Design Realisation Project by Megan Townsend

A Manifesto for Urban Consumerism Movement

Tower Hamlets permanent market and new Town Square

Megan Townsend Design Realisation Report 2012-2013 Unit 22

SECTION 1 - PROJECT INTRODUCTION

SECTION 3 - BUILDING FORM AND SYSTEMS

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7

3.1 – Overview of Forms and Systems 3.2 -User and the Building 3.4 - Circulation mapping model 3.5 - Structural Strategy 3.6 – Load Forces 3.7 – Access Legislation and strategy 3.8 – Fire Regulations 3.8.1 - Fire Escape

– Project Introduction – Project Ambitions and future Development – Urban Expansion of the Town Square – Brief and Agenda – Building Programme – Site Introduction 1.6.1 - Overall site with local typologies 1.6.2 - Overall site local community – Site Analysis 1.7.1 - Master Plan

SECTION 2 - THE BUILDING ENVIRONMENT 2.1 –Overall site plan @ 1:1250 2.1.1 - 1st Floor Plan 2.1.2- Roof Plan 2.1.3- Section AA 2.1.4- Section BB 2.2 – Services Strategy 2.3 – Maintenance Strategy 2.4 – Water Supply and Usage 2.4.1- Water Figures 2.4.2- Water Tank + Precident 2.4.3- Water Tank Construction 2.5 – Natural Ventilation 2.6 – Light and Solar Gain 2.7 – Bioclimatic Design 2.8 - On Site Bioluminescence 2.9- Organic Waste System 2.9.1- Organic Waste Biology 2.10- Acoustics 2.11- Environmental Impacts of Building Materials 2.12- Construction Material Mapping 2.13- Pest Control

SECTION 4 - CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING 4.1 – Exploded Pile Construction 4.2 - Detail 1 - Piling 4.3 – Piling Construction 4.4 – Detail 2 - Connection to Ground / 3 layer construction 4.4.1 – Detail 2 zoom in 4.5 – Plan Detail 3 4.5.1 - Plan detail 3 zoom in 4.6 - Detail 4 - Ramp 4.6.1 - Detail 4 - Ramp zoom in 4.7 - Details Overall

SECTION 5 - PROCUREMENT

5.1 – Scope for Planning 5.2 – Planning Strategies 5.3 – Funding Strategies (Case studies) 5.4 – Procurement strategies 5.5 - The Role of the Architect 5.6 – The Role of the Contractor & CDM Officer’s Role 5.7 – Contractural Relationships

Bibliography

SECTION 1 - PROJECT INTRODUCTION

Project Introduction

1.1 Project Introduction Unit 22 Agenda - DARE TO CARE. Architecture taking care of vulnerable realities. “There are no small issues. Issues that appear small are large issues that are not understood.” Santiago RAMÓN Y CAJAL, Advices for a Young Investigator We were told modernization aspired to improve the well fare state. Paradoxically, following several authors remarks, we could presume that what it has in fact produced is a rise of vulnerability. According, for example, to Giddens, since we have reached the ‘End of Nature’ and the ‘End of Tradition’, we are no longer in a time of ‘External Risk’ but now we live in a time of ‘Manufactured Risk’, our environmental worries are no longer about what nature might do to us, but what we are doing to nature. Technification pushed us to hold to the illusion that humans are invulnerable, with our magnificent creations, our cities and our technologies. This resulting system allows economic privilege and the short-sightedness of the economic sphere to overwhelm the ecological and social realities in which we all live. Many threats, such as asbestos, smoking, and poverty, have remained unnoticed or unattended to, especially for architects, despite being as dangerous as threats which receive publicity and action. The twentieth century has not brought vulnerability to the core of the architectural community in a technical sense. Weakness and fragility were not desirable structural conditions in a tradition in which FIRMITAS was an undeniable requirement for buildings. Being able to deal with, what in other times would have been considered weak and fragile materials, is now a technical task even distinguishing good architecture from mere construction: “anyone can build using a lot of material… taking weight away from things, however, teaches you to make the shape of structures to do the work, to understand the limits of strength of components and to replace rigidity with flexibility…”. Our brief will focus on how the protection of vulnerable realities can be a task for contemporary architecture as long as architects change some design habits. Some of these changes follow: - We will measure the quality of architecture by its ability to represent the interest and programs of others. - We will abandon anthropocentrism rejecting human activities as more important than natural events. - We will accept and include the legitimacy of different aesthetical repertoires. Tenderness, Closeness, Affection has not been part of the architects’ official aesthetics but will be part of the “structure of feelings” that our projects will promote. - We will include the ecological limits and dependence of everything we design. - We want the student to learn to build clues from observing, participating and experimenting. Knowledge coming from sharing the future performance of our architecture will be postulated as much more reliable than that deducted from theoretical propositions. - Bathrooms, stairs, kitchens and other rooms considered to be service spaces will now be fundamental. In the same way all architecture will deserve our interest not matter how small, peripheral or academically irrelevant seem at first glance. - We will consider any waste or small part of already used materials as candidates to create new components for our architecture. - We won´t avoid break, mistake or error. On the contrary, we will look for creating breakable conditions that not only can be relevant academically, but can ensure reversibility or that stimulate adaptation and change.

Opposite I show my 6 designs relating to the vulnerable community I chose to study, the vulnerable community of Market Stall Holders. Looking at this vulnerable community, I explored ways that they could potentialy thrive within the modern urban landscape, with a general lifestyle today of convenience and speed when it comes to food and our relationships to growing and buying. Design: 1 - The Tram market 2 - The Carrousel spectacle 3 - The Cow Station 4 - The Fold outMarket for the Forgotten Space 5 - An Urban System rfor Growth

Project Ambitions

1.2 Project Visions, Ambitions and Future Scale

Project Ambitions

FOOD IN LONDON WOULD RUN OUT IN 4 DAYS IF SUPPLY CEASED..............

My interests this year are mainly focused on creating a new town square and social interaction space, a prototype typology that can be picked up and implemented in other similar sites across the country and beyond. To bring back the historical significance of the market within our cities, accessibility and creating a new typology that breaks the mould of the current high end, high value one off markets. To create an individual building that can be implemented across a wide range of environments, a sustainable strategy of cyclical processes have to be established These RULES will influence and determine the aesthetics of the building, this in fact, becoming secondary to the process.

- Capture and Recycle Rainwater The capturing of rainwater within the building, and the use of this water throughout the building and its processes, including the watering of the germinating crop, as well as the cleaning of the floor plates and the use of grey water throughout the building. Water usage and distribution should become a visible measurement of consuming.

- The Use of Organic Waste for Light The collection and storage of organic waste within the building to allow the community to dispose of waste easily, as well as allowing them to see the process of this waste disposal in creating light for the building throughout the hours of darkness. Anaerobic respiration produces methane, which can be passed across plants to produce light in the form of bioluminescence. Recycling should be used to create spectacle.

- Encourage Awareness/ Education Encourage people to take part in the processes that happen within the building, the processes determining the presence of the building itself. Growing should be at close proximity and connect us to nature.

- To strengthen the relationship between the community and the growth of food Due to the dense urban environment and the increase of commercialization, society is becoming removed from the production of the food they eat and the processes that take place in order to produce it. My building aims to educate community in these matters. Growing should be a joy.

A collage showing user experience within and surrounding my proposed building. As well as an image trying to consolodate all the project ambitions.

- Self Sufficiency Due to the abundance of commercial goods, and 24 hour convenience society, my project aims to break down these monopolies, and tempt people back into self production and the happiness of growing, to allow for a new opening in the market, for a community run co operative. Growing should be a commercial venture.

1.3 - Urban Expansion of the Town Square An urban master plan showing the general arrangement of the plan within the wider context, including the tram infrastructure and sprawling â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;germinationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; of the building, and wider rings of urban production.

Dairy production where more green space is avaliable. Dairy pasteurisation. Chickens kept in slightly larger residential properties as well as communal block grounds for eggs. Smaller areas avaliable for domestic scale crops that can be grown in 1m sq plot. Germination of crops at home where space is minimal.

Trams taking germinated grops out to the wider reaches of Tower Hamlets Borough.

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Trams bringing an excess of grown goods back to the market to be sold. Trams bringing back and distributing organic waste for growing and power.

Project Brief + Agenda

1.4 – Brief and Agenda Permanent Market and New Town Square A Manifesto for a Local Consumerism Movement I propose a permanent market, functional, to some capacity, 24 hours a day. On site permanently, this building will house a permanent market space that is flexible and can be used as an informal performance space, a tram distribution stop for the transference of trading to a wider area, germination towers, for the initial growth of crop to distribute to the local community, as well as providing a public landscape for social interaction. The building is located on a lost and forgotten space in East London. A space where historically a market took place, along the convergence lines of transports, here, the edges between industrial, residential and the over-ground train line. The workers will be the community, the functions happen around their daily schedules, the cultivation of the germinating crops tended to by those who invest in the co-operative: Co-operative Scheme; ‘an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily, to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise’. It may also be defined as a business that is owned and controlled completely by those people who use it and work there. -The building and scheme, with its many functions and interwoven programs, has three main objectives in its ideas and construction: 1 – In response to and in order to take advantage of, the Government’s Revolution on growth and society. 2 – To create awareness between consumption, the user and growth and to educate. 3 – To form a cyclical building where waste creates beauty, and function allows participation.

Funding Funding to build this sort of a building; a large and open public space for trade and growth, will require government and public support in order to produce a society that accepts this building not only as an ‘object’, or stand alone construction in this location, but as a strategy and typology that can be seen as a prototype on my site. There are many different strategies that can aid this type of construction, for example the Conservative Government and it’s ‘Big Society’, as well as many more organizations that focus their time and effort on promoting community and the growth of food in the city. For example:

Government’s Grow Your Own Revolution

This aims to give support to reduce our dependency on imports, by reforming the EU’s common agricultural and fishing policies. Cross-departmental policy report (Food 2030) aims to support further farmers and community markets to boost consumption of local produce. This is also driven by the FFLP, a community driven body that aims to promote awareness. (Food For Life Partnership)

The Federation of City Farms and Community Gardens

A charity that supports and promotes community managed farms, gardens, allotments and other green spaces, creating opportunities for local communities to grow. It also tries to empower local people, across the age spectrum, from different backgrounds and abilities, to build better communities, usually in developed areas, and to provide decision makers, funders and the media.

SHAPE East

Project Programme

1.5 - Building Program

Permanent Market and New Town Square A Manifesto for a Local Consumerism Movement The creation of the new town square at this convergence point in Tower Hamlets is attempting to re awaken community spirit in a ‘forgotten’ area, produce growth in inner city and highly built up areas, improve mental health, and educate about growth and self production. This building is a starting point for the ‘germination’ of the building over the years, so its growth spreads across the community and local area, ‘making green’ the industrial looking area. For smooth and successful operation of the building, the following facilities will be included:

Reception and visitor entrance

The reception and visitors entrance should be easily accessible from the outside open community space around the foot of the building. A natural flow will be created from outside to inside space, with the building gently enticing the visitor in with sloped ramps and ease of boundary crossing. In this sense, some of the outside materiality could be bought in, with a green floor leading the way into the building. All the functions of the building must be visible to the visitor, (the movement of the roof, the selling in the market and the growth of the towers). At a certain point, this exterior materiality will trail off, leaving the visitor with the feeling of leaving the outside and entering the main body of the machine (the market).

The below shows how the programme and building function interlinking to show a schematic diagram of this.

Building

Co-operative members entrance

The members of the co-operative, also being visitors, but more regular visitors that are an influencing part of the building’s performance and function, are of course not excluded from using the visitor entrance when utilizing the building. When, though, the members come to the building to tend their sponsored crops, their entrance will take the form of the ramped germination towers or stairs. In this sense they are not leaving the outside of the building, as this area although enclosed, brings the outside in. Visitors can also access this area to view the co-operative members tending their crops.

