GREATER MAPUNGUBWE TRANSFRONTIER CONSERVATION AREA TRANSBOUNDARY TOURISM INFRASTRUCTURE
MLA 1 Thesis 2011 Meghan Spigle
ABSTRACT Greater Mapungubwe is one of a dozen South African Peace Parks or Transfrontier Conservation Areas. The park encompasses the borders of three nations (Botswana, South Africa, and Zimbabwe) and is internationally valued both for its cultural importance (1200AD Iron Age paintings, a UNESCO World Heritage site) and its unique habitats and wildlife. In addition to captivating the interest of its three sovereign states, Mapungubwe hosts a variety of public and private stakeholders; DeBeers, National Parks Trust, industrial farmers, and the indigenous Maramani people of Zimbabwe. Nevertheless, a politically fragile Zimbabwe restrains both the betterment of its people’s social welfare and the advancement of an ecologically and economically unified international park. Historically, development of South African parks was primarily motivated by colonial desire for hunting and sport. However, more recent park planning initiatives have experimented with management strategies more inclusive of indigenous community groups. In the case of the development of Greater Mapungubwe, I explore a scenario in which the Zimbabwean Maramani community could more effectively engage with and benefit from the broader Mapungubwe Peace Park through a reorganization of their agricultural and economic practices.
GREATER MAPUNGUBWE TRANSFRONTIER CONSERVATION AREA
Source: Google Earth
PEACE PARKS
The terms Transfrontier Conservation Area (TFCA) or Transboundary Protected Area (TBPA) refer to lands occurring on political boundaries that are important for biodiversity conservation or cultural heritage. However, not all TFCAs/TBPAs are Peace Parks. Peace Parks endeavor to establish international friendship and sustainable economic development of communities living in or near these parks.
Zambia Malawi/Zambia Malawi
Angola
Liuwa Plain-Mussuma Lower Zambezi-Mana Pools Mozambique Kavango-Zambezi
Zimbabwe
Botswana
Iona-Skeleton Coast
Greater Mapungubwe
Namibia
Great Limpopo
Kgalagadi Swaziland
Lubombo
Ai-Ai Richtersveld
Lesotho
Maloti-Drakensberg
South Africa
Southern African Peace Parks SOUTHERN AFRICAN PEACE PARKS Source: Peace Parks Foundation http://www.peaceparks.org/story.php?pid=100&mid=39
Source: Peace Parks Foundation
PEACE PARKS FOUNDATION
Since the 1990s, Peace Parks have gained popular momentum. The Peace Parks Foundation established in 1997 by Nelson Mandela and Anton Rupert now manages 10 Southern African parks. In the African context, Peace Parks are utilized as an instrument of the African Renaissance; believing, that fostering joint conservation and tourism development in border regions would promote international peace, regional cooperation, and poverty reduction. While the efficacy of Peace Parks in achieving the goals of the African Renaissance is arguable, the Peace Parks Foundation is nevertheless Southern Africa’s primary proponent of park formation and management. However, the Peace Parks Foundation’s success in promoting sustainable economic development for communities is debatable. The World Bank who initially funded a pilot project in 1996 for one of it’s first TFCAs (the Great Limpopo) urged the Peace Parks Foundation to shift away from the idea of strictly protecting national parks and to put more emphasis on multiple resource use by local communities.
Zambia Malawi/Zambia Malawi
Angola
Liuwa Plain-Mussuma Lower Zambezi-Mana Pools Mozambique Kavango-Zambezi
Zimbabwe
Botswana
Iona-Skeleton Coast
Greater Mapungubwe Greater Mapungubwe
Namibia
Great Limpopo
Kgalagadi Swaziland
Lubombo
Ai-Ai Richtersveld
Lesotho
Maloti-Drakensberg
South Africa
Southern African Peace Parks Source: Peace Parks Foundation http://www.peaceparks.org/story.php?pid=100&mid=39
ZIMBABWE
Tuli Safari Area
BOTSWANA Maramani
Sentinel Ranch Nottingham Farm
Mashatu Game Reserve
SAN Parks SAN Parks
DeBeers Venetia Reserve
SOUTH AFRICA 5 km
10 km
20 km
GIS Source: Peace Parks Foundation
GREATER MAPUNGUBWE
Greater Mapungubwe is on the smallest parks managed by PPF, comprising 260,000 HA. It was officially formed in 2006 when a MoU was signed between Botswana, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. Previously, the park was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2003. Thereafter, the South African National Park Service formed a wildlife refuge around the site in 2004, protecting both the heritage site and large mammal populations of (Rhino, Lion, Leopard, Elephant).
