and limitation of new products and the additional risks that their use might carry.
Control
12
EQ Credit 6.2
Controllability of Systems: Thermal Comfort
13
Innovation in Design (ID) Credits 1.1-1.4
Innovation in Design
2. Particular concern about the introduction of new products into the highest moisture risk areas of the building (i.e., the envelope and the HVAC system) since in these areas there is added risk.
FUNDAMENTAL COMMISSIONING (EA PREREQUISITE 1) AND ENHANCED COMMISSIONING (EA CREDIT 3) CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
Intent of EA 1: Verify that the building’s energy related systems are installed and calibrated, and perform according to the owner’s project requirements, basis of design, and construction documents. Intent of EA 3: Begin the commissioning process early during the design process and execute additional activities after systems performance verification is completed. Building commissioning (even the enhanced version of commissioning in LEED EA Credit 3) is not likely to prevent catastrophic moisture and mold problems. Traditional commissioning fails to accomplish two primary requirements in avoiding moisture problems: 1. The design review is not likely to be a “standard of care” technical peer review, but is more often a review intended to determine if the constructed building, once built, can be commissioned and if the design meets the Owner’s intent. In our experience the typical design review will not predict the potential for moisture and mold problems. Without this prediction it cannot offer specific solutions to avoid them. 2. These reviews are not required to incorporate an analysis of the building envelope’s performance—the acknowledged component that fails the most frequently and usually the most dramatically. What the building science industry has known for some time is that moisture and mold problems are often very predictable, even in the early design stage. However, for this analysis to be successful the review team must be very savvy about what combination of design choices create a high risk of causing problems and what other choices are lower risks. Figure 3.1 shows an example of the predictability of moisture and mold problems in a hotel type building. Some concepts that should be included in building commissioning to reduce the possibility of moisture and mold problems include the following: ■ During the design phase a technical peer review of the document should identify issues which will likely be major cause of moisture and mold problems in the operating building. This review may need to be accomplished by someone other than the traditional commissioning agent since they may not have the requisite skill set to conduct this type of analysis. It’s our opinion that this review needs to specifically identify which building components and systems have a high potential for moisture problems and offer alternative solutions to the design team.
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FIGURE 3.1: Prediction chart of the probability of moisture and mold in a hotel-type building with a series of HVAC system choices and an unforgiving wall system—i.e., a misplaced vapor retarder in conjunction with moisture sources. Other combinations of decisions can increase or decrease the risk. (Note: This example makes numerous assumptions such as there are no significant rainwater leaks. This prediction chart also assumes that the outside moisture conditions are conducive to mold growth.) ■ The commissioning process needs to consider the interrelationship of the building envelope and the HVAC system. This area is often overlooked because it involves the dynamic interaction between two separate technology areas. ■ The building envelope needs to be commissioned in a manner that would avoid rainwater leaks, excessive air leakage, and condensation problems. In cases where the envelope is commissioned, both individual envelope components (like windows) should be tested as well as assemblies of multiple adjacent components. Testing individual components does not address the connection points and intersections between various envelope components where most of the failures occur. Assembly testing can include a mix of qualitative (Figure 3.2) and quantitative testing, such as ASTM tests.
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FIGURE 3.2 : Qualitative water testing of window and stud wall assembly after installation of membrane water proofing. Note spray rack (red arrows) above and to the side of window that washes the wall while the cavity side of sheathing is checked for leaks.
â– Construction phase commissioning of envelope components may require adjustment
of installation methods based on test results. Checklists should be developed that allow for certification that such adjustments are implemented (Figure 3.3)
. FIGURE 3.3 : Checklists for commissioning of sliding glass doors. These checklists are completed by the contractor. The checklists may be modified after installation and quantitative testing of the first several doors.
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MATERIALS & RESOURCES AND OTHER CREDITS: USE OF NEW MATERIALS IN HIGH RISK LOCATIONS Intent of these 14 Materials & Resources Credits: Reuse of existing building components, the management of construction waste, materials reuse, amount of recycled content, the use of regional materials, the use of rapidly renewable materials, and the use of certified wood. New green materials can often meet requirements in several LEED credits. For example, organic-based insulation materials can satisfy LEED Material & Resource Credit 6 as a rapidly renewable material, Energy & Atmosphere Prerequisite 2 and Credit 1 for energy performance, and Indoor Environmental Quality Credit 4.1 for low emitting materials. Many new materials and concepts can also fall under the Innovation & Design Process credit requirements for developing new solutions, employing new technologies, or realizing exemplary performance. We believe that it is reasonable to assume that if we are relatively unfamiliar with a new material’s individual performance then we probably know even less about the material’s interaction with other adjacent components. Our ignorance about the performance of new materials should not be disregarded because the manufacturer of these materials assures us that the product is appropriate for LEED-certified buildings. The recognition of additional risk in the use of innovative products (especially in the envelope and HVAC systems) by the development team should demand a higher degree of rigor in the evaluation of these products. As previously mentioned, the interaction between the HVAC system and the envelope creates an unusually high risk area. The impact of this condition is that any deficiency in either system can cause dramatic building-wide moisture problems. It may be only a slight overstatement to state that there is no wall system which a creative architect can envision that a poor HVAC system cannot destroy. Conversely, a very well performing HVAC system can often compensate for a marginally designed (or constructed) building envelope to the point where many moisture problems may never be noticed. However, there is a point where even an exceptionally well performing HVAC system cannot compensate for a poorly designed wall system, especially a wall that allows rainwater intrusion or is excessively leaky to air movement. FIGURE 3.4: Example of the amount of water absorbed by a wall insulation product. This experiment demonstrates that many products intended for wall and roof assemblies can absorb huge amounts of water in spite of their data sheets attesting to the opposite.
