MEGHAN LEWIS Selected Works 2012-2016 Master of Architecture // Master of Environmental Managment Yale University 2016
BUILT WORK
WHY HOTEL ELEV Workshop / WEI Architects - Summer 2015
WHY hotel is a hot spring hotel located in the northeast Beijing suburb of Peking Backyard. ELEV/ WEI Architects was initially hired to renovate an existing structure of 20+ rooms and add seven new units on top of an existing parking area. The energy used to extract, produce, and transport buildings materials outweighs the energy consumption associated with the operation of buildings: until 2030, over 50% of energy consumption by buildings will be a result of the life cycle of building materials. The re-use of existing buildings and the use of new, innovative materials with lower embodied energy is key to meeting the global challenge of climate change. The designers of the WHY Hotel have accepted this challenge and shown that environmental design does not limit the creativity and freedom of the designer. The WHY hotel project introduces a new, innovative material: a high strength bamboo fiber composite named ‘Bamboo Steel.’ The use of bamboo as a construction material has many benefits: bamboo grows incredibly fast, out pacing most other renewable materials, and
produces more oxygen: research shows that bamboo groves release 35% more oxygen than a forest of a similar size. Bamboo has additional environmental benefits in the context of China, where wood is scarce due to historical exploitation. Bamboo abounds throughout China, particularly in the southwest. This reduces transportation emissions associated with the importation of construction materials and with the transport of heavier materials. The sinocalamus affinis bamboo found near the upper reaches of Yangtze River also plays an important role in preventing soil erosion that can clog the major inland water system. The use of this type of bamboo for the production of Bamboo Steel provides industrial value for the plant, protecting it from destruction while bolstering the relatively under-developed economy in the region. Bamboo is also deeply rooted in traditional Chinese culture. Ancient Chinese poets praise bamboo as a symbol of ideal characteristics and environments, and bamboo plays a particularly important role in Zen Buddhism. Photo Credits: Staff of ELEV Workshop
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Left: Axonometric of hotel and courtyard (above) and photograph from SE adjacent courtyard Right: Exterior photographs of pool with hotel additions beyond (above) and entrance (left) and skylight in bedroom units (below)
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DESIGN STUDIO
WORKSHOP MAYA: NEIGHBORHOOD UNIVERSITY Yale University - Spring 2015 - Advanced Design Studio Critic: Tatiana Bilbao // Studio Partner: Meghan Mcallister
This studio led by Mexican architect Tatiana Bilbao with the support of Infonavit tackled the issue of abandoned social housing complexes in Mexican suburbs. We proposed interventions in five Mexican cities. My partner and I worked in Villas Otoch, a social housing complex in Cancun with over 6,500 units, approximately 23% of which are abandoned. 30% of Cancun’s population identify as Mayan or indigenous. The Yucatan peninsula is home to an indigenous population with a long and rich cultural history, and many of these practices are very much alive and in use today. The monotonous housing stock and lack of communal space make cultural practices difficult to carry out in the current urban condition. This contributes to the transient nature of these housing complexes, contributing to high rates of abandonment.
We propose to create a new kind of university: an indigenous university that is distributed in small, formerly abandoned sites throughout Villas Otoch. This neighborhood-driven university will empower residents with a means to pass on and sustain indigenous knowledge within an urban setting. Additionally it will provide more local employment opportunities while helping to foster a greater cultural identity for Cancun. In the spirit of traditional education that relies mostly on observation from within the home, this new architectural typology for a university enables education practices to blend with home life as well as the community life of the neighborhood.