CULTURAL MIGRATIONS
MAPUNGUBWE’S DEVELOPMENT TIMELINE
KEY FIGURES IN PARK DEVELOPMENT
Dr. Illtyd Pole Evans
Jan Smuts
Mavuso Msimang & Nicky Oppenheimer
Environment Ministers of Zimbabwe, South Africa, and Botswana
Source: Berry & Cadman, Dongola to Mapungubwe, Mmabolela, 2007
SOUTH AFRICA NATIONAL PARK
DE BEERS’ VENETIA COAL MINE
SHASHE AND LIMPOPO RIVER CONFLUENCE
MARAMANI COMMUNAL LANDS
MARAMANI MASHATU GAME RESERVE
SENTINEL RANCH
NATIONAL PARK PRIVATE FARMS DE BEERS PRIVATE FARMS
MINE
GIS Source: Peace Parks Foundation
STAKEHOLDERS
In addition to its tripartite division of state sovereignty, the park hosts a variety of stakeholders: • The South African National Park service holds the area around the cultural heritage site • DeBeers owns a nature reserve around the Venetia diamond mine • The Mashatu Game Reserve (formed in 1987) runs a commercial safari venture • Sentinel Ranch (formed in 1982) operates a hunting lodge • Plant and livestock farmers • Indigenous community groups (Maramani)
5 km
10 km
20 km
MARAMANI COMMUNAL LANDS
Source: Peace Parks Foundation
PARK PLANNING The Peace Park Foundation’s Development Phasing plan shows the Core Conservation Area, which only includes pre-established nature reserves and national parks. The missing wedge-shaped piece in the north is the Maramani communal land. Located at the convergence of the Shashe and Limpopo Rivers, whose Riparian areas offer some of the most rich and diverse habitat in the park, Maramani is critical to biodiversity conservation.
PARK PHASING
Source: Peace Parks Foundation
Nevertheless, the Peace Park Foundation’s phasing plan shows that Maramani remains absent from the park’s core area until the final stages of planning.
P
Source: newrhodesian.net
POLITICS
SOUTHAFRICA AFRICA SOUTH Population 49.1 mill
GDP $527.50 bill
$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$ CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY
CONSITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY
BOTSWANA BOTSWANA Population 2.0 mill
GDP per capita
GDP FROM SERVICES
GDP: agriculture GDP: industry GDP: services
SOUTH AFRICA: GDP
UNEMPLOYMENT RATE
GDP: agriculture
GDP:industry industry GDP:
GDP: industry
GDP: services
GDP:services services GDP:
GDP: services
BOTSWANA: GDP
UNEMPLOYMENT RATE
= $400
CONSOCIATIONALIST REPUBLIC CONSOCIATIONALIST REPUBLIC President of Zimbabwe: Robert Mugabe (since 1987) GDP: agriculture GDP: agriculture GDP: industry GDP: industry GDP: services GDP: services
ZIMBABWE: SOUTHGDP AFRICA: GDP
GDP FROM SERVICES
GDP: agriculture
GDP: agriculture GDP: industry
GDP: industry
GDP: services
GDP: services
UNEMPLOYMENT RATE
BOTSWANA: GDP
ZIMBABWE: GDP
Unemployment Rate
Unemployment UnemploymentRate Rate
Unemployment Rate
Unemployment Rate Rate Unemployment
Unemployment Rate
Unemployment Rate
Employment
Employment
Employment Employment
Employment
Employment Employment
Employment
Employment
BOTSWANA: UNEMPLOYMENT RATE
POVERTY
BOTSWANA: UNEMPLOYMENT RATE
SOUTH AFRICA: UNEMPLOYMENT RATE ZIMBABWE: UNEMPLOYMENT RATE
BOTSWANA: UNEMPLOYMENT RATE
ZIMBABWE: RATE SOUTHUNEMPLOYMENT AFRICA: UNEMPLOYMENT RATE
POVERTY
POVERTY
ZIMBABWE: UNEMPLOYMENT RATE
Below Poverty Line
Below Poverty Line
Below BelowPoverty PovertyLine Line
Below Poverty Line
Below Poverty Line Line Below Poverty
Below Poverty Line
Below Poverty Line
Above Poverty Line
Above Poverty Line
Above AbovePoverty PovertyLine Line
Above Poverty Line
Above Poverty Line Line Above Poverty
Above Poverty Line
Above Poverty Line
BOTSWANA: BELOW POVERTY LINE
SOUTH AFRICA: BELOW POVERTY LINE
LITERACY
SOUTH AFRICA (Botswana border)
GDP:agriculture agriculture GDP:
GDP: industry
ZIMBABWE: GDP SOUTH AFRICA: GDP
GDP per capita
Unemployment Rate
SOUTH AFRICA: UNEMPLOYMENT RATE
SOUTH AFRICA: LITERACY RATE
GDP FROM SERVICES
GDP: agriculture
BOTSWANA: GDP
GDP $4.40 bill
$
= $13,100
PARLIAMENTARY REPUBLIC
PARLIAMENTARY REPUBLIC President of Botswana: Ian Khama (since 2008)