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A simplification of the above concept can be stated as: ■ Bad Envelope Design + Bad HVAC Design = Guaranteed Moisture Problems ■ Good Envelope Design + Bad HVAC Design = Likely Moisture Problems ■ Bad Envelope Design + Good HVAC Design = Likely Moisture Problems ■ Good Envelope Design + Good HVAC Design = Likely Success ( Note : The term “Good Envelope Design” refers to the correct design and construction of the air barrier, vapor retarder, and thermal barrier. It does not refer to rainwater intrusion issues since even minor rainwater entry past the water resistive barrier can be problematic. “Good HVAC Design” refers to the proper building pressurization for the specific climate, proper dehumidification, and proper air distribution within a building ) Although new wall system products are often intended to provide better thermal insulation, reduce air movement through the walls, or allow enhanced drying of the wall assembly (via vapor diffusion) they can also perform in unanticipated ways. These new products can dramatically change the way moisture flows through wall and roof systems and the potential for condensation within these cavities. The use of these new products mandate that the designer implement several additional steps to avoid problems: 1. Better understand the performance characteristics of these new products. This may require a more rigorous evaluation of these materials than is required with traditional products. As with any product —but more so with new products—the performance answers may not be found in the product data sheets, but may require experiments and mockups to determine their performance. This type of evaluation may be beyond the scope and expertise of the design team — but it should nevertheless be implemented. In Figure 3.4 above, a new insulation material (marketed for “green” buildings) was able to hold a considerable amount of water despite a data sheet that indicated it was a non-absorptive product. The use of this material in wall cavities could create massive mold problems if there is water leakage through the water resistive barrier since the normal wet-dry cycling will not likely occur. 2. Analyze the vapor retarder, air barrier, and bulk water retention properties to better understand where the material should be placed, if at all, within the wall system. 3. Model the wall systems for performance during the early design stages to predict the potential for water vapor transmission through the wall assemblies and potential for condensation to occur. Minimally, this modeling should predict the dew point location and the vapor transmission profile during the most extreme season for the location.
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4. Perform a three-dimensional analysis of rainwater barrier geometry, especially at complex joints and changes in plane. All other standard good practices for wall system design should continue to be followed whether new or traditional products are used including: ■ The use of water resistive barriers as the first line of defense, ■ Designing drainage planes to channel water down and out of the envelope, ■ Installing secondary barriers for redundancy ■ Designing proper flashing and sealant joints.
INCREASED VENTILATION (EQ CREDIT 2) Intent: Provide additional outdoor air ventilation to improve air quality for improved occupant comfort, well being and productivity. For decades there have been competing arguments within the mechanical design community on whether to increase or decrease the amount of outside air that is introduced into commercial and institutional buildings. Although there are sound arguments on both sides of the debate, today’s emphasis on increased building ventilation to achieve LEED credits has given an added incentive to increase the amount of outside air to buildings. The experience of many forensic building experts (especially in the eastern half of the country) do not necessarily support the theory that adding more outside air creates a better performing, more sustainable building— sometimes quite the opposite (Figure 3.5).
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FIGURE 3.5: Martin County Courthouse, Stuart, Florida. The HVAC design produced high rates of outside air ventilation but poor temperature and humidity control which contributed to mold and moisture problems, resulting in over $10 million in renovation costs for a 3-year old building.
What is known about ventilation air is that in regions with ambient high dew point conditions and elevated relative humidity levels (which include much of the entire eastern half of the country during portions of the year) there is a direct correlation between the number of moisture problems and increased rates of mechanical building ventilation. This can occur for obvious reasons, such as the additional moisture load that is introduced into the building along with the outside air. However, more obscure reasons can also increase the risk of adding outside air to a building. Unbalanced (or partially depressurized) buildings can be the result of moving large amounts of air around a building. When this condition occurs moisture problems become more prevalent. These unbalanced conditions happen when air is trying to flow from the supply side of the air handler equipment to the return side but is restricted by structural or architectural barriers. Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC) of Cocoa, Florida called this condition the “Smart Air Syndrome” concept—that air is supposed to be smart enough to get from one place to another in spite of barriers. Additional ventilation air should always be designed in conjunction with considering the impact of the distribution of the ventilation air. This requires identifying parts of the building that could become depressurized with respect to outside conditions, thus potentially drawing humid outside air into the envelope cavity or occupied spaces. (Note: Even in less humid climates an unbalanced HVAC system can inadvertently transfer odors and airborne pollutants in unintended ways through a building.) This increased risk of moisture problems caused by greater air volumes (and thus unbalanced areas of the building) is depicted in the FSEC graphic below (Figure 3.6).
FIGURE 3.6: FSEC graphic on risk of Building failures related to Building complexity and Intensity of HVAC drivers (air volumesand pressures). Source: 1996 Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC) Study.
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FSEC’s research has demonstrated the relationship between building complexity (architectural and structural complexity), the intensity of the HVAC drivers (air volumes and pressures), and the risk of building failures. The solution is not to build simpler, less ventilated buildings but it is to insure that the ventilation air is effectively delivered to the space. This means that ventilation must be distributed so that it not only reaches the desired breathing zone but does so in a manner that does not adversely affect the building. The HVAC system that introduces ventilation air must also do so in a manner that properly dehumidifies the air. The “golden rule” of moisture control is that under no circumstances should adequate dehumidification be sacrificed for increased ventilation. In many regions of the country during summertime conditions the moisture load contributed by the outside air can exceed the amount of moisture that the air conditioning system can effectively remove. The solution is to address these risk factors in several ways: ■ Insure the correct distribution of air flows within buildings (to avoid pressure imbalances). This can usually be accurately predicted during design. ■ Increase the verification of HVAC system performance by adding additional elements to the building startup and commissioning programs. This post-construction verification includes detailed pressure mapping of the building to confirm proper air distribution and using temperature and relative humidity (RH) data-loggers to confirm conditions during the first year’s operation. This pressure mapping and data logging needs to also include the building cavities—areas that are often ignored. Many of these elements are frequently absent in today’s standard HVAC system startup and building commissioning programs. What experience demonstrates is that increased amounts of outside air can be safely added to a building if the known causes of increased risk (such as proper air distribution) are addressed during design and verified after construction.