Left: Photographs from Site Visit to Villas Otoch, February 2015 Right: Mayan populations and Cultural Heritage Sites on Yucatan Peninsula (Above) and Cancun development map (Below)
YUCATÁN PENINSULA
YUCATÁN PENINSULA
INDIGENOUS POPULATIONS (2000)
+3,000
MAYAN CULTURAL HERITAGE POST-CLASSIC AD 900 CANCUN SITES - 1500
CANCUN
IZAMAL MAYAPÁN
Mayans migrants to Cancun per month
CHICHÉN ITZÁ COBÁ UXMAL
CLASSIC SITES AD 250 CALAKMUL - 900
y
PALENQUE TIKAL
YACHILÁN SEÍBAL
QUIRIGUA UTATIÁN IXIMCHE
COPÁN
KAMÍNAÍJUYU
6
20
Million
Million
Peak Population (AD 600-900)
21st Century Population
20
Thousand
Population
6,562 Dwellings
Villas Otoch
58.41
Dwellings per Hectare
Density
23% of Dwellings
Vacancy
628 Thousand
Cancún Population
120
INFORMAL SETTLEMENT
km2
Cancún Size
NEW DEVELOPER WORKER’S HOUSING
Meghan Lewis M. Arch / M.E.M. Yale University 2016
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Meghan Lewis M. Arch / M.E.M. Yale University 2016
17
Left: 1:25 basswood sectional model of gallery of university art school Right: 1:100 First floor plan of art school showing integration of new program into existing fabric
Meghan Lewis M. Arch / M.E.M. Yale University 2016
23
Left: 1:200 basswood model of business school and agricultural university area Right: First floor plan of entrepreurial school and aWgricultural university area
Meghan Lewis M. Arch / M.E.M. Yale University 2016
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A COMMONS FOR THE AMERICAN VILLAGE Yale University - Spring 2016 - Advanced Design Studio Critic: Kersten Geers
This studio led by architect Kersten facades, giving equal weight to Geers addresses the reintroduction both programs. of the commons into the "vilage" The project has two faรงades that of the United States of America. reflect its dual nature, facing both The studio began with a search outwards to the field and inwards for the prototypical American to the town. village. Two places were chosen The first faรงade connects the coas protoypical of two American op to the surrounding agricultural village conditions: North Canton, fields. This includes grain storage, Ohio and Clarinda, IA. machine storage, and a machine My project is an industrial shop. agricultural co-op in Coin, a town The second faรงade faces the main of 200 residents in Page County street of Coin, connecting the coIowa. The co-op is an iteration op with the village residents and designed to fit within a system of visitors. This portion of the co-op co-ops that operate at the scale houses two types of program. The of the township to formalize southern portion of the building existing traces of communal has long-term housing for yearland and machine use and round residents and short-term make agricultural spaces more housing designed for seasonal accessible for future generations. occupancy. The northern portion My project takes on the basic of the building houses the market program of a co-op, including and services hub, including supply the machinery storage and silos, stores and specialized agricultural yet also positions itself as the services such as credit unions, communal and commercial center marketing, insurance, fertilizer of Coin and the surrounding area. application, machine mechanics, and postal service that allow The co-op must negotiate two scales: the agricultural machines, for more accessibility to shared services between farmers. ever-increasing in size, and the scale of the town and humans. The project attempts to negotiate this challenge through assuming a large footprint with a lightweight form, as well as having two
ONDA DE LA LUZ LAGI 2016: Santa Monica - Spring 2016 Team: Sheena Zhang, Emily Wier and Lynsey Gaudioso
The Onda de la Luz provides the Santa Monica region with clean energy and a platform for global citizens to experience the beauty and possibilities of a new clean energy world.
There are many different ways to experience the project, and the melding of energy, light, and water - as you walk through the project, when you are on the pier, and on the shore. Because the Santa Monica pier is an important Onda de la Luz utilizes two part of the regional viewshed, the complementary renewable energy project conserves that viewshed sources: thin film dye-sensitized and enhances it through the photovoltaic panels and installation of dye sensitized shrouded tidal turbines to achieve material. maximum energy output and to provide a buffer on cloudy days or The energy-water nexus of days with small tidal differentials. Onda de la Luz highlights water The dual approach will help conservation efforts underway in ensure that energy provided by Santa Monica during the ongoing Onda de la Luz will contribute to statewide drought. It draws California’s Renewable Portfolio residents and visitors alike in to Standard of 50% renewable better understand the fragility of energy by 2030. Because no our ecosystem and humanity’s tidal energy projects have been impacts on all living beings. installed in California, Onda de The project will provide power la Luz will also be a pilot project for lighting at night and nearby to demonstrate the technology’s facilities. efficacy in the Pacific to meet state goals. The average annual power produced by shrouded tidal turbines is 304,000 MWh (with a range between 25,500 and 590,000 MWh) and the dye-sensitized panels produce an additional 4,200 MWh per year, for annual total average of 308,200 MWh.