Population 11.7 mill
GDP per capita
$$$
= $10,700
President of the Republic of South Africa: Jacob Zuma (since 2009)
GDP $26.56 bill
ZIMBABWE ZIMBABWE
BOTSWANA: BELOW POVERTY LINE
ZIMBABWE: BELOW POVERTY LINE SOUTH AFRICA: BELOW POVERTY LINE
ZIMBABWE: LINE SOUTHBELOW AFRICA:POVERTY BELOW POVERTY LINE
LITERACY
BOTSWANA: BELOW POVERTY LINE
ZIMBABWE: BELOW POVERTY LINE
LITERACY
Literate
Literate
Literate Literate
Literate
LiterateLiterate
Literate
Literate
Non-Literate
Non-Literate
Non-Literate Non-Literate
Non-Literate
Non-Literate Non-Literate
Non-Literate
Non-Literate
BOTSWANA: LITERACY RATE
ZIMBABWE: LITERACY RATE SOUTH AFRICA: LITERACY RATE
BOTSWANA (Zimbabwe border)
BOTSWANA: LITERACY RATE
ZIMBABWE: RATE SOUTHLITERACY AFRICA: LITERACY RATE
BOTSWANA: LITERACY RATE
ZIMBABWE (South African border)Factbook, Source: CIA World
ZIMBABWE: LITERACY RATE
2011
POLITICS Maramani, like most of Zimbabwe, suffers from high rates of poverty (68%) and unemployment (95%) due to political turbulence, corruption, and hyperinflation that occurred from 1999 to 2008.
VENDA PEOPLE PHOTOGRAPHS FROM NORTH EASTERN SOUTH AFRICA
Source: Schlosser, Katesa, Rain-Queens and Python Dance, Germany, 2002 Source: Katesa Schlosser, Rain-Queens and Python Dance: Historical Colour Photographs of Lovedu and Venda Life in Northern Transvaal. University of Kiel, Germany: 2002.
INDIGENOUS LIVELIHOODS Nevertheless, some forty-two-hundred Venda people carry-out a subsistence based livelihood derived primarily from livestock holding and dryland crop farming.
LAND AREA REQUIRED TO SUSTAINABLY SUPPORT MARAMANI WITH ECO-TOURISM OR AGRICULTURE
CURRENT LAND USE AND DENSITY
REQUIRED LAND AREA FOR SUBSISTENCE FROM ECO-TOURISM
REQUIRED LAND AREA FOR SUBSISTENCE FROM AGRICULTURE
Sources: Cumming, David. Livestock and Food Security in the South East Lowveld of Zimbabwe, Harare, 2004 Gambiza & Nyama. Country Pasture/Forage Resources Profile, Zimbabwe, 2000
THREATS TO LIVELIHOODS The Maramani communal lands are highly insecure. Located on marginal land with only 400mm of rain per year, the community is barely over the minimum threshold of 250kg of maize/person/year which is only achieved through livestock sales. The land itself is only supplying cereal production at 25kg of maize/person/year. To sustainably support its population, Maramani would need to be 8 times its current size.
MARAMANI CRAFT CENTER
SHASHE IRRIGATION SCHEME
USAID - USA FEDERAL AGENCY
CESVI - ITALIAN NGO
AID AND AID ALTERNATIVES In the past, Maramani has been the recipient of international aid. USAID built a craft center for the sale of traditional goods. And CESVI, an Italian NGO provided the community with an irrigation field to buttress their crop yields. However, these donations did not achieve lasting improvements for the community. While aid donations have not been successful in Maramani, community-based conservation and agriculture models in other parts of Zimbabwe have. The CAMPFIRE program and the Chibememe Earth Healing Association are two organizations which have been successful.
AGRICULTURE-BASED SOLUTIONS In efforts to assist the community of Maramani, Professor David Cumming from the University of Zimbabwe recommended a model for economic development which proposed the intensification of agricultural use through the production of citrus to bolster food production and stimulate the local economy.
EXISTING CULTIVATED DRYLAND
Source: Google Earth
The Shashe Irrigation Scheme. 100 hectares of channel irrigated land funded by European NGO in 1960s. It is desired by the Peace Parks Foundation that the community move their dryland crops away from sensitive wildlife areas.
5 km
10 km
20 km
North
Source: Peace Parks Foundation
GIS Source: Peace Parks Foundation
EXISTING DEGRADED WOODLAND
The current practice of dryland crop farming and cattle grazing is leading to soil erosion caused by over-grazing of the land.