CONSTRUCTION IAQ MANAGEMENT PLAN DURING CONSTRUCTION AND BEFORE OCCUPANCY (EQ CREDITS 3.1 AND 3.2) Intent: Reduce indoor air quality (IAQ) problems resulting from the construction/renovation process in order to help sustain the comfort and well-being of construction workers and building occupants. During construction there can be increased pollutant load in a building because of various factors: heavy particulate load and the off gassing of formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds (VOC’s) from newly installed products. There are various methods of controlling this additional pollutant load such as additional air filtration, the use of temporary CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
air handlers for heating and cooling, and flushing out the building with additional amounts of outside air. As proposed by LEED Credit 3.2 building flush out can occur either late in the construction phase or after the building is occupied. While the use of outside air to flush out the building may reduce the concentration of off gassing it can also inadvertently cause moisture problems. Although the moisture problems may be short term (decreasing after the flush out is finished) the resultant mold problems could be long lasting. The EQ Credits related to the Construction IAQ Management Plan allow for two separate approaches to building flush out, one during construction and an alternative plan after occupancy. Both approaches involve a substantial amount of outside air volume— 14,000 cubic feet (cfm) per square foot (SF) of floor area. Whether this flush out occurs rapidly over a several week period (during the late stages of construction) or more slowly over several months (during post construction) moisture problems are likely to result in many parts of the country during the summertime. Increased building ventilation over the design amounts can create a range of problems such as inadequate sizing of the air filters and an inability of the air conditioning equipment to handle the increased moisture (or latent) load. While the LEED credit mandates a 60 percent RH maximum level during this flush out period this requirement may not be feasible with the building’s equipment. Since final building finishes should be in place prior to flush out (otherwise there are no materials to off gas) it makes the entire building susceptible to mold growth problems. If building flush out occurs after occupancy then even the furnishings are susceptible to moisture problems. In a typical 100,000 square foot building the amount of outdoor air required to meet the flush out portion of this credit is 1,400,000,000 cubic feet. This amount of air volume in the eastern portion of the country during the humid summer months can be equivalent to over 200,000 gallons of additional moisture introduced into the building. This moisture is in addition to the normal moisture load from construction activities, cleaning liquids, or construction-related moisture from curing concrete, paint drying, etc. One of the additional risks with conducting building flush out (especially in an occupied building) is that it is usually done in the evening when the heat load (sensible) is the lowest and the moisture load (latent) is the highest. This can result in even greater relative humidity levels in the building because the unfavorable ratio of sensible to latent load can either cause overcooling of the building (resulting in flash condensation). The additional likelihood that the HVAC system might still be unbalanced at the time of the flush out increases the potential for moisture problems as the result of this process.
INDOOR CHEMICAL & POLLUTANT SOURCE CONTROL (EQ CREDIT 5) CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
Intent: Minimize exposure of the building occupants to potentially hazardous particulates and chemical pollutants. Depending on the climate where the building is located it may be important to utilize different types of ventilation approaches to control indoor air quality degradation and indoor chemical and pollutant source control. In climates with outdoor air conditions that carry large summer moisture loads (which includes much of the eastern portion of the country), ventilation approaches should include a combination of exhaust and make up air to achieve the pressure differentials required by the credit. This credit requires a pressure differential of 5 Pascal’s (Pa) between the area with the chemical or pollutant source and adjacent areas. The recommended approach is to exhaust the space with the chemical or pollutant source to a point that is at least 5 Pa negative when compared to adjacent areas and a minimum of .50 cfm per SF. If this recommendation is incorrectly applied its result can create depressurization of the entire building (or portions of the building). The inherent risks associated with increased building exhaust as recommended in this LEED credit are numerous: ■ It increases the importance of a very accurate test and balance process to insure that adjacent building areas are not accidentally depressurized (including wall and ceiling cavities). ■ The suggested pressure differentials (5 Pa) are significantly more precise than the average test and balance firm can measure, likely leading to errors. ■ Since the suggested exhaust rates and pressure differentials are minimum figures there might be a tendency for some practitioners to vastly exceed these amounts (under the concept that “more is better”) which could result in an even increased potential for uncontrolled air flows and moisture problems. It has been the experience of many practitioners in the field of forensic building science that achieving negative pressure conditions in parts of a building, while maintaining overall positive building pressures elsewhere is an extremely delicate balance to achieve.