Left: Diagrams detailing Tidal and Solar Energy Technology and Views Right: Fabrication Test: 3D Print Base, Silicon Mold, and resulting rockite tile
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TIDAL ENERGY Shrouded tidal turbines concentrate water flow across the turbine, harvesting 3x the energy of an unshrouded turbine while shielding marine life from the turbine. They can operate in a variety sites and a range of low and high water flow environments.
304,000 MWh/YR
SOLAR ENERGY Thin film dyesensitized panels are semi-transparent, flexible, durable, and colorful. The design includes 18,290 m2.
4,200 MWh/YR
Left: Exploded Axon of portion of project detailing renewable energy technology Right: View from upper deck (above) and view of project from beach at sunset
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BOSTON 2024 OLYMPIC VILLAGE Yale University Spring 2014 - 1022b Architectural Design Critic: Jennifer Leung - Studio Partner: Huizhen Ng
Our urbanism studio co-opted the program of Olympic Village for Boston’s 2024 bid. My partner and I sought to utilize the global lens of the Olympics to justify the financial burden of hosting. We found spectatorship to be a unifying concept in achieving our programmatic and environmental goals, while also reflecting the ever-increasing media presence in everyday life and at the Olympic Games. Harnessing Boston’s existing reputation for education, we proposed using the Olympic village to rebrand Boston as the East Coast entrepreneurial hub. We opted to incorporate the Olympic media hub program into our site to provide a unique community for competitive entrepreneurial startups after the Olympics as well as increase density. Boston need only retain a percentage of its graduates to transform economically and culturally. The Village’s position on Boston’s harbor and the enormous scale of the Olympic program provide a unique opportunity to alter Boston’s problematic relationship with water. Historical land use and infill of the harbor have made expensive flooding an
imminent danger to Boston’s future development. Engaging Boston residents with the water now is crucial to its resiliency in the face of climate change. While much of the existing harbor is programmed as public space, these spaces are largely disconnected and not scaled for pedestrian use, occupied only for infrequent events and recreational boating. Our design integrates water into every aspect of daily life, educating residents and workers through the spectacle of the daily water cycle while providing productive landscapes for storm water management and designated flood environments. The weaving of water and open space throughout the commercial and residential fabric at multiple datums creates both environmental porosity and a constant awareness of the ecosystem within which the buildings are situated.
Left: Aerial Renderings showing shifting park areas in response to risign water Right: Site Plan (Above), Ground Level Floor Plan (Left) + Submergable Park Level Plan
Meghan Lewis M. Arch / M.E.M. Yale University 2016
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LOW TIDE
HIGH TIDE
STORM
Left: Axonometric Diagrams of Residential Water Sectional Change Right: Typology studies of relationship between building, park, and water for village (residential) and Media Hub (commercial)
TYPOLOGIES: BUILDING + PARK + GREEN STREET EDGE
PARK EDGE
COMMERICAL RESIDENTIAL
STREET EDGE
PARK EDGE
STREET EDGE
PARK EDGE
RESIDENTIAL
TYPOLOGIES: BUILDING + PARK + GREEN COMMERICAL
STREET EDGE
STREET EDGE
PARK EDGE
PARK EDGE
RESIDENTIAL
STREET EDGE
PARK EDGE
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Left: 1-64� Model with close-ups on residential canals (left) and training floodable park areas (right) Right: 1-150� Site Model with close-up on residential area (left) and Media Hub/Training Areas (right)
Meghan Lewis M. Arch / M.E.M. Yale University 2016
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CASIS HEADQUARTERS MANHATTAN Yale University - Fall 2013 - 1021a Architectural Design Critic: Sunil Bald
The Center for the Advancement of Science in Space (CASIS) is a government entity responsible for both managing the International Space Station (ISS) US National Laboratory and demonstrating the viability and necessity of ISS to America’s future. The Manhattan headquarters will not only provide office and lab facilities but will also house educational outreach and exhibition spaces. CASIS is unique among government entities in that it funds corporate and private research in addition to academic and government projects. I sought to emphasize this unique intersection of public and private sectors by exploring systems of transparency and blurring boundaries between programmatic spaces. Rather than creating transparency through conventional material means, I used the language of conventional structural members to create permeable partitions.
