DR Hand In by Megan Townsend

A Manifesto for Urban Consumerism Movement

Tower Hamlets permanent market and new Town Square

Megan Townsend Design Realisation Report 2012-2013 Unit 22

SECTION 1 - PROJECT INTRODUCTION

SECTION 4 - CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7

4.1 – Materials and Construction - Including details 4.2 – Solar Issues - Solar gain - Daylight Factors 4.3 – Water Ingress - Including details 4.4 – Interstitial Condensation - Including details 4.5 – Thermal Insulation - Including details - U-Values 4.6 – Maintenance of building

– Unit 22 Agenda – Project Ambitions and future Development – Urban Expansion of the Town Square – Plan and Agenda – Building Programme – Site Introduction 1.6.1 - Map of area – Site Analysis 1.7.1 - Master Plan

SECTION 2 - THE BILDING ENVIRONMENT 2.1 –Services Strategy 2.2 – Water Supply and Usage 2.2.1-Rainwater harvesting 2.3 – Natural Ventilation 2.4 – Light and Solar gain for germination 2.5 – On Site bioluminescence 2.5.1- On site organic waste recycling 2.6 – Acoustics 2.7 – Environmental Impacts of Building Materials 2.8 - Pest Control

SECTION 3 - BUILDING FORM AND SYSTEMS 3.1 – Overall Site Plan 3.2.1 – Ground Floor Plan 3.2.2 – Lower Ground Floor 3.2.3 – Roof Plan 3.2.4 – Section AA 3.2.5 – Section BB 3.3 – User and the Building 3.4 – Structural strategy 3.5 – Load Forces Diagram 3.6 – Access Legislation and strategy 3.7 – Fire Regulations 3.7.1 - Fire Escape

SECTION 5 - PROCUREMENT

5.1 – Scope for Planning 5.2 – Planning Strategies 5.3 – Funding 5.4 – Procurement strategies 5.5 - Architect’s role 5.6 – Building Delivery Stages 5.7 – Role of the Contractor 5.8 – CDM 5.9 – The Role of the Specialised Contractor

Conclusion Bibliography

SECTION 1 - PROJECT INTRODUCTION

Project Introduction

1.1 Project Introduction Unit 22 Agenda - DARE TO CARE. Architecture taking care of vulnerable realities. “There are no small issues. Issues that appear small are large issues that are not understood.” Santiago RAMÓN Y CAJAL, Advices for a Young Investigator We were told modernization aspired to improve the well fare state. Paradoxically, following several authors remarks, we could presume that what it has in fact produced is a rise of vulnerability. According, for example, to Giddens, since we have reached the ‘End of Nature’ and the ‘End of Tradition’, we are no longer in a time of ‘External Risk’ but now we live in a time of ‘Manufactured Risk’, our environmental worries are no longer about what nature might do to us, but what we are doing to nature. Technification pushed us to hold to the illusion that humans are invulnerable, with our magnificent creations, our cities and our technologies. This resulting system allows economic privilege and the short-sightedness of the economic sphere to overwhelm the ecological and social realities in which we all live. Many threats, such as asbestos, smoking, and poverty, have remained unnoticed or unattended to, especially for architects, despite being as dangerous as threats which receive publicity and action. The twentieth century has not brought vulnerability to the core of the architectural community in a technical sense. Weakness and fragility were not desirable structural conditions in a tradition in which FIRMITAS was an undeniable requirement for buildings. Being able to deal with, what in other times would have been considered weak and fragile materials, is now a technical task even distinguishing good architecture from mere construction: “anyone can build using a lot of material… taking weight away from things, however, teaches you to make the shape of structures to do the work, to understand the limits of strength of components and to replace rigidity with flexibility…”. Our brief will focus on how the protection of vulnerable realities can be a task for contemporary architecture as long as architects change some design habits. Some of these changes follow: - We will measure the quality of architecture by its ability to represent the interest and programs of others. - We will abandon anthropocentrism rejecting human activities as more important than natural events. - We will accept and include the legitimacy of different aesthetical repertoires. Tenderness, Closeness, Affection has not been part of the architects’ official aesthetics but will be part of the “structure of feelings” that our projects will promote. - We will include the ecological limits and dependence of everything we design. - We want the student to learn to build clues from observing, participating and experimenting. Knowledge coming from sharing the future performance of our architecture will be postulated as much more reliable than that deducted from theoretical propositions. - Bathrooms, stairs, kitchens and other rooms considered to be service spaces will now be fundamental. In the same way all architecture will deserve our interest not matter how small, peripheral or academically irrelevant seem at first glance. - We will consider any waste or small part of already used materials as candidates to create new components for our architecture. - We won´t avoid break, mistake or error. On the contrary, we will look for creating breakable conditions that not only can be relevant academically, but can ensure reversibility or that stimulate adaptation and change.

Opposite I show my 6 designs relating to the vulnerable community I chose to study, the vulnerable community of Market Stall Holders. Looking at this vulnerable community, I explored ways that they could potentialy thrive within the modern urban landscape, with a general lifestyle today of convenience and speed when it comes to food and our relationships to growing and buying. Design: 1 - The Tram market 2 - The Carrousel spectacle 3 - The Cow Station 4 - The Fold outMarket for the Forgotten Space 5 - An Urban System rfor Growth

Project Ambitions

1.2 Project Visions, Ambitions and Future Scale My interests this year are mainly focused on creating a new town square and social interaction space, a prototype typology that can be picked up and implemented in other similar sites across the country and beyond. To bring back the historical significance of the market within our cities, accessibility and creating a new typology that breaks the mould of the current high end, high value one off markets. To create an individual building that can be implemented across a wide range of environments, a sustainable strategy of cyclical processes have to be established These RULES will influence and determine the aesthetics of the building, this in fact, becoming secondary to the process.

- Capture and Recycle Rainwater The capturing of rainwater within the building, and the use of this water throughout the building and its processes, including the watering of the germinating crop, as well as the cleaning of the floor plates and the use of grey water throughout the building. Water usage and distribution should become a visible measurement of consuming.

- The Use of Organic Waste for Light The collection and storage of organic waste within the building to allow the community to dispose of waste easily, as well as allowing them to see the process of this waste disposal in creating light for the building throughout the hours of darkness. Anaerobic respiration produces methane, which can be passed across plants to produce light in the form of bioluminescence. Recycling should be used to create spectacle.

