Assessing The Rights of Urban Refugee by Mega Ayu Lestari

Assessing The Rights of Urban Refugee Mega Ayu Lestari - Diponegoro University

Abstract In recent years, the world has getting more urbanized with more than 50 percent of refugees live in urban areas and most of them are still underprivileged to access the adequate human basic needs such as healthy foods, clean water, sanitation and hygiene. Many cities in developing countries, particularly in Indonesia, are prone to multiple disasters, both natural and human-made related to climate change and lack of environmental preparedness within urban settlement. Therefore, we should put collective efforts to reduce the disaster risk and its vulnerability. How the agenda of humanity and its supporting systems prioritize will develop our investments of disaster management and response, human capital, and enable policy framework in reshaping humanitarian actions. In terms of implementing a move on this urbanization challenge, this paper will analyze and cope towards building economic, societal and environmental values through this steps: 1) raising awareness, 2) participatory mapping, 3) creating shared value, 4) youth-inclusive services, and 5) ensuring both socio-economic and environmental commitments. Using community-based practice, it enables me to connect with their issues and ideas, collect a deeper understanding, identify, and collaborate in achieving their rights. I need to address how urban refugees with their voices and capabilities can be measured as a strategic partner in policy making process and its implementation towards promoting their rights in sustainable livelihoods. The importance of having partnership with people, public and private sector also need to be considered to find the best feasible action while facilitating capacity building of community. Keywords: policy, refugee, urbanization challenge, and vulnerability.

Introduction The UN estimates that the world urban population will increase to 6.2 billion by 2050.1 Refugees are increasingly part of this population, with over half of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x;s total 16.7 million refugees, now urban residents.2 Almost all of this population growth will be catered for in fast-expanding urban areas and concentrated in small to intermediate-sized African and Asian Cities, often already struggling to cope with existing demands on their

systems and infrastructure.3 In case of urban refugees caused by extreme weather condition in Indonesia, there is an urgent need to ensure better preparedness for climate change mitigation and its adaptation to reduce their risk and vulnerability which require a strong direction and some regional action plans.

Urban Refugee: Related to Climate Change and Urban Displacement Host populations and governments often view refugees as contributing to rising crime rates, overburdening public services and competing for scarce jobs, housing and resources.4 Refugees in urban areas are seldom seen as potential assets who can contribute to economic stimulation and growth, filling both skilled and unskilled labor shortages and bringing in new skills.5 Then, climate change has led to people living in urban areas with risk of flood, water crisis from land conversion, tropical storm, sea level rise, etc. 11 million people in 16 provinces of Indonesia will potentially be affected (WFP, 2015). This would lead to inadequate of fulfilling their basic needs, social activities and disrupt their economic stability. Refugees will be displaced for a certain time, often for a long time until the disaster recovery effort finished. Lack of public awareness, understanding of disaster risk, strong regulation, infrastructure, early warning system, evacuation map, and other supporting tools have made them become more vulnerable. Experts are increasingly certain that temperature variations will result in ever more intense and frequent extreme weather events as well as changes in patterns of disease.6 These events will likely drive to alteration of ecosystems, disruption of food production and water supply, damage to infrastructure and settlements, mortality, and will also severely disrupt humanitarian response.7 Climate change will also act as a â&#x20AC;&#x153;stress multiplierâ&#x20AC;?, generating new tensions and exacerbating existing ones, particularly with regard to resource management, land availability and use.8 Unleashing Urban Refugeesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Potential Humanitarian agencies and other related stakeholders should stand out for an environment that is getting vulnerable with climate change impacts. As a part of community, I have been doing some approaches and interviews to urban refugees to engage their opinions, challenges, and potentials by removing barriers to their economic participation. Through peerto-peer education, community-based empowerment, entrepreneurship programs, and any other

capacity development will be useful to build their creativity and self-reliance. In contexts where urban refugees do not have the access to work, or their rights to work is recognized in law but not in practice, this may mean making work in the informal sector as safe as possible, promoting decent wages and conditions among employers, ensuring that business registration costs are not punitively expensive, and working on bilateral agreements to recognize diplomas from other countries or ensuring women earn equal pay. Local government can also adopt SLD (Shared Learning Dialogue) techniques from ACCCRN (The Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network) methodology which serve as a mechanism to engage scientific experts, government officials, research centres, civil society, private sector and community representatives in local deliberations and knowledge sharing for identifying key priorities, needs and gaps in the cities. It facilitates open communication between various stakeholder groups and is designed to facilitate mutual learning and joint problem-solving within a project city to understand the linkages between urban growth and development and climate change and vulnerability of people and sectors; and to be able to identify actions to undertake urban climate change resilience (ACCCRN, 2013).