Carrying capacity in the Limpopo Valley is sustainable at one livestock unit (cow) per 30HA.
5 km
10 km
20 km
In the 40,000HA Maramani communal lands, each household (4 people) own an estimated 7 head of cattle. Give that 4,000 people live in Maramani, this means that an estimated 7,000 cattle live in the communal lands. This is a capacity of 6 cattle per 30HA, or six times the carrying capacity of the land.
North
Source: Peace Parks Foundation
GIS Source: Peace Parks Foundation
SOCIAL & ECOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION Building upon Professor Cumming’s suggestion and given Maramani’s privileged position in the Peace Park, I propose that in order to achieve sustainable economic and environmental performance, Maramani will need to develop a community–based conservation and agriculture program which couples extensive Venda agriculture with intensive citrus production; thereby allowing wildlife-park-compatible ecologies to re-emerge.
$1,500
10:1 RATIO OF RANGELAND TO CROPLAND
AGRICULTURAL TRANSFORMATION Firstly, to sustainably farm Maramani, a 10:1 ratio of rangeland to cropland would need to be adopted by the local community. A conservative rangeland stocking rate would necessitate decreasing the community’s herds from 7,000 cattle to 5,000 cattle. I suggest reallocating cattle assets to the purchase of citrus crops and irrigation systems. At the same time, small changes in extensive agricultural practice such as using arid farming techniques such as fanya juus or infiltration pits could be adopted to address water scarcity.
CITRUS: GRAPEFRUIT
CASSAVA
MAIZE
SCALAR COMPARISON
30 HA
100 HA
100 HA
SECTION
PLAN
CROP DIVERSIFICATION Establishing a more diverse a mix of crops; cassava (for drought resistance), maize (as a traditional Venda crop), Marula trees (because of their duel use as food for humans and cattle, Mlala Palms (another traditional Venda plant), and Mopane (a native tree which provides habitat for protein-rich Mopane worms) is more desirable for purposes of achieving food security.
CATTLE
400 HA
MARULA TREES
400 HA
MLALA PALM TREES MOPANE TREES
650 HA
625 HA
CITRUS: GRAPEFRUIT
CITRUS:MINIMUM GRAPEFRUIT
CASSAVA
MAIZE
CASSAVA
CATTLE
MAIZE
MINIMUM
130 PIVOT 1 PIVOT -irrigation pump within 4.5km -irrigation pump wihtin 4.5 km from from the Shashe River the Shashe River
3,800HA DRY CROPLAND 3,800HA DRY CROPLAND HA CATTLE RANGELAND 1,400 HA DRY CROPLAND DRY CROPLAND -located within the 80M contour1,400 HA-located within the 80M 41,800 contour -10:1 ratio rangeland:cropland -located within the 80m contour -located within the 80m contour from the river confluence from the river confluence from the river confluence from the river confluence
41,80 -trees
MAXIMUM
MAXIMUM
130 PIVOT -irrigation pump within 4.5km from the Shashe River 130 PIVOTS -irrigation pump wihtin 4.5 km from the Shashe River
3,800HA DRY CROPLAND -located within the 80M contour from the river confluence 3,800 HA DRY CROPLAND -located within the 80m contour from the river confluence
SUITABLE CROP LOCATIONS & MAXIMUM/MINIMUM SCENARIOS
3,800HA DRY CROPLAND -located within the 80M contour from the river confluence
3,800 HA DRY CROPLAND -located within the 80m contour from the river confluence
15,400 HA CATTLE RANGELAND -10:1 ratio rangeland:cropland
Given the area and growing requirements for each crop, suitable locations were mapped. Minimum and maximum development potential was estimated for each crop within the boundary of Maramani.
15,40 -trees
MAIZE
CATTLE
CATTLE
PLAND 0m contour ence
1,400 HA DRY CROPLAND -located within the 80m contour from the river confluence
PLAND 0m contour ence
3,800 HA DRY CROPLAND -located within the 80m contour from the river confluence
MARULA TREES
MARULA TREES
41,800 HA CATTLE RANGELAND 41,800 HA CATTLE -10:1 ratio rangeland:cropland RANGELAND -10:1 ratio rangeland:cropland
15,400 HA CATTLE RANGELAND 15,400 HA CATTLE -10:1 ratio rangeland:cropland
RANGELAND -10:1 ratio rangeland:cropland
MLALA PALM TREES
MLALA PALM TREES
41,800 HA 41,800 HA -trees located in cattle rangelands
650 HA 650 HA -located within the floodplain line
15,400 HA HA -trees located15,400 in cattle rangelands
1,385 HA 1,385 HA line -located within the floodplain
-trees located in cattle rangelands
-trees located in cattle rangelands
MOPANE TREES
-located within the floodplain line
-located within the floodplain line
MOPANE TREES
CURRENT ELEPHANT RANGE
current estimated mopane tree range
1 (2.5 KM WIDE) ELEPHANT COR-
2.5 RIDOR KM WIDE WOODLAND RESTORATION -located between existing elephant ranges
Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area Key Megafauna
HOME RANGES
Cheetah
Elephant
Black Rhino
Buffalo
Lion
Leopard
Giraffe
5 km
10 km
White Rhino
20 km
Source: Field Guide to the Larger Mammals of Africa. Chris and Tilde Stuart. Struik Publishers: South Africa 2006.