SOLUTIONS The green design movement is transforming the design and construction marketplace like no other innovation in the lifetime of most designers. Green design has brought to the forefront of the design and construction community a holistic view of how to design, build, and operate higher performing buildings. As such, the noble goals espoused by sustainable CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
development and green buildings are certainly worth aggressively pursuing — but it must be done with significant care, especially in the areas of high risk for moisture and mold problems. It seems that some of the “best practices” and “lessons learned” in other fields are not being applied in a precise enough manner when it involves green construction, at least as that applies to moisture control. To summarize our recommendations we believe that the following should occur in an effort to enhance green designs: ■ A technical peer review of the design should be implemented that attempts to predict the building performance with the new materials and products. At a minimum this review would focus on the HVAC and building envelope systems that are most exposed to moisturerelated failures. This should provide a more climatologically and regionally accurate green design. ■ The design team must be confident that they have incorporated the institutional knowledge already known in the fields of humidity control, waterproofing and building envelope performance. Processes that have already lost favor in the indoor environment field, such as “building flush out,” should not now be incorporated into green construction as “best practices.” These processes have historically shown little benefit and have demonstrated high cost, high risk, or both. ■ The acceptance of new products with specific “green” benefits should be especially scrutinized. Our experience is that gaining performance in one area often means sacrificing performance in another area. If the area where performance is sacrificed is a critical parameter (such as the water absorption qualities of wall insulation) then the risk may be too great, no matter what the benefit is. We are not sure if it’s realistic for a design team to make all of these required assessments, but without it building failure seems more probable.
PHOTOGRAPHIC CASE STUDIES
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CII – SOHRABJI GODREJ GREEN BUSINESS CENTRE HYDERABAD Introduction The CII – Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre in Hyderabad is the first LEED Platinum rated building in India. • Locally available materials and sustainable energy sources have been used extensively in the building. • Natural lighting and ventilation enhance the energy-efficiency of the building. • Adequate green spaces help in controlling the micro-climate providing visual delight at the same time. •
Aerial view of CII-Godrej GBC, Hyderabad showing wind towers, solar photovoltaic panels and green roofs.
Location, Orientation & Climate It is located in HITEC City, a major technology township in Hyderabad. • Use of vehicles that run on alternative sources of energy is encouraged. Use of such vehicles helps in saving energy. •
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There is a vast difference in the amount of glazed areas on the northern and western sides of the building. Such features prevent unwanted heat gain.
Natural Features Existing features in the landform have been integrated into the design without causing much harm to the local eco-system. •
Rocks existing on site have been retained and integrated in the building design
Architectural Design The building is designed to maximise usage of natural light for day-lighting without getting unwanted heat inside. • The ground surface covered by the building is replaced through roof gardens which play a major role in insulating the building. •
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Roof gardens insulate the building from solar heat •
Unwanted gain of heat is reduced through simple design principles like earth
berming. •
Heat gain through openings is also reduced through intelligent design of
windows.
Intelligent design of windows allow in light but keep the heat away • An effective combination of closed and open spaces help in modulating the micro-climate so that it keeps the building cool and well-ventilated. • There is ease of access throughout the site.
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A combination of open and closed spaces keep the building cool and well-ventilated
Materials & Appliances Use of local materials and materials with low-embodied energy is visible at various places. • For instance, local stone and waste construction materials are used for external cladding. • Old furniture has been used in different parts of the building. •
Locally available materials like stone and wood are used in the school
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Old furniture used in the cafeteria negates the energy consumed in making new furniture
Daylighting Emphasis is laid on providing adequate day-lighting. • Intelligent design of windows such as different windows for views and for light reduce the heat gain. •
Abundant natural light is available in office spaces
Ventilation CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
Effective measures are taken to properly ventilate the building while saving energy at the same time. • Air caught by the wind towers is carried through an earth-air tunnel which precools the air entering into the AHU’s. This saves energy required in the cooling process. •
Wind towers carry air through an earth air tunnel to cool it before being supplied to the AHU’s ‘Jaalis’ on the outer façade of the building also help in cooling, shading and ventilation of the building. •
‘Jaalis’ help in cooling and shading the building and inducing ventilation
Renewable Energy •
Solar energy is used to generate electricity that is used in the building. CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
Solar photovoltaic panels on the roof generate electricity for the building •
Use of vehicles that run on alternative sources of energy is encouraged.
Use of battery operated vehicles is encouraged
Water Management Rain water is recharged into the ground. • The landscaped garden has a variety of local plants and trees which require less water for irrigation. The garden has been designed such that all rainwater is retained. •
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Rain-water is harvested in the landscaped garden • •
All waste water is treated in a root zone treatment facility. The treated water is used for flushing toilets and irrigating the garden.
Waste water is treated in the root zone treatment facility
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DRUK WHITE LOTUS SCHOOL LADAKH Introduction The Druk Padma Karpo School near Leh is a Buddhist school under the patronage of the Dalai Lama, and founded by His Holiness the 12th Gyalwang Drukpa in 1992. Designed by international architects Arup Associates, the school building combines the best of traditional Ladakhi architecture with cutting-edge engineering excellence to act as a model for appropriate, cost effective and sustainable development. The innovative architecture of the school has won several international design awards, including the 2002 World Architecture Awards for Best Education Building, Best Building in Asia, joint winner for Best Green Building, an award for ‘Inspiring Design’ from the British Council of School Environments and a ‘Design for Asia Grand Award’.
The secondary school block
Location, Orientation & Climate The Druk School is located at Shey, about 15 kms to the south-east of Leh. • Around 60 % of the students and the teachers come from nearby towns and villages using public transport or school buses while the remaining students are accommodated in the residential facilities. Overall, there is minimal usage of personal vehicles by the teachers or students while commuting to the school. All these combined result in a lot of energy savings. • The classrooms are oriented 30 degrees east of south to utilise the morning sun for natural lighting and space-heating. •
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Natural lighting and heating of classrooms are optimised by their orientation The residential blocks are oriented in the east-west axis with the living quarters facing south to facilitate solar heat gain. Circulation areas are placed on the colder north side. • The natural slope of the site provides for universal access. •
South facing residential blocks utilise the sun’s heat to generate warmth inside while the natural slope provides universal access
Natural Features The natural soil condition aids water from melting snow or rain to seep into the ground thus recharging the ground water. • The negligible amount of hard paving in the site ensures that almost all snow or rain falling on it is recharged into the ground. •
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Open grounds of the school aid ground water recharge Willow trees found on the site are pruned to maximise heat and light gain in the winters. The waste wood is then used as fuel for the ‘bukharas’ for space heating purposes. •
Waste wood from willow trees found in abundance in Leh are used as fuel for the ‘Bukhara’.