Goods exchange entrance

The goods exchange entrance is purely functional, with home orders being organized from around the building, as well as crops grown by those public members who have bought germinated seeds, grown them on green spaces around the area, and sold the excess of crop back to the co-operative, enter the building to be sorted, stored and sold within the market. Located more at the back of the building this is a function that will be visible but not at the forefront, with much of the transportation taking place on bicycles this stream of goods in and out will be visible to those in the open community gardens.

Market floor level

Tram station and goods distribution

Germination towers

Water Harvest

Services

Users

Market Space

Visitors

Education

Germination

Stall Holders

Records

Deliveries

Outside Space

Co-operative Members

The market floor will be a large open market space with ordered stalls on plots that are purchased by the co-operative members who sell their germinated crops, or the goods that have been grown off site. These market stalls will be ordered to allow the flow of people, as well as allowing each stallholder to enhance and flaunt their performance, with little restriction on how these stalls look. With the differing rings of production that occur around the area encircling my building (dairy, crop, eggs etc….) due to the space available and goods needed, the public will provide this market with the goods, and in return receive points to spend on these goods or on purchasing some new germinating crops.

Outside/ Germination

A functional and mechanical area of the building, and only accessed by those who work there, (but not invisible to the visitor), this is where goods are distributed from and sent out to areas that can be accessed (close by) by the tram line integrated into the already existing track infrastructure. A loop of track that runs under the tensile roof and above the market level, the process is intended to be visible and audible to those visiting the market.

These towers are not intended to be completely closed off from the exterior conditions of the community landscape, but an intermediate area between the outside and the main market hub of the building. Permeable to the air and views out over the surrounding area, and inversely in from the landscaped area, these towers will be connected from the ground with a continuous slope, leveling off to join with the market floor slab and goods distribution level. These towers house a large water storage tank, with water collected from the rain catchers on the roof, the use and path of the water will be visible to those within, highlighting consumption of the building throughout the day. When the germinating crops need watering, pressurized ‘humidifiers’ will create a mist throughout the towers, falling as rain through the building.

Goods dry storage

Within the core of the building darker areas and spaces with ventilation will be provided for the early stags of germination as well as those crops that have been grown, transported to the market and stored ready to be sold. Dark rooms with ventilation allowing air in and out as well as a small amount of light at certain times of the day, as well as separation areas for crops with higher ethylene levels.

Tools and Equipment storage for users

Toilets and utility rooms

10.

Outside public space

11.

Ability for future development (Gym)

Reception

Planting

Storage

Members

Irrigation

Equipment

Locals

Food

Crops

Users

Mental Health

Lockers will be provided for the co-operative members and users of the growing aspects of the building. Storage of cultivating equipment and personal items located on the flat floors where the towers join the market floor plates join, for ease of access from either area. Organic Waste

Toilets also located in same area as the storage areas for equipment, for ease of access as well as removing the need to minimize the germination areas in order to fit these in. Grey water and filtered collected rainwater run off will be used to flush these toilets and for hand washing. Same principle for those toilets located within the main concrete core of the market space. Utility rooms are the areas not accessible by the public, where the pipes carrying water, methane, maintenance hatches for the toilets, pressure pumps etc are located for the complete cyclical functioning of the building.

The outside area, around the foot of the building and covering the remainder of the site (with the ability to spread throughout the local area), will be landscaped to allow for community gathering, seeking shade within the summer months, and viewing the functioning of the building. This outside space is key to the building becoming an established, well-used and loved public area.

Future expansion could include a gym, for use by the people who earn points through growing. Machines could be used to power pumps to pressurize water and gas within the building. Removing the need for any energy consuming machinery. Also, as outlined within the project’s future scale, the ambition is that this building will mould the landscape surrounding it, with its rings of production, the green landscape within the before more industrial and infrastructural aesthetic, will germinate in time. It is also hoped that this will and can be rolled out across similar sites in England as well as over seas.

Site Introduction

1.6 - Site Introduction

Site Location

Scale 1:2500 0

The site I have chosen is located within East London, within the borough of Tower Hamlets. This area has a diverse cultural spread, as well as a diverse mixture of typologies. Being historically an area of london that contained a mixture of industry, residential and community based areas, along with more green space than more inner city areas, the site seemed perfect for creating a new town square typology. There are many â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;high streetsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; but not many traditional town squares within the area, where the market and community growing and selling can thrive. Surrounding the site not only combines the more industrial and mechanical activities of a historically productive area of the city.

Hopefully this will be created with my new idea for a model typology, that could be rolled out across the country and across similar sites in other countries, that need the town square typology bought back to teh urban landscape.

100

120

140

160

180

200 m

Historic map of my site and area from 1850, with the Great Eastern Railway cutting through, but with a hugeFeb 09, 2012 15:32 amount of more dense housing and industrial mixed use.

But also the more residential areas with playgrounds and schools. Traditionally workers lived where their industry was, and it wasnt more true than in East London.

Site Introduction

Transport:

1.6.1 Overall Site With Local Typologies

Bethnal Green train station is located near to my site. With the train lines running through the area, it provides me with an already established base for the coming and going of people, as well as an urban infrastructure to be harnessed.

Overall site map showing areas of interest around my site, highlighting the three more prevalent typologies, being industrial, residential and green space. This 1500sqm* aprox site is located by the rail tracks down the lines from Bethnal Green over ground train station. At the convergence point of the rail tracks, parkland, residential and industrial areas, the site provides the historic ingredients for a successful market, located at a place people pass on their way from A to B, without having to go out of their way. The challenges of this site are plentiful, due to the restrictions and demands of building so close to so many different infrastructures, as well as the tight space on site for such a ‘large’ program. These restrictions, though, will allow for a more precise design, taking into account the constraints, but also using them to enhance the building’s response to its locality. The sun and its path will influence the germination towers, and the vibrations its materiality.

Residential

Site Introduction

My Site: Located on the south side of the tracks that cut through East London and the Borough of Tower Hamlets. It is a complex site with many constraints, including the elevated tracks and challenges, some that are listed alongside.

‘Weavers Fields’: A historic green space within Tower Hamlets. With a community Centre tot he left, and courts to teh right of the same name.

Residential/Potential Growing Areas: These clusters of residential areas are common around the Tower Hamlets area. Dense housing blocks and back to back/ terraced housing quite common. These, though, all have either a small green space, or a local green space cloase by.

Industry Green Space

Bicycle Station

Industry: St Anne’s Church

Historically located on a convergence point of people and transport, this site lives up to the market places of old, usually found on a bridge or some place similar. My site could be seen as a bridge itself, between transport, residential, industrial and speculative production sites.

Playgrounds/Schools: There are plenty of schools around my site, lending the building’s towards an important and integeral role within the education of people especially the young. Creating a visual building will also aid this process.

Jewish Burial Ground: A Jewish burial ground is located here. This area has a wide ranging community and a diverse history.

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1.6.2 Overall Site Local Community Within Tower Hamlets there is a huge mix of ethnic backgrounds, cultures and religions. The Local Council sees diversity in Tower Hamlets as a core area for focus, with the aim to create a ‘one Tower Hamlets’, empowering everyone to have an ‘equal stake and status’. From services and access to a workforce that reflects this diversity. BME events and ‘Black History Month’, as well as LGBT programmes and events are promoted. By achieving this detailed integration methods within the borough, Tower Hamlets has been awarded Level 5 equality status, the highest avaliable. This has been achieved within the borough by following the ‘Tower Hamlet’s Approach’: 1 - The Tower Hamlets Community Plan 2 - Diversity and Equality Action Plan 3 - A Workforce to Reflect the Community 4 - Partnerships 5 - Personal Development Programmes (since 2007) 6 - Outreach Programmes The above have resulted in the borough being awarded many prestigious awards for diversity and disabled work.

Residential

Tower Hamlets is the MOST diverse borough withn London. In 2007 the following numbers were recorded:

From an estimated population count of 209,400 community members - 56% are in an ethnic group other than white British - 30% are Bangladeshi (of over a 3rd are second generation of age 15 or under) - 8% are from other white backgrounds

Community Arround Site My building aims to address each section of the Tower Hamlet society, their needs, passions and community spirit. This is demonstrated by my cross section of society opposite:

Claire Has been rallying for a space to grow her own produce. As a mental health nurse, she knows the importance of fresh air and education. She also enjoyes socialising, and a venue that allowes her to meet her neighbours is what is lacking within the local community.

Sandi Is a business woman and would like a project to invest some time and money in that will benefit the local community.

Nevil Would like to have access to LGBT events in a location that is easy to access around the local area, a venue that not just allowes him to participate, but also raises awareness of other local people who maybe do not fully understand.

Ali Would like a venue where the whole local community of Bangladeshis can get together and celebrate Eid al-Adha and Eid ul-Fitr (celebrated after Ramadan). He would also like a community project for his wife to get involved with in the selling of goods in order to expand their family run business.

My building aims to address and fit in with the vision that Tower Hamlets has on diversity and equality. By promoting the use of the spaces by the local community, providing for themselves as well as each other, the rental of the space for the above mentioned events (BME and LGBT), the promotion of equal opportunities to sell and own a market stall, as well as making sure that disabled access is sufficient so as to not limit use of the building or access to the activities that take place. The market as well as the ability to join the co-operative and take part in the education of the community and the ‘germination’ of the local area, people from the local community are encouraged to interract with each other and nature, fulfilling the aim Tower Hamlets has of;

‘IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF LIFE FOR EVERYONE WHO LIVES AND WORKS ACROSS TOWER HAMLETS’

1.7 - Site Analysis

The ground around the area is a mixture of many different types of soil. The makeup of this soil will determine the construction potentials of my building. Being near areas of industry and historically being always situated next to the rail tracks, a build up of debris and materials such as asbestos may need specialist removal.

The soil around my site is on the border of two differing types:

1 - Naturally loamy and clayey soils of coastal flats with naturally high ground water - - - -

Wet due to a high water table level in the area Fertility rich to moderate Wet brackish coastal flood meadows Historically arable and grassland

And

2 - Naturally loamy soils with naturally high ground water - - - -

Wet due to a high water tale level Fertility low Wet acid arable and grassland Historically arable grassland and woodland

The wet nature of the ground will need to be taken into account due to the types and size of foundations as well as the design of the building, as the water table is high, flooding and water logging is at higher risk. The planting of the soil, crops and shrubs around the site, though, and the master plan of expanding the building out into the urban environment, will only help prevent this potential flooding, as creating a porus and permeable surface for water to drain away from easily, will prevent the accumilations that could otherwise happen, (and that is most probably already happening), in areas of heavily concreted and paved ground covering.

30cm top of soil

Clay

Sandy clay Sandy clay loam Sandy loam Loamy sand

Silty clay Clay loam Silty clay loam Sandy silt loam Silty loam

Sand TYPE 1 - Naturally loamy and clayey soils of coastal flats with naturally high ground water

Clay

Sandy clay Sandy clay loam Sandy loam Loamy sand

Silty clay Clay loam Silty clay loam Sandy silt loam Silty loam

Sand TYPE 2 - Naturally loamy soils with naturally high ground water

1.7.1 - Master Plan Overall master plan describing access onto site.

1:500 @ A0 Access that is currently open to cars and by foot, under the open arches and by foot only over the tracks and along the footpath next to the train lines.

Access that is currently closed off, that could be opened up as part of my project to create a new town square. These sites are arches under the tracks that are neglected and have no use at the moment. Opening up these will allow for continual and direct access onto the site.

SECTION 2 - THE BUILDING ENVIRONMENT

2.1 - Overall Site Plan

13 3

9 6 11

Key: 1 - Train tracks 2 - Tram line using existing infrastructure 3 - Landscaped area and public gardens 4 - Warehouses 5 - Housing 6 - Play area 7 - Market trading floor 8 - Circulation core 9 - Tram goods drop off and exchange 10 - Germination tower 1 11 - Germination tower 2 12 - Entrance 1 13 - Entrance 2 14 - Entrance 3 15 - Access through arches

1:1250 Overall Site Plan and Context

2.1.1 - Forst Floor Plan

2.1.2 - Roof Plan

2.1.3 - Section AA

2.1.4 - Section BB

2.2 - Services Strategy Co-operative members would be responsible for a lot of the upkeep and maintenance of the building. Maintenance should be easy and built into the design of the building processes.