Case Study: Tangerang and Its Fast-Moving Environment a. Background According to the World Health Organisation, already approximately one-quarter of the global disease burden

due

modifiable

environmental factors, which play a role in more than 80% of the diseases regularly reported by it.9 As many as 13 million deaths could be prevented every year by making environments healthier.10 Located in the Province of Banten, Tangerang has 164,55 km2 of total area (not include Soekarno-Hatta International Airport area 19,69 km2) and 1.952.396 population by district in Tangerang Municipality, 2013 with density/km2 is 11.861. It consists of 931 RW and 4587 RT (RW and RT are residential compound units). In the northern, western, and southern areas, Tangerang city

shares borders with the Tangerang sub-city and the city of Tangerang Selatan (South Tangerang), while sharing borders with West Jakarta and South Jakarta in the eastern areas. Since Soekarno-Hatta International Airport is located in Tangerang city region, economic flow is heavily influenced by development in the surrounding areas, especially DKI Jakarta. Its neighbouring location with Jakarta also causes some people who work in Jakarta to choose to domicile in Tangerang, which has triggered various new activities in this city. In turn, it attracts people who come to Jakarta for improving their livelihoods. Yet, it is not equipped with common value within society, generating green jobs and spaces, good public transportation, resilient infrastructure and other supporting facilities. Lack of green investment and social cohesion cause behind environmental problems, including socio-economic, cultural and demographic issues, and the injustices involved, usually get relatively little attention.

b. Raising Awareness Raise awareness of the critical need to prepare local communities to make them safer and more resilient to disasters

Total costs of disasters in Tangerang

Economic costs and benefits Building our City's Resilience to Disasters

Open data platform Building an Open Platform for Guiding Disaster Resilience

Social costs and benefits The Economic Cost of the Social Impact of Disasters

Infrastrucutre decision-making process Building Resilient Infrastructure

This chart above was adapted from figure 1.1 (Summary of the Roundtableâ&#x20AC;&#x;s work on natural disaster resilience) in the report of The Economic Cost of the Social Impact of Natural Disasters made by The Australian Business Roundtable for Disaster Resilience & Safer Communities in 2013. This could be a stepping stone to ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national legislation and international agreements, like accessing to information provides the foundation for all effective, accountable and transparent decision-making. While freedom of information legislation exists in many countries, the procedures associated with timely, quality and accessible responses will determine the extent to which citizens, including girls or young women and boys or young men, benefit from such guarantees.11 We should realize how the economic

costs, social costs and total loss of disaster in Tangerang by knowing the data of affected areas and communities, identifying their issues through open data platform and its inclusiveness. The addition of high-quality civil society and citizen-generated data can offer crucial, complementary information needed to understand the true context and experience where there are historic gaps in official data collection.12 In raising both awareness and the understanding of disaster risk and humanitarian response, the power of story-telling or community-based approach to disaster risk reduction where the children are at the heart of all the processes. Based on World Vision Philippines program that recognizes childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x;s rights can be achieved through disaster risk reduction and their participation is needed in initiatives within their communities, government of Tangerang city also needs to engage children and teachers, parents, school management, local authorities and other key actors in generating disaster risk reduction initiatives and promoting resilience and responsible citizenship. Focusing on schools as the first target, it is expected to increase studentâ&#x20AC;&#x;s capacity in reducing underlying factors that threaten their environment.