- Encourage Awareness/ Education Encourage people to take part in the processes that happen within the building, the processes determining the presence of the building itself. Growing should be at close proximity and connect us to nature.

- To strengthen the relationship between the community and the growth of food Due to the dense urban environment and the increase of commercialization, society is becoming removed from the production of the food they eat and the processes that take place in order to produce it. My building aims to educate community in these matters. Growing should be a joy.

A collage showing user experience within and surrounding my proposed building. As well as an image trying to consolodate all the project ambitions.

- Self Sufficiency Due to the abundance of commercial goods, and 24 hour convenience society, my project aims to break down these monopolies, and tempt people back into self production and the happiness of growing, to allow for a new opening in the market, for a community run co operative. Growing should be a commercial venture.

1.3 - Urban Expansion of the Town Square An urban master plan showing the general arrangement of the plan within the wider context, including the tram infrastructure and sprawling â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;germinationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; of the building, and wider rings of urban production.

Dairy production where more green space is avaliable. Dairy pasteurisation. Chickens kept in slightly larger residential properties as well as communal block grounds for eggs. Smaller areas avaliable for domestic scale crops that can be grown in 1m sq plot. Germination of crops at home where space is minimal.

Trams taking germinated grops out to the wider reaches of Tower Hamlets Borough.

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Trams bringing an excess of grown goods back to the market to be sold. Trams bringing back and distributing organic waste for growing and power.

Project Brief + Agenda

1.4 – Brief and Agenda Permanent Market and New Town Square A Manifesto for a Local Consumerism Movement I propose a permanent market, functional, to some capacity, 24 hours a day. On site permanently, this building will house a permanent market space that is flexible and can be used as an informal performance space, a tram distribution stop for the transference of trading to a wider area, germination towers, for the initial growth of crop to distribute to the local community, as well as providing a public landscape for social interaction. The building is located on a lost and forgotten space in East London. A space where historically a market took place, along the convergence lines of transports, here, the edges between industrial, residential and the over-ground train line. The workers will be the community, the functions happen around their daily schedules, the cultivation of the germinating crops tended to by those who invest in the co-operative: Co-operative Scheme; ‘an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily, to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise’. It may also be defined as a business that is owned and controlled completely by those people who use it and work there. -The building and scheme, with its many functions and interwoven programs, has three main objectives in its ideas and construction: 1 – In response to and in order to take advantage of, the Government’s Revolution on growth and society. 2 – To create awareness between consumption, the user and growth and to educate. 3 – To form a cyclical building where waste creates beauty, and function allows participation.

Funding Funding to build this sort of a building; a large and open public space for trade and growth, will require government and public support in order to produce a society that accepts this building not only as an ‘object’, or stand alone construction in this location, but as a strategy and typology that can be seen as a prototype on my site. There are many different strategies that can aid this type of construction, for example the Conservative Government and it’s ‘Big Society’, as well as many more organizations that focus their time and effort on promoting community and the growth of food in the city. For example:

Government’s Grow Your Own Revolution

This aims to give support to reduce our dependency on imports, by reforming the EU’s common agricultural and fishing policies. Cross-departmental policy report (Food 2030) aims to support further farmers and community markets to boost consumption of local produce. This is also driven by the FFLP, a community driven body that aims to promote awareness. (Food For Life Partnership)

The Federation of City Farms and Community Gardens

A charity that supports and promotes community managed farms, gardens, allotments and other green spaces, creating opportunities for local communities to grow. It also tries to empower local people, across the age spectrum, from different backgrounds and abilities, to build better communities, usually in developed areas, and to provide decision makers, funders and the media.

SHAPE East

A London based program, supported by the Government, to promote a positive influence on the quality of urban design and the built environment, through supporting the professional community, engaging the public and facilitating debate and understanding between the two. It supporters (among others) are: The Architect Centre Network CABE English Heritage Private Trustees Opposite; a collection of Government strategies and companies who support this, looking at how the ‘Grow Your Own’ can beneft the local urban community in East London

Project Programme

1.5 - Building Program

Permanent Market and New Town Square A Manifesto for a Local Consumerism Movement The creation of the new town square at this convergence point in Tower Hamlets is attempting to re awaken community spirit in a ‘forgotten’ area, produce growth in inner city and highly built up areas, improve mental health, and educate about growth and self production. This building is a starting point for the ‘germination’ of the building over the years, so its growth spreads across the community and local area, ‘making green’ the industrial looking area. For smooth and successful operation of the building, the following facilities will be included:

Reception and visitor entrance

Co-operative members entrance

Goods exchange entrance

The reception and visitors entrance should be easily accessible from the outside open community space around the foot of the building. A natural flow will be created from outside to inside space, with the building gently enticing the visitor in with sloped ramps and ease of boundary crossing. In this sense, some of the outside materiality could be bought in, with a green floor leading the way into the building. All the functions of the building must be visible to the visitor, (the movement of the roof, the selling in the market and the growth of the towers). At a certain point, this exterior materiality will trail off, leaving the visitor with the feeling of leaving the outside and entering the main body of the machine (the market).

The below shows how the programme and building function interlinking to show a schematic diagram of this.

Building

The members of the co-operative, also being visitors, but more regular visitors that are an influencing part of the building’s performance and function, are of course not excluded from using the visitor entrance when utilizing the building. When, though, the members come to the building to tend their sponsored crops, their entrance will take the form of the ramped germination towers or stairs. In this sense they are not leaving the outside of the building, as this area although enclosed, brings the outside in. Visitors can also access this area to view the co-operative members tending their crops.

The goods exchange entrance is purely functional, with home orders being organized from around the building, as well as crops grown by those public members who have bought germinated seeds, grown them on green spaces around the area, and sold the excess of crop back to the co-operative, enter the building to be sorted, stored and sold within the market. Located more at the back of the building this is a function that will be visible but not at the forefront, with much of the transportation taking place on bicycles this stream of goods in and out will be visible to those in the open community gardens.