The result is a system of weblike forms that weave through the building, creating spatial continuity and encasing the exhibition objects. This circulation sequence allows visitors to experience all of the various functions of CASIS by situating educational and exhibit spaces adjacent to office and operations control, questioning the definition of what defines a traditional exhibition program.
Left: Process Floor Plans, (Graphite and Bristol) Right: Exterior Rendering of Northwest Entry From Park
Meghan Lewis M. Arch / M.E.M. Yale University 2016
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Left: Southeast Exterior Perspective (above), Aerial Views of Destiny Module Exhibition (left) and Space X Dragon Capsule (right) Right: Aerial View (1/4� Basswood + Acrlyic Model)
Meghan Lewis M. Arch / M.E.M. Yale University 2016
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VLOCK FIRST YEAR BUILDING PROJECT: TEAM F Yale University Spring 2013 - 1012b Architectural Design Critics: Joeb Moore, Alan Organschi, Trattie Davies, and Paul Brouard
Vlock Building Project is a five-week residential design competition for first-year master’s students at Yale. Each team presents one house for selection and construction in a low-income neighborhood in New Haven, CT. We conceptualized our house as two interlocking zones: a systems zone and a living zone. The systems zone includes the appliances, mechanical systems, and utilities that constitute everyday life, whereas the living zone includes interior and exterior spaces for sleeping, eating, studying, or relaxing. The efficiency of the systems zone against the North wall allows for an open first floor with dining, kitchen, and living room spaces. Large front and back porches extend the living spaces to the exterior. The second floor is a series of more intimate nested spaces that integrate public and private uses while allowing natural light to pass to the lower floor. Each bedroom has a semi-public space in addition to a private sleeping space. This organization allows for no wasted circulation space on the second floor.
Where the systems and living zones interlock, they create voids that allow for visual connection and light to pass between floors. During the day, these voids alleviate the lack of natural light characteristic of thin lots by allowing second floor skylights to illuminate the lower floor. At night, the semi-translucent bathroom walls light up the voids, creating a sense of occupation in the house day or night.
Left: East Elevation + Interior Elevation Of ‘Living Zone’: (1/4” Basswood Model) Right: First and Second Floor Plan
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Left: West Elevation + Interior Elevation Of ‘Systems Zone’: (1/4” Basswood Model) Right: Longitudinal Sections through ‘Nooks’ (top), ‘Voids’, and Systems Zone (bottom)
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118 GREENWOOD Yale University Summer 2013 - 1013c Building Project + Building Project Construction Intership Construction Oversight: Adam Hopfner, Paul Brouard, Avi Forman
118 Greenwood is the site of the 2013 Vlock Building Project, an affordable 1,500 sf single family home in New Haven, CT. One project was selected from eight competing teams in the first year design studio.
The Building Project was the driving motivation behind my application to the Yale School of Architecture, and I am delighted to say that it more than fulfilled my expectations. The opportunity to interact with a real client, site, and project while insulated by a As Project Manager, I was pedagogical environment was responsible for managing my invaluable. My confidence as a fifty classmates, attending all designer, as well as my patience meetings, creating consistency and ability to collaborate with between teams and construction others, grew exponentially over documentation, and serving as the course of the project. All this, class representative to faculty and when added to the satisfaction clients. My co-project manager of seeing a building develop from and I led a larger leadership circle conception to completion, made throughout the spring, in which we the project truly valuable. coordinated material donations, budget, community engagement, and website development, while [Photo Credits: Neil Alexander and preparing for the upcoming task of Sarah Smith] construction. After a design was selected, we had a 2-week period to advance the project from schematic design to a full construction document set. After June 28, the house was handed off from our first year class to a smaller team of fourteen construction interns, three teaching assistants, and three construction managers. As a construction intern, I worked on all aspects of construction, from framing and window installation to finished floors.
