DINING SPACES: RELATION AND CORRELATION by Meghana Walimbe

DINING SPACES: RELATION AND CORRELATION

by Meghana Walimbe (UI5514)

Undergraduation Thesis Faculty of Design CEPT University 2019 Guided by Amal Shah

Declaration,

This work contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other Degree or Diploma in any University or other institutions and to the best of my knowledge does not contain any material previously published or written by another person except where due reference has been made in the text. I consent to this copy of thesis, when in the library of CEPT Library, being available on loan and photocopying.

Student Name & Code No : Miss. Meghana Shripad Walimbe (UI5514) Date : 27-05-19

Signature of student

FACULTY OF DESIGN Student Name & Code

: Miss. Meghana Shripad Walimbe (UI5514)

Thesis Title

: Dining spaces: relation and correlation

APPROVAL The following study is hereby approved as a creditable work on the approved subject carried out and presented in the manner, sufficiently satisfactory to warrant its acceptance as a pre-requisite to the degree of Bachelor of Interior Design for which it has been submitted. It is to be understood that by this approval, the undersigned does not endorse or approve the statements made, opinions expressed or conclusion drawn therein, but approves the study only for the purpose for which it has been submitted and satisfies him/her to the requirements laid down in the academic programme.

Name & Signature of the Guide

WWW.CEPT.AC.IN

Dean, Faculty of Design

T +91 79 26302470 F +91 79 26302075

KASTURBHAI LALBHAI CAMPUS UNIVERSITY ROAD, NAVRANGPURA AHMEDABAD 380009. GUJARAT, INDIA

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Firstly, I’m grateful to my guide, Mr. Amal Shah, for his time and involvement to develop the initial thoughts and ideas into something meaningful. I appreciate his constant motivation, positiveness that kept me inspired while writing this thesis. I would also like to thank Rishav sir for teaching us various research methods, Snehal ma’am, Prof. Kireet sir and Jay sir for their valuable inputs and discussions during thesis reviews. I’m grateful to Prof. Krishna Shastri and all the faculties for their inputs and support through out the journey. I would like to thank all the families- Panchals, Vyas’, Mehtas and Shahs for allowing me into their house, for taking out their valuable time to provide me with meaningful information about their lifestyle and culture. Thank you Gaura Tikku for the last minute editing and suggestions. A big thank you to Aai, Baba, Aaji, Manali and sai for their constant support, believing and encouraging throughout the time. I’m grateful to my riverview family for being my second home. A thank you to my dearest friends, Dharun for all the crazy times, Aditi for our late night talks, Gaura for all the mad trips and life lessons, Naman and Mayuri for taking care of me. Lastly, to Udit for your soothing music and support throughout the year. I would like to thank my batch mates. Some of the best times were spent with all of you in these five years. Most importantly to this campus for shaping me and building the confidence in me to be something. Last but not the least thank you Juju for your active support and company during my journey!

INTRODUCTION

Eating is one of the most important activity for a healthy living. It is a socio-cultural image and a personal identity of each family. Initially, the meal consumption used to be a grand ritual, where all family members united in a common area and celebrated their cultural values and disciplines. However in a past few years, due to a constantly changing living environment and lifestyle pattern, it is difficult to sustain this custom. Families are no longer living together as a joint system. Younger children are living apart from their parents, hence social relations are quite modified and reflected on the family meal time. On the other hand, due to a rapidly growing urban fabric, various job opportunities, increasing shortage of space, and a multicultural society, people with changing lifestyles live in apartments. The apartments provide spaces for all different functions in a compact area in order to fulfill each and every need of the user. At present, every user group demands customizable and more flexible designed spaces in order to get a degree of personalization. Therefore, dining spaces modified according to the userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s preference. Introduction of a dining space in dwellings of India has changed the way of eating and the environment around it. Dining table and the area around it became an important space for families. It is a medium for easy communication and interaction. However, the function of the dining space is quite modified to accommodate todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lifestyle. The dining space can be utilized for work or other purposes in a household. The greatest difference being that homes nowadays have an open plan system that promotes more expanded spaces. 11

As a result, proximities of dining space from other residential areas increased by taking away all the barriers that kept the activities separated. It does not only open up the residence, making it feel larger but for those with young families, some feel itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s easier to keep tabs on everyone without having to be in the same room. Therefore, there is a correlation between dining spaces and other residential areas. The boundaries that used to separate eating and other activities have dematerialized. This practice allows more scope for multi-tasking and encourages multipurpose spaces to be able to do various activities at the same time. Due to this phenomena, the significance of eating and dine-in together on a dining table is dissolving. The purpose of this study is to identify and examine this relationships of dining with other residential spaces. The research also intends to study the dining space and the cause behind its multipurpose usage.

AIM To study spatial relations and multi-functionality of dining space in apartments of Ahmedabad.

OBJECTIVES The present research intends to analyze the dining space and its multi-purpose usage. It broadly aims to gain an insight into the below mentioned inquiry. -To recognize the significance of dining in Indian culture and then to find out present situation of dining. -To examine factors affecting dining activity. -To recognize multi functionality of dining space and its cause. -To identify correlation between dining space and other spaces of a residence. -To study dissolution of physical and non-physical 12

boundaries that leads to integration of the dining space. - Deriving a method to quantify the correlation between dining and other residential spaces through observations and applied theories.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS - The observations and conclusion of the study is made over a period of three months. - To study this phenomena, the topic will only cover recently built apartments of Ahmedabad. - The study intended to focus on significant family structure i.e. joint family, nuclear family and a married couple. It becomes a relevant topic to study the shift in behavior of each family type with the dining space. - It is restricted to certain sq ft area. - The study will be focusing towards spatial aspects of the dining space along with cultural and social influence of each family. - Case study observations are strictly based on interviews of the family members and authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s observations during the day time. - All the drawings and diagrams are measured and made by the author.

CASE STUDY CRITERIA Keeping in view the objectives and scope of this study, following are the criteria adopted for the selection of case studies.

- The research intends to study only recent built apartments in Ahmedabad. (I.e. not before 2000). - The occupants should be the owners of the living environment and should have been staying in the same unit since its inception.

METHODOLOGY OF THESIS The initial research, readings will be carried out about sociocultural and spatial association of the dining space in India through articles, books, website, TV shows, etc. Further study will identify various trends and factors affecting dining space due to changing lifestyle and spatial configuration of the apartments. The research will also focus on theories and definitions of correlation. This theory will help to find spatial relations of dining space with other residential spaces. Second part of the research paper includes case studies of four apartments. It will be carried out to see all the physical, non-physical parameters which are responsible for the shift in dining spaces. This will include non-physical parameters related to social and cultural behavior of the user and physical parameters related to the space. This case study will be more focused on identifying these parameters with the help of analytical diagrams, observing the activity pattern of each user and make a time matrix to see the usage of the space for dining. Having known about occupantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s behavior towards dining space and all the forces that shape the use of dining space, it is essential to test the hypothesis in apartments of Ahmedabad. For this, all qualitative data will be utilized to obtain considerable spatial inferences and develop a method to quantify above qualitative data through correlation formulas. Inference will be drawn from observational and numerical analysis.

Socio-cultural and spatia associations with dining

Part one

Factors affecting todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s dining activity Spatial relations

Conclusion will contain summary of theories and observational data.

Conclusion

Part two

Numerical analysis through correlation formula

Spatial analysis through observations

Inference from case study

Orchidwoods

Citadel greenz

Safal parevesh

Case studies

Case study carried out by spatial observations, observaions of family lifestyle and food pattern, interacting with family members. All data is illustrated in the form of plans, networking diagrams and activity mapping chart.

Methodology

Indraprastha III

Methodology

Correlations and itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s types

Theories of correlation

Data collected from articles, books, websites, etc and illustrated through writings, photographs and diagrams.

Study dining as an activity in India

Spatial relations

CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

Dining as an activity in India. 1.1

Importance of dining

1.2

Dining in todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s context

CHAPTER TWO

Correlation between dining and other residential spaces 2.1

Introduction to the spatial relations

2.2

Introduction to correlation and its types

CHAPTER THREE

Case studies 3.1

Methodology of case study

3.2

Case studies

3.3 Inference

CHAPTER FOUR

113

Conclusion List of figures Bibliography

DINING AS AN ACTIVITY IN INDIA 1.1

Importance of dining

1.1.1 Socio-cultural association

1. Eating with hands

2. Serving food on leaves

3. Meals on the floor

4. Hearth and vessels

5. Furniture: Bajot and Patla

6. Rangoli: geometric patterns

1.1.2 Spatial association 1.1.3 Norms of dining

1. Dining in common room

2. Formal dining room

3. Informal dining space

4. Centralized or decentralized

dining space

1.2

Dining in todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s context

1.2.1 Factors affecting dining activity in India

1. Change in lifestyle of inhabitants

2. Effect of technology

3. Flexibility in usage of space

1.2.2 Dining trends

1. The fluid space

2. A new social hub

3. Technology for family

4. Versatile dining

5. Mobile dining table

1.1 IMPORTANCE OF DINING

Dining is an elaborate ritual and tradition in Indian culture. Certain traditions create a unique cultural identity. The traditions vary from region to region. Initially, These traditions started with an act of offering food to deities. The purity and sacred values of food are the reflection of these traditions in the activity of eating. The traditions made their way into the kitchens

Image 1.1.1

and influence the value of food. Food is playing an important role in everyday life as well as in festivals. In most of the families, everyday meals are sit-down affairs consisting of two or three main courses. It is not just a matter of eating, but it is also a matter of socializing, getting together with family or friends. Eating food together becomes the act of dining.

Image 1.1.2

Due to constantly changing lifestyle of inhabitants, family meals become an essential factor for family time. This time is for maximum interaction between family members to get together over food. Dining space adds importance to the activity of dining by creating a comfortable ambiance. It is the focal point of the living environment. Therefore, dining space becomes a crucial part of the domestic study. However the act of eating in India, has changed over a period of time. It is evolving through its spatial and socio-cultural

Image 1.1.3

associations.

1.1.1 SOCIO-CULTURAL ASSOCIATION 1. EATING WITH HANDS Eating with hands is a very common practice in Indian culture. It has itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s traditional value and importance in Ayurveda, and it is associated with five elements of nature. Thumb represents space, forefinger represents air, middle finger represents fire, ring finger represents water and little finger represents earth. It is associated with human body and soul. It is a sensorial experience

Image 1.1.4

therefore it generates emotions. This practice has a great contribution in the digestive system. Eating with hands activate these five elements and help to bring digestive juices in the stomach. It is also a way of signaling the stomach to get more conscious about food and its texture, taste and aroma.

Image 1.1.5

2. SERVING FOOD ON BANANA LEAVES The use of leaves dates back before metal came into the picture. Leaves are considered to be more hygienic, convenient to use and easily disposable compared to any other utensils. However, banana leaves are more suitable because of its thickness, large size and nonperforated property. It can carry solid as well as liquid substance. Many temples used lotus leaves due to its

Image 1.1.6

purity. Besides its practical uses, banana leaves have some medicinal values as well. It is considered to be healthy because it contains large amount of natural oxidants. It radiates nutrients and adds aroma to the food to enhance its taste. Traditionally, water is sprinkled on the banana leaves before use as an act of purification. Image 1.1.7

3. MEALS ON THE FLOOR Sitting on the floor and eating has certain benefits and advantages. Sitting on the floor with folded legs, directs more blood circulation towards the heart. It strengthens a significant number of muscles and reduces distress. It also has a great contribution in the digestive process. Image 1.1.8

The ritual of seeking blessings from the deities was carried out on the floor before the meal started. This included sprinkling water around food in a circular motion. 4. HEARTH AND VESSELS Hearth is an integral part of the living environment. It is a central feature of the house. In olden times, it was believed to be healthy to sit on the floor, near to the hearth while eating. Vessels have an importance in Indian food culture. They are called patra, which means the object that

Image 1.1.9

protects the food from falling. There are varieties of vessels made of aluminum, copper, precious stone, etc. Each type has its own advantage to ensure the sustenance. There are specific food elements which should be kept in a particular type of vessel. For example ghee should kept in an iron vessel, sour food items in silver vessel, water when boiled and then cooled in copper vessels. 5. FURNITURE: BAJOT AND PATLA In older times, the floor were made up of cow dung. People used to sit on this floor for dining purposes. They used bajot (a low seating) and patla (a raised platform from the ground) to protect the food from insects. On the other hand when food was eaten while sitting directly on the floor, the body came in contact