Market floor level

The market floor will be a large open market space with ordered stalls on plots that are purchased by the co-operative members who sell their germinated crops, or the goods that have been grown off site. These market stalls will be ordered to allow the flow of people, as well as allowing each stallholder to enhance and flaunt their performance, with little restriction on how these stalls look. With the differing rings of production that occur around the area encircling my building (dairy, crop, eggs etc….) due to the space available and goods needed, the public will provide this market with the goods, and in return receive points to spend on these goods or on purchasing some new germinating crops.

Tram station and goods distribution

Germination towers

Water Harvest

Services

Goods dry storage

Within the core of the building darker areas and spaces with ventilation will be provided for the early stags of germination as well as those crops that have been grown, transported to the market and stored ready to be sold. Dark rooms with ventilation allowing air in and out as well as a small amount of light at certain times of the day, as well as separation areas for crops with higher ethylene levels.

Tools and Equipment storage for users

Toilets and utility rooms

10.

Outside public space

11.

Ability for future development (Gym)

Reception

Market Space

Visitors

Education

Germination

Stall Holders

Records

Deliveries

Outside Space

Co-operative Members

Outside/ Germination

A functional and mechanical area of the building, and only accessed by those who work there, (but not invisible to the visitor), this is where goods are distributed from and sent out to areas that can be accessed (close by) by the tram line integrated into the already existing track infrastructure. A loop of track that runs under the tensile roof and above the market level, the process is intended to be visible and audible to those visiting the market.

These towers are not intended to be completely closed off from the exterior conditions of the community landscape, but an intermediate area between the outside and the main market hub of the building. Permeable to the air and views out over the surrounding area, and inversely in from the landscaped area, these towers will be connected from the ground with a continuous slope, leveling off to join with the market floor slab and goods distribution level. These towers house a large water storage tank, with water collected from the rain catchers on the roof, the use and path of the water will be visible to those within, highlighting consumption of the building throughout the day. When the germinating crops need watering, pressurized ‘humidifiers’ will create a mist throughout the towers, falling as rain through the building.

Users

Planting

Storage

Members

Irrigation

Equipment

Locals

Food

Crops

Users

Mental Health

Lockers will be provided for the co-operative members and users of the growing aspects of the building. Storage of cultivating equipment and personal items located on the flat floors where the towers join the market floor plates join, for ease of access from either area. Organic Waste

Toilets also located in same area as the storage areas for equipment, for ease of access as well as removing the need to minimize the germination areas in order to fit these in. Grey water and filtered collected rainwater run off will be used to flush these toilets and for hand washing. Same principle for those toilets located within the main concrete core of the market space. Utility rooms are the areas not accessible by the public, where the pipes carrying water, methane, maintenance hatches for the toilets, pressure pumps etc are located for the complete cyclical functioning of the building.

The outside area, around the foot of the building and covering the remainder of the site (with the ability to spread throughout the local area), will be landscaped to allow for community gathering, seeking shade within the summer months, and viewing the functioning of the building. This outside space is key to the building becoming an established, well-used and loved public area.

Future expansion could include a gym, for use by the people who earn points through growing. Machines could be used to power pumps to pressurize water and gas within the building. Removing the need for any energy consuming machinery. Also, as outlined within the project’s future scale, the ambition is that this building will mould the landscape surrounding it, with its rings of production, the green landscape within the before more industrial and infrastructural aesthetic, will germinate in time. It is also hoped that this will and can be rolled out across similar sites in England as well as over seas.

Site Introduction

1.6 - Site Introduction

Site Location

Scale 1:2500 0

The site I have chosen is located within East London, within the borough of Tower Hamlets. This area has a diverse cultural spread, as well as a diverse mixture of typologies. Being historically an area of london that contained a mixture of industry, residential and community based areas, along with more green space than more inner city areas, the site seemed perfect for creating a new town square typology. There are many â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;high streetsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; but not many traditional town squares within the area, where the market and community growing and selling can thrive. Surrounding the site not only combines the more industrial and mechanical activities of a historically productive area of the city.

Hopefully this will be created with my new idea for a model typology, that could be rolled out across the country and across similar sites in other countries, that need the town square typology bought back to teh urban landscape.

100

120

140

160

180

200 m

Historic map of my site and area from 1850, with the Great Eastern Railway cutting through, but with a hugeFeb 09, 2012 15:32 amount of more dense housing and industrial mixed use.

But also the more residential areas with playgrounds and schools. Traditionally workers lived where their industry was, and it wasnt more true than in East London.

Site Introduction

Transport:

1.6.1 Overall Site With Local Typologies

Bethnal Green train station is located near to my site. With the train lines running through the area, it provides me with an already established base for the coming and going of people, as well as an urban infrastructure to be harnessed.

Overall site map showing areas of interest around my site, highlighting the three more prevalent typologies, being industrial, residential and green space. This 1500sqm* aprox site is located by the rail tracks down the lines from Bethnal Green over ground train station. At the convergence point of the rail tracks, parkland, residential and industrial areas, the site provides the historic ingredients for a successful market, located at a place people pass on their way from A to B, without having to go out of their way. The challenges of this site are plentiful, due to the restrictions and demands of building so close to so many different infrastructures, as well as the tight space on site for such a ‘large’ program. These restrictions, though, will allow for a more precise design, taking into account the constraints, but also using them to enhance the building’s response to its locality. The sun and its path will influence the germination towers, and the vibrations its materiality.

Residential

Site Introduction

My Site: Located on the south side of the tracks that cut through East London and the Borough of Tower Hamlets. It is a complex site with many constraints, including the elevated tracks and challenges, some that are listed alongside.

‘Weavers Fields’: A historic green space within Tower Hamlets. With a community Centre tot he left, and courts to teh right of the same name.

Residential/Potential Growing Areas: These clusters of residential areas are common around the Tower Hamlets area. Dense housing blocks and back to back/ terraced housing quite common. These, though, all have either a small green space, or a local green space cloase by.

Industry Green Space

Bicycle Station

Industry: St Anne’s Church

Historically located on a convergence point of people and transport, this site lives up to the market places of old, usually found on a bridge or some place similar. My site could be seen as a bridge itself, between transport, residential, industrial and speculative production sites.

Playgrounds/Schools: There are plenty of schools around my site, lending the building’s towards an important and integeral role within the education of people especially the young. Creating a visual building will also aid this process.

Jewish Burial Ground: A Jewish burial ground is located here. This area has a wide ranging community and a diverse history.