The Market Stall Holder

The Gardener and Cultivator

Tram Security and Maintenance

2.3 - Maintenance Strategy

Access onto roof for maintenance of the roof as well as the rainwater harvesters, is via a fixed ladder from the roof of the concrete core. This should be the most awkward area to access.

Maintenance of toilets and services carried out within the core, with access corridoors designed in behind.

Maintenance of the water tank can be carried out from the main walkway, but at intervals around the tank a fixed ladder will be provided. The filters at the top of the water tank, and the harvesters will also have fixed ladders for access.

Common maintenance jobs include changing crossties (sleepers), lubricating and adjusting switches, tightening loose track components, and surfacing and lining track to keep straight sections straight and curves within maintenance limits. Much of this within the building can be done by hand, and on the main infrastructure, with smaller scale machines in the form of carriages.

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[Academic use only]

Cladding upkeep will be minimal due to it being designed to weather and depict time. If it does need replacing or repair, there is space on site for a cherry picker to access the area, (in SE area of plot).

1:100 model showing access hatch to maintenance pit around the base of the water tank, where valves and pipes can be maintained, and sludge can be removed.

Same 1:100 model showing the access hatch onto the roof of the germination tower, allowing for maintenance and emptying of the waste filter for use as mulch for the germination trays.

2.4 - Water Supply and Usage

Source - The Met Office Year 2001 rainfall amounts throughout England. the percentage of the National average rainfall shown to have fallen within the London area is around 125-135%.

Germinating crops watered with harvested water

Toilets flushed with harvested water

Source - The Met Office Table detailing percent of average rainfall throughout the UK including anomolies within the year of 2011. The lower levels of rainfall throughout the South East of England last year (emphasising the need for a hosepipe ban this summer) backs up the theory that we need to capture and recycle as much of the natural environment as possible,

Market and delivery floors cleaned with harvested water

Grey Water Rain Water Black Water

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2.4.1 - Water Figures CALCULATIONS Weather

Only taking into account the germination towers when calculating the water harvesting system requirements, the volume of the harvesters for each tower are:

Precipitation

Usage - Used for WC’s and germination watering

London annual precipitation

Estimated Usage - 3600 litres/day People per day = 300 so 300 x 2 WC visits each x 6 litres x 7 days a week x 52 weeks a year = 1,310,400 litres (1310.4 m3)

Initial water storage

Average Annual Rainfall - 583 mm

Growth to regulate temperature of harvested water

Vortex filter to remove impurities

Roof Area - 201m2 x 2 = 402m2 Run Off Co-efficient - 0.5 (flat roof)

Water fed through vortex Waste to be removed

Yield - Roof area (m2) x annual rain (mm) x run off co-efficient x filter efficiency (average 90%) so Yield = 402 x 583 x 0.5 x 90% = 105,465 litres/year

Filtered water in tank in tower

Minimum Harvester tank size (5% of rainwater yield) - 5,273 Litres (5.273 m3) I have two germination towers, and so the above calculations need to take into account the fact there will be two of them. The minimum size of each tank on each tower will be - 2636.5 Litres (2.637 m3) each. This is the minimum size, as the maximum collection of rain water is needed sue to the water heavy use of watering the germinating plants.

Gravity fed system Use WC’s

WC’s

The image to the left is a rainwater harvester designed by Moss Sund Architects. ‘The CISTA rainwater harvesting system (which we just spotted on Kohler’s new H2OVisions website) is a dramatic, elegant and space-saving solution for the urban environment that conserves water, increases green space and just might finally bring rainwater harvesting the kind of attention it deserves.’ (http://interiordesignsense.com/tag/beautiful/page/28/)

Germination Germination

Cleaning

Within my germnation towers, I will be using two commercially viable and well used pieces of equipment, in order to filter and (if needs be, pump) the water around the towers. These are: WISY Vortex Filter (WFF150) [This filter is for a roof up to 500 m2 in surface area] - It minimises the need for maintenance - Has a 0.28mm filter suitable for WC’s and also good quality irrigation water - Has no restriction or obstruction of the water flow

Debris collector and manual extraction for use as fertiliser Water path to tank uninterrupted

2.4.2 - Water Tank

The above calculations are showing the minimum sizes of the tanks to just meet the requirements of the building, just taking into account WC’s. The minimum storage size of the tank within my building is 5.273m3 between the two towers. As noted, though, my gravity fed system relies on volume of water collectd to create the pressure to allow the ‘rain’ within the tower, as well as flushing for WC’s. The core of each tower is therefore a tank, that becomes a visual feature of the building, as well as building up pressure and volume of water, for times of low amounts of rain and to allow the gravity system to function without the addition of power. The size of the tank I have designed is 25m tall and 5m diameter down the centre of each tower. So: Height - 25m Diameter - 5m Volume - 491m3 / 491,000 Litres storage capacity within each of the core tanks. Due to having to plan for the eventuality of little rain and the storage water being used up to the point where a gravity fed ystem will no longer work, a suction pump and secondary power source needs to be factored in for these times of drought and low rain yield. WISY Floating Suction [For times when water stored is at low evels] - It extracts the cleanest water from just under the surface - The filter floats below a polyeurathene ball and incorporates an integral non-return valve

This pump will discreatly sit just below the eater line of the tank, and in the eventuality the water datum is lower than the system reuires, the pump can be bought in to use the dregs of the tank and create enough pressure for it to be used through the watering system.

Model @ 1:100

2.4.3 - Water Tank and Construction

The germination towers within the design of the building have incorporated within, a large water tank stretching the height of the building. This tank collects the rain water from the catchers on the roof, and stored the water to supply the gravity fed misting system within the towers. This mist waters the germinating crops at designated intervals depending on the time of year.

The construction of this tank, although originally thought to be steel, could be completely transparent. As a president, the Radisson SAS Hotel in Berlin has achieved the task of containing large volumes of water elegantly, as well as allowing the visitors to the building to be interactive as well as view the water. The water within my towers are a visible marker of consumption and growth, and the ability to see this as a visitor, user and co-operative member is key to the ethos my building tries to maintain. The construction of this water tank is complex. Many stages need to be followed in order to construct the tanks. - The glass needs to be thick to resist the pressure of the large volume of water. - The steel structure surrounding my tanks, to allow for the ramp to be hung, needs constructing after the tank itself. - The foundations or props of the tank need to withstand the weight of the water. - A viewing platform is to be constructed on the top of the tank. - Small metal â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;hosesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; are to interrupt the tank in order to provide the gravity fed misting system.

The above also relates directly to the construction considderations of my tanks.

3 Radisson SAS hotel in Berlin Mitte Designed by: International Concept Management Constructed by: Reynolds Polymer Technology The outside cylinder was manufactured on site from 4 pieces and the inside cylinder was delivered onto site already constructed in one piece. With a diameter of aproximately 11m, and a height of 25m, it contains roughly 1,000,000 litres of water. It contains over 1,500 fish of 50 differing species, and divers clen it betwen 3 and 4 times a day. Visitors can take the lift through the middle of the tank.

1:100 model showing the cylindrical water tank throughout the centre of the germination towers. This tank measures 25m tall and 5m in diameter with an overall volume of aproximately 491m3.

2.5 - Natural Ventilation Utilising the prevailing wind on site, my building can be cooled naturally, saving the need for machinery and artificial air circulation throughout the enclosed spaces. THe large floor plates allow for the movement of air throughout, but do come with the option of sliding louvres on the market floor to limit the tunnelling effect on windy days. The germination towers will have more permeable cladding on the SE side where the prevailing wind hits my site. This will benefit the germination process within the building. Also, taking into account that the users of the building also demand good air circulation and quality, natural ventilation within the building should provide: 0.5 Litres/second - to not feel drowsy 5.0 Litres/second -to prolong concentration 8.0 Litres/second - to not smell Preferably more than this during the GB summer time to keep cool also. This means that, in order to keep ventilation natural, 5% of cladding on on each side of each floor area should be kept as ventilation pannels. On each side of my germination towers, pannels will be kept open and louvre system used to regulate natural ventilation, with these single sided areas left â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;openâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, the ventilating air can penetrate up to 6m into the building. At the deepest part of the barrel shaped tower, this design means that air penetrates right to the water tank, and so users will always be under the influence of natural ventilation.

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Cooler around the water tank due to less radiation of heat being emitted by the large mass of water.

The area around the building will be kept cooler due to the evaporation of water from the growth of the plants, as well as the emphasis of the convection within the heavier misted air.

1:100 model of one of the germination towers within my building. Natural ventialtion within this part of my building is important, as the functions of these towers are fully cyclical, so the addition of machinery to cool them will be counter productive, and will mean that the aim of having them completely OFF GRID will not be realised. As they are towers, the stack effect will take place. The cladding is not all encompassing, and the roof does not act as a sealed cap to the building. The water tank through the centre of the towers will create a cooler environment, due to the volume of unheated water present. With the addition of misting system, opperating every 30 minutes, the atmosphere will be similar to that of a rainforest, but with the heat and solar gain control of louvred cladding.

2.6 - Light and Solar Gain My building is situated amongst a dense urban fabric, but as my structure is quite big, and will tower above many of the surrounding buildings, this shouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t cut down on the amount of natural light entering the building. (Needed to lower energy wasted as well as for growth). As the tracks are the only big obstruction to the sun, these are situated to the North of the building, and so does not limit the maximum amount of daylight sun that will be allowed to enter the GERMINATION TOWERS, as well as the MARKET floors throughout operational hours. When the space becomes more dominated by performance, BIOILLUMINESCENCE will be used to light the space. A DAYLIGHT FACTOR of 6% will be aimed for within the towers and the flat open market floor spaces. A range of 100 LUX (very overcast dark day) to 23,000 LUX (direct sunlight) will be aimed for within the germination towers, as maximum light for growth and ability to tend is essential.

Intricate louvres above head in the towers to allow for shading at the hottest part of the day, for visitors as well as for the crop. Too much heat dries out soil and the environment would become uncomfortably umid for visitirs and co-operative members. (Nasher Sculpture Centre - Houston - Texas by Interloop Architecure)

11 am

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1:100 model showing the double layer cladding and the sun access into the germination towers. Taken at 15:00pm in April, the light is still penetrating quite deep into the building. The germination trays that protrude out of the skin of the buildingwill get more light morning and late afternoon, and those deeper throughout the middle hours of the day when the sun is at its highest..

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Model @ 1:100 2.7 - Bioclimatic Design This type of design attempts to be adapted to its environment, aware of its impact on nature and sensitive to it, as well as trying to minimise environmental pollution.

Below- Images of structural model progression showing the double skin facade system.

‘It takes advantage of the surrounding climate and conditions in order to achieve significant reductions in energy consumption and to improve the quality of life of the building’s users.’

Germinating crops watered with harvested water

Bioclimatic architecture seeks to considder:

Toilets flushed with harvested water

- Regulating the air flow - Takes advantage of sunlight and the building’s orientation - Uses insulating, recyclable and non-contaminating materials - Chose the most efficient energy equipment - Includes the use of renewable energy sources within the design.

Market and delivery floors cleaned with harvested water

Grey Water Rain Water Black Water

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2 Torres Agbar - barcelona - Spain

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My building aims to fit in with the ethos of bioclimatic architecture by providing a semi-permeable skin to allow for a controlled, but open interior environment to the germination towers. The design incorporates a double skin, interior (movable slatted louvres) and exterior cldding (periodic timber framed celulose skin, with organic growth). - This double skin reduces the building’s temperature as it favours ventilation. - The materials used are generally created from nature, and so can be returned to nature. - Bicycle racks are built into the design to promote non vehicular visitation. - Water is collected and recycled for the use of grey water; toilet flushing, cleaning floors, plant watering etc. - Bio-digesters are used in order to provide the lighting throughout the building.