Source: Stuart, Field Guide to the Larger Mammals of Africa , South Africa 2006
MEGAFAUNA HOME RANGES
The park is home to four of the big-five game. Home ranges of these and other megafauna living in Greater Mapungubwe were considered in park planning.
DESIGN COMPONENTS AND CONFLICT MITIGATION DESIGN COMPONENTS AND CONFLICT MITIGATION
X X Elephant Biocorrdior helps to attract and condense elephant populations in one area and decrease crop raiding
Elephant Biocorrdior helps to attract and condense elephant populations in one area and decrease crop raiding
chili
chili
X X Intensive containment and management of cattle populations helps to decrease carnivore attacks
Intensive containment and management of cattle populations helps to decrease carnivore attacks
AVOIDING WILDLIFE/HUMAN LAND USE CONFLICT
Specifically in planning suitable farming sites, adjacencies were controlled so as to mitigate conflict between agricultural land use and use by native wildlife. For instance, crop areas are buffered from elephant corridors because elephants are notorious for their crop-raiding behavior. Likewise, cattle kraals and rangelands are located far from known prides of lions, predators of livestock.
-mud -40 ca -mud -40 c
Elephant Territories
X
Elephant Biocorrdior helps to attract and condense elephant populations in one area and de
X
Intensive containment and management of cattle populations helps to decrease carnivore a
90% kernel 50% kernel
5 km 10 km
20 km
Sources: Selier, Jeanetta, Report on the Aerial Elephant Census of the Central Limpopo River Valley , South Africa 2010. Selier, Jeanetta, Distribution and Demographic Status of the African Elephant Population in the Central Limpopo River Valley of Botswana, Zimbabwe, and South Africa, South Africa 2007.
Sources: Jeanetta Selier, Report on the Aerial Elephant Census of the Central Limpopo River Valley, Southern Africa. Sept. 2010. University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban. Jeanetta Selier, The Social Structure, Distribution and Demographic Status of the African Elephant Population in the Central Limpopo River Valley of Botswana, Zimbabwe, and South Africa. April 2007. University of Pretoria, Pretoria.
ELEPHANT AND LION POPULATIONS
Data retrieved from wildlife researchers helped to determine home range locations for elephants (clustering along the rivers) and lions (in the western edge) of the park.
Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area Lion Territories
Elephant Biocorrdior helps to attract and condense elephant populations in o
X
Intensive containment and management of cattle populations helps to decrea
female 90% kernel female 50% kernel male 90% kernel male 50% kernel
5 km
10 km
20 km
Sources: Snyman, Andrei, South Africa, 2010.
Sources: Andrei Snyman, Mashatu Game Reserve. 2010.
Combined agricultural processes help to provide more economic and food re
ELEPHANT BIOCORRIDOR DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
150 METER RIPARIAN BUFFER
RIVER
250 METER ROAD BUFFER
ROAD
500 METER HUMAN SETTLEMENT BUFFER
HOUSE
2.5 KILOMETER (MIN) ELEPHANT BIOCORRIDOR Source: F.V. Osborn and G.E. Parker. Linking Two Elephant Refuges with a Corridor in the Communal Lands of Zimbabwe. African Journal of Ecology 41, 68-74 (Mid-Zambezi Elephant Project, Harrare, Zimbabwe: 2003)
CONTROLLED PLANNING OF ELEPHANT HABITAT Elephant habitat (a biocorridor) was planned in the most suitable areas of the park; which have the most potential to link current elephant populations while having the least impact on existing human households and protecting endangered riparian woodland vegetation.
EXISTING RIPARIAN WOODLAND AND WETLAND
Endangered Riparian Woodland vegetation.
5 km
10 km
20 km
North
Source: Peace Parks Foundation
GIS Source: Peace Parks Foundation
ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE
All of the roads in Maramani are packed earth. This causes travel disruption particularly in the rainy season. While a small portion of the Maramani community owns a vehicle, most travel by donkey cart or by walking.
GIS Source: Peace Parks Foundation 5 km
10 km
20 km
North
Source: Peace Parks Foundation
HUMAN SETTLEMENT
Traditional Venda house.