Architectural Design The school has been designed such that all natural and renewable sources of energy are utilized to the maximum possible extent without causing any disturbance to the environment. At the same time adequate measures have been taken to insulate the building so as to reduce loss of heat. The 700 mm external walls are made of 150 mm thick mud bricks on the inside and 450 mm thick granite blocks on the outside with a 100 mm air gap in between. These walls insulate the building from the cold and windy conditions outside. CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
Mud-brick walls are clad with granite on the outside The southern side of all the buildings are provided with windows which allow natural light inside. These are opened during the summers for ventilation and are shaded with removable wooden shades. •
Glazed southern side of classrooms provide light, ventilation and warmth Roofs are insulated with a 50 mm thick layer of grass topped with a 300 mm thick layer of mud and clay. Skylights are provided in the roof to supplement light coming in from the windows. •
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Light coming in from the skylights
Materials & Appliances • •
Almost all the materials used in the complex have been sourced locally. Wood from willow and poplar trees are used for the structure, roofs, floors and
windows. Granite blocks and mud-bricks are used for the external walls. All internal walls are also made of mud-bricks. • Concrete used is limited to the foundations of the wooden columns, as mortar and for the floor below the ‘Bukhara’. •
Locally available materials like stone and wood are used in the school
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Artificial lighting is not required in the classrooms most of the time due to the abundant natural light available. • Electricity usage during the day-time is limited mainly to computers and other such peripherals. • Energy saving lighting fixtures like CFL lights are used. •
CFL Lamps are used wherever artificial lighting may be required
Daylighting The abundant sunlight available has been used to maximise natural light in the academic section. • Light from the windows and skylights eradicate the need for artificial lighting. The windows are shaded in the summers so as to allow light in but keep the heat away. • All blocks are well-separated so that there is no mutual shading. •
Abundant natural light is available in the classrooms
Ventilation CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
High level openings work in conjunction with the south facing windows to provide ventilation required in the building. In the residential areas, the Trombe walls are provided internal dampers and also with such openings in the internal walls and . Together, they ensure an effective ventilation system where wind drafts do not cause inconvenience to the children sleeping inside.
Dampers placed above and below windows are part of the ventilation mechanism in the residential areas
Renewable Energy Solar Energy is used for a number of purposes like day-lighting, direct heat gain through the windows and to induce ventilation through the Trombe walls. • Solar water heaters are used to heat the water required for washing purposes. •
Solar water heaters are placed near wash areas and provide the required hot water •
Solar electricity is generated and used for a number of purposes. CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
Besides providing electricity for general lighting at night, computers also run on solar electricity. • The latter is also used to run the water pump that pumps water from a depth of about 30 metres. •
Solar Photovoltaic Panels which generate all the electricity required in the school
Water Management All snow and water is recharged into the ground. • Dry toilets eradicate the need of water for flushing purposes. • Waste water from bathrooms and the dining hall kitchen is used to irrigate the vegetable gardens. •
The soft ground surface facilitates all the snow and water to seep into the ground
Waste Management Traditional dry latrines have been improved and problems of fly and odour eliminated in the ‘Ventilation Improved Pit’ (VIP) toilets. •
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A double chamber system with a Tin sheet facing the south acts as a flue carrying the odours out. A mesh at the top of the flue prevents flies and insects from coming in. • The VIP toilets act as composting toilets and produces humus that can be used as fertiliser. Moreover, they do not need water. •
The ‘Ventilation Improved Pit’ Toilet which is an improvement of the traditional Ladakhi dry toilets
Construction Controls The use of local materials which are abundantly available ensures minimal damage to the environment during construction. • As most of the construction workers were locals, little energy was spent for their accommodation and travel. •
Materials used in construction have mostly been sourced locally CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
Post Construction The school is being built in phases and the entire complex of the school is scheduled to be completed in 2011. • This has helped in learning from the first phases and using this experience in optimizing the usage of materials in the later phases. •
THE ENERGY AND RESOURCES INSTITUTE (TERI) BANGALORE Introduction The Energy and Resources Institute, Bangalore is among South India’s first energyefficient and environmentally sustainable campuses. It houses work spaces for the staff, conference rooms, a library, a laboratory and a guest house. Dining and recreation facilities are shared between the offices and the guest house. It has the potential to serve as a model for future development in similar geographical and climatic conditions.
TERI campus at Bangalore
Location, Orientation & Climate •
The site is located at Domlur, about 3 km from the Bangalore airport. CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
It is a long and narrow site with roads on the eastern and northern sides, the former being the major road. • The western side has an open ground and on the southern side is an open drain about 9 m wide. • The buildings are aligned along the east-west axis and entry into the site is from the road on the northern side which is relatively less busier. •
Schematic layout of TERI Bangalore showing the surrounding roads and the drain
The office block is kept towards the east, close to the main road for high visibility and the guest house is located towards the quieter western side. • In a moderate climatic zone like Bangalore where temperatures are not very high, a good ventilation system can easily provide comfortable living conditions.