2.8 - On Site Bioluminesence This waste all produces bioluminescent light within my building, to allow for it to function beyond daylight hours. The organic waste, under ANAEROBIC conditions, at an optimal temperature of around 20-25 DEGREES, the rotting and breakdown of the wate by small micro-organisms, produces the gas METHANE. In turn, this methane builds up, creating pressure within the large vats. A series of CHAMBERS and VALVES can be used here to relieve this pressure and store the gas in smaller, more managable volumes, but still retain some pressure. Valves can then be released on these smaller chambers to allow the methane to pass through VISIBLE TUBES up to the ‘lights’ throughout the building. Within these ‘light’ structures, a honeycomb arrangement of compartments hold an amount of BIOLUMINESCENCE BACTERIA, which can be found in many organic species, some being: FUNGI - Ghost fungus, Honey Mushrooms MICROORGANISMS - Marine Bacterial Family, ‘Shewanellacae’ The methane passes through these compartments holding the bacteria. A reaction occurs (respiration) and the bacteria glow with a green hue. If enough are accumilated together, light shoudl be sufficient to light the open floor plates and smaller areas of the building.

Organic waste from residents transported onto site by bike or on a waste collection tram. From detritus from growing to organic kitchen waste and garden clippings etc

Manure from the animals found on the wider rings of production, transported to the main building

Waste organic matter and detritus from germinated seed trays....

Organic waste collected in vats, stored just under ground surface to take advantage of geothermal heat, to reach the optimum temperature for maximum bio-gas production.

2.9 - Organic Waste System A diagram showing the process and path of methane through my building to produce the light for the market to function throughout the hours of darkness.

Methane passed over the biolumescent midro organisms to produce a glowing light.

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Access underground via a manhole and fixed ladder to maintain and access the bio-digester

The Bio-digester enabling an-aerobig digestion to occur to produce methane.

Chambers to hold the bio gas (methane) under pressure.

2.9.1 - Organic Waste Biology

The supporting truss arms slot into the steel spine by sliding through the runners. This allows not only for future re-configurations, but also allowes for easier maintenance, as it can be removed easily, fixed and returned using simple machinery such as a cherry picker.

Source - Philips Microbial Home - The ‘Bio-Light’

Bioluminesent Lighting Bioluminesence is the term used for the production as well as emission of light from a living organism. The term is a hybrid, coming from the Greek words for ‘bios’ meaning life, and ‘lumen’ for light. This light emission is termed as ‘cold light’, as less than 20% of the light emitted generates thermal radiation. 90% of deep sea marine life, as well as many species of organic marine microbes, have this quality. In nature this bioluminesence is used for many different reasons. Within the animal/fish kingdoms, it is usually one of the following; - Counterillumination camouflage - Repulsion - Attraction - Illumination The Philips cyclical system uses a bioluminesent bacteria that, when methane from anaerobic digesers is passed through them, they illuminate. The chemical reaction between the enzyme Luciferase and the light emiting molecule Luciferin, on contact with Methane is what produces the glow.

Supporting steel truss arm, supporting the bacteria filled ‘bulbs’ are suspended from this, and hang at high level above the heads of the visitors to the building.

Bioluminesent manufactured ‘bulbs’, containing the bacteria, are strung from the supporting truss arms. The bio-gas, containing methane, passes across the bacteria, producing light. Thin pipes fastened to steel spine post to carry the gas to the lights along the supporting truss arm structures.

My building, seen as a living and growing organism in its own right, will be using the same technology to provide light for after darkfall. Not only will this light become a visual indication of the building’s processes, producing light from waste using bio digestors filled with the local community’s organic waste. But also, as in nature, to attract the public, not only as a feature, but also as a beacon to the market being open after the usual market hours. The main market building, as shown in the sectional diagram on the previous page, will have a biodigester, where organic waste from the local community (in exchange for membership points), and the organic waste from the market and from the germination process, will be deposited. These biodigesters allow for anaerobic digesters to break down the waste into compost, releasing methane gas. This gas, under pressure, will be piped through the building, through see through pipes, to the bioluminesent lights distributed throughout the open floor plates.

Individual gas storage vat for each cluster of lights. Pressure builds up in here and pushes the bio-gas through the pipes to the lights. The pipes have a small diameter in order to keep the presure as high as possible, so as to produce a more intense light for longer.

Source - Philips Microbial Home - The ‘Bio Light’

Angler Fish

Post tensioned concrete with steel cables running through

Sketch @ 1:100

Pipe from main underground bio-digester, that runs through all floors of the market, within the core. This then branches off on each floor.

2.10 - Acoustics

Areas of incomplete enclosure

The positioning of my building, as previously stated, is at the convergence point of many different urban activities, so on site there is an amount of ambient noise from the surroundings. This comes from mainly the railway tracks directly behind the building. This noise, though, will be more noticable at peak travel times (for example at rush hours morning and night), and will therefore be a more infrequent and less noticable background noise. There are aso warehouses surrounding the site, so industrial noise will be slightly audible on site, although this noise is quite low and not overpowering, as most industry is light.

Areas of complete enclosure

Within the building also there are designated areas of interior enclosure in comparison to a large amount of exterior open space. Some spaces also are semi-open spaces. The enclosed area is contained to the inner core of the market building, housing circulation, toilets, storage and spaces for relaxing, and so these need insulating from the noise of the market and surroundings. The market floor and the delivery floor will be mainly open. The trams will be relatively infrequent in comparison to the tracks adjacent, and so will not add too much to this existing infrastructural noise. Because there is a large amount of residential dwellings around the area, areas eminating larger amounts of noise need to also considder the possibility of having the ability of being shut off to an extent. Sliding louvres will create this barrier at the market level, and a perforated skin to the germinating towers will allow weather in, but minimise noise escaping.

Train tracks with regular underground trains passing by. Some times of day this noise disturbance will be more noticeable and louder than other quieter times.

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Area of traffice moving under the tracks

Areas of Industry near the plot

1:500 @ A0 Childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s play area next door to site

2.11 - Enivonmental Impacts of Building Materials

It is important when designing the use of materials throughout the building, to not only considder the aesthetics of the building, but also the environmental impacts of the building also. Not only the materials themselves, but also the construction methods used on site. The following needs to be considdered with each material I am planning to use throughout the building: - Timber Timber is a precious comodity, and so every effort needs to be taken to source the timber used from sustainable sources. Deforestation is directly linked to acid rain rises and global warmin, due to the reduction in noxious gasses being absorbed by the trees. THe largest forests and rainforesets are known as Carbon Sinks due to their ability to absord huge amounts of carbon Dioxide from our atmospherere. Certified timber will be used that has been regulated by the UK Forest Stewardship Council (or FSC). - Steel Steel is a highly manufactured material and therefore uses high levels of energy to create it. The smelting process as well as the casting process of the steel suports within my building will be the least environmentally friendly material used. The burning and construction of these members contribute to the amount of CO2 within the atmoswhere, so larget members with less process on site will reduce this effect. Use of recycled steel where possible would also be another way to combat this, for example the visible structural supports under each concrete floor slab, could come from decomissioned victorian exhibition spaces or industrial sites. - Concrete Concrete also is more of a pollutant in manufacturing than desired, and that is why the floor plates and core are the only aspects using this material. To minimise the impact of the material on the site, and so the decomissioning of the building if and when this takes place is lover in cot and impact, the foundations will be raft foundations. Also, the concrete will be pre-cast and transported to site using the existing infrastructure of the train line and craned on site.

2.12 - Construction Material Mapping Laser Cut - Core 10 Steel Panels B & K Structures High Edge Court Heage Belper Derbyshire DE56 2EW South London Timber Limited The Old Gas Works 709 The old Kent Road London SE15 1JZ The Mundy Group (Structural steel fabrication and detailing) Unit 6 Marlin Park Cntral Way Feltham Middlesex TW14 0RX

London

GPS Precast Company (Casting and installation specialits) 28 Pultney Road London E18 1PS

A diagram to show the air miles of the materials used within my building. London stockists CAN be used, but with the best quality and most diverse selection of FCS timber within these companies are usually imported from across the world.

Simpson MDO

Some companies though, do just specialise in UK FSC timber, these are the ones I will be more interested in using for my structure, as being â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;greenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; and self sustaining is an important ethos within my design, the reduction of carbon usage is a main consideration. Steel fabrication is an historic industry throughout the UK, and many indstrial areas around the outskirts of London still carry on this tradition. These suppliers, are close by allowing the possibility of deliveries taking place by rail to site, is appealing. Concrete also, being a popular and quick construction method, can take place throughout the more industrial areas in London. For example, the East of London, close to my site in Tower Hamlets, for off site casting, and easy access for on site pouring.

Chinese Poplar

Tulsa MDO Paraguayan Hardwood Chilean Good One Side

2.13 - Pest Control Pest control is at least as old as agriculture. Crops and goods have always needed to be kept away from pests for best crop results, it has always been advantageous to protect crops from competing species of plants, as well as from herbivores compe ting for ‘our’ food. Due to a move from poisons and killing, to humaine pest control in the UK, slaughter, selective breeding of pests resistant crops, or poinson is becoming less popular and less likely to be the first port of call. The use of ‘animal psychology’ is becoming more prevalent.

STORAGE Darker and cooler areas within the core of the building will be provided for thestorage of the seeds ready to germinate, as well as those waiting to be distributed/goods collected from surrounding green areas. Cooler temperatures and dry conditions limit growth of already germinated seeds, and prevents the germination of the seeds. Natural ventilation and controlled daylight entry into these spaces will be designed.

Chemical pesticides date back at least 4500 years, with the book ‘Rig Veda’ being 4000 years old, which mentions the use of poisonous crop for pest control.

BIRD PEST CONTROL

Humans cause the greater numbers of pests. Changing our behaviour can greatly imporve these effects. Evolution creates tollerances to chemicals, so without extermanating an entire species, attitudes need to change.

Pigeons, strlings and gulls are some of the many birds that occur in certain places at very high numbers; at power stations, landfill sites, hotels and town squares are some of the few. Hawks and Falcons are used to control the ‘pests’ through continuous flying.

TYPES: BIOLOGICAL Control through the control and management of natural preditors. For example, mosquitos combatted by putting a bacterium that kills larvae in local water sources, that does not effect people or the water ecology. This eliminates the pest with minimal harm to the ecological balance of the environment.

In Trafalgar Square for example, hawks have bought the transient community of pigeons down from 5,000 to 1,000.

ELIMINATION OF BREEDING GROUNDS This includes a change of attitude and human practice. Including the storage and depositing of waste management as well as the drainage of still water.

SEAGULLS

Pigeons and sea gulls can force entry into buildings, under roofs, allowing water ingress into the building. Rain water movement can also be blocked due to a buildup of feaces and detritus. Pigeons are renouned for this and their feaces are a health hazard too.

Herring gulls along with black headed gulls, greater black headed gulls, lesser black headed gulls, have always proven a nuisance and environmental health problem in built up places or places of industry. At land fill sites, flocks can cause health hazards. They become agressive and territorial during nesting, and can attack humans if they get too close to the eggs. They raise one brood a year with an average of three eggs, and incubation from 20 to 24 days. They eat almost anything.

POISONED BAIT This is common for rat population, however when other food sources are present, this is arbetry. Also used in baited meat to control birds, cattepillars, fruit flies, snails, slugs, crabs etc.....

STARLING

FIELD BURNING Once a crop has been harvested, fields or growing planes are burnt to kill off any remaining pests.

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HUNTING Historiacally people have hunted animals in order to keep numbers down. Rat catchers used to chase them out of the fields and kill them with dogs and battons. In history, some communities hve employed a bounty system - a fee placed on every rat head presented.