Image 1.1.10

with the earth. It generated distressing upward moving waves emitted by the earth and spread into the body through the toes. Movement of waves from wooden seat and earth creates hot energy. 6. GEOMETRIC PATTERNS: RANGOLI During a meal rangoli was drawn around a wooden seat and the plate or leaf on which the meal was served. It was considered auspicious and necessary according to the Hindu food culture. It seemed like a proper way to demarcate the territory of food, by drawing religious symbols on the floor. 1.1.2 SPATIAL ASSOCIATION

Image 1.1.11

1. BACKGROUND The dining room is referred to be a new concept all together. However before dining rooms, when inhabitants began to build dwellings, hearth was the central focus of the living environments. Spaces were arranged around the hearth of the kitchen. The spaces served for different activities like sleeping,

Image 1.1.12

eating, preparation for cooking,etc. Eating around the hearth (fire) of the kitchen had quite a significance. Ancient Greeks were among the first to attempt an idea of separate dining room. Only reputed men of the house gathered around wooden couches for dining purposes. Youths sat on the ground and women were not allowed in the dining room until the ancient roman came up with a separate room called triclinium, (a dining table with couches along three sides, used in ancient Rome) where women were invited. In India, people believe in sitting on flooring and have their food. Similarly, in older dwellings of India, inhabitants didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have a separate room for dining. The dining activity used to take place in common areas 26

Image 1.1.13

where elder family members sat together on the floor (mostly men). Women used to sit either in the kitchen or after men finished their meal. The common room was used to transform each time inhabitants used the room for various activities. This living environment changed drastically, due to the introduction of dining table. It became prominent in almost every dwelling. Therefore, the need for a separate space for dining arose but it was still considered to be a part of the kitchen. Dining eventually got separated from the kitchen all together. It was kept next to the kitchen but it was no more a part of the kitchen. Today, due to space constrains and housing typology like apartments, the separate dining room became a space in the corner or in the circulation path which was considered as a part of the living room. The most recent trends of open

Image 1.1.14

kitchen bought the dining activity again to be a part of the kitchen space.

1.1.3 NORMS OF DINING 1. DINING ACTIVITY IN A COMMON ROOM Dining activity in India used to take place in common areas of the living environment. Most of the time, this room operated like a multipurpose room where it got transformed with each activity. Minimal and portable furniture like patla and bajot were used as seating elements. These wooden furniture were convenient to use and were easily stackable when not in use.

Image 1.1.15

2. FORMAL DINING ROOM AS A SEPARATE ENTITY Inhabitants started to own different rooms for different activities. As a result, spatial arrangements changed extremely. There was a need for a separate room for dining due to the introduction of a dining table. 27

Therefore, the dining activity eventually got separated from the kitchen area. This formal dining area was closed off and separated from kitchen as well as the rest of the house. Due to its distinctiveness, it can be use as a formal dining space. Traditional style wooden furniture is used to deliver a formal look. Accessories like huge carpets with motifs, light fixtures, use of linen and table ornamentations completes the formal look of the dining room. Generally size of the buffet table is comparatively larger than the normal dining table.

Image 1.1.16

3. INFORMAL DINING AS AN EXTENSION Due to space constraints and the lifestyle of inhabitants especially in a housing typology like apartments, dining room became a part of the living room. As a result of close proximities, it acts as an extension to the adjacent spaces. Minimal modern design of a dining space with straight legged dining table, forms an informal look to the dining area. Size of the dining table

Image 1.1.17

differs according to preference of the inhabitants and availability of space. 4. CENTRALIZED OR DECENTRALIZED DINING SPACE Location of the dining space plays an important role in spatial organization. It can be placed right at the center of the house or it can placed in one of the corners. Centralized dining space gives maximum connectivity

Image 1.1.18

to the other spaces rather than a decentralized dining area. It depends upon the area dedicated to it. In a lot of apartments, it is place in the circulation path. It acts as a transition from private spaces to open spaces of the residence.

Image 1.1.19 28

1.2 DINING IN TODAY’S CONTEXT 1.2.1 FACTORS AFFECTING TODAY’S DINING 1. CHANGE IN LIFESTYLE OF INHABITANTS A. FAMILY LIFESTYLE Lifestyle means the way in which a person lives. It is essentially an impression of a person’s daily schedule and habits. These habits and schedules change as per convenience and preference of that person. For example, one of the habits of a person may change from sitting on the floor to sitting on the dining table due to use of a dining table. A major change takes place in body posture and ergonomics. There is a particular way of living for each family. The dynamics of daily activities differ from family to family. Thus, the spatial arrangement needs to be adjusted according to these activity patterns. Each individual member of the family holds a desire of comfort and security in their living environment. B. FAMILY STRUCTURE In India, there is a hierarchy within the family structure in a joint family (particularly when there are elder members present) so the dining spaces show different characteristics of usage accordingly.

Due to a

generation gap within a family, dining space is also used for different purposes. The dining space acts as a bridge for family members, considering their work scenarios and nature of activities carried out in it.

C. FOOD PATTERN Food pattern depends upon culture and work scenarios of each member of the family. Some families strictly follow the four meal dish pattern versus some prefer only two. Now-a-days due to different work timings and changing shifts in offices, it is difficult to follow a four meal course system. Therefore families prefer to have food which is less time consuming, easy to make and easy to carry. E. WORK SCENARIOS A change in the working style also brings about a change in the lifestyle of occupants. Each family has two or three members that are working outside the house and hence the dining space emerge differently. Dining spaces can be those areas where occupantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s work or house chores may overlap ion several occasions. Office going life style gives an additional push to the functioning of the dining space as a gathering area. 2. EFFECT OF TECHNOLOGY A. MEDIA Eating together at meal time provides opportunities for the family to communicate with each other. Meal time is an important part of family life and absolutely essential for development of a strong family foundation. Television is an important part during meal time for a lot of young people which essentially becomes a distraction and makes it difficult for family members to engage in conversation. On the other hand, watching television while eating hampers the digestion process.

B. ONLINE FOOD SERVICE Eating patterns of every family member has changed due to online food services. The idea of ready-made food has no specific space restrictions. It is convenient and comfortable to eat anywhere in the house due to door step delivery of the food eliminating the role of kitchen in the process. 3. FLEXIBILITY IN THE USAGE OF SPACE With time, the dining spaces have become the core part of the house. It is linked to all the major spaces of the house. As a result, the activities which are specific to those areas are spilling over into the dining space. In many cases, the dining spaces are in close proximity to the living space and the kitchen. Hence it acts as a transition between the kitchen and the living room. Besides seasonal climatic changes, changing of activities in a day, is another factor for change. Usage of space in morning, noon, afternoon and night varies. Even the spatial needs during weekends and vacations are different than in day to day life. Apartment fails to respond with this constantly changing routine and a variable pattern of lifestyle of users. Flexibility is the only factor that could play an effective role to solve the specific problems occurring in a static space with respect to changing behavior of residents in apartments. 1.2.2 TRENDS OF DINING SPACE 1. THE FLUID SPACE Traditionally in a house, spaces are created for different activities such as the presence of a dining table and seating form the dining room, a sofa and television set became the living room, a bed and huge 31

wardrobes became bedroom and so on. Eventually, people started living in more compact spaces due to urbanization. Therefore, the spaces defined by its activity is becoming more fluid. 2. DINING AS NEW SOCIAL HUB FOR FAMILY The main spatial innovation desired by its inhabitants is dining integrated with living room and kitchen. This type of spatial arrangement emerged as a preferred social hub of family life for many households. Barrier free interiors allowed more interaction between family members. These merged activities like cooking, dining and living is a reflection of lifestyle and expectations of

Image 1.1.20

residents. 3. TECHNOLOGY FOR FAMILY GATHERING With social media obsession and rapid addiction to technology, lifestyle of inhabitants changed extremely. Technology hinders the aspect of communication between family members. However, future technology advancements will work to bring back the essence of family togetherness in a contemporary way. Technology will blend both digital and actual lives of

Image 1.1.21

the inhabitants by incorporating it within multipurpose furniture. It will be more flexible and defer based on each familyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s needs. 4. VERSATILE DINING SPACE Todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lifestyle demands the need to multi-task (more than one activity at the same time in the same space). Therefore, there is a need for dining to become more flexible and versatile in nature. Because of open plan concept, dining space is already becoming a part of living room or kitchen. As a result, the spaces are merging together in order to perform multiple activities at the same time. Dining table is use for different 32

Image 1.1.22

purposes and incorporated with other adjacent spaces. It can also be used as a console table by a combination of living and dining room activities.

5. MOBILE DINING SPACE Compact and flexible spaces led to an evolution of dining table from thick, wooden surfaces to minimal, metal, light weight and portable tables. Now the dining tables can fit or hide in the rest of the kitchen. It can also be flushed into the walls as per need. Due to these latest trends and evolution, the significance

Image 1.1.23

of dining space has evolved. The advancement in technology has brought back the essence of family togetherness over mealtime however, the effect of mass media has become a distraction. Introduction of the dining table has changed the way of sitting and eating pattern. The notion of flexibility in spatial configuration has made dining spaces a part of the living room. These are the factors that affect the activity of dining and space as well. However, the dining spaces also have an influence on the inhabitants. The relationships of dining spaces with other areas of a residence have an impact on the nature of the dining area. To study these relationships around dining spaces, the theory of correlation is introduced.

CORRELATION BETWEEN DINING AND OTHER SPACES 2.1

Spatial relationships with dining space

2.1.1 Evolution of spatial relations of dining

space in apartments of Ahmedabad.

2.1.2 Need for correlation 2.2

Theory of correlation

2.2.1 Correlation as a method for quantification 2.2.2 Types of correlation

1. Positive correlation

2. Negative correlation

3. No correlation

2.2.3 Method to calculate correlation

1. Spearmanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rank of correlation

2.1 SPATIAL RELATIONS

Spatial configuration plays an important role in the living environment. It examines the relationship between adjacent spaces. Over a period of time, dining spaces have evolved and diversified due to the relationship between dining and the adjacent spaces and their impact on each other. The existence of the dining space is based on its relationship with other spaces. These relationships are organized depending on different behavioral areas. Therefore, location of the dining space depends upon the adjacent functional areas. For example, kitchen is always placed next to the dining space. These spaces are bounded by cooking-eating activities. Hence the spatial relation between kitchen and dining space is established. However, these spatial relations are expressed by geometrical arrangements in the living environment. These arrangements that define the space can come together with infinite alterations to the other space to form linkages. Linkages are a connection between two or more spaces, so that one space can affect the other and vise versa. These relationships (linkages) can be determined as intersection, disconnection and merging lines. Therefore, linkages between dining and other spaces are formed by geometrical arrangements and spatial configurations. The dining space can be merged with other residential spaces, it can be an intersection of two different spaces or it can be situated in total isolation and disconnected from the rest. Generally it depends upon the use and dimensions of the space. 37

At present, the current generation demands close proximity and maximum connection to spaces. Due to the current lifestyle of the newer generation, there is a need for the spaces to create more interaction and convenience for the user. Transitional spaces play an important role to establish relationship between dining space and other residential areas. It is necessary to develop a spatial relationship of

Diagram no. 2.1.1

the dining space with transitional spaces to establish a sense of boundary for these spaces. These boundaries can be physical or non-physical and demarcate the space from one to another. The boundaries determine controlled relationship, accessibility, level of privacy between two spaces. The association and disassociation of dining space is due to the presence of boundaries in spatial configuration.

Diagram no. 2.1.2

The relationship between dining space and other

Diagram no. 2.1.1 and 2.1.2 shows different spatial relations at the same geometric order.

spaces is movement oriented for the convenience of the user. In order to study dining spaces, it is necessary to take into consideration relations and configurations around it rather than reviewing related spaces singularly. The surrounding areas have an affect on the dining area and visa versa. Due to intersection among dining and other spaces, different activities overlap and it is difficult to state where one space ends and other starts. As a result the boundaries that define and control functions of spaces are now dissolving. The dining spaces have become a central part of the house and social hub for the family members, due to its correlation with other residential spaces. The degree of dissolving boundaries depend on the correlation between two spaces. Following are the evolving spatial relations of dining space in apartments of Ahmedabad.

2.1.1 EVOLUTION OF SPATIAL RELATIONS OF DINING SPACE IN APARTMENTS OF AHMEDABAD. The spatial relations of dining space have changed over a period of time. Connectivity between dining space and other residential spaces has increased across apartments of Ahmedabad. Following are the examples of evolution of dining space in apartments: A. CENTER POINT BY HCP (1987)

Legend E ENTRANCE L LIVING ROOM D DINING ROOM K KITCHEN S STAIRCASE W WASHROOM B1 BEDROOM 1 B2 BEDROOM 2 B3 BEDROOM 3 DR DRESSING ROOM SR STUDY ROOM ST STORAGE BL BALCONY Diagram no. 2.1.3 shows schematic plan of the apartment demarcating different areas of the house.