c. Participatory Mapping A mechanism is needed to verify and improve the quality and credibility of needs assessments, track progress in meeting needs and provide a channel for handling complaints by affected people, which are urban refugees. It should be independent, and consult local people, government authorities, civil society and other related organizations. This activity requires two stages which are (1) giving time to data collectors especially through focus group discussions with urban refugees, data analysis, and consolidation, then (2) validating the data and findings with the refugees in disaster risk reduction, and planning livelihood adaptation for climate change with communities and partners. It also needs the involvement of multi-disciplinary approach such as climate and sociology expert to conduct climate and social studies in the site. The participatory risk assessment process recommends collecting climate data, statistics, and projection on a smaller scale or downscaling and the scenarios for the years 2020 and 2050. Next, we should share this current changing climate condition with communities within our own capacities, including the analysis of community vulnerability to climate change impact. It is related to community livelihood issues, therefore we need to discuss using participatory mapping to

identify their challenges, opportunities and develop action plan. So, the urban refugees can help decide the next steps and alternatives as a respond to achieve the sustainability of their livelihoods in their region. We can also use Participatory 3-Dimensional Mapping which is a recent innovation geared towards fostering collaboration between actors of DRR.13 P3DM comprises the building of stand-alone scaled relief maps made of locally available materials (e.g. carton, paper, etc.)14 which are overlapped with layers of information such as the topography (e.g. mountains, hills, valleys, rivers), land cover (forests, farm lands, fishing grounds, settlements), and anthropogenic features (e.g. infrastructure, lifelines, houses, vehicles, animals, marginalised and vulnerable people). P3DM enables mapping of hazards as well as vulnerabilities like a clear picture and location of those at risk, the availability of resources, and capacities of the local people to face natural hazards. It also allows local people to plot desired and useful risk reduction measures (e.g. design and location of early warning systems, evacuation areas and routes, protection of essential resources, relocation of key community assets, infrastructure development) in collaboration with outside stakeholders.15

d. Creating Shared Value Figure 1.2 was adopted from article titled Creating Environmental Impact

Shared Value from Harvard Supplier Access and Viabilty

Energy Use

Business Review, 2011. Shared value is not social responsibility,

philantrophy,

or even sustainability, but a Company Productivity

new way to achieve economic Employee Skills

Water Use

success in which companies can create economic value while creating societal impact.

Employee Health

Worker Safety

Still our recognition of the transformative

power

shared value is in its genesis

like some companies known for their hard-nosed approach to business (GE, Google, IBM, Intel, etc.) have already embarked on important efforts to create shared value by reconceiving the intersection between society and corporate performance. There are three distinct ways to do this: by reconceiving products and markets, redefining productivity in the value chain, and building supportive industry clusters at the companyâ&#x20AC;&#x;s locations.16 The right kind of government regulation can encourage companies to pursue shared value; the wrong kind works against it and even makes trade-offs between economic and social goals inevitable.17 Related programs should identify and facilitate urban refugee access to existing market-oriented vocational and skills-training programs that have strong track records of placing graduates into long-term employment. They also ensure institutions to address womenâ&#x20AC;&#x;s household responsibilities with child-care support and flexible hours, as well as safety. Interventions should recognize the need for multiple strategies and focus on training in multiple skills, including: job-specific skills based on local market demand, entrepreneurship skills, such as financial literacy, marketing and accounting skills, money management, computer skills, life skills, customer service and language skills. We can start blurring the line between education and economic strengthening, such as in formal and nonformal education, set targets for employment or self-employment and reorient education offerings toward facilitating the transition to work, which aligns with the priorities of many young people.18 Through building cross-sectoral partnerships: provision of services such as post-training internships; nationally and internationally recognized accreditation; access to land or facilities for businesses; capital and credit; business start-up kits, etc., will necessarily come through partnerships between agencies and with government, ideally with private sector involvement. Then, it is important in mitigating risk like working with women, men, girls and boys to include protection strategies in their livelihoods work. Female youth domestic workers, in particular, are in need of specific protection strategies.19 See the example from The All India Disaster Mitigation Institute (AIDMI) along with Humanitarian Innovation Fund (HIF) and Stanford University which is piloting a project on promoting disaster microinsurance for poor and small enterprises. Disaster microinsurance for local market recovery is one such innovation that has great transformative potential. Those poor and small scale businesses are defined as informal and unregistered businesses operating as street vendors and in home businesses, by family

members or/and a small local group/s established on both residential sites and local market sites. The objective of that project is to promote disaster microinsurance among such small and informal enterprises and map out the way such risk transfer approaches help in reducing disaster related economic losses. Tangerang city government can adapt and internalize that practice by enabling environmental regulation and practice where where public, private, local people and other related agencies will cope and act as the catalyst for local economic, social, and environmentally friendly development that is inclusive of urban refugees.