THE FERRAL PIGEON Well adapted to survive in a modern city, where buildings provide shelter and habitats similar to their native rock/cliff homes. Derrived from domestic stock of racing and ornamental birds that have escaped. Two eggs are laid and incubation is shared, with three broods per pair per season. Their natural diet is seeds, but the city dwellers will eat anything left for them by man. They are carriers of Pseudo Tuberculosis, Pisttacosis, and Salmonellosis - infection risk is low but severe if caught.

TRAPS Specific traps are used for different pests and different areas. For example traps for residential areas are quite specific and mainly for rodents: snap traps - to kill sticky traps - humaine trapping and kill live catch traps - humaine release POISONOUS SPRAY This is usually distributed by planes and over a large and troublesome area, for example when trying to combat locusts. Hand held units are used for more localised breakouts. NATURAL RODENT CONTROL This is the use of preditors to keep pest numbers down. When exclusion is introduced and preditor support is introduced, there is no need for poison or less humaine or more ‘unnatural’ methods.

THIS IS THE METHOD I WILL USE WITHIN MY BUILDING:

The starling can become a serious problem in large numbers. In an urban environment, numbers can swell, especially in the city, when birds seek warmth in the winter months.

Maintenance routines hindered due to faeces build up on ledges, making it slipery and toxic. CATS Historicaly cats have been used as a form of pest control within dense towns and cities. Rats and mice have been kept under control using cats for years and it is this that I propose is used within my building. Due to a low level of waste but a high level of organic matter and crop, warmer areas will be provided, as well as food for the rodents. A small community of cats, looked after by the co-operative will be present.

Hawks and Falcons scare off pigeons and deter them from returning. Sometimes Kites are used also.

SECTION 3 - BUILDING FORM AND SYSTEMS

A continuous ramp suspended from the primary structure

Hung Ramp;

Large cylindrical transparent water tank centrally supported.

Water System:

Source: Raddison SAS Hotel, Berlin

Shading provided by moulded louvres above head, for maximum protection during the midday hours.

Source - Nasher Sculptural Centre, Houston, Texas

Source; Deviantart, London City Hall

3D physical cross section model, showing all the systems within the building form of one of the towers. The building, using cyclical energy and water methods and natural ventilation and sunlight harnessing for growth, revolves around the design of these systems working together, keeping the use in mnd. Also, a spectacular experience for the user is also key.....

3.1 - Overview of Form and sytems

Community input into landscpaed area

Landscaped Area:

Source - CISTA by Moss Sund Architects

Source - Charles Jenck’s landcaped ‘Garden of Cosmic Speculation’- Dumfries

Source; Renzo Piano, Tjibaou Cultural Centre, New Caledonia

Louvres for weather control. Exterior movable cladding

Tertiary Structure:

Timber ribs attached to steel nodes.

Secondary Structure:

Steel parabola frame with connecting nodes

Prinary Structure:

Source; Swiss RE - ‘The Gherkin’

Water catcher and filtration system.

Water Harvesting;

3.2 - User and the Building

To the left is a visual â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;comic stripâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; depicting the activities of a co-operative member within 1 24 hour cycle within the building.

3.3 - User and the Building A diagram to show the user within the buiding, highlighting the views that they will get in different areas. I want the building to work around the user and for the functions of the building to be obvious to thse within. The structural, mechanical workings and the processes of the building are visible and add to the understanding of the construction, indicating the uses of each part of the building. Less physical barriers will be used, and more visual and structural indicators to highlight the structural heirarchy of the components of the building.

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Points where view line is cut off Points where view line is partially cut off

Points where view line expands

3.4 - Circulation mapping model Congregation in Buolding Congregational areas. The areas marked with the clear boxes show the places where access to the building can be found, as well as where the access area is maybe tighter than the more open areas of the community space, causing the congregation of people.

Community Circulation Access points Gaps to show the points of access across the site. The areas where there is no access are marked out, as well as the more impermeable areas of the building design (cores).

The circulation of people through the site, the community open landscaped space, as well as through the access points to the building, are shown using the white thread.

The cores within the towers will be permeable to allow for views within. These will make for breathtaking aspects down and through the ‘interior rainforest’ environment. People will congregate to view. There will also be a congregation of people using the storage, circulation and WC facilities. These are shown with the beads on the model

Model @ 1:500

A model at 1:500, showing the circulation paths throughout the building and the surrounding landscaped area. Access points (underneath the arches, the east side next to the arches and behind the existing children’s playground, on the south side of the site at the end of the culdisac, and on the west behind the warehouses), are marked by openings in the model. The fixed paths people take through the site shown with the white directional strips. The movement of people around the site is represented with thread, moving between the access areas of the buidings. Static congregation withint he core areas of the buildings shown with the cream beads. Congregational areas around the landscaped surroundings of the buildings are shown with clear boxes and flag points. Using the main access areas and congregational cores of the buildings, the movement of people between these spaces will not only inform the design of the landscaped areas surrounding the buildings, but also by studying the movement and congregation areas logically, access to the building (methods and location) can be designed more carefully to suit public use.

3.5 - Structural Strategy

Primary Roof Structure

Steel frame structure, similar to thoat of a crane, the arms joint inthe center with a weight pulling down in the centre. Props on the steel collar and joint to the concrete core even out the loads in order to support the long cantilevering arms.

Primary structure and cladding around the central water tank core

High pressured water pipes/humidifiers to water germinating plants

Secondary Folding Roof Structure

A roof layer will be attached to this roof structure, with timber louvres that can be ‘drawn’ like a curtain between the cantilevering arms when the sun and heat gets too intense, or if it rains. A motor will power this movement.

Core ten continuous suspended ramp

Outside community space

Pre-cast / Post-tensioned concrete floor slabs and core

A primary structure of steel frame parabole, a similar system to that of the Gherkin, will become the main structure, with a secondary cladding frame system humg off this primary structure, with natural latex cladding. Copper pipes weave their way around the central water tank, pierced with pin sized holes, the water at pressure creates a watering system. A continuous ramp works its way through the building to allow for viewpoints through the complete height of the structure. Made of core Ten, with a puched treat, water can drain through the surface people walk on to reduce slippage. Core ten will also map growth and rust as time goes on. A core for WC’s and additional stair access. A Landscaped and undulating area with access to certain areas of the underside of the landscaping at its corners. This area will act as a community outdoor space and over time will become planted up with shrubbery and trees.

Concrete, cast off site and transported onto site by train, and craned in, allow for large open spaces on each floor. Polished concrete on the floor plate allow for an etched design of the area and production rings as a feature and a narrative for the building.

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Tensioned cables and props for cantilevered primary roof

Outside community space

These tension cables serve as the visual structure of the building to the visitor. The mechanics of the building add to the experience of the building, with the poetic language of the floor spaces working together with obviously visual structure.

A Landscaped and undulating area with access to certain areas of the underside of the landscaping at its corners. This area will act as a community outdoor space and over time will become planted up with shrubbery and trees.

[Academic use only]

3.6 - Load Forces

Previous diagram exploring the weight load of the user, the tension of the cable, and the lateral force of the movement of the ramp.

1:500 structural tester model 1:100 Structural model

Lateral forces of the continuous ramp wanting to sway with the weight of the user. The spiral will brace much of this movement.

Load weight of the user upon the ramp. Suspension cable from the primary structure in tension.

Suspension cable from the primary structure in tension.

Diagrams showing the other, concrete structure, with post tensioned slabs and a cast on site concrete continuous slip core.. The weight of the concrete needs to be counterracted using the highly tensioned cables, preventing deformation in the slabs. The pre cast floor slabs are cast in sections, and tensioned as constructed, similar to an arched BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION. The cables are atached to the base floor slab. Piles are more numerous on the side with a smaller cantilever, to ground the building, to stop twisting of the whole structure.

Weight of load force of the continuous ramp on the cable

3.7 - Access and Legislation Alongside the site analysis and wider site access explored within part 1.7.1 of this document, looking at the master plan and access to the building from the surrounding areas, here i explore in more depth the access and circulation within the building, as well as some of the legislation that dictates this. In accordance to Part M of the Building Regualtions Document Part M, the building must provide:

SECTION 1 - Access to Buildings Other Than Dwellings (In accordance with part 1.25 ) The building have 3 main access points, all with levelled approach and clear access routes that are well signposted and lit and exceed the minimum requirement of 1.5m in width. Ramped access into the building will have to be well sign posted and lit. The gradient of the slope and the going between landings are in accordance with the following:

GOING OF A FLIGHT MAXIMUM GRADIENT MAXIMUM RISE 10m 1:20 500mm 5m 1:15 333mm 2m 1:12 166mm With no flight having a going of more than 10m, or a rise of more than 500mm. There will be alternative acces to this area for disabled or wheelchair users. There will be a slip resistant surface with handrails on both sides, set 900mm above nosing. There are clear landings marked out at the head and foot of main circulation stairs, as well as the ramp, that exceed the minimum of 1.2m. The main access doors will have a width of 1600mm, which complies with the approved documentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s requirement of 1000mm for new buildings There is an unobstructed space of at least 300mm on the pull side of the door between the leading edge of the door and any return wall, unless the door is a powered entrance door.

SECTION 3 - Horizontal and Vertical Citculation in Buildings Other Than Dwellings Corridoors are a minimum of 1200mm and have an unobstructed width of less than 1800mm, they have passing places at least 1800mm long and with an unobstructed width of at least 1800mm at reasonable intervals, e.g. at corridor junctions, to allow wheelchair users to pass each other. A lift should be provided the full height of the building, or at least to levels where acess to neighbouring buildings can be accessed with a handrail at 900mm height.

SECTION 5 - Sanitary Accommodation In Buildings Other Than Dwellings Visual and audible emergency alarms to be provided within disabled facilities, these being located at lower, easy to access areas. All sanitry requirements for regular users must be met.

3.8 - Fire Regulations

Lining with fire rating of 3

Lining with fire rating of 0

Looking at fire and means of escape within my building, consulting the Apporved Buildings Regulation Doccument section B2, relating to internal fire spread within the building, the enclosed areas of my building need internal wall linings and finishings with differing fire ratings.

Lining with fire rating of 3

Lining with fire rating of 0

In accordance with the above table, my bulding will have the following fire rating strategy: - Fire rating of 3 within all toilets and storage compartments. - Fire rating of 0 throughout all circulation and stair cores.

Lining with fire rating of 3

Also, below, are the internal emergency lighting requirements within my building (marked on plan with dashed line) in accordance with section B1, Table 9 of the Approved Document B: 2. Office, Storage and Other non-residential a. Underground or windowless accommodation b. Stairways in a central core or serving storey(s) more than 448m above ground level c. Internal corridors more than 30m long d. Open-plan areas of more than 60m2

Emergency Lighting Requirements

3. Shop and Commercial and car parks a. Underground or windowless accommodation b. Stairways in a central core or serving storey(s) more than 448m above ground level c. Internal corridors more than 30m long d. Open-plan areas of more than 60m2 e. All escape routes to which the public are admitted (44) (except in shops of three or fewer storeys with no sales floor more than 280m2, provided that the shop is not a restaurant or bar) 4. Assembly and Recreation a. accommodation open on one side to view sport or entertainment during normal daylight hours

1:100 @ A0

5. Any Purpose Group a. All toilet accommodation with a floor area over 8m2 b. Electricity and generator rooms c. Switch room/battery room for emergency lighting system d. Emergency control room

3.8.1 - Fire Strategies and Means of Escape To comply with the Approved Document B, Part B, Volume 2, relating to buildings other than dwellings, the new market square provides adequate means of escape and fire escape means that compy with these regulations. All of the routes will be at least 800mm wide with a head height of at least 200mm, with emergency lighting as explained above in section 3.7 of this document. - Fire Doors All doors will be fire rated and self closing in order to allow for occupant escape and to minimise the capability of the fire to spread throughout the building. - Smoke Detectors and Sprinklers These smoke detectors will be located within fully enclosed spaces, as well as the sprinkers extending throughout the larger public spaces. The alarms will be activiated on detection of smoke, as well as having the ability to be remotely triggered at certain alarm points throughout the building. The sprinklers will be spaced along corridoors and within the plant room. Hand held fire extinguishers (including CO2 foam) within areas that may exprience electrical fires. The water could be obtained from the water harvesting system. - Fire Escape Routes The estimated number of people that could be in the building at any one time could range from 30 people to 150 people. The 2 main escape routes within the main market, as well as the escape core within the germination towers should provide adequite escape for all users. The Approved Document suggests that the ecape route distance should be no more than 45m, if one or more escape route is provided, as long as these are at a greater angle than 45 degrees from each other if located within the same space. - Materials The main structure is constructed of concrete, which has a good fire rating itself without treatment. The majority of the rest of the bulding is constructed of steel and so will be coated with a fire retardent called intumescent paint. Cladding on the germination towers will be of latex in places, and so this also will need a fire retardent coating. If the frame for the cladding has fire rating itself, and a space between each unit, fire spread can be minimised. - External Fire Spread The building is raised from the ground on the concrete core, and the buildings around are at a distance where spread from building to building will be minimal. The only hazard would be the spread of fore from or to the train tracks. - Access for Fire Services The fire services can access the building from beside the tracks above for fire fighting, and also from the access roads of Hemming Street and the close entrance opposite.