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1.7 - Site Analysis

The ground around the area is a mixture of many different types of soil. The makeup of this soil will determine the construction potentials of my building. Being near areas of industry and historically being always situated next to the rail tracks, a build up of debris and materials such as asbestos may need specialist removal.

The soil around my site is on the border of two differing types:

1 - Naturally loamy and clayey soils of coastal flats with naturally high ground water - - - -

Wet due to a high water table level in the area Fertility rich to moderate Wet brackish coastal flood meadows Historically arable and grassland

And

2 - Naturally loamy soils with naturally high ground water - - - -

Wet due to a high water tale level Fertility low Wet acid arable and grassland Historically arable grassland and woodland

The wet nature of the ground will need to be taken into account due to the types and size of foundations as well as the design of the building, as the water table is high, flooding and water logging is at higher risk. The planting of the soil, crops and shrubs around the site, though, and the master plan of expanding the building out into the urban environment, will only help prevent this potential flooding, as creating a porus and permeable surface for water to drain away from easily, will prevent the accumilations that could otherwise happen, (and that is most probably already happening), in areas of heavily concreted and paved ground covering.

30cm top of soil

Clay

Sandy clay Sandy clay loam Sandy loam Loamy sand

Silty clay Clay loam Silty clay loam Sandy silt loam Silty loam

Sand TYPE 1 - Naturally loamy and clayey soils of coastal flats with naturally high ground water

Clay

Sandy clay Sandy clay loam Sandy loam Loamy sand

Silty clay Clay loam Silty clay loam Sandy silt loam Silty loam

Sand TYPE 2 - Naturally loamy soils with naturally high ground water

1.7.1 - Master Plan Overall master plan describing access onto site.

1:500 @ A0 Access that is currently open to cars and by foot, under the open arches and by foot only over the tracks and along the footpath next to the train lines.

Access that is currently closed off, that could be opened up as part of my project to create a new town square. These sites are arches under the tracks that are neglected and have no use at the moment. Opening up these will allow for continual and direct access onto the site.

SECTION 2 - THE BUILDING ENVIRONMENT

2.1 - Services Strategy

Access onto roof for maintenance of the roof as well as the rainwater harvesters, is via a fixed ladder from the roof of the concrete core. This should be the most awkward area to access.

Co-operative members would be responsible for a lot of the upkeep and maintenance of the building. Maintenance should be easy and built into the design of the building processes.

Maintenance of toilets and services carried out within the core, with access corridoors designed in behind.

Maintenance of the water tank can be carried out from the main walkway, but at intervals around the tank a fixed ladder will be provided. The filters at the top of the water tank, and the harvesters will also have fixed ladders for access.

Common maintenance jobs include changing crossties (sleepers), lubricating and adjusting switches, tightening loose track components, and surfacing and lining track to keep straight sections straight and curves within maintenance limits. Much of this within the building can be done by hand, and on the main infrastructure, with smaller scale machines in the form of carriages.

All co-operative members are responsible for maintenance, as well as those employed by the co operative to specialise in upkeep and maintenance of the building. [Academic use only]

1:100 @ A0 Cladding upkeep will be minimal due to it being designed to weather and depict time. If it does need replacing or repair, there is space on site for a cherry picker to access the area, (in SE area of plot).

The Market Stall Holder

The Gardener and Cultivator

Tram Security and Maintenance 14

2.2 - Water Supply and Usage

Source - The Met Office Year 2001 rainfall amounts throughout England. the percentage of the National average rainfall shown to have fallen within the London area is around 125-135%.

Germinating crops watered with harvested water

Toilets flushed with harvested water

Source - The Met Office Table detailing percent of average rainfall throughout the UK including anomolies within the year of 2011. The lower levels of rainfall throughout the South East of England last year (emphasising the need for a hosepipe ban this summer) backs up the theory that we need to capture and recycle as much of the natural environment as possible,

Market and delivery floors cleaned with harvested water

Grey Water Rain Water Black Water

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2.2 - Water Supply and Usage

Detail of water harvesting system

2.3 - Natural Ventilation

Utilising the prevailing wind on site, my building can be cooled naturally, saving the need for machinery and artificial air circulation throughout the enclosed spaces. THe large floor plates allow for the movement of air throughout, but do come with the option of sliding louvres on the market floor to limit the tunnelling effect on windy days. The germination towers will have more permeable cladding on the SE side where the prevailing wind hits my site. This will benefit the germination process within the building.

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[Academic use only]

2.4 - Light and Solar Gain My building is situated amongst a dense urban fabric, but as my structure is quite big, and will tower above many of the surrounding buildings, this shouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t cut down on the amount of natural light entering the building. (Needed to lower energy wasted as well as for growth). As the tracks are the only big obstruction to the sun, these are situated to the North of the building, and so does not limit the maximum amount of daylight sun that will be allowed to enter the GERMINATION TOWERS, as well as the MARKET floors throughout operational hours. When the space becomes more dominated by performance, BIOILLUMINESCENCE will be used to light the space.

Intricate louvres above head in the towers to allow for shading at the hottest part of the day, for visitors as well as for the crop. Too much heat dries out soil and the environment would become uncomfortably umid for visitirs and co-operative members. (Nasher Sculpture Centre - Houston - Texas by Interloop Architecure)

11 am

[Academic use only]

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2.5 - On Site Bioluminesence This waste all produces bioluminescent light within my building, to allow for it to function beyond daylight hours. The organic waste, under ANAEROBIC conditions, at an optimal temperature of around 20-25 DEGREES, the rotting and breakdown of the wate by small micro-organisms, produces the gas METHANE. In turn, this methane builds up, creating pressure within the large vats. A series of CHAMBERS and VALVES can be used here to relieve this pressure and store the gas in smaller, more managable volumes, but still retain some pressure. Valves can then be released on these smaller chambers to allow the methane to pass through VISIBLE TUBES up to the ‘lights’ throughout the building. Within these ‘light’ structures, a honeycomb arrangement of compartments hold an amount of BIOLUMINESCENCE BACTERIA, which can be found in many organic species, some being: FUNGI - Ghost fungus, Honey Mushrooms MICROORGANISMS - Marine Bacterial Family, ‘Shewanellacae’ The methane passes through these compartments holding the bacteria. A reaction occurs (respiration) and the bacteria glow with a green hue. If enough are accumilated together, light shoudl be sufficient to light the open floor plates and smaller areas of the building.