GIS Source: Peace Parks Foundation 5 km
10 km
20 km
North
Source: Peace Parks Foundation
EXISTING PROPOSED EXISTING
EXISTING
5 HA 1 (2.5 KM WIDE) ELEPHANT CORPROPOSED ELEPHANT BIOCORRIDOR ated within the floodplain line RIDOR
The proposed configuration of the elephant biocorridor links two existing elephant population and would only necessitate the relocation of approximately 30 existing households.
REINFORCED INTERACTION DISCOURAGED INTERACTION
MAXIMIZING POSITIVE BENEFITS IN NUTRIENT CYCLING
The design intent was to reinforce positive interactions between the community and its resources (maximizing nutrient cycling), while discouraging negative interactions (such as poaching).
aramani Communal Lands, Zimbabwe ayers of Development
PHASING PLAN
aramani Communal Lands, Zimbabwe ayers of Development I
I
II
II
I
II
ACTIVATING SHASHE VILLAGE -destock 2,000 cattle -establish citrus pivot irrigation ACTIVATING SHASHE VILLAGE -connect main roads connecting -destock 2,000 cattle Gwanda Beitbridge to Shashe -establish citrus pivotand irrigation
ORGANIZE HUMAN SETTLEMENTS -define 2km radius around water boreholes -relocate 20 households falling within the 2.5km elephant corridor along the Limpopo
ACTIVATING SHASHE VILLAGE -destock 2,000 cattle -establish citrus pivot irrigation -connect main roads connecting Gwanda and Beitbridge to Shashe
-connect main roads connecting Gwanda and Beitbridge to Shashe V
V
V
ORGANIZE LAND USE -define a gradient from ecological (southern river confluence) to agricultural (northern communal lands)
ORGANIZE LAND USE -define a gradient from ecological (southern river confluence) to agricultural (northern communal lands)
ORGANIZE LAND USE -define a gradient from ecological (southern river confluence) to agricultural (northern communal lands)
III
IV
III
ORGANIZE HUMAN SETTLEMENTS -define 2KM radius around water boreholes ORGANIZE HUMAN -relocate 20SETTLEMENTS households falling within -define 2km radius around water boreholes the 2.5KM elephant along the -relocate 20 households falling withincorridor the 2.5km elephant corridor along the Limpopo Limpopo
VI
VI
III
VI
HOLISTIC AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT -establish proper ratios between rangelands and croplands -apply water harvesting agricultural practices on dry cropland
HOLISTIC AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT -establish proper ratios between rangelands and croplands -apply water harvesting agricultural practices on dry cropland
HOLISTIC AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT -establish proper ratios between rangelands and croplands -apply water harvesting agricultural practices on dry cropland
FENCING FENCING -relocate 11.5km fence between Sentinel Ranch and Maramani -relocate 11.5KM fence between -define human settlement growth areas within Sentinel Ranch Maramani 2km from boreholes and with fence FENCING -define human settlement growth -relocate 11.5km fence between Sentinel Ranch areasandwithin Maramani2KM from boreholes with human settlement growth areas within fence-define 2km from boreholes with fence
IV
REGENERATE NATIVE VEGETATION REGENERATE NATIVE VEGETATION -elephants (key species) follow regenerated Mopane veld -elephants (key species) follow regenerated Mopane veld REGENERATE NATIVE VEGETATION -elephants (key species) follow regenerated Mopane veld
VII
VIIIVII
DEFINE COMMUNITY ROADS -reinforce north-south roads between human settlement growth areas DEFINECOMMUNITY COMMUNITY ROADS ROADS DEFINE -reinforce north-south roads between human -reinforce roads between settlementnorth-south growth areas human settlement growth areas
IV
VIII
VIII
VIII
ENGAGE TRANSBOUNDARY TOURISM -develop areas offering a hybrid experience of cultural and subsistence resource utilization and tourism amenities ENGAGE TRANSBOUNDARY TOURISM ENGAGE TRANSBOUNDARY -develop areas offering a hybrid experience of TOURISM cultural and subsistence resource utilization and tourism amenities -develop areas offering a hybrid experience of cultural and subsistence resource utilization and tourism amenities
Maramani Communal Lands, Zimbabwe Plan
CATTLE RANGELANDS FORT TULI
BOREHOLE
MLALA PALM AREA
DRY CROPLAND
IRRIGATED CITRUS
SHASHE VILLAGE ELEPHANT CORRIDOR
MAPUNGUBWE HILL
5K
PROPOSED PLAN FOR MARAMANI
10K
The resulting plan, attempts to weigh Maramani’s human population needs and balance intensive with extensive agricultural uses, productive landscapes with cultural landscapes. The plan builds upon existing infrastructure, namely the east-west road servicing Shashe Village, the center of the community, and links it to citrus production.