Left: Construction Process - Framing and Siding Right: Construction Process - Skylight, Entry Stair, ‘Hearth’, and Finished Stair and Siding
Meghan Lewis M. Arch / M.E.M. Yale University 2016
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Left: View of Hearth from Kitchen Below Right: First Floor Open Plan Kitchen and Living Spaces
Meghan Lewis M. Arch / M.E.M. Yale University 2016
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RESEARCH
LIFE CYCLE IMPACTS OF ADAPTIVE RE-USE Yale University Spring 2016 Advisor: Thomas Graedel, Clifton R. Musser Professor Emeritus of Industrial Ecology This study utilizes the Tally BIMintegrated life cycle analysis tool to assess the total embodied impact of materials over the entire life of Boger Hall, previously known as the Squash Courts Building, at Wesleyan University. The goal of the study is to evaluate the energy and emissions embodied in the addition and renovation of the Squash Courts Building in comparison with the total embodied energy and emissions of the entire building life. In contrast with other studies using life cycle analysis (LCA) tools to compare the impact of historic building re-use to new construction, this study has extended the systems boundary to calculate the impact of the initial construction. The cooperation of Newman Architects, Michael Horton Associates, Inc. Consulting Engineers, Kieran Timberlake, and individuals in the Construction Services Department and Special Collections at Wesleyan University was key to the completion of this study.
A1 Original Construction
Scenario 1 (Reality)
A2 Demo
B1 Adaptive Re-Use
Scenario 2 (Hypothetical)
B2 New Construction
1934
1934
SQUASH COURTS BUILDING
Original Construction 03 3805 04 1509 05 40 06 98 07 44 08 4 09 262 TOTAL 5761
SQUASH COURTS BUILDING
Original Construction 03 3805 04 1509 05 40 06 98 07 44 08 4 09 262 TOTAL 5761
Maintenance
Maintenance
09 246
09 246
246
246
90% of Construction Waste Diverted for Recycling
2011
BOGER HALL
Renovation 03 449 04 135 05 117 06 7 07 9 08 21 09 136 TOTAL 874
09 2
2
09 2
Partial Demolition 03 150 04 553 05 3 06 41 07 0 08 4 09 262
2
09 2
2
09 2
2
2011
Full Demolition 03 3805 04 1509 05 40 06 98 07 44 08 4 09 262
NEW CONSTRUCTION
New Construction 03 4,044 04 610 05 150 06 42 07 35 09 2 08 32 09 190 TOTAL 5103
2
09 2
2
09 2
2
09 2
2
Demolition 03 4104 04 1091 05 154 06 64 07 53 08 21 09 136
03 04 05 06 07
Concrete 4,254 metric tons Masonry 1,645 metric tons Metals 157 metric tons Wood 108 metric tons Thermal /Moisture Protection 53 metric tons
08 Openings/Glazing 25 metric tons 09 Finishes 652 metric tons
Adaptive Re-Use
Original Construction
13%
87%
SCENARIO 1 6,893 metric tons
03 04 05 06 07
Concrete 7,849 metric tons Masonry 2,119 metric tons Metals 189 metric tons Wood 143 metric tons Thermal /Moisture Protection 79 metric tons
08 Openings/Glazing 36 metric tons 09 Finishes 706 metric tons
New Construction Original Construction
46% 54%
SCENARIO 2 11,122 metric tons
Full Demolition 03 4,044 04 610 05 150 06 42 07 35 08 32 09 190
CHAPTERMATERIAL 4: SUSTAINABILITY STANDARDS GRANT I MPACT CWashington ATEGORIES ENVIRONMENTAL Brookings Institute and University Academic Venture Fund Primary Research Assistant 2010 - 2012 - Washington University in St. Louis
This chapter discusses the issue at the heart of material In 2010, a team ofwhat architecture sustainability standards comparison: is each standard requiring of law an applicant’s to mitigate and faculty product were awarded its impact on the environment? This chapter is into $40,000 grant to perform sections focusingaon nine environmental impact categories : (1) Resource Use, (2) rigorous Human Health and impartial and analysis Ecological Toxicity, (3) Toxic and Media Pollutants, (4) of sustainability standards Energy Use, (5) Water Use, (6) Social Accountability, (7) Performance,and and certifications (8) Innovation, and ISO-LCA for(9) building Requirements. As these nine categories were developed materials. From 2010 to 2012, I as a method to analyze the standards in our study, ledno a small team of students as note that they have direct relation to the Life Cycle Impact (LCI) categories as created by the International the primary research assistant. Standardization Organization (ISO) or any other Material Sustainability Standards organization’s categorizations.