ST K

The spatial relations of

BL D

dining space are defined

BL B1

L E

only by kitchen, balcony

S B3

and

room.

The

living room and balcony

are visually connected to

the

The

SR DR

living

house

Living room Dining space Kitchen Direct relationship with dining space Other relationship

dining

entrance and

space. of

the

staircase

have an overview of the dining space. The living room, dining space and balcony have created a linear bay, situated at the center of the house.

Diagram no. 2.1.4 shows spatial relations of dining with other residential spaces. 39

B. AANIK APARTMENTS BY ARPIT SHAH (1994)

Legend E ENTRANCE L LIVING ROOM D DINING ROOM K KITCHEN W WASHROOM B1 BEDROOM 1 B2 BEDROOM 2 U UTILITY Diagram no. 2.1.5 shows schematic plan of the apartment demarcating different areas of the house.

The living room is visually

W W

and verbally connected,

U K

whereas kitchen has an overview of the dining space. The dining space is situated at the circulation path. A television unit which is placed between

E Diagram no. 2.1.6 shows spatial relations of dining with other residential spaces.

dining and living room to demarcate two separate areas.

C. RAJPRI APARTMENTS BY HIREN PATEL (2000)

Legend E ENTRANCE L1 LIVING ROOM 1 L2 LIVING ROOM 2 D DINING ROOM K KITCHEN W WASHROOM B1 BEDROOM 1 B2 BEDROOM 2 B3 BEDROOM 3 ST STORAGE BL BALCONY Diagram no. 2.1.7 shows schematic plan of the apartment demarcating different areas of the house. 40

BL W

The

W B2

dining

defined

relations

space

are

both

the

living rooms, kitchen and

B1 D

spatial

entrance of the house. Living room near to the entrance area, is visually connected to the dining space. Here, the dining

E Diagram no. 2.1.8 shows spatial relations of dining with other residential spaces.

space is a part of living room. It is situated right at the entrance area.

D. SATVA APARTMENTS BY HIREN PATEL(2010)

Legend E ENTRANCE L LIVING ROOM D DINING ROOM K KITCHEN W WASHROOM B1 BEDROOM 1 B2 BEDROOM 2 B3 BEDROOM 3 ST STORAGE BL BALCONY U UTILITY Diagram no. 2.1.9 shows schematic plan of the apartment demarcating different areas of the house.

U ST

B2 D

The spatial relations of

dining space are defined only by kitchen and living

room. The living room is visually connected to the dining space. It is situated

at a transition between open and private spaces. It is placed at the center

of the house.

Diagram no. 2.1.10 shows spatial relations of dining with other residential spaces. 41

E. APPLEWOODS- GREENFIELD (2015)

Legend E ENTRANCE L LIVING ROOM D DINING ROOM K KITCHEN W WASHROOM B1 BEDROOM 1 B2 BEDROOM 2 U UTILITY Diagram no. 2.1.11 shows schematic plan of the apartment demarcating different areas of the house.

The spatial relations of

dining space are defined only

B2 U

D L

K E

Diagram no. 2.1.12 shows spatial relations of dining with other residential spaces.

From the above examples, spatial relations of dining space with other residential spaces are precisely maximized due to itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s close proximities. In most of the apartments, kitchen and living room are adjacent to the dining space. Therefore, activities of these areas are extending towards dining space and visa versa. These spaces affect each other due to a barrier free living environment. Hence, these spaces are linked to each other. For further research, it is necessary to study 42

kitchen

and

living room. It is visually

connected to entrance of the house. It is placed on the circulation path.

these linkages between spaces. These linkages are either intersecting, merging or unclear in their nature. One entity is linked with another entity with different spatial relationships. Due to these relationships, theses spaces affect each other. Correlation is a theory that measures relationship between two variables. Correlation method will help to understand their relationships in a quantitative manner. The analysis of these spaces deliver qualitative data which depends upon observations which are subjective in nature. To quantify these spatial relations of dining space, the existing theory of correlation is applied and used as a method to quantify the qualitative data.

2.2 CORRELATION

The terminology is mostly used in mathematics and statistics. In statistics, it determines the relation between

two variables. This method of correlation defines the relationship of one variable with the other. It is a tool to study the intensity and direction of the relationship. For example, X and Y are two variables. There is a correlation between X variable and Y variable, if the

value of X variable affects the values of Y variable. These values can change in the same direction or it can change in the opposite direction, but in a definite way. If the correlation exits, it is linear (relative movement and can be represented on graph paper by a straight line. If the change occurs in the same direction, it can

be represented on the graph paper by a straight line pointing diagonally upwards. If the change occurs in the opposite direction, it can be represented on the graph paper by a straight line pointing diagonally downwards. 2.2.1 CORRELATION AS A METHOD In context to dining space and other residential areas, it is necessary to test the hypothesis. This relative value of correlation states the degree of correlation between dining space and other residential spaces. Stronger the correlation between spaces, there is a possibility that the definite spatial, non-spatial boundaries between dining space and other residential spaces are dissolving. Behavior of the spaces changes according to activities which are being performed there. This behavior of spaces depends upon intensity of the correlation. This method for quantifying the data, defines that at what 44

Diagram no. 2.2.1 shows X and Y relationships whena. If the value of X doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t affect the value of Y. b. Both the values move in the same direction. c. Both values move in an opposite direction.

extent the spaces are correlated to each other or not. There are types of correlation depending upon value of the variable. 2.3.2 TYPES OF CORRELATION

-1

-.5

Strong negative relationship

0 Weak or none

+.5

Strong positive relationship

Diagram no. 2.2.2 shows value range

Types of correlation are based on range of values (correlation coefficient = r) of variables. There are mainly three categories- positive, negative and no correlation. The correlation between variables is said to be strong when it is near to -1 and +1. The correlation is said to be weak or none when it is near to zero. The range is definite and values of correlation fall under this range. X

1. POSITIVE CORRELATION

The correction is said to be positive when both the variables move in the same direction. A positive correlation exists when one variable decreases, the other variable also decreases and vise versa. A perfect positive correlation is represented by the value of coefficient +1. A range between 0.5 to +1 is said to be a strong positive correlation. Whereas, a range between 0 to 0.5 is said to be weak positive correlation.

Diagram no. 2.2.3 shows Ya 0 strong positive X between X and Y.

correlation

0 X

The positive correlation between two variables means the variables move together by the exact intensity and direction. It can be seen in dining spaces and other residential spaces. If a positive correlation exists between dining space and kitchen, that means these spaces affect each other in a same direction. For example, use of the kitchen for dining purposes

Diagram no. 2.2.4 shows a perfect positive correlation between X and Y. 45

increases, the time spent by each family members in the kitchen also increases and visa versa. Here, kitchen space is constant, whereas time and family members are the variables. 2. NEGATIVE CORRELATION X The correction is said to be negative when both the

variables move in the opposite direction. A negative correlation exists when one variable decreases, the other variable shows inverse result i.e. increases and vise versa. A perfect negative correlation is represented by the value of coefficient -1. A range between -.5 to -1 is said to be a strong negative correlation. Whereas, Y

0 a range between 0 to -.5 is said to be weak negative

correlation. X

Diagram no. 2.2.5 shows a strong negative correlation between X and Y. X

XThe negative correlation between X two variables means

the variables move opposite by the exact intensity and direction. It can be seen in dining spaces and other residential spaces. If a negative correlation exists X

between dining space and kitchen, that means these

spaces affect each other in an opposite direction. For 0

example, when time spent by each family members 0increases

0 dining purposes, the in the kitchen for

time spent by each family members in dining space X

decreases. Here, family

X members are constant

whereas time and space are variables. 0

3. NO CORRELATION

Diagram no. 2.2.6 shows a perfect negative correlation between X and Y. 0

This is the third type of correlation. The correlation is said to be weak or none when two variables are not

affecting each other. In other words, if one variable changes, the other one is not necessarily see a change. A weak or no correlation represented by absolute 0. For example, bedroom and dining room may Ynot 0

be correlated to each other due to proximities and different functional purposes. To calculate, there are 46

Diagram no. 2.2.7 shows no correlation between X and Y.

main four types of correlation. Here, for this research paper Spearman’s rank of correlation is used to measure a similarity between two spaces of a same living environment. 2.2.3 METHOD TO CALCULATE CORRELATION 1. SPEARMAN’S RANK OF CORRELATION British psychologist C. E Spearman developed a method to calculate the correlation. The distinct values are replaced by ranks. These ranks are used to calculate Spearman’s rank of correlation. It allows a measure of linear association between values and its rank assigned. The coefficient of correlation (r) has no unit. It is a pure number. The values of r lies between -1 to +1. Formula for calculating the coefficient of correlation is 6( sum of D2) r (Rho) = 1-

[1] n(n -1) 2

Where, n is the number of observations, D is the deviation of ranks. The calculation of rank coefficient correlation carried out in four steps. - Identify the values. - Assign rank for each value. - Calculate the value of D. - Use formula [1] to calculate the rank correlation between two variables. If the ranks are repeated, then both values get average rank. For example, the values of 3rd and 4th ranks are repeating, then the average rank will be, 3+4

= 3.5th rank

2 47

CASE STUDIES 3.1 Methodology 3.2

Joint family

3.3

Nuclear family

3.4 Couple 3.5

Old couple

3.6

Analysis of case study

3.7

Summary of case study

3.1 METHODOLOGY

On the following pages, four case studies have been analyzed and tabulated into resultant values. The observational analysis have been illustrated through charts and floor plan diagrams. Values have been calculated at the end of the case study through mathematical formulas. Case studies are limited to apartments in Ahmedabad. It is selected on the basis of family structure (i.e. joint family, nuclear family, couples and bachelors respectively) First, spatial observations in the form of basic zoning of the house, location of the dining space and dining activity mapping have been illustrated in the form of floor plans and relationship diagrams. Dining activity throughout a day of each family member, has been noted via observations and by taking interviews of each family member. The importance of dining space has been noted through its materiality, personalization around it and interrelationship between elements. Networking diagrams have been made to study spatial relations of dining space with other residential spaces. These diagrams are made up of nodes and links. The red links with bigger nodes show strong visual connectivity whereas dotted links with small nodes show weak visual connectivity.

To test the hypothesis, it is necessary to calculate correlation of the dining space with adjacent spaces. The methodology is derived to calculate correlation between two spaces. The observational data has been further illustrated in the form of charts. In the chart of dining activity through out a day, on the extreme left, time has been plotted on a two hourly basis in a day. In the next column, spaces which are observed 51

in the dwelling have been plotted. In the subsequent column, all the members of the family have been plotted. Each two hour column has been divided into 8 small segments, where each segment represents one unit that is of 15 minutes. From the above data, total time spent in a particular space for dining by each family member has been listed down numerically.

Total time spent by each member has been tabulated. In this chart on the extreme left, spaces have been plotted then in the next column where total time by each family member has been plotted. Spearmanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rank of correlation method has been used here to comprehend the correlation between two adjacent spaces that is kitchen and living room. The chart is then further elaborated to replace individual values by ranks for each space. Established rank has been used in the formula [1]. The resultant values fall under the range of -1 to +1. From the calculation, whichever space gets the value close to +1 or -1 has been said to be a strong correlation. From this method, it has been calculated Spatial that relations

spaces have a strong or weak correlation with

dining space.