1:100 @ A0

With a floor area of 2000-8000m, a top storey level of above 11m above ground level veihcle access of 50% of perimiter needs to be factored in.

SECTION 4 - CONSTRUCTION OF THE BUILDING

4.1 - Exploded Pile Construction

1 - Poured pile 2 - Steel reinforcement cage 3 - Concrete raft 4 - Steel plate connection 5 - Earth in-fill 6 - Steel plate with connection node 7 - Bolts 8 - Retaining frame 9 - Ground level 10 - Architectural plate 11- Primary steel structure

Axonometric diagram showing the construction of the piles and the connection of the primary structure to the ground. Each part of the structure needs to be connected to the piece below to create a comprehensive and sound structure. Below is an explination of each piece of structure:

Exploded Axo;

4.2 - Detial 1 Piling

EXTERIOR

INTERIOR Section through primary steel structure Large hexagonal head bolt to hold steel structure onto the steel protruding node from the foundations

Shadow gap from the ground level of the architecturl plate to the primary steel structure of the tower, to create the look of a floating structure.

Concrete raft foundation

Steel plate bolted into the concrete foundation raft

Damp Proof Course

Sand / Soil

Hardcore infill

Architectural plate

+/- 0 m

FFL

Retainer

Welded re-bar steel cage to re-inforce concrete poured pile

Source; Richard Hyams, AStudio - Swiss RE

Poured pile

Bracket connecting the bolted steel plate to the reinforcing steel cable running through the concrete foundation raft.

DETAIL - 1:20 Concrete Pile and Steel Node Attachment

Model @ 1:100

The connection between the concrete poured pile, the concrete raft foundation and the steel node to connect tot he primary steel structure is explored above. The situation defining the look of the structure between the floor and the steel is one of delicate yet exposed engineering. The steel node protruding fro the connection between the concrete and th steel plate, allowes for the primary structure to have a gap between the floor and its commencement. This makes the structure look light and as though its connection and sensitivity to the floor (where meadow grasses will be encouraged to grow), thought about.

4.3 - Piling Construction

A diagram showing the construction sequence and method for piling on my site. Due to the vertical nature of the machinery used, and the access onto my site, this should be able to be carried out quite easily. 1. Machine in position 2. Rotation of shaft to cut chanel in earth 3. Crane used to remove lid on pile drill 4. Crane used to pour concrete in 5. Drill retreats as concrete flows to fill void 6. Machine fully retracted and pile poured

4.4 - Detail 2 Connection to floor and tripple layer construction

Primary structure - Steel frame with attachments for inner timber cladding and exterior cladding

Bolted steel plate and cladding connection point to the primary structure.

Secondary structure - timber ribs with slot for louvre mechanism

Movable metal louvres

DETAIL 2

Source; Renzo Piano, Tjibaou Cultural Centre, New Caledonia

DETAIL 1

Source; e-architecture - Agbar Tower Barcelona

Steel supporting plate wealded to steel primary structure

Steel â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; section frame to hold germination tray

Source; The Art In Science

EXTERIOR

INTERIOR

Connetion steel node - from the foundations to the main structure Timber framed cladding elements, with a translucent cellulose stretched material

FFL

Building Envelope Section (Overall) Detail @ 1:20 An overall cross section detail of the primary steel structure with cladding (arranged around the exterior to manipulate daylight entry). Secondary timber structure supporting the louvres, (to regulate wind through the building) and the tertiary structure of the supported germination trays.

Model @ 1:100

4.4.1 - Detail 2 zoom in Timber secondary structure

‘L’ section steel wealded together to form a rectangle supported frame.

Steel plate wealded to primary steel structure

Wealded steel plate onto primary structure to support tray frame

Bolt to secure tray frame to support

Steel support bolted to back plate

Support and runner slot for louvre

DETAIL 1 - 1:10 Supported Germination Tray A steel plate is wealded to the primary steel structure. This plate extends out through the middle of the double layer timber fins. The ‘L’ section steel is wealded into a rectangle frame. This frame has a support along the middle, where two steel support lengths are bolted to. At the other end of these supports, at the back of the tray support, is a larger steel plate for stability.

Aluminium sliding louvres in the OPEN position

INTERIOR Timber frame and casing for louvre mechanism and runners.

These tray frames sit just in front of the louvres in their open position in order to benefit from the sun and air circulation without limitation.

Flexible ‘arms’ of the cladding node connection Timber framed celulose cladding panel

Celulose fabric screwed into timber cladding frame

DETAIL 2 - 1:10 Cladding Attachment Node

Opening allowance for maintenance

Bolt connecting node to the primary steel structure

EXTERIOR

This node allowes for the cladding pieces to be easily moved about around the facade. As a method for creating the perfect environment within the germination towers, flexibility of cladding attachment is key. The steel plate is bolted to the primary structure, with enough access space to this bolt in order to easily maintain and change the bolts if necessary. The two arms of the node allow for a slight amount of ‘give’ and spring to allow for the cladding panels to stretch over four nodes at the corner of each panel. This means they can be easily taken off and placed in other areas.

Part of short section - 1:100 @ A1

4.5 - Detail 3 Plan

Steel Hanger;

Primary steel structure;

Attached to the primary steel structure, the suspension bracket and cable to the continuous ramp. This will allow for the ramp to be open and continuous, without being broken up or views impared with columns or other supports.

This supports the steel brackets for the germination trays, the exterior cladding nodes, as well as the steel hanger for the continuous ramp.

DETAIL 1

Exterior Cladding; Timber framed cladding elements, mounted onto steel nodes that allow for the removal and re-arrangement of the cladding, according to the external environment.

Louvres; These louvres have a sliding mechanism within a box frame at each end, slotted into the gap in the timber ribs. These louvres can spin, allowing for the manipulation of the internal environment at times of high winds for example.

Interior Cladding; Timber ribs, running the whole circumference of the towers. These are attached to the primary steel structure and provide a second, interior skin, where the weather regulating louvres are slotted.

Model @ 1:100

As the images of the germination trays show to the right, long lines of germination can take place over a relitively small surface area. As the market and these towers aims to re-awaken people to the joy of growing to produce, the need for large amounts of space to grow full sized fruit and vegetables is besides the point. Germination and the start of growth is the time frame that the towers focus on, and educating people on how to start the growing process. My towers aim to create an environment, with the growing trays following the continuous ramp both nex to the water tank, as well as on the outide of the ramp, with the ability of trays needing more direct sunlight, to penetrate the cladding layers.

Source; Tiny Farm Blog

If the germination of certain seeds need a more humid and warm environment than that can be accommodated within the tower environment, small glass or perspex cones can be placed over them, allowing a micro-environent to be created to suit the plantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s needs.

Steel Hanger; Attached to the continuous ramp from the steel primary structure at continuous intervals.

Steel Tray Frame; Source; Wikipedia (Germination)

Steel frame, attached to steel bracket welded onto primary structure to support germination trays. These follow the ramp up, so they are easy to remove at arms length. The diagonal supports on the base of the frame prevent the trays slipping and falling through, preventing injury to those below.

Detail @ 1:20

SEE DETAIL PAGES 50, 51, 52

4.5.1 - Detail 3 Plan

DETAIL 1 Timber framed cladding panel Spring within the steel suspension node to allow for the slight movement of the suspended ramp.

Steel cladding node

Celulose stretched fabric

Primary steel structure

Model @ 1:100

Timber rib, secondary structure

Adjustable louvres

Detail @ 1:10

4.6 - Detail 4 Ramp

Steamed ply handrails; The thickness of these is 30cm, allowing for them to be used as a surface for the planting of seeds. The co-operative members can also rest their equipment on there when tending their crops.

DETAIL 1

Balustrade; Core 10 steel balustrade attached to the core 10 steel ribs that appear at the points around the ramp where the suspension connection joins the ramp. Using core10 means that over time, and within the damp environment, the metal will rust, slowly showing the change in patina of the metal over time.

Hanger;

Hand drawn ramp detail; An earlier iteration of the continuous ramp detail above. It has been designed now without the need of a prop to support the ramp from underneath, just a suspension from the primary structure. The ramp itself will minimise lateral movement, and so, with the weight of users on it, the regular spacing of the suspension cables, off the primary steel structure, should provide enough strength and stability.

Welded steel hanger tube within a solid steel plate. Two large locking nuts on a thread prevent the cable from pulling free. This is attached the other end to the primary steel structure.

DETAIL 2 SEE DETAIL PAGES 53, 54

Foot plate;

Counter sunk screws;

Perforated galvanised foot plate. The perforations, or punched holes, in the galvanised plate allow for the water from the watering (misting) process to drain away from under foot. It also means that the galvanised covering will prevent rust from forming and therefore prevent slipage even more.

Counter sunk screws attaching the galvanised floor plate to the cross member.

Detail @ 1:20

Bolts; Cross member support; Box structure;

Gutter;

Steel sectional box structure showing the structural makeup of the underside of the ramp. The ribs add extra rigidity to the curved form. It also becomes a frame for the perforated walkway to lay across.

A built in gutter at the bottom of the structure to allow for water to drain away. This will follow the ramp all the way down, and at points can be guttered off to collection points.

A welded steel cross member at 1m gaps running across the ramp the whole length. This provides support for the foot plate, and a surface for it to be screwed into. It also provides lateral support.

Bolts with spot welded collars, sit between the two metal fins, sandwiching the solid steel connection blocks in. This means the bolts can be tightened, but the steel plate will not deform.

4.6.1 - Detail 4 Ramp zoom

This is the ramp from City Hall by Foster and Partners. The ramp is continuous and stepped to allow for ease of access for the general public, who can enter and walt the length of the ramp. Although this ramp is off centre, and follows the skewed barrel form of the building, the ramps withinin my towers are to follow a similar design priniciple. A continuous stepped ramp that is suspended from the outer structure, illiminating the need for visible and obstructive supports. A floating feeling is what I am aiming for.

Core 10 steel rib

Connection between balustrade and rib. Both core 10

ENLARGED DETAIL 2

Source; The Fabric Blog

- Continuous suspended ramp from the primary steel structure. - Core 10 stepped ramp. Rusting will occur with the years. - Floor plate with puncuated holes to allow for water drainage underfoot. - Large handrail to allow for use as a surface to work on for sewing seeds.

Source; Deviantart, London City Hall

Large bolts and clamping bracket

Counter sunk screws Welded cross brace member

Perforated galvanised foot plate

Welded steel tube

Suspension cable

Solid steel plate

Two lock off nuts

Detail @ 1:10 Bolts with spot welded collars

55 Model @ 1:100

4.7 - Details Overall

The combining of two of the details at 1:20. Firstly the primary, secondary and tertiary structures and support of the germination trays, alongside the ramp section at the same level within the tower. (At about 7m above ground level). This shows the relationship between the user, the germination strays and the ramp.