RESOURCE USE
Resource Use
HUMAN HEALTH AND ECOLOGICAL Human Health and TOXICITY
Ecological Toxicity
TOXIC & MEDIA & Media Pollutants OLLUTANTS PToxic
are judgments one of few efforts to We strive to not(MSS) form value regarding whether one environmental impact is more important mitigate environmental impacts than another, or whether one standard is more valuable as specifically related to building than another. Rather, our objective is to develop an effective way to materials, compare the nine standards andcriteria to providing the understand their inner workings, making the standards behind well known labels such as more accessible to those who wish to use this research as Cradle to Cradle and GREENguard. a reference. efforts By grouping theMany criteriaof ofthe eachexisting of the nine MSS to into environmental impacteducation categories, we mayanalysis provide and unintentionally underemphasize the extent of MSS the areenvironmental being undertaken interdependenceof among impact by categories. For example, an energyand consumption manufacturers other selfcriterion, listed in the Energy Use environmental impact entities. Our teamlisted category, affects interested greenhouse gas emissions criteria, in the Toxic andstrove Media Pollutants category. However, to fulfill the critical need the most direct and specific comparisons of criteria for an academic analysis of MSS are evident when criteria with similar objectives are help designers, manufacturers, presented side bytoside in grouping. and enterprises The percentagesregulators represented graphically or textually throughout Chapters 4, 5, and only to the evaluate and6 refer differentiate number of criteria dedicated to an environmental the many competing impact category.among The percentages in no way reflect the difficulty in achieving or themake value of a criterion. MSS and critical decisions Figure 4.1 presents the distribution themeaningful totality using objective of and of criteria from all nine standards by environmental information. impact category. As illustrated in this figure, the nine MSS have not distributed equal number of criteria The project impact kickedcategories. off with On a two across the nine environmental average, sixty percent of the criteriainare drawn from day workshop Washington two environmental impact categories: resource use D.C. experts fromToxicity, around and human health andwith ecological toxicity. on average, holdsthe thecountry. largest environmental impact, We then established constituting 32% of the criteria. Energy use and rigorous analytical toxic and mediaapollutants average a tenth method of the
of comparison, using nine 15 representative materials sustainability standards to reveal a picture of MSS today. We focused on the environmental impact mitigation criteria with regard to what data is being measured, how that data is
EEnergy NERGY USE Use WWater ATER USE Use SOCIAL Accountability ASocial CCOUNTABILITY PPerformance ERFORMANCE INNOVATION Innovation ISO-LCA
ISO-LCA
FIGURE 4.1 COMPOSITE PROFILE OF NINE STANDARDS
measured, and how that data
(2) preparation of drawings and
criteria each, while the remainder of the criteria divide is valued. Our data is organized presentation with architecture themselves into single digit percentages across the other into 6 environmental impact faculty oversight for two day environmental impact categories.