Organic waste from residents transported onto site by bike or on a waste collection tram. From detritus from growing to organic kitchen waste and garden clippings etc

Manure from the animals found on the wider rings of production, transported to the main building

Waste organic matter and detritus from germinated seed trays....

Organic waste collected in vats, stored just under ground surface to take advantage of geothermal heat, to reach the optimum temperature for maximum bio-gas production.

2.5.1 - Organic Waste System A diagram showing the process and path of methane through my building to produce the light for the market to function throughout the hours of darkness.

Methane passed over the biolumescent midro organisms to produce a glowing light.

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Access underground via a manhole and fixed ladder to maintain and access the bio-digester

The Bio-digester enabling an-aerobig digestion to occur to produce methane.

Chambers to hold the bio gas (methane) under pressure.

2.6 - Acoustics

Areas of incomplete enclosure

Areas of complete enclosure

The positioning of my building, as previously stated, is at the convergence point of many different urban activities, so on site there is an amount of ambient noise from the surroundings. This comes from mainly the railway tracks directly behind the building. This noise, though, will be more noticable at peak travel times (for example at rush hours morning and night), and will therefore be a more infrequent and less noticable background noise. There are aso warehouses surrounding the site, so industrial noise will be slightly audible on site, although this noise is quite low and not overpowering, as most industry is light. Within the building also there are designated areas of interior enclosure in comparison to a large amount of exterior open space. Some spaces also are semi-open spaces. The enclosed area is contained to the inner core of the market building, housing circulation, toilets, storage and spaces for relaxing, and so these need insulating from the noise of the market and surroundings. The market floor and the delivery floor will be mainly open. The trams will be relatively infrequent in comparison to the tracks adjacent, and so will not add too much to this existing infrastructural noise. Because there is a large amount of residential dwellings around the area, areas eminating larger amounts of noise need to also considder the possibility of having the ability of being shut off to an extent. Sliding louvres will create this barrier at the market level, and a perforated skin to the germinating towers will allow weather in, but minimise noise escaping.

Train tracks with regular underground trains passing by. Some times of day this noise disturbance will be more noticeable and louder than other quieter times.

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Area of traffice moving under the tracks

Areas of Industry near the plot

1:500 @ A0 Childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s play area next door to site

2.7 - Enivonmental Impacts of Building Materials

It is important when designing the use of materials throughout the building, to not only considder the aesthetics of the building, but also the environmental impacts of the building also. Not only the materials themselves, but also the construction methods used on site. The following needs to be considdered with each material I am planning to use throughout the building: - Timber Timber is a precious comodity, and so every effort needs to be taken to source the timber used from sustainable sources. Deforestation is directly linked to acid rain rises and global warmin, due to the reduction in noxious gasses being absorbed by the trees. THe largest forests and rainforesets are known as Carbon Sinks due to their ability to absord huge amounts of carbon Dioxide from our atmospherere. Certified timber will be used that has been regulated by the UK Forest Stewardship Council (or FSC). - Steel Steel is a highly manufactured material and therefore uses high levels of energy to create it. The smelting process as well as the casting process of the steel suports within my building will be the least environmentally friendly material used. The burning and construction of these members contribute to the amount of CO2 within the atmoswhere, so larget members with less process on site will reduce this effect. Use of recycled steel where possible would also be another way to combat this, for example the visible structural supports under each concrete floor slab, could come from decomissioned victorian exhibition spaces or industrial sites. - Concrete Concrete also is more of a pollutant in manufacturing than desired, and that is why the floor plates and core are the only aspects using this material. To minimise the impact of the material on the site, and so the decomissioning of the building if and when this takes place is lover in cot and impact, the foundations will be raft foundations. Also, the concrete will be pre-cast and transported to site using the existing infrastructure of the train line and craned on site.

2.8 - Pest Control Pest control is at least as old as agriculture. Crops and goods have always needed to be kept away from pests for best crop results, it has always been advantageous to protect crops from competing species of plants, as well as from herbivores compe ting for ‘our’ food. Due to a move from poisons and killing, to humaine pest control in the UK, slaughter, selective breeding of pests resistant crops, or poinson is becoming less popular and less likely to be the first port of call. The use of ‘animal psychology’ is becoming more prevalent.

STORAGE Darker and cooler areas within the core of the building will be provided for thestorage of the seeds ready to germinate, as well as those waiting to be distributed/goods collected from surrounding green areas. Cooler temperatures and dry conditions limit growth of already germinated seeds, and prevents the germination of the seeds. Natural ventilation and controlled daylight entry into these spaces will be designed.

Chemical pesticides date back at least 4500 years, with the book ‘Rig Veda’ being 4000 years old, which mentions the use of poisonous crop for pest control. Humans cause the greater numbers of pests. Changing our behaviour can greatly imporve these effects. Evolution creates tollerances to chemicals, so without extermanating an entire species, attitudes need to change.

BIRD PEST CONTROL Pidgeons, strlins and gulls are some of the many birds that occur in certain places at very high numbers; at power stations, landfill sites, hotels and town squares are some of the few. Hawks and Falcons are used to control the ‘pests’ through continuous flying.

TYPES: BIOLOGICAL Control through the control and management of natural preditors. For example, mosquitos combatted by putting a bacterium that kills larvae in local water sources, that does not effect people or the water ecology. This eliminates the pest with minimal harm to the ecological balance of the environment.

In Trafalgar Square for example, hawks have bought the transient community of pidgeons down from 5,000 to 1,000. Pidgeons and sea gulls can force entry into buildings, under roofs, allowing water ingress into the building. Rain water movement can also be blocked due to a buildup of feaces and detritus. Pidgeons are renouned for this and their feaces are a health hazard too.

ELIMINATION OF BREEDING GROUNDS This includes a change of attitude and human practice. Including the storage and depositing of waste management as well as the drainage of still water.

SEAGULLS

POISONED BAIT This is common for rat population, however when other food sources are present, this is arbetry. Also used in baited meat to control birds, cattepillars, fruit flies, snails, slugs, crabs etc..... FIELD BURNING Once a crop has been harvested, fields or growing planes are burnt to kill off any remaining pests.