Methodology

Numerical analysis

Spatial analysis

Spatial configuration

Spatial relation with dining

Activity mapping

Importance of dining

Inference

Time vs activity chart

Chart converted into ranks

Calculating correlation

3.2 CASE STUDY ONE LOCATION Apartment name: Indraprastha III Duration: 10 years Location: It is situated near Shyamal cross road. It is mostly surrounded by residence area. Area: Approx. 800 sq ft. DESCRIPTION Panchal family used to live in the old city of Ahmedabad. The current house was purchased by Kalpit Panchal around 10 years ago. Kalpit Panchal has done a few architectural interventions to combine his house with the adjacent house through the utility area of the kitchen. This house has a separate terrace and a small storage room on the first level. FAMILY STRUCTURE Panchal family is a joint family structure and consists of six family members. Kalpitbhai lives here with his wife Pinky, his parents Bharatbhai and Niruben (grandmother), elder daughter Kanisha and younger daughter Rajvi. His elder brother and his family lives in the adjacent house of the apartment block. These two houses are connected by the kitchen. Family member

Age

Occupation

Bharat Panchal

Retired Professor

Niru Panchal

Homemaker

Kalpit Panchal

Graphic Designer

Pinky Panchal

Dietitian

Kanisha Panchal

Student

Rajvi Panchal

Student

SPATIAL ORGANIZATION: ZONING

LEGEND 䈀䰀

䈀刀㈀

圀刀㈀

E Entrance 圀刀㌀

䈀刀㌀

唀

䬀

Pooja room

Dining space

Living room

Kitchen

Staircase

U 䐀

䰀

匀

倀

䔀

䈀刀㄀

圀刀㄀

The basic zoning of the house is segregated into two domains namely gathering spaces and private spaces. The living room, pooja ghar, dining and kitchen are visually connected due to a barrier free living environment. This area becomes a gathering area for the family. Private spaces such as all the bedrooms are placed around this gathering area. All the bedrooms open up to either the dining space or the living area. Each bedroom has an attached bathroom. The guest bedroom and the parent’s bedroom are connected by a common balcony. Kitchen has a small utility area. The staircase is located right near the entrance of the house which further goes to the private terrace and a small storage area. The living space has a small area dedicated to gardening. There are a few interventions done to the house such as to incorporate pooja ghar, they 56

Utility

Bedroom 1

Bedroom 2

Bedroom 3

Washroom 1

Balcony

Public Space

Open space

Private space

Diagram 3.2.1 showing basic zoning of the house and location of the dining space.

shifted the wall of the bedroom. Placement of the bathroom door located in the parent’s bedroom has been changed to place a bed against the wall. Utility area for the kitchen has been merged with the utility area of adjacent house to get access from inside the house. SPATIAL ORGANIZATION: LOCATION OF DINING SPACE

䈀䰀

䈀刀㈀

圀刀㈀

圀刀㌀

䈀刀㌀

唀

䬀

䐀

䰀

匀

倀

䔀

䈀刀㄀

圀刀㄀

Diagram 3.2.2 showing location of the dining space and circulation path around it. Diagram 3.2.3 showing networking of dining with other residential spaces. The dotted line shows the center of the residence. T3

The colored patch showing the circulation path. Strong and direct relationship Indirect and weak relationship

Dining space is situated right at the center of the house. Location of the dining space has an easy access from the main entrance. It has located in the maximum footfall area of the circulation path. Living area and pooja ghar are visually connected to it due to its close proximity to the dining space. The living area is separated from the dining space by a furniture element i.e. a swing. Hence these two spaces become the central part of the house. Whereas kitchen is located near the dining space but it kept visually disconnected from the same. Both the spaces are intertwined due to cooking activities because of its close proximity.

W U K S

W BL

B2 D

W B3

Dining relationship Other relationship

Diagram 3.2.4 showing relationship between dining space and other residence spaces.

IMPORTANCE OF DINING SPACE: MATERIAL The table top is made up of 12mm thick clear glass. It is centrally supported by a considerable thick wooden

Diagrams showing various orientations of the dining table.

member, lacquer finished with ornamentation on it. The chairs are crafted out of bamboo and have a layer of upholstery on it. These chairs are light in weight therefore they are easily movable for any occupants to use it however they see fit. ERGONOMICS The dining table is around 36 inches wide, 60 inches

Diagram 3.2.5 showing different table arrangement when number of guests increases

long and has a height of around 30 inches. The dimensions are quite comfortable to sit around and to perform various activities. Although the family consists of six members it does not comfortably fit such a large family. It is also due to the fact only three sides of the dining table are currently in use. Because of itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s standard height, it is suitable to use for other household or work related activities. The family is unable to sit together on the dining table for daily meals. Therefore living space is being used for family meal time.

Diagram 3.2.6 showing different orientation of the table when it transforms into a working space.

ORIENTATION Dining space consists of four dining chairs and a large dining table. One side of the table is aligned with the wall which is shared by kitchen and dining space both, remaining three sides are used by the occupants. Orientation of the table is parallel to the respective wall and it creates a circulation path around it. The orientation of the table is quite flexible. It keeps changing according to the occupantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s preference. UTILITY

Image 3.2.1 showing dining table and space for personalization around it.

Diagram 3.2.7 showing dining table and space for personalization around it.

EXTENSION Dining table has a storage space for personalization around it. It gets transform for various activities during the day, as a result of this the surrounding area is much free and loose. A low height storage is used to store crockery and its top is used for showcasing artifacts and religious photographs. The adjacent wall also consists of religious photographs and paintings. This extension to the dining provides a space for personalization and a sense of belonging. On the other hand, storage

Image 3.2.2 showing view of dining space from living room.

cabinet placed at the front, provides more area to showcase familyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s skills and passion for collecting artifacts. It is use to store crockery and the top is used to display artifacts and paintings.

Other extension of the dining space is the swing, placed to separate dining and living area. The orientation of the swing keeps changing according to the occupantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s preference. If number of guests increase, the orientation of the swing turns towards the dining space in order to occupy more guests for dining. Family members prefer to have their snacks on the swing along with a newspaper or book.

Diagrams 3.2.8 showing swing in red patch as an extension to the dining space.

EMOTIONAL CONNECTION Panchal family believes in having a meal on the floor. The family did not have a dining table for a long time. One of the family friend, who is an interior designer, crafted this dining table and gifted it to him. It is a pure piece of art constructed from bamboo and tree trunks. The family has maintained it and using it till date. It is the only memory that they have of him. Therefore, because of its emotional connect to the family, it plays an important role in their life. ACTIVITY MAPPING: DINING Due to different work scenarios and day schedule, every family member has different eating pattern through out the day. Generally, everyone has breakfast on the dining table at different time. Elder members prefer to sit on the swing while having their morning tea or coffee. In the afternoon, lunch usually has traditional gujarati cuisine. The family prefers to eat their lunch by sitting on the floor. Except the grandparents, all other members have their lunch in the kitchen. The lady of the house is more comfortable to sit on the floor to make rotis on the stove and serve them immediately. Grandparents have their lunch first and usually sit on the dining table while eating.

Diagrams 3.2.9 showing location of the storage in red patch around the dining space.

Legend Bharat panchal Niruben panchal Kalpit panchal Pinky panchal Kanisha panchal Rajvi panchal Diagram 3.2.10 showing dining activity of each family member through out the day.

For evening snacks, family members like to sit on the swing or around the dining table to have their tea or snacks. At night, dinner usually contains non-gujarati cuisine. Hence the dining doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t need to be closer to the kitchen in order to serve a warm meal. All the family members sit together for their dinner in the living room. They usually prefer to watch TV while having their dinner. On festivals or special occasions, the living and dining area is transformed completely. All the family members and their relatives sit together and occupy dining as well as living room for dining.

Diagrams 3.2.11 showing dining at afternoon when the number of guests increases.

Diagrams 3.2.12 showing dining at night when the number of guests increases.

ACTIVITY MAPPING: OTHERS

Legend Dining Pooja preparation Food preparation Working Reading Diagram 3.2.13 showing different overlaps of activities through out the day by all the family members.

Image 3.2.3 showing studying and reading activity on the dining table.

Image 3.2.4 showing use of dining space for painting and making artworks.

The dining space transforms for different functions during the day. Due to its close proximity to other residential spaces, the family prefers to do their auxiliary activities in the dining space. The grandmother uses the dining space for pooja preparation. She spends her maximum morning time around the dining space in order to perform pooja, for chanting, reading newspaper and eating her breakfast . 62

Dining space is also used for preparation of food. The lady of the house utilizes the dining table for preparation of food such as cutting vegetables, separate them in different boxes, etc. The orientation of the dining table changes when space transforms into an artistâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s studio. The head of the family uses the dining table to paint or to make artworks. Reading newspaper or books on the dining table is very common in this household. Family members like to read while having their breakfast and snacks. Younger daughter of the family uses the dining space for study purposes. The lady of the house helps

Above chart 3.2.14 showing different activities perform by family members on the dining table. It is based on preferences of each family members ranking from 1-6

Each rectangle indicates one unit.

her to study while performing pre-cooking activities. Family members use the dining space for gathering purposes as well. The kind of light and ventilation and the ergonomics of the table allows all the above mentioned activities to take place. INTENSITY OF SPACE USAGE From the above analysis, the dining space is used for households and work purposes. It is multipurpose due to its close proximity to certain spaces as per the

occupants preferences. It acts as an extension to the kitchen and living space. There is a need to calculate the correlation between these spaces to find out as to what extent is the dining space getting multi-functional. Therefore, there is a need to test the hypothesis to find out about dissolving boundaries. Therefore, all the units from chart 3.2.15 are converted into minutes. INTENSITY OF SPACE USAGE: DINING ACTIVITY

K D L

Kitchen Dining Living Each rectangle (unit) indicates 15 minutes.

Above chart 3.2.15 showing the dining of each family member through out a day. As shown in the chart, it states space preferences of each members for all the meals.

Chart 3.2.16 shows total time (in minutes) spent by each family member in each space for dining purpose through out a day.

low value of Rho indicates weak linear relationship. Its value is said to be weak when it is close to zero. The formula has values from chart 3.2.16, where Rho is a constant that states rank correlation, n is the number of family members. These values kept in the Spearman’s rank correlation formula to get the value of Rho. The formula is as follows:1 Rho = 1-

6(sum of d2)

[1]

n(n2-1)

CORRELATION BETWEEN DINING AND KITCHEN All the values from chart 3.2.16 are converted into ranks in a descending order.

㔀⸀㔀

㐀

㄀

㈀

㌀

㄀

㈀

㔀⸀㔀

㌀

㔀⸀㔀

㐀

㌀

㄀

㈀

㔀

㘀

㐀

Chart 3.2.17 shows ranks for each of the space.

The rank correlation between dining space and kitchen is calculated as follows:

Chart 3.2.18 shows difference in rank for kitchen and dining.

Substituting these values in formula [1], rank correlation between dining space and kitchen is - 6(sum of d12) (Rho) = 1 n(n2-1) Where, (Rho)

= Rank correlation.

= Difference in the rank

of dining and kitchen.

1 Statistic for economics class XI( chapter 7). (n.d.). Retrieved from http://ncert.nic.in/textbook/textbook.htm?kest1=7-9 65

( In descending order)

n = Family members. Applying the formula, 6(52) 312 (Rho) = 1= 1 6(62-1) 6(35) 312

(Rho) = 1-

(Rho) = -0.48

210

210-312 210

-102 210 [1]

CORRELATION BETWEEN DINING AND LIVING The rank correlation between dining space and kitchen is calculated as follows:

Chart 3.2.19 shows difference in rank for living and dining.

Substituting these values in formula [1], rank correlation between dining space and living space is (Rho) = 1

6(sum of d22) n(n2-1)

Where, (Rho)

= Rank correlation.

= Difference in the rank

of dining and living.

( In descending order)

n = Family members. Applying the formula, 6(21.5) 129 (Rho) = 1= 1 6(62-1) 6(35) 66

129

(Rho) = 1-

(Rho) = 0.4

210

210-129 210

81 210 [3]

RESULT In calculation [2], there is a good extent of negative correlation between kitchen and dining space. Therefore, when the space usage of kitchen for dining purpose decreases, the time spent in dining space by each occupant increases and visa versa. In calculation [3], there is a strong positive correlation between living and dining space. Therefore, when the space usage of living for dining purpose increases, the time spent by each occupant also increases and vise versa.