Resource Use workshop in Washington D.C. Lcategories: IFE CYCLE IMPACT (LCI) REDUCTIONS (including Waste Reduction),
and subsequent presentations (3)
Performance. Our interest is in
and format research in addition
personally responsible for (1) collection of list of experts in relevant industry, academia, standards associations, nonprofits, and government associations, working as a project team to recruit invitees for grant-funded conference,
organize and present data in a published format (6) developing all graphics, editing and compiling graphs from data collected by student research team, and collecting writing from project faculty and students
Life Cycle Impacts (LCI) attempt to establish a Energy Use, Toxicity, as liaison between student consistent set of Water metrics Use, to measure the impact acting of a product its life cycle. Asand a result, they appear Socialover Responsibility, researchers and faculty to focus throughout this chapter in almost every section. The standards selected for our study focus on the making the standards accessible to helping design data set and life cycle impact categories established by the Tool for Reduction and of Chemicalwebsite and tothe consumers andAssessment policymakers, (4) providing a prototype Other Environmental Impacts (TRACI), a project via a website and white paper. for data collection by designing established and maintained by the Impact Assessment a life system of organization and & Measurement Program of the US EPA.13 The While on the project, was of analyzing the cycle impact categories are aI means presentation (5) leading effort to
PRIMARY LABEL
STANDARD/CRITERIA DOCUMENT
CRADLE TO CRADLE (C2C) CERTIFICATION PROGRAM V2.1
INDUSTRY SECTOR
GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN
MULTI-PRODUCT
MTS 2006 SMART SUSTAINABLE BUILDING PRODUCT STANDARD MULTI-PRODUCT
EU FLOWER COMMISSION DECISION 2009/607/EC HARD SURFACE COVERINGS
GOOD ENVIRONMENTAL CHOICE AUSTRALIA (GECA) 50-2011 V2 CARPET PRODUCTS
NSF/ANSI 140-2009 SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT FOR CARPET CARPET PRODUCTS
ANSI/BIFMA E3-2010 FURNITURE SUSTAINABILITY STANDARD FURNITURE
NORDIC SWAN ECOLABELLING 031 FURNITURE AND FITMENTS, VERSION 4.0 FURNITURE
ULE ISR 100 FOR GYPSUM BOARDS AND PANELS WALLBOARD
NSF/ANSI 336-2011 SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT FOR COMMERCIAL FABRIC TEXTILES
FIGURE 2.1 – STANDARDS INCLUDED IN MSS STUDY
The nine materials sustainability standards selected for this study provide a set of criteria against which a product can be measured. The labels pictured are the official certification marks (or ecolabels) for the particular standard, although multiple certifications marks may exist for a single standard.
10
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FIGURE 4.3 SUMMARY OF DISTRIBUTION OF TYPES OF CRITERIA WITHIN RESOURCE USE
A
WAT
ER
AUD
ITIN
DAT G
25%
This figure illustrates the distribution of environmental criteria from the Resource Use dataset from all nine standards among the seventeen Resource Use credit categories. The percentages are grouped by similarities and organized from largest to smallest percentage within each grouping.
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ITY AL
WATER
These criteria reward manufacturers that design products to be recyclable, whether requiring HUMAN HEALTH that a local facility be available for consumers to 2% recycle the product, the manufacturers AND requiring ECOLOGICAL themselves to make recycling TOXICITYavailable through 7 % a take-back program, or designing products to be disassembled and separated as necessary to be recycled.
QU
PE
S
24% NSF-140, BIFMA e3, ULE ISR 100, and NSF336 require manufacturers to set goals and develop strategies for landfill diversion. These criteria 5% differ from Material Reuse/Recovery Strategy or Goal Definition criteria because they may involve 1% WATER reducing the initial amount of USE waste, whereas the 2% latter focus only on recovering waste that already 3% occurs within the manufacturing process and set no 5% limits on waste creation. WASTE QUALIT WATER
N M SIO HE
EM IFIC
LING
L
IC
RECYCLABILITY/DESIGN FOR DISASSEMBLY - 5%
STRATEGY/GOAL DEFINITION: WASTE REDUCTION - 3%
1
RECYC
IM
WATER
EM
11%
TO X CH INS:
ROVING WA TE IMP R
AN OF EC IFIC
SP
RE DU CI NG WA TER CON SUMPT ION
FIGURE 4.20 SUMMARY OF DISTRIBUTION OF TYPES OF CRITERIA WITHIN WATER USE
FIGURE 4.8 SUMMARY OF DISTRIBUTION OF TYPES OF CRITERIA WITHIN TOXICITY
This figure illustrates the distribution of environmental criteria from the Toxicity dataset from all nine standards among the twelve Toxicity credit This figure illustrates the distribution of environmental criteria from the Water Use dataset from all nine standards among the eleven Water Use categories. The percentages are grouped by similarities and organized from largest to smallest percentage within each grouping. credit categories. The percentages are grouped by similarities and organized from largest to smallest percentage within each grouping.