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HUNTING Historiacally people have hunted animals in order to keep numbers down. Rat catchers used to chase them out of the fields and kill them with dogs and battons. In history, some communities hve employed a bounty system - a fee placed on every rat head presented.

NATURAL RODENT CONTROL This is the use of preditors to keep pest numbers down. When exclusion is introduced and preditor support is introduced, there is no need for poison or less humaine or more ‘unnatural’ methods.

THIS IS THE METHOD I WILL USE WITHIN MY BUILDING:

STARLING The starling can become a serious problem in large numbers. In an urban environment, numbers can swell, especially in the city, when birds seek warmth in the winter months. THE FERRAL PIDGEON

TRAPS Specific traps are used for different pests and different areas. For example traps for residential areas are quite specific and mainly for rodents: snap traps - to kill sticky traps - humaine trapping and kill live catch traps - humaine release POISONOUS SPRAY This is usually distributed by planes and over a large and troublesome area, for example when trying to combat locusts. Hand held units are used for more localised breakouts.

Herring gulls along with black headed gulls, greater black headed gulls, lesser black headed gulls, have always proven a nuisance and environmental health problem in built up places or places of industry. At land fill sites, flocks can cause health hazards. They become agressive and territorial during nesting, and can attack humans if they get too close to the eggs. They raise one brood a year with an average of three eggs, and incubation from 20 to 24 days. They eat almost anything.

CATS Historicaly cats have been used as a form of pest control within dense towns and cities. Rats and mice have been kept under control using cats for years and it is this that I propose is used within my building. Due to a low level of waste but a high level of organic matter and crop, warmer areas will be provided, as well as food for the rodents. A small community of cats, looked after by the co-operative will be present.

Well adapted to survive in a modern city, where buildings provide shelter and habitats similar to their native rock/cliff homes. Derrived from domestic stock of racing and ornamental birds that have escaped. Two eggs are laid and incubation is shared, with three broods per pair per season. Their natural diet is seeds, but the city dwellers will eat anything left for them by man. They are carriers of Pseudo Tuberculosis, Pisttacosis, and Salmonellosis infection risk is low but severe if caught. Maintenance routines hindered due to faeces build up on ledges, making it slipery and toxic. Hawks and Falcons scare off pidgeons and deter them from returning. Sometimes Kites are used also.

SECTION 3 - BUILDING FORM AND SYSTEMS

3.1 - Overall Site Plan

3.2.1 - Ground Floor Plan

3.2.2 - Lower Ground Floor Plan

3.2.3 - Section AA

3.2.4 - Section BB

3.3 - User and the Building

A diagram showing the user within the buiding, highlighting the views that they will get in different areas. I want the building to work around the user and the functions of the building, and for the user to experience these. The structural, mechanical and processes of the building are visible and add to the understanding of the construction and indicate the uses of each aspect of the building. Less physical barriers will be used, and more visual and structural indicators.

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[Academic use only]

To the left is a visual â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;chomic stripâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; depicting the activities of a co-operative member within 1 24 hour cycle within the building.

3.4 - Structural Strategy

Primary Roof Structure

Steel frame structure, similar to thoat of a crane, the arms joint inthe center with a weight pulling down in the centre. Props on the steel collar and joint to the concrete core even out the loads in order to support the long cantilevering arms.

Primary structure and cladding around the central water tank core

High pressured water pipes/humidifiers to water germinating plants

Secondary Folding Roof Structure

A roof layer will be attached to this roof structure, with timber louvres that can be ‘drawn’ like a curtain between the cantilevering arms when the sun and heat gets too intense, or if it rains. A motor will power this movement.

Core ten continuous suspended ramp

Outside community space

Pre-cast / Post-tensioned concrete floor slabs and core

A primary structure of steel frame parabole, a similar system to that of the Gherkin, will become the main structure, with a secondary cladding frame system humg off this primary structure, with natural latex cladding. Copper pipes weave their way around the central water tank, pierced with pin sized holes, the water at pressure creates a watering system. A continuous ramp works its way through the building to allow for viewpoints through the complete height of the structure. Made of core Ten, with a puched treat, water can drain through the surface people walk on to reduce slippage. Core ten will also map growth and rust as time goes on. A core for WC’s and additional stair access. A Landscaped and undulating area with access to certain areas of the underside of the landscaping at its corners. This area will act as a community outdoor space and over time will become planted up with shrubbery and trees.

Concrete, cast off site and transported onto site by train, and craned in, allow for large open spaces on each floor. Polished concrete on the floor plate allow for an etched design of the area and production rings as a feature and a narrative for the building.

[Academic use only]

Tensioned cables and props for cantilevered primary roof

Outside community space

These tension cables serve as the visual structure of the building to the visitor. The mechanics of the building add to the experience of the building, with the poetic language of the floor spaces working together with obviously visual structure.

A Landscaped and undulating area with access to certain areas of the underside of the landscaping at its corners. This area will act as a community outdoor space and over time will become planted up with shrubbery and trees.

[Academic use only]

3.5 - Load Forces

3.6 - Access and Legislation Alongside the site analysis and wider site access explored within part 1.7.1 of this document, looking at the master plan and access to the building from the surrounding areas, here i explore in more depth the access and circulation within the building, as well as some of the legislation that dictates this. In accordance to Part M of the Building Regualtions Document Part M, the building must provide:

SECTION 1 - Access to Buildings Other Than Dwellings (In accordance with part 1.25 ) The building have 3 main access points, all with levelled approach and clear access routes that are well signposted and lit and exceed the minimum requirement of 1.5m in width. Ramped access into the building will have to be well sign posted and lit. The gradient of the slope and the going between landings are in accordance with the following:

GOING OF A FLIGHT MAXIMUM GRADIENT MAXIMUM RISE 10m 1:20 500mm 5m 1:15 333mm 2m 1:12 166mm With no flight having a going of more than 10m, or a rise of more than 500mm. There will be alternative acces to this area for disabled or wheelchair users. There will be a slip resistant surface with handrails on both sides, set 900mm above nosing. There are clear landings marked out at the head and foot of main circulation stairs, as well as the ramp, that exceed the minimum of 1.2m.