3.3 CASE STUDY TWO

LOCATION Apartment name: Citadel Greenz Duration: 5 years Location: It is situated in science city area near Sola bridge. It is mostly surrounded by residential area. Area: Approx 900 sq ft. DESCRIPTION Vyas family used to live near the Judges Bungalow Road. The current house was purchased by Bhargav Vyas about 6 years back. Bhargav Vyas has done some architectural interventions for storage area and dining space. The house consists of one large area (kitchen + dining space + pooja ghar + reading room), living space and two bedrooms. This house has a separate terrace with a room on the upper level. FAMILY STRUCTURE Vyas family is a nuclear family structure and consists of three family members. Bhargavbhai lives here with his wife Sonalben, and his son Dharun. Age

Occupation

Bhargav Vyas

Interior designer

Sonal Vyas

Classical dancer

Dharun Vyas

Student

Family member

SPATIAL ORGANIZATION: ZONING Legend E Entrance P

Pooja room

Dining space

Living room

Kitchen

Utility

ST Storage

The basic zoning of the house is segregated into three domains namely gathering space, family space and private spaces. Kitchen, pooja ghar, dining and reading room are visually connected due to a barrier free living environment. This area becomes a central space for the family. Private space such as all the bedrooms are placed near this gathering area. All the bedrooms open up to the dining space. Each bedroom has an attached bathroom. The reading room and dining space has sliding and folding partition to control the level of privacy. Kitchen has a long and linear utility area. The living space has a small space for balcony to keep plantation. There are a few done interventions in the house such as, in order to incorporate pooja ghar, they broke the storage wall and reduced it. The wall between reading room and dining space tapped out in order to incorporate dining table. Placement of another door in the second 70

BR1

Bedroom 1

BR2

Bedroom 2

Rading room

Washroom

Balcony

Open Space

Semi- public

Private space

Diagram 3.3.1 showing basic zoning of the house and location of the dining space.

bedroom gave access to the washroom without disturbing the privacy of other bedroom. Upper level of the house is only accessible from the main staircase which is outside. SPATIAL ORGANIZATION: LOCATION OF DINING TABLE

Diagram 3.3.2 showing location of the dining space and circulation path around it. Diagram 3.3.3 showing networking of dining with other residence spaces. The dotted line shows the center of the residence. The colored patch showing the circulation path.

Dining space is situated right at the center of the house. Location of the dining space has an easy access from kitchen and reading room of the house. It has located where maximum footfall of all family members is present, at the circulation path. Reading room, kitchen and pooja ghar are visually connected due to its near proximity to the dining space. Hence these spaces become the central part of the house. The kitchen and dining space are connected through activities of pre and post cooking. Whereas, living area is located next to the dining space but it kept visually disconnected from the same. The dining space is extended into the kitchen by an addition of an island.

W R

K D

P L

Dining relationship with dining

BL E

IMPORTANCE OF DINING MATERIAL The table top is made up of 12mm thick clear glass. It is supported by four thick dark wooden members. The chairs are crafted out of wood and have a layer of upholstery on it. A long bench instead of chairs is used to incorporate more people. It is light weight and easy to slide underneath the dining table. The materials of the table are such that they get merged with the surrounding. The kitchen has an island which is also made up of dark wood. ERGONOMICS The dining table is around 36 inches wide, 60 inches long and has a height of around 32 inches. The dimensions are quite comfortable to sit on and to perform various activities. Although the family consists of three members, it does not fit well for a small family. It is also due to the fact only three sides of the dining table are currently in use. Because of itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s standard height, it is suitable to use for other household or work related activities.

Other relationship Diagram 3.3.4 showing relationship between dining space and other residence spaces.

ORIENTATION Dining space consists of three dining chairs, a table and a long bench. One side of the table is aligned with the adjacent wall and remaining three sides are used by occupants. Orientation of the table is perpendicular to the respective wall but parallel to kitchen platform. The dining table does not create an obstacle but rather a circulation path around it. The orientation of the dining table is fixed. UTILITY

Image 3.3.1 showing dining table and space for personalization around it. Diagram 3.3.5 showing dining table and space for personalization around it.

EXTENSION The space is separated from the reading room by a sliding folding door. This door acts as a flexible element and allows dining table to get transform for various activities during the day. The reading room performs as one of the extensions to the dining space. It provides more seating area if number of guests increase. It allows visual and verbal connectivity to the dining space,

Image 3.3.2 showing dining space with closed reading room.

therefore interaction between activities increase. The island next to the kitchen acts as an extension to the dining table. Breakfast of the family members happen 73

on the island in order to eat warm food and it is easy to serve immediately from the kitchen platform. This island was one of the requirements of the family. Dining table has a storage for crockery next to it. It has a space for personalization and it acts as a display for the area. EMOTIONAL CONNECTION Vyas family believes in dining etiquettes. The family has been using the dining table for a long time. The lady of the house initially wanted to have a separate dining room in order to have a proper set up for the dining table. However, the table shifted to a corner due to space restrictions. ACTIVITY MAPPING: DINING Due to different work scenarios and daily schedule, every family member has a different eating pattern through out the day. Generally, breakfast of

the

family members happen on the island next to the kitchen at different times. The lady of the house is more comfortable to serve breakfast on the island located next to the kitchen platform. In the afternoon, lunch is

Diagrams 3.3.6 showing island as an extension to the dining space in a red patch.

usually gujarati cuisine. The family strictly eat their lunch by sitting on the dining table. On week days, lunch of all the members happen at the respective work place. The family prefer to have their dinner in the living room while watching television. Dining pattern changes when number of guest increases. Reading room opens up to the dining room and gets utilized as an extra seating in addition to the dining space. At night, living room is used for dinner. Every member prefers to sit on the floor while eating.

Diagrams 3.3.7showing reading room as an extension to the dining space in a red patch.

Image 3.3.4 showing island next to the kitchen.

Image 3.3.3 showing dining space with open reading room.

Legend Bhargav vyas Sonal vyas Dharun vyas Diagram 3.3.8 showing space used for dining by each family member through out the day.

ACTIVITY MAPPING: OTHERS The dining space is used for different functions during the day. Due to its high proximity to other residential spaces, members of the family prefer their auxiliary activities around the dining table. The lady of the house uses the dining table for preparation of food such as cutting vegetables, separating them in different boxes, etc. The family has a tradition of playing musical instrument in the dining space. 75

Diagrams 3.3.9 showing space used for dining at afternoon when the number of guests increases.

Diagrams 3.3.10 showing space used for dining at night when the number of guests increases.

Diagrams 3.3.11 showing space used for everyday dining at afternoon.

Legend Dining Cooking preparation Working Playing music Diagram 3.3.12 showing different overlaps of activities through out the day by all the family members.

INTENSITY OF SPACE USAGE

Each rectangle indicates one unit. Above chart 3.3.13 showing different activities perform by family members on the dining table. It is based on preferences of each family members ranking from 1-3 76

INTENSITY OF SPACE USAGE: DINING

K D L

Kitchen Dining Living Each rectangle (unit) indicates 15 minutes.

Above chart 3.3.14 showing the dining of each family member through out a day. As shown in the chart, it states space preferences of each members for all the meals.

INTENSITY OF SPACE USAGE: CORRELATION From the above analysis, the dining space is use for household chores and other purposes. It is getting multipurpose due to its close proximity and occupant preferences. It acts as an extension to the kitchen and living space. There is a need to calculate the correlation between these spaces to find out as to what extent is the dining space getting multi-functional. Therefore, there is a need to test the hypothesis to find out about dissolving boundaries. Therefore, all the units from chart 3.3.14 are converted into minutes.

Chart 3.3.15 shows total time (in minutes) spent by each family member in each space for dining purpose through out a day.

INTENSITY OF SPACE USAGE: CALCULATING CORRELATION Spearmanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rank correlation method has been used here to comprehend the correlation between dining space-kitchen and dining space-living space in an apartments. A high value of Rho indicates strong linear relationship. Its value is said to be high when it is close to +1 or -1. A low value of Rho indicates weak linear relationship. Its value is said to be weak when it is close to zero. The formula has values from chart 3.3.15, where Rho is a constant that states rank correlation, n is the number of family members. These values kept in the Spearmanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rank correlation formula to get the value of Rho. The formula is as follows:1 Rho = 1-

6(sum of d2) n(n2-1)

[1]

CORRELATION BETWEEN DINING AND KITCHEN All the values from chart 3.3.15 are converted into ranks in a descending order.

Chart 3.3.16 shows ranks for each of the space.

The rank correlation between dining space and kitchen is calculated as follows:

1 Statistic for economics class XI( chapter 7). (n.d.). Retrieved from http://ncert.nic.in/textbook/textbook.htm?kest1=7-9 78

Chart 3.3.17 shows difference in rank for kitchen and dining.

Substituting these values in formula [1], rank correlation between dining space and kitchen is - 6(sum of d12) (Rho) = 1 n(n2-1) Where, (Rho)

= Rank correlation.

= Difference in the rank

of dining and kitchen.

( In descending order)

n = Family members. Applying the formula, 6(2) 12 (Rho) = 1= 1 3(32-1) 3(8) 12

(Rho) = 1-

(Rho) = 0.5

24-12 24

12 24 [2]

CORRELATION BETWEEN DINING AND LIVING The rank correlation between dining space and kitchen is calculated as follows:

Chart 3.3.18 shows difference in rank for living and dining.

Substituting these values in formula [1], rank correlation between dining space and living space is (Rho) = 1

6(sum of d22) n(n2-1)

Where, (Rho)

= Rank correlation.

= Difference in the rank

of dining and living.

( In descending order)

n = Family members. Applying the formula, 6(6) 36 (Rho) = 1= 1 3(32-1) 3(8) 36

(Rho) = 1-

(Rho) = -0.5

24-36 24

- 12 24 [3]

RESULT In calculation [2], there is a good extent of positive correlation between kitchen and dining space. Therefore, when the space usage of kitchen for dining purpose increases, the time spent by each occupant in kitchen for dining purpose is also increases and vise versa. In calculation [3], there is a strong negative correlation between living and dining space. Therefore, when the space usage of living space decreases, the time spent by each occupant in the dining space increases and vise versa.

3.4 CASE STUDY THREE

LOCATION Apartment name: Orchid woods Duration: 5 years Location: It is situated in Prahladnagar. It is mostly surrounded by residence area. Area: Approx 900 sq ft. DESCRIPTION Mehta family used to live in the USA before shifting to Ahmedabad . The house was purchased by Jignesh Mehta about 5 years ago. FAMILY STRUCTURE Jigneshbhai lives here with his wife Ruchiben.

Age

Occupation

Jignesh Mehta

Architect

Ruchi Mehta

Interior designer

Family member

SPATIAL ORGANIZATION: ZONING Legend E Entrance D

Dining space

Living room

Kitchen

Working room

Utility

BR1

Bedroom 1

BR2

Bedroom 2

Washroom

Balcony

Open Space

Private space

Diagram 3.4.1 showing basic zoning of the house and location of the dining space.

The basic zoning of the house is segregated into two domains namely, an open space and a private space. The entrance of the house has direct access to the living room and dining space. Dining space and living room are visually connected due to barrier free living environment. Private spaces such as all the bedrooms are placed near the dining space. All the bedrooms open up to the dining space. Each bedroom has an attached bathroom. Kitchen has an adjacent utility area. The living space has a balcony. One of the bedrooms is converted into work space. This work space opens up into dining space.

Diagram 3.4.1 showing dining space from the living room.

SPATIAL ORGANIZATION: LOCATION OF DINING Dining space is situated at the threshold between private and open space. Location of the dining space has an easy access from the entrance, kitchen, living room and working room of the house. It acts as a

Diagram 3.4.2 showing location of the dining space and circulation path around it. Diagram 3.4.3 showing networking of dining with other residence spaces. The dotted line shows the center of the residence. The colored patch showing the circulation path.

transitional element and is located at the circulation path. To some extent, living room is visually connected to the dining space due to its close proximities. However, due to the spatial arrangement, the living room and the dining space has a separate sense of enclosure. Kitchen is adjacent to the dining space. Private spaces such as all the bedrooms and study rooms open up to the dining space. Therefore, due to its location in the house, dining space has close proximities with other spaces.

W K

B1 D

WR L

Dining relationship Other relationship Diagram 3.4.4 showing relationship between dining space and other residence spaces.

ACTIVITY MAPPING Dining space is mostly used for eating purposes. The working space has close proximities with dining space, therefore it is also used as working station. Due to their work lifestyle, family members do not use dining table frequently.

Diagram 3.4.2 showing dining space

Legend Dining Working Diagram 3.4.5 showing different overlaps of activities through out the day by all the family members. 86

INTENSITY O SPACE USAGE

Family members

Jignesh Mehta

Ruchi Mehta

Activities Dining

Working Each rectangle indicates one unit. Above chart 3.4.6 showing different activities perform by family members on the dining table. It is based on preferences of each family members ranking from 1-2

INTENSITY OF SPACE USAGE: DINING

K D L

Kitchen Dining Living Each rectangle (unit) indicates 15 minutes.

Above chart 3.4.7 showing the dining of each family member through out a day. As shown in the chart, it states space preferences of each members for all the meals.

INTENSITY OF SPACE USAGE: CORRELATION From the above analysis, the dining space is use for household chores and work purposes. It has multipurpose usage due to its close proximities and occupant preferences. It acts as an extension to the kitchen and living space. There is a need to calculate the correlation between these spaces to find out as to what extent is the dining space getting multi-functional. Therefore, there is a need to test the hypothesis to find out about dissolving boundaries. Therefore, all the units from chart 3.4.7 are converted into minutes.