Detail @ 1:20 EXTERIOR

INTERIOR

- The trays are just at the height so that they can be easiy reached by all members. - The tray support is not too far away from the wide hand rail so as to allow for it to fall, possibly injuring someone below. - The connection of the ramp to the primary structure is visible to the user. - The louvre mechanisn can be reached with a special pole and hook so as to allow for each individual member to open them or close then, in order to tailor the environment of their section of trays. - The ramp follows the exterior structure of the tower closer than the water tank, so as to allow for a view of the tank, as well as allowing more, larger trays to be placed closer to the inside of the tower. This will be the area that is easier to water, as well as being more protected from the sun and wind, and so is perfect for young seedlings.

DETAIL 1

SECTION 5 - PROCUREMENT

5.1 – Scope for Planning Tower Hamlets UDP Tower Hamlets UDP The UDP was written up in 1989, but is constantly reviewed to ensure that Tower Hamlets are meeting with their target of being forward and progressive intheir strategies. Within Tower Hamlets UDP, the main aims are stated as being the following: - the conservation of the natural beauty and amenity of the land; - the improvement of the physical environment; - the management of traffic Tower Hamlets UDP was first drawn up in 1989 and since as the borough has grown and as the requirements of the ever increasing community have increased it has been updated many times. Now the UDP covers Local Planning Policies as well as Government requirements. My building aims to comply as well as hopefully create a new typology within the borough, ticking many of the boxes that the UDP thrives to achieve. Within section 4: DEVELOPMENT PLANS AND THE PLANNING POLICY FRAMEWORK The framework states, these policies my building is hoping to adress, comply with and improve within the borough, are: ‘OVERALL GOVERNMENT POLICIES 4.5 - The Government’s Guidance for London sets out ten objectives which must be reflected in UDPs (AMONG MANY OTHERS): - enhance the vitality, viability and character of local and town centres; - maintain and improve the natural and open environment; - improve the quality and attractiveness of London’s urban environment; - facilitate the development of safe, efficient and environment-friendly transport systems; - seek to improve air quality, to reduce waste, pollution and the use of energy, and to encourage recycling.’ My building aims to tackle these aspects of Government policies quite specifically and purposefully by: - providing the infrastructure for a new town centre for the community in Tower Hamlets -Provide open space and natural unspoilt land for community growing - By trying to integrate the use of a tram system into the already existing tracks for local distribution - By using organic waste for building functions, like lighting and growing, and using natural sources of water. Within Tower Hamlets specifically, my building aims to fulfill the following policy: ‘TOWN PLANNING IN TOWER HAMLETS As Section 6 states: ‘TOWER HAMLETS IN THE LONDON CONTEXT Tower Hamlets occupies a key position within London, with the City to the west and the opportunities offered by an area defined as the East Thames Corridor (stretching from Tower Bridge on both sides of the Thames into Essex and Kent), to the east. The development of Docklands in particular has placed Tower Hamlets at the centre of London’s future, providing new homes and entertainment but perhaps most dramatically of all, a new business centre for the Capital. Tower Hamlets occupies a position at the centre of improvements to the infrastructure of the capital (covering road and rail). This combined with the continuance of major development opportunities places Tower Hamlets in a key position to shift the direction of development in the capital to the east.’ This is brilliant when it comes to my proposal for a new type of town square. Tower Hamlets are on the forefront of new initiatives within London, due to its prominant position when it comes to transport infrastructure (new tram infrastructure maybe?), and development opportunities. If proposed, my building and its manifesto of greener and more urban forms of sustainable productionm would ring true with Tower Hamlets and it’s context within the whole of London. Much of this development so far, though, has been focused on the commercial enterprises within the City, and less on the local enterprises that locals and communities can set up themselves. My building aims to focus more on this aspect of the UDP that is considerably lacking in comparison.

The following section, section 7, focuses on the different areas of society and aspects to be adressed: ‘THE COUNCIL’S PLANNING STRATEGY Planning for a Better Environment The Plan making process and development control can make a positive contribution to safeguarding and improving the environment. Local Planning Authorities, for the first time, are required to have regard to environmental considerations in preparing their Development Plans. The protection and improvement of the environment will be themes that run through all of the policies of this Plan. My building aims to retain and nurture new growth on the site. Local growing, passive systems and the harnessing of not only waste for energy, but also rain for plant watering and WC’s will allow my building to be considdered on an environmentally progressive and aware building. Economy and Employment The unemployment rate in Tower Hamlets is currently the second highest in London and is one of the highest in the country. It is therefore important to ensure that existing jobs are protected whenever possible. New jobs also need to be created. The Council will continue to promote the Borough as an investment opportunity on a local, Regional and European scale in order to ensure that new jobs are created locally for local people. My site is a brownfield site at this moment in time. There are no commercial properties situated on site and no demolition will take place. This means no loss of jobs in that sense. There are shops on the high street, but these instead of being in competition with my building and its market, can take part with the growing and selling of the co-operative mindset. Jobs within the building will be created, as well as education and training for those who grow and sell. Self generated income can be achieved. Transport The Council’s transport strategy has been developed over several years and has been influenced by several factors. The most overriding of these is the need to provide a safe, efficient and sustainable transport service for all people who live and work in Tower Hamlets. The addition of a local tram system, integrated into the existing train infrastructure that crosses my site, meant that a local transport of people and goods through Tower Hamlets and ultimately to my building and the new town square. I must, when designing this aspect, keep in mind the spread of the trams, ensuring all residents through Tower Hamlets can access this service. Open Space, Leisure and Recreation The Borough continues to be severely deficient in indoor sports facilities and local people still travel long distances to participate in certain sports. Policies are also aimed at protecting valuable open space, and ensuring an adequate provision of leisure and recreational facilities which are critical elements of the Council’s strategy. Open space is a key factor in my proposal. Open space, to the extent which is possible on site, is proposed for growing and community landscape. With the proposed future development of the scheme to other similar areas throughout London, as well as local producers and the persuasion that people should start up urban producing again, more green spaces can be pushed for and justified within the area. (See diagram in section 1 for urban expansion.) Social and Community Facilities Social and Community Facilities covers a wide range of statutory and non-statutory facilities provided by the Council, the voluntary sector, the National Health Service and the private sector. Social and Community Facilities cater for many functions and activities and for people of all ages and from different social, cultural and ethnic backgrounds. The facilities reflect not only the population characteristics of Tower Hamlets but are available for the needs of different groups such as people with disabilities, elderly people, women, young people and other individuals of the various communities. The UDP therefore seeks to ensure that there is sufficient land and buildings to meet local needs and to set out the criteria appropriate for the granting of planning permission.’ My building aims not only to provide spaces for the town square to become a meeting space for the community, for integration and activity, but also provide a space that can be used for different activities for all parts of the local community. (See diagram in part 1 for cross section of community.)

Source - Tower Hamlets UDP

5.2 - Planning Strategies The core planning policy was drawn up in 2007 and coveres such aspects as; - Local Development Framework - UDP - Interrim Planning Guidance - Master Plans - Supplimentary Planning Advice - Conservation Area Regulations In section CP1 the regulations for Creating a sustainable community states: ‘CP1. CREATING SUSTAINBLE COMMUNITIES The Council will require all new development to contribute to creating and maintaining sustainable communities by: 1. Facilitating growth that: a) contributes to providing choice, including a choice in housing and jobs, that is supportive of the diverse needs of communities; b) contributes positively to the local and regional economy; c) ensures social equity for all people in Tower Hamlets, both now and in the future; d) ensures sustainable patterns of development that focuses growth in locations that reduce the need to travel; and e) is supported by adequate infrastructure and services, taking into account cumulative impacts. I must, within my design and within the proposal, considder the future uses and growth of not only the building, but the manifesto as a whole. The MODEL for the idea behind the building must be explored within the community, and tailored to the needs of that community, and not just the requirements of a design project. The building is for the people, the community and the environment, and so all must be consulted and taken into account. 2. Providing the highest quality design which: a) creates places that are active, well connected and safe; b) ensures an accessible and inclusive environment for all; and c) seeks to achieve the highest level of amenity and improves liveability in the Borough. My proposal aims to only improve the environment within Tower Hamlets, by providing open space, the ability to garden and produce, to participate in selling and growing in an urban environment and all of this within a locating that has many transport links. Along with this, an aditional transport link is proposed, to enable the infrastructure the building needs to involve the community to the highest level, can be achieved without disruption to the transport already provided. 3. Implementing environmentally sustainable measures which: a) demonstrate a prudent use of natural resources; b) minimise both the short and long-term impacts on the natural environment, both locally and globally; and c) are directly responsive to local environmental conditions.’ The building proposes rainwater harvesting, as well as an energy from waste system. Using the existing to produce something new, without the need to be on grid. The off grid situation of the building, allowes for the footprint to be as minimal as possible. Another policy that will impact my building and the aims and achievements of the building within the community is section CP3 of the planning policy: ‘CP3 SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT 1.The Council will proactively work to protect and enhance the quality of the environment, ensure the prudent use of natural resources, and contribute to tackling climate change. Measures will include, but not be limited to, ensuring all development, over its lifetime: a) protects and assists in improving air, land and water quality, including by minimising air, noise, land and water pollution; b) prevents harm to biodiversity; c) is appropriately located and designed to ensure the prevention of harm to areas of nature conservation value; d) incorporates sustainable design practices; e) minimises demand for, and ensures the sustainable use of water, energy, minerals and other natural resources, including minimising the use of non-renewable resources; f) minimisesgreenhousegasemissions; g) reduces the risk of flooding; h) incorporates effective waste management and recycling initiatives; and i) prevents people and the environment from being at risk from hazardous substances. 2. In carrying out its planning functions, including the assessment planning applications, the Council will: a) take into account all the potential impacts of development, including the indirect, cumulative and long-term impacts; and b) adopt the precautionary principle where there are threats of serious or irreversible environmental damage.’ Construction of my building will hopefully satisfy the impact on the land, using ‘waste concrete’ (50% recycled material and 50% concrete) for the raft foundation and the off site concrete casting. By casting off site, the deconstruction of the building, if needs be in years to come, leaves less impact on the environment. The construction process aims to use natural materials from locally sourced companies where possible (see materials map), that leave the smallest impact ont he natural land as possible.

5.3 - Funding Strategies

Planning Strategies Case Studies Funding

The Eden Project

Funding to build this sort of a building; a large and open public space for trade and growth, will require government and public support in order to produce a society that accepts this building not only as an ‘object’, or stand alone construction in this location, but as a strategy and typology that can be seen as a prototype on my site.

The Eden Project, located in Cornwall, provides gardens and community run activities, as well as live music and art events on the site. It not only runs as a social enterprise, but provides education, research into plants and habitat conservation and provide a building in which its green credentials blends perfectly with its function and outward manifesto.

There are many different strategies that can aid this type of construction, for example the Conservative Government and it’s ‘Big Society’, as well as many more organizations that focus their time and effort on promoting community and the growth of food in the city. For example:

Its repetoir includes many different community based activities and focused education on the beauty of growing and producing. From the ‘Gardens for Life’ scheme, to the ‘Geotherman Energy Project’ and ‘Creative Community Engagement’. It also utilises the land it was constructed on, being an old dis used china clay pit, to construct community projects around it 160 year heritage. It also sources as much as possible from the local Cornish community.