Drawings of access points within my buildings (highlighting the opposite aspects relating to my building from the planning document)

The main access doors will have a width of 1600mm, which complies with the approved documentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s requirement of 1000mm for new buildings There is an unobstructed space of at least 300mm on the pull side of the door between the leading edge of the door and any return wall, unless the door is a powered entrance door.

SECTION 3 - Horizontal and Vertical Citculation in Buildings Other Than Dwellings Corridoors are a minimum of 1200mm and have an unobstructed width of less than 1800mm, they have passing places at least 1800mm long and with an unobstructed width of at least 1800mm at reasonable intervals, e.g. at corridor junctions, to allow wheelchair users to pass each other. A lift should be provided the full height of the building, or at least to levels where acess to neighbouring buildings can be accessed with a handrail at 900mm height.

SECTION 5 - Sanitary Accommodation In Buildings Other Than Dwellings Visual and audible emergency alarms to be provided within disabled facilities, these being located at lower, easy to access areas. All sanitry requirements for regular users must be met.

3.7 - Fire Regulations

Lining with fire rating of 3

Lining with fire rating of 0

Looking at fire and means of escape within my building, consulting the Apporved Buildings Regulation Doccument section B2, relating to internal fire spread within the building, the enclosed areas of my building need internal wall linings and finishings with differing fire ratings.

Lining with fire rating of 3

Lining with fire rating of 0

In accordance with the above table, my bulding will have the following fire rating strategy: - Fire rating of 3 within all toilets and storage compartments. - Fire rating of 0 throughout all circulation and stair cores.

Lining with fire rating of 3

Also, below, are the internal emergency lighting requirements within my building (marked on plan with dashed line) in accordance with section B1, Table 9 of the Approved Document B: 2. Office, Storage and Other non-residential a. Underground or windowless accommodation b. Stairways in a central core or serving storey(s) more than 348m above ground level c. Internal corridors more than 30m long d. Open-plan areas of more than 60m2

Emergency Lighting Requirements

3. Shop and Commercial and car parks a. Underground or windowless accommodation b. Stairways in a central core or serving storey(s) more than 348m above ground level c. Internal corridors more than 30m long d. Open-plan areas of more than 60m2 e. All escape routes to which the public are admitted (34) (except in shops of three or fewer storeys with no sales floor more than 280m2, provided that the shop is not a restaurant or bar) 4. Assembly and Recreation a. accommodation open on one side to view sport or entertainment during normal daylight hours

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5. Any Purpose Group a. All toilet accommodation with a floor area over 8m2 b. Electricity and generator rooms c. Switch room/battery room for emergency lighting system d. Emergency control room

3.7.1 - Fire Strategies and Means of Escape To comply with the Approved Document B, Part B, Volume 2, relating to buildings other than dwellings, the new market square provides adequate means of escape and fire escape means that compy with these regulations. All of the routes will be at least 800mm wide with a head height of at least 200mm, with emergency lighting as explained above in section 3.7 of this document. - Fire Doors All doors will be fire rated and self closing in order to allow for occupant escape and to minimise the capability of the fire to spread throughout the building. - Smoke Detectors and Sprinklers These smoke detectors will be located within fully enclosed spaces, as well as the sprinkers extending throughout the larger public spaces. The alarms will be activiated on detection of smoke, as well as having the ability to be remotely triggered at certain alarm points throughout the building. The sprinklers will be spaced along corridoors and within the plant room. Hand held fire extinguishers (including CO2 foam) within areas that may exprience electrical fires. The water could be obtained from the water harvesting system. - Fire Escape Routes The estimated number of people that could be in the building at any one time could range from 30 people to 150 people. The 2 main escape routes within the main market, as well as the escape core within the germination towers should provide adequite escape for all users. The Approved Document suggests that the ecape route distance should be no more than 45m, if one or more escape route is provided, as long as these are at a greater angle than 45 degrees from each other if located within the same space. - Materials The main structure is constructed of concrete, which has a good fire rating itself without treatment. The majority of the rest of the bulding is constructed of steel and so will be coated with a fire retardent called intumescent paint. Cladding on the germination towers will be of latex in places, and so this also will need a fire retardent coating. If the frame for the cladding has fire rating itself, and a space between each unit, fire spread can be minimised. - External Fire Spread The building is raised from the ground on the concrete core, and the buildings around are at a distance where spread from building to building will be minimal. The only hazard would be the spread of fore from or to the train tracks. - Access for Fire Services The fire services can access the building from beside the tracks above for fire fighting, and also from the access roads of Hemming Street and the close entrance opposite.

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With a floor area of 2000-8000m, a top storey level of above 11m above ground level veihcle access of 50% of perimiter needs to be factored in.

SECTION 4 - CONSTRUCTION OF THE BUILDING

4.1 – Materials and Construction

Steel node and parabole construction of germination towers. A primary structure of steel ‘net’, on which will be hung cladding nodes and cladded timber frames with latex stretched across them. These cladding pannels will have a moment joint between each collection of 4 pannels, to allow for movement.

Concrete planted tension cables will tension the steel roof structure to the concrete floor plates. As the roof has a central weight pulling it down, props to push up on the arms at the connection of these to the concrete core, these tension cables will pull these large cantilevers spans downwards.

A suspended core toen steel continuous ramp will extend the whole height of the germination towers. They will be suspended using cables from the central steel water tank. Lateral movement will be minimal, as the curve in the structure of the spiral will automatically brace against this.