Chart 3.4.8 shows total time (in minutes) spent by each family member in each space for dining purpose through out a day.

INTENSITY OF SPACE USAGE: CALCUATING CORRELATION Spearmanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rank correlation method has been used here to comprehend the correlation between dining space-kitchen and dining space-living space in an apartments. A high value of Rho indicates strong linear relationship. Its value is said to be high when it is close to +1 or -1. A low value of Rho indicates weak linear relationship. Its value is said to be weak when it is close to zero. The formula has values from chart 3.4.8, where Rho is a constant that states rank correlation, n is the number of family members. These values kept in the Spearmanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

rank correlation formula to get the value of Rho. The formula is as follows:1 Rho = 1-

6(sum of d2)

[1]

n(n2-1)

CORRELATION BETWEEN DINING AND KITCHEN All the values from chart 3.4.8 are converted into ranks in a descending order.

Chart 3.4.9 shows ranks for each of the space.

The rank correlation between dining space and kitchen is calculated as follows:

Chart 3.4.10 shows difference in rank for kitchen and dining.

Substituting these values in formula [1], rank correlation between dining space and kitchen is - 6(sum of d12) (Rho) = 1 n(n2-1) Where, (Rho)

= Rank correlation.

= Difference in the rank

of dining and kitchen.

( In descending order)

n = Family members. Applying the formula, 1 Statistic for economics class XI( chapter 7). (n.d.). Retrieved from http://ncert.nic.in/textbook/textbook.htm?kest1=7-9 89

6(0.5) 3 (Rho) = 1= 1 2(22-1) 2(3)

(Rho) = 1-

(Rho) = 0.5

3 6

6-3 6

3 6 [2]

CORRELATION BETWEEN DINING AND LIVING The rank correlation between dining space and kitchen is calculated as follows:

Chart 3.4.11 shows difference in rank for living and dining.

Substituting these values in formula [1], rank correlation between dining space and kitchen is - 6(sum of d12) (Rho) = 1 n(n2-1) Where, (Rho)

= Rank correlation.

= Difference in the rank

of dining and kitchen.

( In descending order)

n = Family members. Applying the formula, 6(0.5) 3 (Rho) = 1= 1 2(22-1) 2(3)

(Rho) = 1-

(Rho) = 0.5

3 6

6-3 6

3 6 [3]

RESULT In calculation [2], there is a good extent of positive correlation between kitchen and dining space. Therefore, when the space usage of kitchen for dining purpose increases, the time spent by each occupant in kitchen for dining purpose also increases and visa versa. In calculation [3], there is a strong positive correlation between living and dining space. Therefore, when the space usage of living space increases, the time spent by each occupant in the dining space increases and visa versa.

3.5 CASE STUDY FOUR

LOCATION Apartment name: Safal Parevesh Duration: 7 years Location: It is situated in Prahladnagar. It is mostly surrounded by residential area. Area: Approx 900 sq ft. DESCRIPTION Shah family used to live in another apartment in Ahmedabad. The house was purchased by Hasmukhbhai Shah about 7 years back. FAMILY STRUCTURE Hasmukhbhai lives here with his wife Daminiben.

Age

Occupation

Hasmukh Shah

Retired

Damini Shah

Retired professor

Family member

SPATIAL ORGANIZATION: ZONING Legend E Entrance D

Dining space

Living room

Kitchen Utility

Bedroom 1

Bedroom 2

Washroom

Balcony

Open Space

Private space

Diagram 3.5.1 showing basic zoning of the house and location of the dining space.

The basic zoning of the house is segregated into three domains as an open space, semi-private and private space. The entrance of the house has direct access to the living room. Private spaces such as all the bedrooms are placed near the dining space. All the bedrooms open up in the dining space. Each bedroom has an attached bathroom. Kitchen has an adjacent utility area and storage space. The living room has a balcony. One of the bedrooms was converted into another living room. This living room is visually connected to dining and kitchen. In order to get visual connectivity, the barrier between second living room and kitchen was been removed. The wall which divides living room and dining space has extended in order to get separate enclosures.

SPATIAL ORGANIZATION: LOCATION OF DINING

Diagram 3.5.2 showing location of the dining space and circulation path around it.

Diagram 3.5.3 showing networking of dining with other residence spaces. The dotted line shows the center of the residence. The colored patch showing the circulation path.

Dining space is situated at a threshold between private and open spaces. Location of the dining space has an easy access from the kitchen, living room and bedroom of the house. It acts as a transitional element and is located on the circulation path. To some extent, living room is visually connected to the dining space due to near proximity. However, due to spatial arrangements, the living room and the dining space has a separate sense of enclosure. Kitchen is adjacent to the dining space. Private spaces such as all the bedrooms and study rooms open up to the dining space. Therefore, due to its location in the house, dining space has close proximities with other residential spaces.

W U

B1 K

W W

B2 DR

Dining relationship Other relationship Diagram 3.5.4 showing relationship between dining space and other residence spaces.

ACTIVITY MAPPING Dining space is only used for eating purposes. It is well connected with other spaces. However, due to the presence of the second living room, that zone becomes a social hub for the family rather than a dining space. The family members only prefer to eat in the dining space, therefore no other space is used for

Image 3.5.1 showing dining space with respect to living room and kitchen.

eating purposes.

Image 3.5.2 showing overview of dining space from the kitchen.

Legend Dining Diagram 3.5.5 showing different overlaps of activities through out the day by all the family members. 96

INTENSITY OF SPACE USAGE

Each rectangle indicates one unit. Above chart 3.5.6 showing different activities perform by family members on the dining table. It is based on preferences of each family members ranking from 1-2

INTENSITY OF SPACE USAGE: SPACE USE FOR DINING Family members Time

S p Hasmukh Shah a c e

6am to 8am

K D L

8am to 10am

K D L

10am to 12Nn

12Nn to 2pm

4pm to 6pm

6pm to 8pm

8pm to 10pm

Damini Shah

K D L K D L K D L K D L K D L

K D L

Kitchen Dining Living Each rectangle(unit) indicates 15 minutes.

Above chart 3.5.7 showing the dining of each family member through out a day. As shown in the chart, it states space preferences of each members for all the meals.

INTENSITY OF SPACE USAGE: CORRELATION From the above analysis, the dining space is use for household chores and other work purposes. It is multipurpose due to its close proximity and occupant preferences. It acts as an extension to the kitchen and living space. There is a need to calculate the correlation between these spaces to find out as to what extent is the dining space getting multi-functional. Therefore, there is a need to test the hypothesis to find out about dissolving boundaries. Therefore, all the units from chart 3.5.7 are converted into minutes.

Chart 3.5.8 shows total time (in minutes) spent by each family member in each space for dining purpose through out a day.

INTENSITY OF SPACE USAGE: CALCULATING CORRELATION Spearmanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rank correlation method has been used here to comprehend the correlation between dining space-kitchen and dining space-living space in an apartment. A high value of Rho indicates strong linear relationship. Its value is said to be high when it is close to +1 or -1. A low value of Rho indicates weak linear relationship. Its value is said to be weak when it is close to zero. The formula has values from chart 3.5.8, where Rho is a constant that states rank correlation, n is the number of family members. These values kept in the Spearmanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

rank correlation formula to get the value of Rho. The formula is as follows:1 Rho = 1-

6(sum of d2)

[1]

n(n2-1)

CORRELATION BETWEEN DINING AND KITCHEN All the values from chart 3.1.16 are converted into ranks in a descending order.

Chart 3.5.9 shows ranks for each of the space.

The rank correlation between dining space and kitchen is calculated as follows:

Chart 3.5.10 shows difference in rank for kitchen and dining.

Substituting these values in formula [1], rank correlation between dining space and kitchen is - 6(sum of d12) (Rho) = 1 n(n2-1) Where, (Rho)

= Rank correlation.

= Difference in the rank

of dining and kitchen.

( In descending order)

n = Family members. Applying the formula, 1 Statistic for economics class XI( chapter 7). (n.d.). Retrieved from http://ncert.nic.in/textbook/textbook.htm?kest1=7-9 99

6(0.5) 3 (Rho) = 1= 1 2(22-1) 2(3)

(Rho) = 1-

(Rho) = 0.5

3 6

6-3 6

3 6 [2]

CORRELATION BETWEEN DINING AND LIVING The rank correlation between dining space and kitchen is calculated as follows:

Chart 3.5.11 shows difference in rank for living and dining.

Substituting these values in formula [1], rank correlation between dining space and kitchen is - 6(sum of d12) (Rho) = 1 n(n2-1) Where, (Rho)

= Rank correlation.

= Difference in the rank

of dining and kitchen.

( In descending order)

n = Family members. Applying the formula, 6(0.5) 3 (Rho) = 1= 1 2(22-1) 2(3)

(Rho) = 1-

(Rho) = 0.5

100

3 6

6-3 6

3 6 [3]

RESULT In calculation [2], there is a good extent of positive correlation between kitchen and dining space. Therefore, when the space usage of kitchen for dining purpose increases, the time spent by each occupant in kitchen for dining purpose also increases and visa versa. In calculation [3], there is a strong positive correlation between living and dining space. Therefore, when the space usage of living space increases, the time spent by each occupant in the dining space increases and visa versa.

101

102

3.6 ANALYSIS OF CASE STUDIES- CHART a1 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

1. Joint family

Legends of diagrams

2. Nuclear family

3. Couple

4. Old couple

Basic zoning of the house is segregated into three domains namely gathering space, family space and private spaces. Dining space is visually connected to kitchen and reading area.

Basic zoning of the house is segregated into two domains namely open space and private spaces. Dining space is visually connected to living room. Entrance has easy access to dining space.

Basic zoning of the house is segregated into three domains namely gathering space, family space and private spaces. Dining space is visually connected to kitchen and living space.

Dining space is located at the center of the house. It acts as a transition space between living room and bedroom. It is Diagram showing dinto ing area with respect connected reading room. to other spaces.

Dining space is slightly far from the center of the house. Living room and the entrance of the house is visually connected to the Diagram showing dining area with respect dining space.

Dining space is located at the center of the house. It is at the transition between open space and private space. Living room and kitchen are Diagram showing dining area with respect visually connected to dining. to other spaces.

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Private space

Semi-open

Open space

Basic zoning of the house is segregated into two domains namely gathering space and private spaces. Dining-living space is surrounded by bedrooms. Entrance has easy access to dining-living space. 䈀䰀

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Central axis of the house

Other residential spaces around dining space.

Demarcate dining area

䐀

Circulation area around dining space

Basic zoning of the house

B. Size of dining space in compared to other spaces.

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Public space

A. Spatial organization

Basic zoning of the house

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Dining space is located at the center of the house. This is the maximum circulation area and it is visually connected to the Diagram showing dining area with respect entrance of the house. to other spaces.

to other spaces.

103

ANALYSIS OF CASE STUDIES- CHART a2 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

Legends of diagrams

1. Joint family

Central axis of the house

Indirect relationship

Direct relationship

Circulation area around dining space

Due to its location, dining space is connected to maximum spaces of the house. Pooja ghar, living room is visually connected to the dining space. All bedrooms and kitchen are open up into dining-living area. This area becomes a space for family members to interact with each other. This area reminds them of a courtyard where all members get together for family function or for interaction.

W U Interrelationship between other spaces

Networking diagram

4. Old couple

Due to its location, dining space is connected to maximum spaces of the house. Kitchen, reading room, pooja ghar and storage are visually connected to the dining space. All bedrooms are open up to the dining space. However, connectivity between reading room and dining space kept flexible. When more guests come, reading room get transform and become a part of dining table.

Due to its location, dining space acts as a transition space between bedroom and living room. It has direct access from the entrance of the house. Kitchen has kept visually disconnected from the dining space.

Direct relationship with dining space

Spatial connectivity and circulation path around it

C. Location of dining space in the house

3. Couple

D. Relationship diagrams with other spaces

2. Nuclear family

K S

W BL

B2 D

W B3

B1 D

Diagram showing spatial relations of dining with other residential spaces by nodes and links. Red links represents direct relationship with dining space whereas black links represent relationships within other spaces.

W R

K P

BL E

W K

Due to its location, dining space is connected to maximum spaces of the house. Kitchen, living room one and two are visually connected to the dining space. This spaces become a social hub for family members. This area becomes a space for family members to interact with each other. This area reminds them of a courtyard where all members get together for family function or for interaction.

B1 D

U WR L

B1 K

E Diagram showing spatial relations of dining with other residential spaces by nodes and links. Red links represents direct relationship with dining space whereas black links represent relationships within other spaces.