20K
North
Source: Events in the Tuli Area, 2002, The South African Military History Society, <http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol124rb.html>.
BOER WAR TOURISM Fort Tuli, located north of Maramani in Zimbabweâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Parks and Wildlife Land, is a remnant from the Boer War. Tuli was the first point at which the pioneer column, and many subsequent expeditions entered Matabeleland before heading to Salisbury (now Harare), the capital of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). Fort Tuli was also the launching point of the Jameson Raid into the South African Republic which contributed significantly to the start of the Second Boer War in the late 19th century.
TOURISM CONNECTION -the tourism route intersects and activates Shashe, a Venda village, and community conservation areas
BEITBRIDGE
FORT TULI
SHASHE
BEITBRIDGE
MAPUNGUBWE HILL
10 K
NORTH
PROPOSED TOURISM PLAN FOR MARAMANI Considering the reallocation of labor in the proposed agriculture plan, more Maramani community members could enter the tourism industry. In order to connect two important tourism sites: Fort Tuli and Mapungubwe Hill, a new tourism route is created through Shashe Village.
EXISTING BORDER POSTS
5 km
PONT DRIFT
UN-USED ZIMBABWEAN POST
10 km
BEITBRIDGE
20 km
OURISTS TO MARAMANI aramani with the 27,000 oming to Mapungubwe
35/year 7,500/year
27,000/year
10 K
NORTH
CONNECTING TOURISTS TO MARAMANI A new border crossing at the point of the Shashe and Limpopo riversâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; confluence would facilitate travel between South Africa and Zimbabwe for tourists. Given that the South African Mapungubwe National Park receives the highest visitation per year (27,000 tourists/year) access from the shore of the National Park is ideal for achieving higher tourism visitation in Maramani.
EXISTING BORDER POSTS
PONT DRIFT
BEITBRIDGE
PONT DRIFT CONTEXT
BEITBRIDGE CONTEXT
TOURISTSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; BORDER STATION
Maramani Communal Lands, Zimbabwe Tourism Route
A new border station and river crossing between South Africa and Zimbabwe east of the confluence area.
Border stations Limpopo River crossing. Border Station andand Limpopo River Crossing
REGIONAL ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE SOUTH AFRICA
MUSVINGO BULAWAYO
BOTSWANA ZIMBABWE
GWANDA
BEITBRIDGE MUSINA
POLOKWANE LEPHALALE
ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE IN MAPUNGUBWE
5 km
DIRT ROADS
10 km
20 km
PAVED ROADS
ETWORK 23,000 people) and ople) through Shashe Vil4,200 people)
SHASHE
BEITBRIDGE
10 K
NORTH
ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE IN MARAMANI The road linking Shashe Village (4,200 people) to larger urban centers such as Beitbridge (23,000 people) would need improvement for efficient transport of goods through Maramani.
CITRUS PRODUCTION AND CITRUS TASTING AREA
Maramani Communal Lands, Zimbabwe Tourism Route
Intensive citrus agricultural production owned and operated by the local community.
Pivot irrigated Irrigated Citrus Fields Pivot citrus fields.
TOURISM IN THE MAPUNGUBWE NATIONAL PARK
TOURISM IN GREATER MAPUNGUBWE An active tourism industry is well established in areas within and around the park. Tourism ventures include safari hunting, educational tourism, photo/eco-tourism, and cultural tourism. Additionally, a wide range of accommodations are available at varying price ranges.
TOURISM ROUTE THROUGH MARAMANI
ENGAGE TRANSBOUNDARY TOURISM -develop areas offering a hybrid experience of cultural and subsistence resource utilization and
Points of interest along the route coincide with agricultural production sites, thereby integrating the tourism experience with a showcase of communityâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;based conservation and agriculture.