The office blocks are placed towards the main road while the guest house is located on the quieter west side
Natural Features • •
The drain on the southern side is a major feature which influences the design. Wind coming from the south over the drain brings in the foul smell into the site. CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
Open drain on the southern edge of TERI Bangalore
Architectural Design •
This energy - efficient complex is designed to provide all round comfort for the
users. Comfort requirements are met through dexterous use of the five basic natural elements – sun, air, earth, water and sky to ensure natural lighting, ventilation and space conditioning. • The building opens to the north to take maximum advantage of glare-free light. Continuations of skylit spaces carry natural light into the building. •
Abundant natural light is available in the work spaces CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
Adequate natural lighting and ventilation is provided through an optimized combination of solar passive design, energy-efficient equipment, renewable sources of energy and materials with low embodied energy. • The condition of the drain is proposed to be improved into a pleasant landscaped element by using plants that absorb impurities as well as with the help of basic filtration and aeration. This being an ideal long-term solution would be a major civic project. • The architecture responds to the present site conditions but the building can eventually open up towards the drain when it turns clean
A fresh environment is maintained inside the building A cavity wall on the southern side insulates the building from solar heat gain. • The ground disturbed due to the building is replaced on the rooftop to form terrace gardens at various levels. These gardens along with earth berms provides good heat insulation and moderates fluctuations in temperature. •
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Trombe walls help in insulating the hostels
Materials & Appliances As use of local materials reduces the energy consumed in their transportation, local materials and materials with low-embodied energy have been used wherever possible • The southern wall, for instance, is clad in local ‘kadappa’ stone. • Energy-efficient lighting devices like CFL lights have also been used. •
Locally available ‘kadappa’ stone used to clad the southern wall
Daylighting Openings have been designed such that requirement of artificial lighting is minimal throughout the day when the building is under maximum usage. •
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Abundant natural light inside due to intelligently designed fenestrations • By creating atrium spaces with skylights, the section of the building is such that natural light enters into the interiors of the building, considerably reducing the dependence on artificial lighting.
Section showing natural light penetrating deep into the building through skylights and fenestrations
Ventilation A blank wall towards the south (facing the drain) allows the breeze to flow over the building. This creates a negative pressure which pulls fresh air from the north into the building. • The sections are designed such that hot air rises to the top and make the building breathe. • Air in the cavity in the south wall on the south creates negative pressure, thereby enhancing the convection currents in the building. •
CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
Sections showing induced ventilation created in the building through an effective design of sections and the cavity wall on the south creating convection currents
Renewable Energy A 5-kW peak solar photovoltaic system integrated with the roof skylights provides day-light and also generates electricity. •
Solar Photovoltaics integrated with the roof provide natural light and electricity A solar water heating system meets the hot water requirements of the kitchen and the guest rooms. •
CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
Other energy conservation systems include an effective waste and water management system, a centralized uninterrupted power supply, and a kitchen that reduces internal heat. •
Solar water heaters which meet the hot-water requirements of the campus
Water Management An efficient rainwater harvesting system preserves water to the maximum possible extent. • Water run-off from the roofs and from the paved area is collected and stored in a collection sump below the amphitheatre. • This water is used for various purposes including landscaping and flushing toilets. •
Schematic section of the building showing the rain water harvesting system
Post Construction CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
The monthly energy consumption is about Rs. 30,000 for the entire complex. • This works out to be around Rs. 1.12 per square foot which is about one-tenth of a conventional building with air conditioning in Bangalore, thus proving the energyefficiency of the complex. • As and when the drain to the south gets cleaned, the complex can also open out towards it. This would provide the complex with its own water-front. •
WB RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT AGENCY KOLKATA Introduction The office building of the West Bengal Renewable Energy Development Agency at Kolkata built in 2000 is one of the first consolidated attempts at green building practices in the eastern part of the country. Kolkata lies in the Hot & Humid climatic zone and induced ventilation to counter the high humidity is essential here. Simple energy efficient measures taken at the design stage have resulted in a micro-climate quite suitable for day–to-day office work.
CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
The WBREDA building shows how simple design features can increase the energy efficiency of an office building.
Location, Orientation & Climate The office building of WBREDA is located on a rectangular plot of land with the longer sides facing the North and the South. • Windows on the north and south sides provide for day-lighting in all the office areas. • Ventilation required in the prevailing hot and humid climate is also provided for . •
CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
Windows provide for day-lighting as well as ventilation
Architectural Design The building has been designed such that all air conditioned spaces are located on the northern side so as to cut down on the air-conditioning load.
CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
Air conditioned areas are kept on the northern side to reduce the load on the airconditioners A combination of deep sunshades, recessed windows and vertical and horizontal louvers modulates the sun-light coming in from the south allowing only diffused light to enter during the summers. The horizontal louvers act as light shades. The windows provide natural ventilation at the same time. • To reduce heat gain from the west, the western façade is a blank wall with the stair-well and lift-lobby acting as an immediate buffer inside. •
CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
A combination of horizontal and vertical louvers on the southern side allow light in but cut down on solar heat Trees on the southern and south-western sides of the plot shade the building from the afternoon sun. •
CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
Landscaping is used to reduce heat gain A water body on the south-western corner of the ground floor helps regulate the micro-climate of the site. •
CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
Water body on the south-western corner helps modulate the micro-climate On the western side, a blank wall with the staircase and lift lobby behind it acts as a major heat buffer. •
CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
The blank western wall cuts down heat gain in the afternoon
Materials & Appliances • •
All masonry work has been done with locally available bricks. WBREDA encourages the use of pollution free vehicles by staff for commuting.
CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
Pollution free vehicles used by staff of WBREDA
Daylighting Daylight penetrates the building through the openings that run along the northern and southern sides of the building. • Unlike, the southern side, there are no horizontal louvers on the northern side so as to maximise natural light inside. •
The northern side is devoid of any horizontal louvers to maximise natural light inside the building
Ventilation CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
Breeze coming from the south blows over the water-body and is taken into the building through a small cut-out that divides the building into two through its length. This vents out the hot air from the non air-conditioned areas. The cut-out also acts as a light shaft.
Cut-out over the water body draws in fresh air and vents it out through the roof. It also provides natural light inside
Renewable Energy The building has a grid-interactive solar photo-voltaic system with a maximum capacity of 25 Kilo Watts and is supported by a 100 Ampere battery bank. • The building transfers to the grid all excess solar electricity generated and switches over to the grid supply when adequate electricity cannot be generated by the system, mainly at night and during day cloudy days. •
Solar Photovoltaic panels on the roof generate electricity CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
Post Construction Regular maintainence checks have ensured a good life-time for the solar photovoltaic system put in place in the WBREDA building. • The battery bank used has been replaced for the first time after 9 years of functioning. • Revenue generated by the solar electricity produced is more than the electricity bill of the building. •
MR. ATAM KUMAR’S RESIDENCE DELHI Introduction Mr. Atam Kumar’s residence in Delhi is an example of an economically viable method to build a house that consumes less energy. • Mr. Atam Kumar, a solar energy device manufacturer and consultant, was also the energy consultant of the house. This is a three bedroom house with an outhouse. The office and servant ‘s unit are located in the outhouse. •
Natural light entering through the sky-light above the stairwell
Location, Orientation & Climate • •
The house is in Chattarpur Extension near Mehrauli. Comfort levels are maintained throughout the year without using much
electricity Creepers on the southern boundary wall of the plot allow ventilation during the summers. Recently, more trees and creepers have been planted on the western side also. A •
CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
tree planted on the western side around the time of construction of the house now provides shade.
Boundary wall on the south western corner of the plot allows ventilation during the summers. A road on the southern side allows light to come. • The house is designed as a duplex to reduce the environmental foot-print. All living areas open to the southern side, a large portion of which is glazed to allow natural light and heat. • Creepers on the boundary wall and seasonal trees outside it can be used to control light, ventilation and privacy in the lawn. •
CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
The southern side gets abundant sun-light during the winters. The windows are designed such that maximum solar heat can be captured in the winters. The outhouse on the north-eastern corner of the plot contains an office space and the servant’s quarters. Windows on the eastern wall provide diffused light without much glare. •
Outhouse located on the north-eastern corner allow natural light into the building from the east. CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
The south-western and western sides of the house are well-shaded by trees inside and outside the plot. •
Trees on the western and south-western sides of the building provide shade thus reducing energy consumed in cooling the house
Architectural Design The building has been designed so as to reduce thermal heat gain. Walls clad in white sand-stone and painted white reflect heat. A two inch thick thermocol layer between the masonry walls and the sand-stone cladding further insulates the building.
The western wall is shaded and devoid of openings to minimise heat gain CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
Openings on the northern side are lesser in size to cut down on heat gain in the summers and reduce loss of heat in the winters. •
Windows on the northern side are designed to provide optimum light to service and storage areas Windows on the south side are designed such that when the two layers of curtains are drawn, an air gap is formed between the curtains and the glass which insulates the building. •
CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
Windows are provided with indented lintel, sill and jamb to make space for the curtains •
A sky-light at the top of the stair-well throws light into it.
CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
Natural lighting filtering down through the skylights in the stair-well High openings provide ambient light throughout the day to the dressing areas on the eastern side. •
Ambient light in the dressing areas CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
Materials & Appliances CFL’s have been used through out the house. Good thermal insulation of the building reduces the use of the air-conditioner to about two weeks when there is high humidity.. •
Air conditioners have been fitted after the house was 14 years old and are used for not more than two weeks a year The roofs are finished in white terrazzo finish, which reflects sunlight. A three inch thick layer of asbestos powder insulates the roof from solar heat gain. •
Reflective surface of the roof CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
Daylighting •
Ambient light is available in most of the spaces all through the year.
Windows at varying heights on the eastern side provide light inside without much glare All living spaces are on the southern side and get adequate natural light throughout the year. •
CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
The living room has subdued natural light when the curtains are drawn. This reduces heat gain.
Ventilation •
A pair of desert coolers in the stair-well blow cool air into the house during the
summers. Shutters above the doors allow cool air to flow into the bedrooms and living room even if the doors are closed •
Cool air from the desert coolers in the stairwell falls down by its own weight. It enters into the living and bedrooms through ventilation openings above the doors. These can be closed with shutters.
CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
Vents on the corners of all the living areas are connected to south facing, thinwalled and dark colored solar chimneys that induce ventilation during the summers. These vents can be closed in the winters with shutters. •
Cool air from the desert coolers in the stairwell falls down by its own weight. It enters into the living and bedrooms through ventilation openings above the doors. These can be closed with shutters. The ventilation shafts are covered with a fibre-glass top. A wire mesh has been fixed to the top of the chimney to stop birds from entering. •
Fibre-glass top above the solar chimney CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
Renewable Energy •
A 200 litre-per-day solar water heater meets the daily hot water requirements of
the house.