e. Youth-Inclusive Services Youth actors identified as priorities for reform a number of issues including: localisation of humanitarian response, better financial frameworks, more accountability of humanitarian action, continued delivery of essential services and better use of technology.20 As a perception-based measure, this will collect data on the lived experience of individuals seeking access to and obtaining basic public services, such as healthcare, education, water and sanitation, as well as services provided by the police and judicial system.21 Government, NGOs, and civil society may report progress on this indicator. For this indicator to be youth sensitive, data should be disaggregated to allow for the visibility of youth, and will be necessary to include additional data sources that include respondents under age 18.22 In order to capture the experience of youth, this review will need to assess: a) the existence of complaints mechanisms and procedures at all levels, b) whether provision is accessible to and inclusive of all children and young people.23 Once baseline data are established, measuring progress will be relatively easy and will provide very valuable information for youth participation at local levels. Due to several impacts of disaster and its economic loss, many youth are forced to contribute to their householdâ&#x20AC;&#x;s income. Youth are looking for opportunities to learn and earn opportunities that will enable them to continue their studies while contributing to their household income. They also want access to financial services so they can save.24 This means developing youth-inclusive programs that may include: (1) ensuring classes are at times when youth can participate, (2) supporting access to nonformal and skills development programs, (3) promoting access to distance and online learning opportunities, (4) engaging youth in conducting market

assessments to build their capacity, to identify their issue and solutions and to develop an understanding of economic realities, (5) accessing or developing interventions that reflect diversity of youth, in terms of age, life cycle stage (marital or parental status) and gender. In Tangerang, non-governmental organizations can act as networking and information resources for youth and urban refugee entrepreneurs, providing information on where to access credit and savings, BDS (Business Development Services) and market information. Greening the city will continue to be made by providing green jobs while increasing the planting of trees at some points. Division Head of Environmental Quality Monitoring in Tangerang, Dadang M. Nasuhi said, the number of trees to be planted in 2016 reaches 20 thousand trees. It has increased compared to the previous year that had 17,500 trees and in 2014, had as many as 13 418 trees. Tangerang City Mayor, Arief R Wismansyah said the tree planting will be the main agenda in every activity. It means school and other institutions could participate in these participatory agenda. Tangerang city government should arrange the program which can involve the urban refugees, particularly youth and women, local community, like focus group discussion on urban issues, training them to understand climate change, factors that influence climate deviations from normal times or conditions. Thus, government can provide urban farming where a wide variety of plants are jointly managed by the community and local farmers. They can grow vegetables, like peppers, tomatoes, spinach, and many other types of organic plant. To achieve this goal, they will be coached by the Department of Agriculture. Farming area uses the residents land for Tangerang Gardening which is 6 hectares that located within the region. The land is unused, but now it is becoming useful for their livelihoods. Then, through communitybased art project, youth can address their voices, opinions, challenges while scaling up their potentials in art paintings, decorations, writings, exhibitions, and any other creative activities to generate public awareness and the understanding of urban issues.

f. Ensuring Both Socio-Economic and Environmental Commitments There is increasing recognition of the importance of politics in determining the scale of basic services and social provisioning and the rules by which access is secured.25 As the five core responsibilities of the Secretary-Generalâ&#x20AC;&#x;s Agenda for Humanity lay the foundations for humanitarian actors and other stakeholders to work more effectively to

uphold peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x;s safety, dignity and the right to thrive, ensuring both socio-economic and environmental commitments may include these options where all stakeholders should adopt the Core Humanitarian Standard and International Aid Transparency Initiative Standard, with clear benchmarks for achieving these; donors should commit to make sustained funding conditional on the systematic collection of feedback from affected people on the quality and utility of humanitarian programmes; humanitarian agencies should establish a common approach to providing information to affected people and collecting, aggregating and analysing feedback from communities to influence decisionmaking processes at strategic and operational levels. This chart below is adopted from Figure 3.2 Urban Systems Analysis of Surat Flood Management made by Da Silva, et al. 2012 .