W W

B2 DR

105

ANALYSIS OF CASE STUDIES- CHART a3 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

F. Dining table

Significance of dining table- material, ergonomics, interrelationship with elements,etc

Studio

Cooking preparation

Reading and working

Pooja preparation and playing music

Dining

E. Activity mapping

Maximum time spent by each family member on dining table

Legends of diagrams

1. Joint family

2. Nuclear family

3. Couple

4. Old couple

Dining space transforms for various activities during a day. Due to its close proximities with other spaces, other than dining it is use for cooking and pooja preparations, for reading and working. Sometimes it transform to become artistâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s studio.

Dining space transforms for various activities during a day. Due to its close proximities with other spaces, other than dining it is use for cooking preparations, working, playing music, etc. It is place for family gathering.

Dining space is mainly use for dining purposes. Due to its close proximity with working room, sometimes it is use for work purposes.

Dining space is strictly use for dining purposes. No other activities are perform in the dining space.

Dining table is made up of clear glass platform centrally supported by real wooden trunk. The chairs are made up of bamboo. Overall materials of the table are unique and used nowhere else in th house. Therefore, the table stands out from rest of the space. Size and all dimensions of the table are by standards. There is space for personalization and storage around the table. Material palate of chairs and table is similar but the language and materials are distinct.

Dining table is made up of clear glass platform supported by wooden sections on the four sides of the table. The chairs and the bench are made up of same material and have an extra layer of upholstery on it. Overall language of the table is merged with the background spaces. Material of the eating island are also same as the table. Size and all dimensions of the table are by standards. There is space for storage near the table. Material palate of chairs, table and island is same therefore the space does not stands out from rest of the space.

Dining table is made up of wooden platform supported by wooden sections on the four sides of the table. The chairs are made up of acrylic seating with stainless steel legs. Both materials of the table and chairs are different but because of same black color finish it looks as a complete set. Overall language of the table is stands out from the stark white wall. Size and all dimensions of the table are by standards. The table is expandable when number of guest increases. There is no specific personalization area except photo wall.

Dining table is made up of wooden platform supported by wooden sections on the four sides of the table. The chairs are made up of same material with an extra layer of upholstery. Overall language and material of the table is merged with rest of the space. Size and all dimensions of the table are by standards. There is no specific personalization area except photo wall. The lighting specifically for dining, enhances the space.

107

ANALYSIS OF CASE STUDIES- CHART a4 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

1. Joint family

Living

Dining

Kitchen

F. Space intervention

Spatial relationships of dining with kitchen nd living

Legends of diagrams

2. Nuclear family

Diagram showing dining area with respect to kitchen and living. Dining and living form an intersection.

Diagram showing dining area with respect to kitchen and living. Dining and kitchen form an intersection.

Diagram at the right, showing spatial interventions that affects dining activity.

Furniture element plays important role in the spatial arrangements. The swing is acting as a transition element between dining and living whereas the storage cabinet acts as a barrier between kitchen and dining space.

The sliding folding door plays a role of flexibility into the space. Due to the island near the kitchen platform, dining and kitchen are more correlated to each other. The reading space transforms during meal times due to opnenable partition door.

3. Couple

4. Old couple

Diagram showing dining area with respect to kitchen and living. Dining, kitchen and living have merging lines relationship.

Diagram showing dining area with respect to kitchen and living. Dining, kitchen form an intersection.

Diagram at the right, showing spatial interventions that affects dining activity.

The living and dining area are visually connected due to barrier free environment. There is no visual connectivity due to swing door between kitchen and dining. The curtain behind the dining space acts as a transition element between bedroom and dining space.

The whole bay of kitchen, dining and living is visually connected due to barrier free environment. Kitchen and dining are more correlated due to an island situated in the kitchen area. The extended wall between dining and main living room, acts as a barrier but also has visual connectivity to a certain extent.

109

ANALYSIS OF CASE STUDIES- CHART a5 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

1. Joint family

Legends of diagrams

2. Nuclear family Family members

H. Result

Numerical value of correlation between dining-kitchen and dining-living room

6am to 8am

K D L

8am to 10am

K D L

10am to 12Nn

12Nn to 2pm

4pm to 6pm

Each rectangle (unit) indicates 15 minutes.

Kitchen Dining Living

6pm to 8pm

K D L

G. Intensity of usage of the space for dining.

Numerical values chart showing time spent by each family member for dining purpose.

Time

S p a c e

8pm to 10pm

Bhargav Vyas

Sonal Vyas

Dharun Vyas

3. Couple Family members Time

K D L K D L K D L

Jignesh Mehta

Ruchi Mehta

Family members Time

S p Hasmukh Shah a c e

6am to 8am

K D L

6am to 8am

K D L

8am to 10am

K D L

8am to 10am

K D L

10am to 12Nn

12Nn to 2pm

4pm to 6pm

K D L K D L

S p a c e

4. Old couple

6pm to 8pm

8pm to 10pm

K D L K D L K D L K D L K D L

10am to 12Nn

12Nn to 2pm

4pm to 6pm

6pm to 8pm

8pm to 10pm

Damini Shah

K D L K D L K D L K D L K D L

Chart showing maximum time spent by each family member for dining purpose. The spaces use for dining are kitchen, dining space and living room respectively. 㔀⸀㔀

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Chart showing rank for each value from above table. The ranks are given by descending order.

In calculation [2], there is a good extent

In calculation [2], there is a good

between

extent of positive correlation between

kitchen and dining space. Therefore,

when the space usage of kitchen

when the space usage of kitchen for

for dining purpose decreases, the

dining purpose increases, the time

time spent on dining space by each

spent by each occupant in kitchen

occupant increases and visa versa.

for dining purpose

is also increases

for dining purpose also increases and

In calculation [3], there is a strong

and vise versa. In calculation [3],

visa versa. In calculation [3], there is

positive correlation between living

there is a strong negative correlation

a strong positive correlation between

and dining space. Therefore, when

between living and dining space.

living and dining space. Therefore,

the space usage of living for dining

Therefore, when the space usage of

when the space usage of living

purpose increases, the time spent by

living space decreases, the time spent

space increases, the time spent by

each occupant also increases and

by each occupant in the dining space

each occupant in the dining space

vise versa.

increases and vise versa.

increases and visa versa.

negative

correlation

111

3.7 SUMMARY OF CASE STUDIES

From the observational data, spatial arrangements of

the

apartment

allow

maximum

interaction

between inhabitants. Families demand more space connectivity for maximum interaction. Therefore, the spaces including kitchen and living are extending towards dining space. It became a midpoint for family members to meet in their daily busy schedules. Due to its close proximities from other spaces, family members prefer to do various activities in the dining space. For example in the first case study, preparation for cooking happens in the dining space by the mother to establish interaction with the grandmother. They sit together on the dining table for preparation of pooja and cooking. Due to close proximities, There is a strong relationship between dining, kitchen and living room. From the numerical data, It is concluded that the correlation of dining with kitchen and living room is strong. As a result of both observational and numerical Family structure

Value of Rho for Value of Rho for dining-kitchen dining-living

Joint family

-0.48

0.4

Nuclear family

0.5

-0.5

Couple

0.5

Old couple

0.5

Chart 3.7.1 shows values of Rho for dining-kitchen and dining- living of each family type.

data, boundaries of the dining space are casually dissolving. Stronger the correlation, more the dissolution of spatial and non-spatial boundaries between two spaces.

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Due to open plan concept in these apartments, proximities of dining space to the residential spaces get closed. In the first case study, the living and dining space became gathering space for the family members to perform multiple activities in a larger area. Whereas in the second case study, the kitchen and dining space with reading room became gathering space for the family members to perform multiple activities in a larger area. However, for rest of the families, dining space is for eating purpose only. Lifestyle of all the families demand more multi tasking areas with maximum space connectivity. As a result, the boundaries of each space started merging. Material of the dining table plays important role in the space. Significance of the dining depends upon what material is used in the space. From case study one, the material of the dining table is quite unique from rest of the space. As a result the dining table stands out from the surrounding environment.

Image 3.7.1 showing dining table from case study one.

Image 3.7.2 showing dining table from case study two.

Image 3.7.3 showing dining table from case study three.

Image 3.7.4 showing dining table from case study four.

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The size of the dining table in all the case studies is as per the standards. The orientation of the table decides the circulation path around it. In first two case studies, only three of the four sides of the dining table are utilized. On the other hand, in last two case studies, all four sides of the dining table are utilized. Therefore, the circulation path around the dining space changed with the utilization of the dining table. Interrelationship between elements of the dining space creates an overall environment. In the first case study, materials used to make the table and chair are the same. The language of these elements, size and number of chairs also complements each other. These materials are not used in any space of the residence therefore the dining table stands out from rest of the environment. In second case study, materials and textures that are used for making furniture and interior elements are the same in order to maintain a certain language of the space. As a result of this, dining space merges with the surrounding environment in order to create a continuous wholesome experience. In the first case study, the storage cabinet and the swing change the circulation path in order move from one space to the other. Here, swing acts like a transition element, whereas the cabinet acts as a guiding element. The light weighted dining chairs are often use in the living area if the number of guests increases. Due to this action, flexibility in the use of furniture is increased. Dining chairs acquires the living space and become a part of it. The storage near to the dining space is mostly of kitchenware and crockeries. Therefore, an idea of separate storage area for kitchen is now vanished. The occupants lifestyle also affects in this transformation of spaces. Families demand more space connectivity for maximum family interaction. Therefore, the spaces including kitchen, reading room and living are 115

extending towards dining space. It became a midpoint for family members to meet in their daily busy schedules. Due to its close proximities from other spaces, family members prefer to do various activities in the dining space. For example in first case study, preparation for cooking happens in the dining space by the mother to establish interaction with grandmother in pooja ghar. They sit together on the dining table for preparation of pooja and cooking. The custom of eating together is very strong in all the families. For every meal at the house, family members try to get together around food. However, due to other demands of the family, the act of dining is overflowing into the other spaces. For example in first case study, family have their afternoon meal in the kitchen area. They believe in the fact of sitting on the floor. Whereas the kind of food family prefers in the afternoon, demands to sit near to the hearth in order to serve it warm. On the other hand, family have their dinner in the living space for entertainment purpose. Living space has a TV unit and family prefers to have their meal while watching TV. The kind of food that they have at night doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t demand to sit near to the hearth of the kitchen. Whereas in the second case study, family have their breakfast in the kitchen. Though, the Vyas family does not have fixed place for dinner. Family prefers to have their meal in the living area along with TV but sometime they prefer to sit on the dining table. However, for last two case studies the scenario is slightly different. The family members prefer to have their meals on the dining table. In the fourth case study, the old couple has tradition to strictly sit on the dining table for all the meals. Their lifestyle is such that it doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t demand multi-tasking. Although there is a spatial connectivity due to open plan system, however 116

activities not tend to overflow because of the kind of lifestyle. From all the case studies, it is concluded that the lifestyle and spatial configuration plays an important role to shape the dining activity.

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CONCLUSION

4.1 CONCLUSION

There is a need to cope up with the ever changing lifestyle. Rapid transformation and globalization affects schedules and daily lifestyle of inhabitants and visa versa. Lifestyle of inhabitants change due to various job opportunities, cultural differences, advancement in technology, family system, intercity and intracity migration etc. The main concern is that the spatial relationship with the inhabitants also changes with their activity pattern. Particularly in India, due to job opportunities, inhabitants migrate from city to city or from rural areas to urban areas to live in a societal dwellings. In both intercity and intracity migration, geographical as well as syncretism occur. As a result, space-user conflict appears. These

Spatial relations

Multifunctionality and personalization

tio

Result

ns tio la

Result Response to

tio

ns h

Dissolution of boundaries

Response to

hi ns tio la

Changing ifestyle

Changing needs

Diagram 4.1.1 showing factors effecting dissolution of boundaries.

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societies or housing apartments become a platform for diversity in cultures in an urban context. This exchange generates new cultural fabric in the environment. However,

because

insufficient

spaces

and

economical conditions the inhabitants tend to shift in a high-density area or in apartments. These apartments become a hub of this multicultural society. The main difference is when all these cultures try to fit it in a typically designed apartment. As a result, it is very difficult for migrated families to change their lifestyle or habits as per the spatial configuration. Therefore, they tend to change, modify or adopt as per their demands and needs. A typical practice in the cities of India is that families refurnish their apartments according to their preferences and needs over time. If families are not able to adjust with the existing space they tend to personalize and make it more adaptable in accordance to their way of living.