Maramani Communal Lands, Zimbabwe Tourism Route
FEATURES FOR TOURISTS
FORT TULI
MLALA PALMS
MAIZE
CATTLE KRAALS
SHASHE VILLAGE
ELEPHANTS
MAPUNGUBWE
SECTION ALONG THE TOURISM ROUTE
DESTINATIONS & ACTIVITIES
Fort Tuli -built by the Pioneer Column in 1890, start of the 2nd Boer War
Mlala Basket Making
Beer and Wine Making and Maize Harvest
Cattle Kraal Demonstration
Citrus Production
Border Station and River Crossing
Shashe Village
River Crossing Museum and Lodge
Elephant Hide and Lodge
Learning Center Village and Lodge
Mapungubwe -Iron Age settlement 900 to 1300
TOPOGRAPHY & DISTANCE 1k
7k
7k
WATER Shashe River VEGETATION
4k
1.5k
Borehole
Mlala Palm and Maize dry cultivation
4k
Borehole
Citrus Irrigation
Community Dwellings
Cattle
11k
Borehole
Mlala Palm and Maize dry cultivation
HUMAN SETTLEMENT
MAMMALS
5k
0.5k
1.5k
Limpopo River
Mopane Veld
Mopane Veld
Community Dwellings
Cattle
Cattle
Elephant
Elephant
HARVEST SEASONS
Maramani Communal Lands, Zimbabwe Seasons for Food Harvest and Tourism
best game viewing
TOURISTS VENDA CELEBRATIONS
tBaNgona festival (to bite the green foods)
MARULA FRUITS MOPANE WORMS
harvest
tevula festival beer wine harvest
best game viewing rainmaking & python dance and mufhoho shared
tevula festival beer wine harvest
rainmaking & python dance and mufhoho shared
harvest
major harvest
minor harvest
MLALA PALMS
beer-making
minor harvest
minor harvest
major harvest
CASSAVA
plant
plant
MAIZE
plant
plant
major harvest
beer-making
CITRUS
harvest
harvest
ELUSINE mufhoho
90
best game viewing
harvest
harvest
harvest
harvest
harvest
harvest
harvest
harvest
harvest
harvest
harvest
harvest
harvest
harvest
plant
plant
plant
plant
plant
plant
plant
plant
18-20 year oscillation of alternating wet and dry rainfall periods 90 day growing season
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
RAIN & 0 TEMPERATURE
8 days 93 mm
29 c 19 c
JANUARY PHANDO
8 days 60 mm
28 c 18 c
FEBRUARY LUHUHU
6 days 48 mm
27 c 17 c
MARCH THAFUMUWE
4 days 33 mm
26 c 13 c
1 days 6 mm
23 c 9c
APRIL RHAMBAMME
MAY SHUNDUNTHULE
neglect the mother: in this month the children forget their mothers because there is plenty of food
to take off basket: the month in which the women take their baskets from their heads to fill them in the lands
1 days 0 mm JUNE FULWI
20 c 6c
1 days 3 mm
21 c 6c
JULY FULWANI
1 days 3 mm
24 c 9c
3 days 9 mm
AUGUST THANGULE
26 c 13 c
SEPTEMBER KHUBVUMEDZI
to strip: the month in which the wind strips the leaves from the trees
6 days 24 mm
27 c 16 c
OCTOBER TSHIMEDZI
8 days 39 mm
28 c 17 c
NOVEMBER LARA
9 days 66 mm
29 c 18 c
DECEMBER NYENDAVHUSIKU a kind of locust: swarms of locust appear in this month
Sources: Hugh A. Stayt, The Bavenda. Oxford University Press (London: 1931), pp 36, 228. Cunningham and Wehmeyer. “Nutritional Value of Palm Wine from Hyphaene coriacea and Phoenix reclinata.” Economic Botany, v.42 no.3 (1988) 301-306. Dirk Wessels., “Mopane Woodland Management.” 2002. CALENDARS, SCIENCE ARTICLES, D EVANS PAPER
Sources: Stayt, Hugh, The Bavenda, London 1931 pp36,228. Cunningham & Wehmeyer, Nutritional Value of Palm Wine from Hyphaene coriacea and Phoenix reclinata, Economic Botany, v.42 no.3, 1988, pp301-306. Wessels, Dirk, Mopane Woodland Management, 2002.
REGENERATED MOPANE VELD
Maramani Communal Lands, Zimbabwe Tourism Route
Used by community members for Mopane worm harvest and by elephants for movement between reserves.
Elephant Tent Elephant tentCamp camp.
CATTLE KRAALING AND INDIGENOUS NUT GATHERING
Maramani Communal Lands, Zimbabwe Tourism Route
Traditional cattle herding mitigates wild animal attack. Marula tree planting and nut gathering provides nutrition for people and fodder for cattle.
Cattle Kraal Cattle kraal.
TRADITIONAL MAIZE FIELDS
Maramani Communal Lands, Zimbabwe Tourism Route
Traditional agricultural area with tourism amenities and Sadza tasting.
Maize harvested Harvest in Dry Maize in Cropland dry cropland.
MLALA PALM HARVEST AND WINE-MAKING AREA
Maramani Communal Lands, Zimbabwe Tourism Route
Traditional harvest area with tourism imbibement amenities.
Mlala Palm Mlala PalmHarvest harvest.
MARAMANIâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S ENGAGEMENT IN THE MAPUNGUBWE PEACE PARK
Given the natural resources and cultural assets of Maramani, with aid and education in community-based conservation and agriculture, the Maramani community could leverage their underutilized land to assimilate into the ecology and economy of the Greater Mapungubwe Peace Park. In so doing, the community would be setting a precedent for community integration in the Peace Parks Foundationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s planning.