SECTION 5 - PROCUREMENT

5.1 – Scope for Planning Tower Hamlets UDP Tower Hamlets UDP Within Tower Hamlets UDP, the main aims are stated as being the following: - the conservation of the natural beauty and amenity of the land; - the improvement of the physical environment; - the management of traffic Tower Hamlets UDP was first drawn up in 1989 and since as the borough has grown and as the requirements of the ever increasing community have increased it has been updated many times. Now the UDP covers Local Planning Policies as well as Government requirements. My building aims to comply as well as hopefully create a new typology within the borough, ticking many of the boxes that the UDP thrives to achieve. Within section 4: DEVELOPMENT PLANS AND THE PLANNING POLICY FRAMEWORK The framework states, these policies my building is hoping to adress, comply with and improve within the borough, are: ‘OVERALL GOVERNMENT POLICIES 4.5 - The Government’s Guidance for London sets out ten objectives which must be reflected in UDPs: - promote London as a world city; - maintain and enhance the competitiveness of business; - encourage a pattern of land use and provision of transport consistent with the principles of sustainable development; - promote urban regeneration, particularly in areas requiring physical improvement or employment opportunities; - enhance the vitality, viability and character of local and town centres; - maximise housing provision and maintain environmental quality; - maintain and improve the natural and open environment; - improve the quality and attractiveness of London’s urban environment; - facilitate the development of safe, efficient and environment-friendly transport systems; - seek to improve air quality, to reduce waste, pollution and the use of energy, and to encourage recycling.’ Within Tower Hamlets specifically, my building aims to fulfill the following policy: ‘TOWN PLANNING IN TOWER HAMLETS 5.1 The Council carries out the function of local planning authority for the whole of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets from a centralised structure. 5.2 In 1986 the Borough’s administration was devolved (decentralised) to seven largely autonomous Neighbourhoods in order to provide a more accessible and accountable service to local residents and businesses. The town planning service was decentralised in 1987. The policies, proposals and standards of the UDP will be applied and implemented at the local level. With a new administration in 1994 the Neighbourhood structure was abolished for a centralised and coordinated community -relevant approach.’

Much of this development, though, has been focused on the commercial enterprises within the City, and less on the local enterprises that locals and communities can set up themselves. My building aims to focus more on this aspect of the UDP that is considerably lacking in comparison. The following section, section 7, focuses on the different areas of society and aspects to be adressed: ‘THE COUNCIL’S PLANNING STRATEGY Planning for a Better Environment The Plan making process and development control can make a positive contribution to safeguarding and improving the environment. Local Planning Authorities, for the first time, are required to have regard to environmental considerations in preparing their Development Plans. The protection and improvement of the environment will be themes that run through all of the policies of this Plan. Economy and Employment The unemployment rate in Tower Hamlets is currently the second highest in London and is one of the highest in the country. It is therefore important to ensure that existing jobs are protected whenever possible. New jobs also need to be created. The Council will continue to promote the Borough as an investment opportunity on a local, Regional and European scale in order to ensure that new jobs are created locally for local people. Transport The Council’s transport strategy has been developed over several years and has been influenced by several factors. The most overriding of these is the need to provide a safe, efficient and sustainable transport service for all people who live and work in Tower Hamlets. Open Space, Leisure and Recreation The Borough continues to be severely deficient in indoor sports facilities and local people still travel long distances to participate in certain sports. Policies are also aimed at protecting valuable open space, and ensuring an adequate provision of leisure and recreational facilities which are critical elements of the Council’s strategy. Social and Community Facilities Social and Community Facilities covers a wide range of statutory and non-statutory facilities provided by the Council, the voluntary sector, the National Health Service and the private sector. Social and Community Facilities cater for many functions and activities and for people of all ages and from different social, cultural and ethnic backgrounds. The facilities reflect not only the population characteristics of Tower Hamlets but are available for the needs of different groups such as people with disabilities, elderly people, women, young people and other individuals of the various communities. The UDP therefore seeks to ensure that there is sufficient land and buildings to meet local needs and to set out the criteria appropriate for the granting of planning permission.’

Source - Tower Hamlets UDP

As Section 6 states: ‘TOWER HAMLETS IN THE LONDON CONTEXT Tower Hamlets occupies a key position within London, with the City to the west and the opportunities offered by an area defined as the East Thames Corridor (stretching from Tower Bridge on both sides of the Thames into Essex and Kent), to the east. The development of Docklands in particular has placed Tower Hamlets at the centre of London’s future, providing new homes and entertainment but perhaps most dramatically of all, a new business centre for the Capital. Tower Hamlets occupies a position at the centre of improvements to the infrastructure of the capital (covering road and rail). This combined with the continuance of major development opportunities places Tower Hamlets in a key position to shift the direction of development in the capital to the east.’

5.2 - Planning Strategies

The core planning policy was drawn up in 2007 and coveres such aspects as; - Local Development Framework - UDP - Interrim Planning Guidance - Master Plans - Supplimentary Planning Advice - Conservation Area Regulations

NOTE: There are many more and much more information that I want to go into with more relation to my building in time. These though, were the main aspects that I concluded after looking at the UDP and Planning policy............

In section CP1 the regulations for Creating a sustainable community states: ‘CP1. CREATING SUSTAINBLE COMMUNITIES The Council will require all new development to contribute to creating and maintaining sustainable communities by: 1. Facilitating growth that: a) contributes to providing choice, including a choice in housing and jobs, that is supportive of the diverse needs of communities; b) contributes positively to the local and regional economy; c) ensures social equity for all people in Tower Hamlets, both now and in the future; d) ensures sustainable patterns of development that focuses growth in locations that reduce the need to travel; and e) is supported by adequate infrastructure and services, taking into account cumulative impacts. 2. Providing the highest quality design which: a) creates places that are active, well connected and safe; b) ensures an accessible and inclusive environment for all; and c) seeks to achieve the highest level of amenity and improves liveability in the Borough. 3. Implementing environmentally sustainable measures which: a) demonstrate a prudent use of natural resources; b) minimise both the short and long-term impacts on the natural environment, both locally and globally; and c) are directly responsive to local environmental conditions.’ Another policy that will impact my building and the aims and achievements of the building within the community is section CP3 of the planning policy: ‘CP3 SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT 1.The Council will proactively work to protect and enhance the quality of the environment, ensure the prudent use of natural resources, and contribute to tackling climate change. Measures will include, but not be limited to, ensuring all development, over its lifetime: a) protects and assists in improving air, land and water quality, including by minimising air, noise, land and water pollution; b) prevents harm to biodiversity; c) is appropriately located and designed to ensure the prevention of harm to areas of nature conservation value; d) incorporates sustainable design practices; e) minimises demand for, and ensures the sustainable use of water, energy, minerals and other natural resources, including minimising the use of non-renewable resources; f) minimisesgreenhousegasemissions; g) reduces the risk of flooding; h) incorporates effective waste management and recycling initiatives; and i) prevents people and the environment from being at risk from hazardous substances. 2. In carrying out its planning functions, including the assessment planning applications, the Council will: a) take into account all the potential impacts of development, including the indirect, cumulative and long-term impacts; and b) adopt the precautionary principle where there are threats of serious or irreversible environmental damage.’