Left: Distribution of Types of Criteria within Resource Use (top), for Human Health and Ecological Toxicity, and Water Use C - 16% in accordance with CA/DHS/EHLB/R-174 all American MSS that we examined. the water consumption at the manufacturing stage All standards require the limitation of the emission N Z W U - 3% Right: Red Lists (above) and Life Cycle Characterizations from raw material preparation to firing operations of specific chemical families. A large percentage of B E :C R L P / REDITS
ET
these criteria are limits on the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and formaldehyde. This area has the most consistent use of a reference standard, requiring accordance with California Section 01350 as half the Chronic Reference Exposure Level (CREL) of 18 µg/m3 established by California’s Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) requiring testing
AN OF
MISSIONS
HEMICAL
ED
ISTS
REREQUISITES
CREDITS - < 0.5% SMaRT and BIFMA e3 ban HHE emissions through the list of Stockholm Convention Pollutants18 (SMaRT) and through banning the release of Annex B Chemicals of Concern at any stage of manufacturing (BIFMA e3) respectively.19 NON-TOXIC CLEANING AND INSTALLATION
for fired products to 1 L/kg of product of fresh water (groundwater, shallow water, or water from the aqueduct) specific consumption (Cwp-a),33 and GECA 50-2011 limits the total water use measured at the water intake to 30,000L of greasy wool scoured for the totality of greasy wool scouring operations and the total process water consumption to at most 50 L/kg of final product.34
ERO
ATER
SE
Only BIFMA e3 has a criterion for Net Zero Water Use, awarding applicants who achieve zero net process water usage or wastewater discharge rates for the facility where the finished product is assembled or manufactured.
LIFE CYCLE IMPACT REDUCTION: WATER USE REDUCTION/ WATER INTAKE CATEGORIES - 2%
u.s. Governmental
non-Governmental EPA Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and Other Environmental
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act
EPA CERCLA Reportable Quantities
BEES Please User Questionnaire Categories GHS For Hazard Labelling
NSF-140
EPA Risk Management Plan (40 CFR
WHO 2009
SMarT
Occupational Safety & Health
BiFMa E3
29 CFR
NSF-336
EPA Predictive Model (PBT
GEca EU FlowEr Directive 67/548/EEC Dangerous Substances Directive
Nordic SwaN Stockholm Convention Persistent Organic Pollutants
Rotterdam Convention Annex Iii Substances
CLP Regulation 1272/2008
InternatIonal treatIes
european Governmental
GLOBAL WARMING CO2 Equivalents STRATOSPHERIC OZONE DEPLETION CFC-11 Equivalents
N2O
CH4
CO2
ACIDIFICATION: Hydrogen Ion Equivalents
NH3 CRITERIA AIR POLLUTANTS
HCI
PM
NO2 Equivalents
SO2
NO2
C6H12O
Pb HUMAN HEALTH
C10H8 As ECOLOGICAL TOXICITY
CH3CHO
Toluene
Hg Dioxins Cd
Natural Gas Oil
C2H6O2
CH20
Coal
Surplus MJ Equivalents
PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG
HF
Micro-DALYs/G Equivalents
FOSSIL FUEL DEPLETION
Halons
CFCs HCFCs CH3Br
Toluene Equivalents
CCL4
2, 4-D Equivalents
Meghan Lewis M. Arch / M.E.M. Yale University 2016
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REPRESENTATION
VISUALIZATION Yale University Fall 2012 - Summer 2013 - 1015a + 1017c Visualization Critic: Sunil Bald and Kent Bloomer (Viz II); John Eberhart and John Blood (Viz IV)
A three part visualization sequence for first year Masters students at Yale encourages the exploration of a variety of drawing and fabrication techniques, from hand drawing to computer animations. The work presented here is from the first and last courses of this sequence. The first course, Form and Representation, explores principles of two- and threedimensional geometry through a series of freehand and constructed exercises.
The last course in the series focuses on the representation of a precedent building through hybrid drawing and animation. Each group begins by constructing the building in Revit, using the Revit documentation as a base for perspectival representation. We subsequently represented our precedents in imaginative narratives, first as ruins and subsequently on new extreme sites.
Left: Hyrbrid Topology Movement (Graphite) and Capoeira Dance Movement Analysis (Graphite) Right: Beinecke Lattice (Graphite)
Meghan Lewis M. Arch / M.E.M. Yale University 2016
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Left: Exterior Perspective of Lovell House ‘Cliff Hanger’ (Hybrid Drawing) and Lovel; House as Ruin (Charcoal) Right: Exterior Perspective Lovell House (Hybrid Drawing)
Meghan Lewis M. Arch / M.E.M. Yale University 2016
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