Infrastructure Ecosystems Climate and Hydrology

Urban drainage system, City flood protection measures, and Reservoir

Institutions City stakeholder trust, Flood Advisory Committee, Disaster Early Warning System, Emergency preparedness plans

Knowledge Reservoir management models, Information exchange between institutions, Hydrological modelling

Wellbeing Flood Safety and Security

Commitments will be sought from the private sector, Member States, civil society organizations and other actors to: 1) create, sponsor and participate in business networks; 2) engage with business networks and through the global portal to form partnerships, share best practices, match needs to resources and systematically engage on issues of common interest; 3) provide funding or pro bono services to support the Connecting Business initiative; and 4) champion business engagement in disaster risk reduction, emergency preparedness, response and recovery.26 According to the geographic condition in Tangerang, in which often remarks that there are mismanagement of public works and housing, lack of environmental standards, mitigation and adaptation efforts to face climate change. They need a clear platform of humanitarian action to guarantee protection and education for children, provide

employment and livelihoods opportunities for young women and men, and recognize youth as partners in humanitarian preparedness and response. Young people should be empowered through national and global networks to rally around humanitarian action to help those in dire need.27 Then, all those involved in humanitarian work should correct the neglect of older people, persons with disabilities and other marginalized groups; ensure their specific rights and needs are met; and enable them to participate in decision-making. Governments need to invest more in reducing exposure and vulnerability and in disaster preparedness.28 Disasters caused by natural hazards, particularly those that are recurrent or predictable, require a shift from managing crisis to managing risk.29 In case of Tangerang, the local officials and communities should forge â&#x20AC;&#x153;preparedness and response agreementsâ&#x20AC;? for natural hazards with the international community in order to increase the predictability and discipline of disaster management by investing in national risk reduction and response capacities to handle needs up to specified thresholds, beyond which international assistance at a predictable scale and capability is triggered. This approach needs to be supported by risk financing and increased use of innovations in science and technology to improve forecasting, early warning and risk modeling.30 They also need to develop local leadership and responsibility for disaster management that reinforces wherever possible, backed by stronger regional cooperation and supported by global institutions. The implementation of such a shift should be cooperated by analysis of the local operational capacities, review of current roles and partnerships, and by the creation of more inclusive decision-making arrangements based on the principles of good governance. These are options that should be taken into account: (1) identify and recognize the demographic imperative and specific risks faced by vulnerable groups through improving local participation that will play an integral role in efficiency and effectiveness of humanitarian responses. To include youth in work to disaster preparedness; humanitarian and security actors should systematically consult with civil society youth organizations to understand climate dynamics, causes, and priorities, (2) nurture the capacity of youth through training programs, and create an enabling and sustainable economic environment where gender equality and community-based empowerment should be mainstreamed into all trainings and planning to ensure inclusive policies in humanitarian action. For example, creating opportunities for the economic, social, and political empowerment of

urban refugees, and affected people from disaster through prioritisation of social enterprise, loan systems and targeted investments. They could be trained as facilitators and project managers who should then transfer their skills to community. (3) Actively engage young people in the design and development of disaster management policies and urban humanitarian responses, to extend participation beyond the reach of dialogue, (4) dedicate funding and training for service providers to ensure safe and clean access in crisis to affordable and quality sanitation and health services, then (5) engage in research-driven policies with local actors through innovation hubs in order to build resilience, gather data, and determine the most appropriate mechanism for prevention or response proactively. Giving them access to information and resources will ensure monitoring and evaluation process.