Solar water heaters placed on the terrace A solar cooker is built into the southern wall of the kitchen. It can be accesses from inside the kitchen at counter level. This reduces the amount of conventional fuel used for cooking. •
CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
Solar cookers in the kitchen reduce usage of conventional fuel for cooking
Water Management Rain-water from the site and nearby areas is harvested into the ground through water harvesting trenches located immediately outside the boundary walls on the northern and southern sides. •
Rain water trenches outside the boundary walls harvest the rain water from the site and neighboring areas. CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
Waste Management Grey water from the kitchen and toilets, which has soap content in it, is used to irrigate the flowers grown in the soak pit. As no soapy water enters the septic tank, it has not required any maintenance for the 15 years that the building has been used so far. •
Flowers in the soak pit area on the south eastern corner of the house
Post Construction Creepers have been planted outside the boundary wall on the western side of the plot. The ‘living’ boundary wall shades the plot while providing for ventilation and privacy at the same time. •
CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
Screen on the western wall of the plot will be removed as soon as the newly planted creepers are high enough
LBHS COLLEGE MUMBAI LBHS is an architecture college situated in the suburbs of Mumbai, in India. It is a prime example of Green Building Architecture. The city of Bombay is a bit crowded, and as such, land is at a premium. So, the location provides enough space for expansion and providing sufficient infrastructure to students.
CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
LBHS Mumbai - Site plan This project is special because it has implemented many energy-saving devices and techniques to make it one of the first green building designs in India. From light sensors for auto-switching of lights, to water recycling, use of solar arrays and use of earth air tunnels, this project has done everything. It is a very interesting case study. The designers have aimed at developing an semi-autonomous building, almost self-sufficient building complex. It is inferred that such buildings reduce environmental impacts, increase security, and lower costs of ownership.
Segmentation of Space This project is spread into a vast area. The available space is divided into public and semi-public zones. Auditorium, Restaurant and Exhibition halls requiring services are placed adjacent to the service road. Amphitheater, the main interaction hub, is placed centrally orienting in the North-West direction to capture the wind flow. This keeps the open-air amphitheater cool in the evening with a gentle North-Western breeze.
Auditorium It is located near the entrance and given a formal outlook for usage reasons. There is an entire buffer floor for flexibility. Open spill-over areas around it provide a comprehensive view of the stage.
CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
Auditorium Plan
Section at A-A'
CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
Section at B-B'
Auditorium at LBHS, Mumbai
Exhibition Block There are three large halls at different levels which are used to exhibit various things and host architecture fairs from time to time. Sit-out serves as an interaction space at the rear side of the block. The open-air exhibition has a retractable covering around the edges. Considering the rains and heavy winds in the Konkan area, tensile material has been chosen for roofing for the exhibition halls..
CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
Exhibition Block at LBHS Mumbai
Eco-friendly Roof Green, eco-friendly roof insulates the conference block, auditorium and exhibition block from external weather and temperature, thus saving energy costs over the long term. Shading, evapo-transpiration and filtering are functions of the green roof infrastructure.
Provision of Earth Air Tunnel Another interesting feature of this college is an Earth Air Tunnel to cool down temperatures during the summer season, in order to reduce energy costs. Earth- air tunnels may be considered as special types of wind towers connected to an underground tunnel. The cooling process is based on the fact that the temperature a few meters below the ground is almost constant throughout the year. A wind tower is connected to the underground tunnel, which runs from the bottom of the wind tower to the basement of the building. The wind tower catches the wind which is forced down the tower into the tunnel. The temperature of the tunnel, being lower than that of the ambient temperature, cools the air before it is circulated into the living space.
Water Recycling In order to reduce water consumption, this project has implemented “water recycling� at the site. The recycled water is probably used for watering the gardens maintained by the college.
Solar Cell Arrays Surprisingly, the college generates electricity with the help of 32 Solar Cell Arrays. There is not enough data to understand how this generated power is utilized and how it affects their power bills.
Air Conditioning by Gas-fired Ammonia absorption Chillers
CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
The entire college is air-conditioned, and this unit provides air conditioning at a very low cost. Infact, it uses 75% less power than a comparable conventional air conditioning unit.
Light Sensors These guys don’t have to worry about switching off the light when they exit the rooms. There are movement sensors in important places which can detect the presence of people, which regulates the light switches.
Incorporation of Sustainable Green Features in the Design Aayam in Sanskrit means dimension, and the presented design has provided innovative solutions in all the dimensions of creative world. The entire building has been made in order to preserve the landscape and adapt suitable style pertaining to the topography. By determining the quantity and quality of light entering the spaces, they have eventually taken on greater reality. The galleries are woven into a modulated space, born of light and geometry.
VIDEOGRAPHIC CASE STUDIES
CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
MR. MAHENDRA PATEL’S RESIDENCE AHMEDABAD
Mr. Mahendra Patel’s residence , built in 1997, is a good example of an individual residence which maintains high living standards without depending much on external sources of energy, primarily the city supply grid, Through good design and use of materials, the building responds to the high summer temperatures so as to reduce the load on the cooling systems.
BCIL TZED BANGALORE
BCIL TZed is a LEED Platinum rated group housing society which combines good design and usage of materials and technology to ensure that comfort levels are maintained without using much energy. The moderate climate of Bangalore reduces the energy consumption of buildings for space conditioning.
CREATED BY : MEET SHAH
IRRAD’S OFFICE GURGAON
The Institute of Rural Research and Development (IRRAD)’s office building in Gurgaon is a sustainable building designed to meet the extremes of the composite climate that is prevalent in many parts of the country including Delhi. It is a LEED Platinum rated building.
WE CAN CHANGE THE WORLD : There is no community which has a greater impact on the world’s energy consumption than architects. 50% of the world’s energy is consumed by buildings. Architects can save at least ½ of the buildings energy consumption by passive design elements and with the help of energy-efficient technologies. That means by designing our buildings in a sustainable and energy saving way we have an impact of 25% on the words energy consumption! If we work together we can make an extraordinary difference. Our community is responsible for the survival of this planet. Let’s go out and change the world!
CREATED BY : MEET SHAH