Images 4.1.1 showing courtyard space in the Pol house of Ahmedabad.

Images 4.1.2 showing dining cum living space in an apartment.

However, these apartments also over time mold into the inhabitantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s daily lifestyle and habituate to the influences of urban activities and latest technology . Families are influenced by foreign customs and their way of living. Some of them have now adapted to cooking while standing preferably in modular kitchens; started celebrating special occasions in living-dining 122

space. These areas become the most active gathering space for families at various social events. This space reminds them of a multipurpose meeting area like courtyards in their native places.

Images 4.1.3 showing modular kitchen in an apartment.

Images 4.1.4 showing kitchen island used for dining purpose.

Every culture has traditional, geographical and religious factors that grow with respect to space. Therefore when the families with a strong cultural influence migrate, they face unavoidable problems in a new settlement. Therefore modification of apartments sometimes take place against the building bylaws. However, because of change in cultural environment and modification of apartments, the space- culture relationships become distorted. This space-culture relationship with inhabitants is more interactive in their native place.

Images 4.1.5 showing Pol house of Ahmedabad.

Images 4.1.6 showing apartment design in an urban context. 123

These traditional dwellings are a result of individual cultures, traditions, geographical conditions, lifestyle and needs of family members. For example a courtyard surrounded by various rooms in the Pol houses of Ahmedabad is a social hub for family members to celebrate their culture and traditions. This courtyard also generates shadows inside the house to avoid extreme summer heat and allow in flow of cool breeze. Therefore, these spaces have a relation with its user and both user and space respond to each other in an interactive manner. In other words, relationship of inhabitants with space changes when it comes to a new dwelling. Families are unsuccessful to adapt to the new environment of urban apartments. These families are habituated with living conditions of their native houses therefore the new relationship with their urban dwelling seems difficult to adapt to. As a result, there is a lack of interaction between the urban dwelling and its user. However the space-user relationship is not concurrent in a transformative world. Rapidly changing global culture and technological advancement influence the growth of space-culture relationships. Definite boundaries of each space in the apartment layouts fails to respond to these transformations with the changing needs of the inhabitants. Hence, flexibility in the spatial arrangements plays an important role in such adaptability issues. This is a solution for issues caused by definite boundaries in apartments and changing behavior of the user. The apartment is designed in such a way that it can be suited to each type of family. The degree of flexibility allows multi-purpose use of a single space in the apartments. Due to this, the spatial arrangements can transform as per the changing needs of families. However in these transformations, the purpose of the 124

space has to change in order to fulfill the function. A single space with minimum and movable furniture can become a place for breakfast in the morning, a gathering place for family and perhaps also a place for sleeping. The same room can act as a dining room, a living room or a working area. This design reaction to the layouts in apartments actively responds to userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s dynamic lifestyle. However, the significance of a definite space is dematerialized due to this phenomena. A house with definite boundaries for each function has a sense of specific culture, strong spatial arrangement and level of personalization. When these boundaries get fused together or dissolve in order to achieve multi-usability of the space, the significance of that particular space disappears. In addition to this, the open plan concept in apartments is derived from this notion of flexibility. The open plan consists of mainly two domains in the house. The first domain is family gathering and second is individual occupancy. It allows certain openness and a degree of privacy. This concept has certain advantages as well. It empowers the inhabitants to control their spatial relationships with the living environment. It allows to incorporate future services, technological extensions and a space for upgrading the same. Economically, it depletes the cost that is involved in refurnishing or reconfiguration of the dwelling. On the other hand, it provides more interaction between family members in their busy schedules. Spatial relations are established in a way that maximum interaction can occur in this barrier free environment. However, due to this barrier free environment, the spaces which were separated before (by function or by spatial configuration) are extending and overflowing in to each other. The multi-cultural urban context is equally responsible for this phenomena. Both are emerging as 125

well as affecting each other. Therefore, a particular style of house where the hierarchy is in the spaces (public, open, semi-public and private) is now casually dissolving. The boundaries that demarcate different functional spaces are either intersecting or merging. This phenomena has worked out with the changing lifestyle of the inhabitants, however the strong cultural backgrounds have slowly disappeared. With the help of this research, there is an attempt to highlight this phenomena with transforming lifestyles and adaptability of spaces particularly in the dining room. Eating is one of the most important activity for a healthy living. It is a cultural identity of each family. It has a specific socio-cultural association in every region. However, spatial associations have changed over a period of time. Initially the dining spaces were a separate entity from the kitchen. Dining activity used to occur in a common area which was used for other purposes as well in the household. Eventually spaces got separated, as a result, spatial relations became an important factor in dwelling. Dining space got linked with kitchen and acted as a part of the same space. However, today it is a part of either the kitchen or the living room. This living-dining space became an interactive space in the house for family members. From the above case studies and observations, it has been concluded that there is a strong correlation between dining spaces and other residential areas. This strong correlation leads to merging or dissolution of boundaries between two spaces. These boundaries can be culture specific or defined by spatial arrangements strongly guided by the demands of the urban lifestyle of the user. Spatial relationships and correlation between two spaces are important for certain extent of connectivity 126

in a residence or apartment. The existence of a space is based on these relationships and correlation. The nature of the dining activity is changing and evolving due to correlation between dining space and other spaces of a residence. Maximum correlation leads towards merging of dining space with other spaces of a residence. This methodology of the thesis will give a new perspective to study and quantify correlation between two spaces.

Images 4.1.7 showing influence of interface design on dining experience.

Future of the dining space will change the overall

experience of eating. Interface design will influence the dining experience. Kitchen design will allow to merge the cooking-dining experience.

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LIST OF FIGURES CHAPTER ONE 1. How to Perform Achamana by a Brahmin ? [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://spyderzone.blogspot.com/2018/01/how-to-perform-achamana-bybrahmin.html 2. Offering Food To God, Guests And The Pancha-Pranas [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://hinduonline.co/HinduReligion/HinduMythology.html 3. Tri Vedi Sandhya Vandanam Procedure [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://brahminrituals.blogspot.com/2011/08/tri-vedi-sandhya-vandanam-procedure.html 4. Why is it good to eat with hands? [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https:// recipes.timesofindia.com/articles/food-facts/9-reasons-why-you-must-feel-goodabout-eating-with-hands/photostory/60779231.cms?picid=60779298 5. Why is it good to eat with hands? [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https:// recipes.timesofindia.com/articles/food-facts/9-reasons-why-you-must-feel-goodabout-eating-with-hands/photostory/60779231.cms?picid=60779298 6. Scientific reasons and benefits of serving foods on Banana leaf. [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://steemit.com/life/@thalaivaa1122/scientific-reasonsand-benefits-of-serving-foods-on-banana-leaf 7. The Benefits of Eating Food on Banana Leaves [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.onlymyhealth.com/health-slideshow/the-benefits-of-eatingfood-on-banana-leaves-1427968374.html 8. [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://ebela.in/photogallery/health-benefits-of-eating-food-sitting-on-floor-dgtl-1.790511?slide=5 9. VECHAAR Utensils Museum, Ahmedabad [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.thebetterindia.com/90235/unique-quirky-unusual-museums-india/ 10. [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.jugsfurniture.co.uk/shop/ coffee-tables/low-bajot-coffee-table/ 129

11. Hindu Customs â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Why is a rangoli drawn around the plate of food ? [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PukIGIKJHDg 12. [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://travel.rakuten.com/campaign/ ranking/kominka/gensen.html 13. Triclinium [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Triclinium 14. Living cum dining space [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www. home-designing.com/living-room-dining-room-combo-interior-design-ideas-inspiration-pictures-tips 15. Lower Seating Arrangement [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https:// www.tripadvisor.in/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g6210968-d7818287-i228586727-Dhe pe_Wada-Mulshi_Pune_District_Maharashtra.html 16. The Difference Between a Formal Dining Room & Dining Room [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.ehow.com/info_12166979_difference-between-formal-dining-room-dining-room.html 17. [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.sncollection.co.uk/kitchens/ remo-silver-grey.html 18. [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://newspaper.gallery/living-room-designs-indian-style/ 19. [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.woodenstreet.com/dining-table-sets 20. Multi-functional living/dining/kitchen spaces are the new family social hub [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.architecture.com/-/media/ gathercontent/future-trends-survey-2015/additional-documents/futurehousingdesigntrends2015pdf.pdf 21. HEREâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S WHAT YOUR HOME WILL LOOK LIKE IN 2025, ACCORDING TO IKEA [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.elledecor.com/design-decorate/ trends/news/a7404/ikea-home-of-the-future/

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22. [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.home-designing.com/living-room-dining-room-combo-interior-design-ideas-inspiration-pictures-tips 23. [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://interiorzine.com/2017/11/30/50small-studio-apartment-design-ideas/ CHAPTER TWO 1. Multicultural Flexible Housing: Addressing the Need and Scope of Flexible Housing In Cosmopolitan Indian Cities [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https:// www.academia.edu/7482231/Multicultural_Flexible_Housing_Addressing_the_ Need_and_Scope_of_Flexible_Housing_In_Cosmopolitan_Indian_Cities Note: All the photographs of case studies are taken by the author. CONCLUSION 1. [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://in.pinterest.com/ pin/165436986291429962/?lp=true 2. [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://in.pinterest.com/ pin/480337116484053758/?lp=true 3. [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.customfurnish.com/buying-guide/kitchens 4. [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://freshome.com/kitchen-island-ideas/?gallery=true&image=1 5. [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol_(housing) 6. [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.magicbricks.com/projectapplewoods-orchid-harmony-for-rent-in-ahmedabad-pppfr 7. Technology in Indian Restaurants to Enahance Dining Out Experience [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.voolsy.com/updates/blog/ours-incorporated-ibeacon-technology-can-replace-traditional-dining-out-experience/

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BIBLIOGRAPHY WEBSITE Eating With Your Hands and Other Indian Food Traditions. (2017, July 18). Retrieved from https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/a-bite-at-a-time-foods-traditions-from-ancient-india-1206447 CORRELATION | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/correlation Statistic for economics class XI( chapter 7). (n.d.). Retrieved from http://ncert.nic. in/textbook/textbook.htm?kest1=7-9 Yumpu.com. (n.d.). 211 CHAPTER 6: AN INTRODUCTION TO CORRELATION AND ... Retrieved from https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/36251391/211-chapter-6-an-introduction-to-correlation-andBOOKS Rybczynski, W. (2001). Home: A short history of an idea. Great Britain: Simon & Schuster. Newmark, N. L., & Thompson, P. J. (1977). Self, space and shelter an introduction to housing. San Francisco, CA: Canfield. Schoenauer, N. (1981). 6,000 years of housing. New York: Garland STPM Press. Chiara, J. D., Panero, J., & Zelnik, M. (2001). Time-saver standards for interior design and space planning. New York: McGraw-Hill. Cieraad, I., & Short, J. R. (2006). At home: An anthropology of domestic space. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. Levitt, D., & McCafferty, J. (2019). The housing design handbook: A guide to good practice. London: Routledge. Schneider, T., & Till, J. (2016). Flexible housing. London: Routledge.

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UNPUBLISHED THESIS Haity, T. (2018). Family space : An inquiry into the use of living rooms in India. Agarwal, A. (2017). Understanding and mapping of joint family residences in an urban context. Gandhi, S. (2011). Use of space in kitchens of Ahmedabad : A study of change. Gour, S. (2003). Relation between physical aspects and socio-cultural aspects of a living environment. Patel, A. (2017). Cultural influence and personalization of interior spaces : A study of migrant families from Kerala settled in Ahmedabad.

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REVIEW FEEDBACK REVIEW 1

22-01-19

Points discussed: - State the different norms of dining. - Road map of methodology. - Identify he focus of the study - typology of dining or typology of dining relationships. - Start the introduction by a definite situation. Action taken: After first review, identified different norms and trends of dining spaces. Prepared road map for thesis and for case study methodology. Stated and selected criteria for case study. REVIEW 2

19-02-19

Points discussed: - Study dining as an activity in a residence. - Observe dining space with respect to other residential spaces. - Formulate a methodology to study the relationships between dining and other residential spaces. - No mathematics theories to begin with. Action taken: - Did one case study and observed family lifestyle, their culture and space-user relationship. - Prepared a methodology to quantify relationship between two spaces by the theory of correlation. - Prepared content page. REVIEW 3

19-03-19

Points discussed: - Revise numerical charts. - Define patterns in other case studies. - What are the advantages and disadvantages of numerical analysis. Action taken: - Revised all the charts - Stated the meaning behind numbers and identified probable result of the same.

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