Conclusion: Promoting A Move Towards Assessing The Rights of Urban Refugee Tangerang

faced

with

increased incidences of inundation, with the high number of households in flood-prone areas. Tangerang needs to implement a project to build the preparedness of the local government and the most vulnerable communities for flood disasters. By designing and innovating for a circular economy which approaches „design out‟ waste and typically involve innovation throughout the value chain, rather than relying solely on solutions at the end of products‟ life, they may include; reducing the quantity of materials required to deliver a particular service (lightweighting); lengthening products‟ useful life (durability); reducing the use of energy and materials in production and use phases (efficiency); reducing the use of materials that are hazardous or difficult to recycle in products and production processes (substitution); creating markets for secondary raw materials (recyclates) materials (based on standards, public procurement, etc.). They also can develop an early warning system to equip communities and local authorities with tools and knowledge. The project is coupled with a disaster risk management

training which educates the communities in flood-prone areas to be more prepared. The project targets the following scales, such as vulnerable community groups (the poor communities residing in coastal areas or riverbanks), by training and informing them of emergency responses to minimize risk, injury, and casualty; and local government agencies, by informing the authorities where infrastructure capacity should be strengthened to minimize the impact of flood on major water infrastructure. Their rights to actively participate, health, and safe from facing future disaster can also be couraged. In terms of advocacy, diplomatic efforts should focus on the right to work the right to education and equal treatment for urban refugees. Advocacy efforts also require new strategies, such as going very local, targeting the ward leader, the police chief, the mayor and the high school principal rather than the Prime Minister and the Minister of Education.31 In particular, agencies should advocate for better regulation of the informal market of domestic workers in improving their treatment and standard of living. Adapted from key highlights of panel discussion about “Role of Youth and Academic Institutions as Humanitarian Aid Workers”, Tangerang city should rethink these options: 1) disaster management (preparedness, response, and recovery efforts) should be localized and be a part of every policy and practice, 2) youth plays an important role in rescue and response phases (camp management) to save the life of urban refugees, they are primary responders in any disaster situation, 3) academic institutions can channelize youth power, optimize their strengths on issues of disaster management (creating awareness or coordination for bringing all stakeholders together) to better utilize capacity, 4) academic institutions play a vital role in deciding research topic pertinent to the disaster and geographic needs, which helps in influencing policies, 5) need to impart real time training to youth in terms of rescue operation or observing signs of injury in broader perspective to disaster risk reduction.

References 1

See United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division World Urbanization

Prospects: The 2014 Revision, Highlights (2014), available at: http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Highlights/WUP2014Highlights.pdf. 2

For the most recent figures on the global displaced, see UNHCR Global Trends 2013 War‟s Human Costs

available at: http://www.unhcr.org/5399a14f9.html. 3

A staggering 86% of all refugees are now hosted by less developed countries -those countries with the fewest

resources to provide for them, see UNHCR Global Trends 2013, War‟s Human Costs, p.2, available at: http://www.unhcr.org/5399a14f9.html.

Jina Krause-Vilmar, “Dawn in the City: Guidance for Achieving Urban Refugee Self-Reliance”, Report of

Women‟s Refugee Commission, (New York, 2011), p.1. 5

Ibid.

IPCC, Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Summary for Policymakers.

Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2014). 7

Royal Society, Resilience to Extreme Weather (London, Royal Society, 2014).

Urvashi Aneja, South-South Humanitarianism, 26-27 November 2014: Conference Report (New Delhi, JSIA,

2014); Katie Peters and Janani Vivikananda, Topic Guide: Conflict, Climate and Environment (London, ODI and International Alert, 2014). 9

Terre des Hommes International Federation, “The Right of The Child to A Healthy Environment” in Day of

General Discussion (Proposal for UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, 2016). 10

For

information

about

http://www.who.int/topics/environmental_health/en/

Environmental and

Health,

available

at:

http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/children_

environmental_health/en/. 11

Chelsea Marshall, Plan International, „Critical agents of change’ in the 2030 Agenda: Youth-inclusive

governance

indicators

for

national-level

monitoring,

(2015).

p.7,

available

at:

http://restlessdevelopment.org/file/critical-agents-of-change-youth-inclusive-governance-indicators-for-nationallevel-sdg-monitoring-pdf 12

Ibid, p.8.