Government’s Grow Your Own Revolution

The Federation of City Farms and Community Gardens

SHAPE East

A London based program, supported by the Government, to promote a positive influence on the quality of urban design and the built environment, through supporting the professional community, engaging the public and facilitating debate and understanding between the two. It supporters (among others) are: The Architect Centre Network CABE English Heritage Private Trustees Due to the low economic productivity at the moment, and the lack of ‘spare’ money to invest in experimental projects could be seen as foolhardy to private investors. My proposal has to be seen as a method for re-enlivening and re-awakening the economy within Tower Hamlets as a start. The proposal to provide a new and interesting way to combine community and production within a highly urban environment, allows for funding to be saught on many other levels. Mainly, within the grow your own and Government sectors, due to the focus in the economic downturn, on community and harbouring production for the greater good environmentally, economically and for the good of your neighbour. The fact also that the construction of the building is phased, allows for an income to commence before the building is started to boost funds. The use of the ground as a space for community allotments and growing spaces could be rented before the building commences. Plots rented to families, groups of people and individuals are in high demand across London and the suburbs. It’s not only financially beneficial, but is also beneficial for the soil on the brownfield site. Aeration and growth restores the quality of the soil for when the building is up and running as a production centre for the community. The co-operative run scheme will charge small amounts for the tending of germinating seeds dependant on how many and type, and for hiring of equipment. The market when up and running will provide a steady income for local producers, shops and individuals. A points based scheme will be rolled out for growth. This means these points can be traded for goods in the market, promoting the exchange of points and currency.

Source; Eden Project - http://blog.stuartherbert.com/photography/tag/eden-project/

The Growing Community Located within Hackney, the growing community is a social enterprise which aims to define what is meant by sustainable and resilient. ‘We rely on common sense, integrity and feedback from the community to enable us to balance these principles while continuing to live in the real world. In summary, the food traded should be: * Farmed and produced ecologically * As local as practicable * Seasonal * Mainly plant based * Mainly fresh and minimally processed * From appropriately scaled operations (which gravitate to the small rather than to the large scale)’ The members who take part in this can so by purchasing veg boxes from the producers, visiting the market or being a producer themselves.

Future expansion could incorporate commercial enterprises such as hiring of spaces for community events, as well as the addition of the gym. The gym can be used in exchange for points or money, and in return creates kinetic energy for creating pressure for the water system.

Source; Growing Communities - www.growingcommunities.org

5.4 - Procurement Strategies Procurement ranges in technique and strategy dependant on the project and the building being built. The three dependant aspects are time, quality and cost. These are the three things the client needs to take in to account when chosing the right procurement method and contract to enter into. Their position within the time, cost and quality contract profile is key to working this out. My building for example would sit about here within this profile:

Time

TIME

COST 3

My building would sit about here on the scale, as the time in which construction hapens is not the be all and end all of the scheme. THe quality of construction and environmental requirements, as well as he progrem and manifesto are the key issues to be addressed.

2 1

QUALITY

Quality

The above shows;

Types of Contract

- Lowest expenditure - Earliest possible start on site - Sensitive design

Design and Build Design and build contracts are those in which the contractor holds greatest responsibility for the design as well as the construction of the build. He may also appoint his own consultants along the way where their expertese do not stretch. The arrangement between the contractor and the client may be for the contractor to take full reponsibility for designing and construction, or it may be mainly for construction, with the added help of the clientâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s appointed consultants. This contractor may be appointed through the means of a competative tender, or through an agreement with the client. ADVANTAGES: - In most design and build contracts, the client has only one point of call for when things go wrong. There is only one person responsible for any downfall throughout the projects duration. - There is usually a quote stating the maximum price for the project, and so budgeting is easier and more reliable. - Construction on site can start earlier in D&B contracts as many design aspects can run paralell to each other. DISADVANTAGES: - The quality of design is never usually the highest, due to it being in the hands of the contractor and not the design team. - The client has little say or time to make changes - Additional changes made after a contract is agreed on are usually very costly.

Program

Traditional Procurement With the traditional procurement method, the client acepts that consultants are appointed for design, costing, environmental aspects and the contractor carries out the work. This work incorporates the responsibility over sub-contractors and all workmanship and materials. The architect is fully responsible for the design aspect of the project. Contractors will then tender for the work, competitively or through negotiation. The contracts signed usually under this procurement method, are the standard forms of the JCT Building Contract or Small Building Contract. ADVANTAGES: - Safest from the clients perspective, as they have specialists working in each field, and so their risk to failure of each of these is minimised. DISADVANTAGES: - The only risk is that the client is dependant on each of the people employed to carry out the work doing it properly.

Construction Management There are a few different variations on the construction management procurement system used within the UK. The two main contracts are the management contract and the construction management ones are the most commonly used. Within the construction management contract the client is the one to draft the agreement. There is usually a lead designer, a construction manager, and the client responsible for directing the project and entering into all contracts with the trades. ADVANTAGES: - Design and on site can run as close to parallel as possible. - The client has a lot of flexibility in design - Specialist contractors used for each aspect of design - A construction manager will be appointed with expertise in the field DISADVANTAGES: - Client takes on greater risk, as the contractor is soley responsible for the construction of the contract, and all trades are managed by the client.

5.5 - The Role of the Architect

Role of the architect an contractors in Traditional Procurement

Pre-Design

Predominantly, the architect is there to fulfil an arangement under the contract, to the client, of design. The key aspects are to deliver a design that is to the clients requirements and liking, on time and to a budget that has been pre-determined. The architec also must have in depth knowledge of the contractural, governmental, rules and regulations that could have an impact on the building and / or design of a project.

With my building, this stretches to the building being structurally sound, environmentally complient, safe and fit for purpose.

The architect holds different roles and responsibilities, dependant on which procurement method is used. The role of the architect will be larger, with the responsibility not just on design, but also on management and co-ordination of the project, while others may just require design or consultancy. The architect needs to be knowledgeable in many different areas of the design and construction process, for example; design, contractors, specialist materials, CDM, contracts, project managers, engineering consultancies etc....For example, within my building and the phases that the building will be constructed, the role of the architect will fluctuate from being a consultant on the external landscaping and use of the land (plots, sizes and location), but when construction of the building is in operation, the architect will take full design responsibility. As well as consulting with the other consultants and contractors on behalf of the client.

Design

Pre-Construction

Below are some diagrams showing the role of the architect, and how this role differs depending on the procurement method used.

Construction

K L

Role of the architect an contractors in Design and Build Procurement

Pre-Design 1 AB

Design

Architect Pre-Construction

Construction

Contractor KEY 1 Appraisal and strategic briefing work by consultants 2 Outline and detailed proposals by consultants 3 Final proposals and production information by consultants

Role of the architect an contractors in Management Procurement

Pre-Design 8

Architect

Design

Pre-Construction

EFG

Contractor

Construction

EFG

K L

KEY 1 Appraisal and strategic briefing work by consultants 2 Outline proposals/clientâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s requirements 3 Detailed proposals by contractor Key 1 Appraisal and strategic briefing work by consultants 4 Tender action including contractorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s proposals 2 Outline and detailed proposals by consultants 5 Final proposals by contractor and specialists 3 Final proposals and production information by consultants 6 Production information 7 Mobilisation by contractor 8 Construction to completion and after completion

KEY 1 Appraisal and strategic briefing by consultants and contractor 2 Outline and detailed proposals Architect 3 Appointment of contractor and agreement on trade or works appointments 4 Final proposals and production information (continuing process) 5 Mobilisation Managing Contractor /Works Contractors 6 Production information and coordination of works packages 7 Tender action and adjustments (continuing process) 8 Construction to practical completion and after completion

Architect Managing Contractor / Works Contractor

Source; which contract? Choosing the appropreate building conctractâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; 4th ed, H. CLAMP, S. COX, S. LUPTON, 2 Outline and detailed proposal

5.6 - The Role of the Contractor

5.6.1- The CDM Officerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Roles

Throughout the building of my proposed building, there is likely to be input from many different contractors, some working on site symultaneously. These contractors will, like the architect, adapt and have different roles, depending on the procurement route taken at the stage they are involved in. A some stages, the contractor will be responsible for managing the site and bringing in the specialised contractors and consultants. At other times, the contractor will purely be there for construction purposes.

Construction Design Management

Some of the main contractors that will be involved in the realisation of my building will be: Main Contractor: Employed by tender sent out by the client, these contractors will engage and oversee all sub-contractors on site. They will seek out suppliers and project manage also on site. Groundworks Contractor: These contractors will be responsible for the groundworks on site. The landscaping of the community outdoor areas and allotments and levelling ready for construction. Steel Contractor: A sub-contractor, who together with the architects and specialist engineers, will devise the steel works throughout the building, including the roof of the market, as well as the steel perabola structure (primary structure) of the germination towers. Timber Contractor: Another sub-contractor, who along with the steel contractor and the design and engineering team, will work on creating the timber fins for the germination towers (secondary structure). They will also work on the timber detailing throughout the whole construction, for example hand rails. Tram Rail Contractor: A specialist contractor with detailed knowledge of rail design and construction. They will produce the rail off site, and use the existing train track infrastructure to transport the new additions of track for the tram, onto site.

CDM regulations (and the CDM officer) are there to help improve health and safety, having the resources on site to manage risks, to plan and manage the risk. Clients, co-ordinators, contractors, designers, workers and basically anyone involved in on site work have to comply and follow the regulations. They are bought in contracturally by the client if the project duration on site is longer than 30 days. The architect, as the designer, should take all responsibilities to design out hazards. It is true, though, as the designer, that you do not have full responsibility over everything that happens on site. â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;No. Designers should avoid hazards where possible, but there will be many situations where it is not possible to avoid all hazards. Where hazards cannot be avoided, the designer should reduce the risks associated with the hazard. The amount of effort put in to avoiding hazards and reducing risks should be proportionate to the degree of risk. They are not required to spend time, money and trouble on low-risk issues.â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Source: Health and Safety Executive - http://www.hse.gov.uk/construction/cdm/faq/designers.htm

Some of the aspects theCDM officer is responsible for are: WORKING AT HEIGHT The hierarchy of controls for working at height needs maintaining, from work on the ground, to using towers, scaffolds, platforms and ladders. In extreme cases there may also be the need for fall restraints and safety netting. This could be the case when working on the germination towers. ASBESTOS Due to my site being on and adjacent to train lines, there is the risk of old asbesdos on site. CDM officer must identify asbestos risk, apply for a licence to work with asbestos, dispose of waste safely and legally, and train workers in safe handling of asbestos. etc.....

5.7 - Contractural Relationships

Design and Build Procurement Method

Traditional Procurement Method

Colateral agreement / warranty

Contract

Clients

Contract for Services

Colateral agreement / warranty

Contract for Services

Building Contract

Client selscted subcontractors

Client selscted suppliers

Contract for Services

Agent

Contractors

Consultants

Contractors

Works Contractors

ManagementContract

Design & Build Contract

(Consultant Switch)

Domestic sub-contractor suppliers

Contract for Services

Consultants

Client

Sub Contractors Suppliers

Consultants

Works Contract

Management Contractors

Sub-contractor suppliers

Domestic suppliers

BIBLIOGRAPHY

‘Which contract? Choosing the appropreate building conctract’ 4th edition -H. Clamp, S. Cox, S. Lupton, RIBA publishing, 2007, London ‘Metric Handbook - Planning and Design Data’ 3rd edition - David Littlefield, Architectural Press 2007 ‘Why Buildings Fall Down: How Structures Fail’ - Matthys Levey, Mario Salvadori, Kevin Woest, W . W . Norton and Company 1994 ‘The Architects Portable Handbook’ 3rd edition - John Guthrie, McGraw-Hill Professional, 2003

-http://www.architecture.com/- Role of the architect, planning, general design information -http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/- Planning regulations, building delivery -http://www.towerhamlets.gov.uk/- Tower Hamlets UDP, local planning regulations -http://www.nsalg.org.uk/- National Society of Allotment and Leisure Gardeners - allotment legislations and regulations -http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/- environmental information for London (esp. Tower Hamlets) - http://www.sustainablebuild.co.uk/- environmental strategies - http://www.rainharvesting.co.uk/pdfs/commercial_systems.pdf - Water harvesting systems for commercial use -http://www.building.co.uk/data/procurement-construction-management/3072705. article- pro curement strategies - http://www.hse.gov.uk/index.htm - CDM -http://www.cdm-regulations-uk.co.uk/- CDM regulations and information - http://www.growingcommunities.org/ - Community led trade

Design tutors Izaskun Chinchilla Carlos Jimenez Technical Tutor: Richard Hyams:A Studio Architects 65