Gaillard, J.C., Cadag, J.R.C. (2013). Participatory 3-Dimensional Mapping for Disaster Risk Reduction: A

Field Manual for Practitioners. Catholic Agency for Overseas Development, London. 14

Rambaldi, G. and Callosa-Tarr, J. (2002). Participatory 3-Dimensional Modelling: Guiding Principles and

Applications. ASEAN Regional Centre for Biodiversity Conservation (ARCBC), Los Baños, Philippines. 15

Dr. J. Cadag and Dr. JC Gaillard. (2014). Participatory 3-Dimensional Mapping to Foster Multi-Stakeholder

Collaboration in Disaster Risk Reduction. Case Studies, UNISDR Scientific, Technical and Advisory Group, more information available at: http://p3dmfordrr.wordpress.com/ 16

Mark R. Kramer, Creating Shared Value, (Harvard Business Review, 2011), p.7.

Ibid, p.14.

Josh Chaffin and Dale Buscher, “Economic Empowerment of Urban Refugee Youth: Guiding Principles”,

Report of Women‟s Refugee Commission, (New York, 2013), p.9. 19 20

Ibid. Refer to Special Session on Transforming Humanitarian Action with and for Young People, Core

Responsibility

Three

the

Agenda

for

Humanity,

information

available

at:

http://www.worldhumanitariansummit.org/ 21

Chelsea Marshall, Plan International, „Critical agents of change‟ in the 2030 Agenda: Youth-inclusive

governance indicators for national-level monitoring, (2015). p.5. 22

Ibid.

Jina Krause-Vilmar, “Dawn in the City: Guidance for Achieving Urban Refugee Self-Reliance”, Report of

Women‟s Refugee Commission, (New York, 2011), p.18. 25

Diana Mitlin, Will Urban Sanitation “Leave No One Behind”?, The Second Editorial Environment and

Urbanization, issue on Sanitation. p. 368. downloaded from eau.sagepub.com by guest on March 30, 2016. 26

Refer to Special Session on Connecting Business, Core Responsibility Five of the Agenda for Humanity, more

information available at: http://www.worldhumanitariansummit.org/ 27

World Humanitarian Summit secretariat, Restoring Humanity: Synthesis of the Consultation Process for the

World Humanitarian Summit (New York, United Nations, 2015). p.10. 28

Ibid, p.11.

Ibid.

Josh Chaffin and Dale Buscher, “Economic Empowerment of Urban Refugee Youth: Guiding Principles”,

Report of Women‟s Refugee Commission, (New York, 2013), p.10.

Annex I ACAPS, Crisis Overview 2015: Humanitarian Trends and Risks for 2016, (Geneva, 2015). All India Disaster Mitigation Institute, “Disaster Microinsurance: An Innovation for Transformation,” Issue No. 133 (July 2015). Asian Development Bank, Urban Climate Change Resilience: A Synopsis, (Philippines, 2014). Australian Business Roundtable for Disaster Resilience & Safer Communities, “The Economic Cost of the Social Impact of Natural Disasters,” (Deloitte Access Economics, 2016). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Towards A Circular Economy: A Zero Waste Programme For Europe, (European Commission, 2014). Da Silva, J., Kernaghan, S. & Luque, A. (2012). “A Systems Approach to Meeting the Challenges of Urban Climate Change”. International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 4(2). Divya Sharma, Raina Singh, and Rozita Singh, “Urban Climate Resilience: A Review of the Methodologies adopted under the ACCCRN Initiative in Indian Cities,” Working Paper Series 5, (IIED, 2013). International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, World Disasters Report 2015, (Switzerland, 2015), more information available at: www.ifrc.org/wdr2015. Ronilda Co. (2011). Advancing School Safety in Asia, Articles from National offices. Bangkok: World Vision International. See, Report of Human Development Index and Employment Profile in Tangerang City, 2012, available at www.tangerangkota.go.id. Sphere India, “Role of Academia/Youth in Disaster Preparedness and Humanitarian Effectiveness”. Brief Report, (2011), p.8. World Humanitarian Summit Working Group, Doha Youth Declaration on Reshaping the Humanitarian Agenda, (Doha, 2015).