ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: HISTOLOGY GLAND
A
HYPOPYSIS/ PITUITARY
STRUCTURES/ ZONES/ CELLS
DEFINING FEATURES/ LANDMARKS
HORMONE
HORMONE'S EFFECT
darker stain, more textured
produces & secretes FSH (follicule stimulating hormone)
stimulates ovaries to release oocytes every 28 days
cellular BORDER to post pit; simple cuboidal w/nucleated band
produces & secretes MSH (melanocyte-stim hormone)
produces melanin in skin & hair
b. posterior pituitary/ neurohypophysis
lighter color, less cellular, mostly modified neurons
stores & secretes oxytocin [OXT]; **doesn't produce, only stores it**
stimulates smooth muscle contractions
follicle, 2 parts:
where thyroid hormone is stored
a. anterior pituitary/ adenohypophysis
B
-pars intermedia
C D
THYROID
E
1. follicular cells
cells that are surrounding pink colloid; bands of nuclei
produce thyroid hormones [T3 & T4] & secretes into blood vessels
increases metabolism
F
2. colloid
pink & contained with each thyroid follicle
stores thyroid hormones [T3 or T4]
increases metabolism
located between follicles
calcitonin
decreases blood calcium levels
secretes PTH [parathyroid hormone]; can't live w/o it!
increases blood calcium levels
G
parafollicular cells/ C-cells
H
PARATHYROID always embedded in thyroid
oval, heavily nucleated, darker stained area
I
ADRENAL GLAND
capsule
connective tissue for support & protection
X
J
adrenal cortex [3 layers]:
outermost layer
X
K
a. zona glomerulosa ["salty"]
arranged in circles
produces aldosterone
X increase Na [salt] reabsorption by kidneys
L
b. zona fasciculata ["sweet"]
arranged in parallel [up & down] cords
produces cortisol
stress response
M
c. zona reticularis ["sex"]
no real pattern; net-like cords
androgens [male sex hormones]
secondary sexual characteristics
X
N
adrenal medulla [chromaffin cells]
has openings where sinusoids pass b/w chromaffin cells
secretes epinephrine [E] & norepinephrine [NE]
O
medullary veins
big white spaces
blood vessels that transport hormones from adrenal gland
P
pancreatic islets (of Langerhans)
no lining of epith; cells are smaller & nuclei packed in
produce insulin
R
pancreatic ducts
lumen in center; lined by cuboidal & columnar epithel
transport digestive enzymes to duodenum
S
pancreatic acini cells/ acinar cells
surround islets & ducts; make up most of pancreas (p. 623 text)
exocrine cells, produce digestive enzymes; secrete into ducts
U
THYMUS
X
BOTH endocrine [secrete into blood] & exocrine [secrete into ducts]
PANCREAS
Q
T
increase cardiac activity
part of immune system; has many lobes thymic corpuscles/ Hassall's bodies
begins to degenerate after puberty; cortex on out [darker stain] & medulla on inside [lighter stain] dying cells; use them to help recognize thymus; tend to increase with age; circular arrangement
lowers glucose levels
thymosin
maturation of lymphocytes [wh blood cells]
none
none
A
A
C B
C
A B C
C
B
H D
D
D F
D F
G E
F
H
N
E
O
L
K
I
L
M O
N
L
K
I
N
M
Q
Q
S
P Q
R
U
R
Q
T U
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: HISTOLOGY TISSUE A
STRUCTURES/ ZONES/ CELLS
FALLOPIAN TUBE [Oviduct]
DEFINING FEATURES/ LANDMARKS
HORMONE/ FUNCTION
HORMONE'S EFFECT
moves oocyte to uterus; where fertilization occurs
X
X
B
fimbriae
holds on to and massage ovaries; catches oocyte and sweeps it into fallopian tube
X
X
C
ciliated columnar epithelium
help move eggs and/or sperm
X
X
D
mucosal folds
innermost lining of hollow organ
X
X
E
muscular wall
contractions
X
X
F
serosa [membrane]
outermost layer, protection
X
X
ovarian follicle= oocyte + granulosa cells that surround it
secretes sex hormones; produces oocytes
G
OVARIES
H
4 stages of follicles:
estrogen
2ndary sex characteristics
a. primordial follicles
oocyte surrounded by simple squamous epith cells; born with 200,000/ovary
I
b. primary follicles
oocyte surrounded by squamous/ flat epith becomes cuboidal [follicular cells]
produce & secrete estrogen
2ndary sex characteristics
J
c. secondary follicles
build up and form tiny fluid filled spaces in between granulosa cells
produce & secrete estrogen
2ndary sex characteristics
K
d. tertiary follicles
large antrum + oocyte has moved off to one side
produce & secrete estrogen
X
X
2ndary sex characteristics causes uterine lining to thicken for pregnancy
L
corpus luteum [after ovulation]
follicle cells divide rapidly & fill up antrum space= solid mass of cells
M
corpus albicans
solid mass/scar tissue that permanently stays in ovary; not many cells
X
X
N
oocyte
born with all gametes
X
X
O
antrum
large fluid-filled space & continues to increase in size, stores estrogen
P
membrana granulosa [zona granulosa]
all follicular cells that are in each indiv follicle
Q
granulosa cells
AKA follicle cells w/o oocyte
converts testosterone to estrogen; produce & secrete estrogen
R
thecal cells
thin layer of flat cells; outside of granulosa cells
produce estrogen precursor & send to granulosa cells
S
corona radiata
granulosa cells surround oocyte, best seen in tertiary follicle
support oocyte
produces progesterone
only found in 2nd and 3rd follicles
A D
C
E
F
G
H
N I
I P N
O J J N
Q
K
R O
P
N S
L M
L
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: HISTOLOGY TISSUE SPERMATIC CORD
STRUCTURES/ZONES/CELLS
DEFINING FEATURES/ LANDMARKS
B
5. nerves
2. testicular vessels [arteries & veins]
4. pampiniform plexus [network of veins]
C
6. lymph vessels
3. cremaster muscle
large purple mass
controls height of testes
X
a. corpora cavernosa penis (CCP)
pairs of erectile tissue
erection
X
E
b. corpus cavernosum urethrae (CCU or corpus spongiosum)
cylinder of erectile tissue where urethra passes
erection
X
F
urethra
open space lined by columnar epith
urine elimination
X
G
central (deep) artery
runs down the middle of CCP
blood supply for erection
X
seminiferous tubules
light pink= cytoplasm
produce spermatozoa
I
interstitial cells (cells of Leydig)
outside of seminiferous tubules, in spaces between
produce testosterone
J
sustentacular cells (nurse or Sertoli cells)
contained within cytoplasm; irregular shape nuclei
K
3 stages of sperm develop [move from out towards inside
STAGE 1: spermatagonia
first stage; found on outside of tubes; evenly dark nucleus
X undergo mitosis, prod 2 new cells; one cell will enter meiosis
L
of seminif tubules]
STAGE 2: spermatocytes
nucleus looks granular because of chromosomes; move in a bit
on way to becoming sperm
X
STAGE 3: spermatids
smaller with even colored nucleus; change shape from circular to tail & head
X
X
D
H
PENIS:
TESTIS
M N
thick muscular wall/ tons of muscles around tube
HORMONE'S EFFECT
propels sperm out of male body take blood down to testes; veins keep hot blood away from testes
A
1. vas deferens
HORMONE/ FUNCTION
EPIDIDYMIS
coil tube sits outside of testes
O
spermatozoa
P
pseudo stratified epithelium
Q
stereocilia
dark streaks within lumen of epididymus
site of sperm maturation & storage of spermatozoa stores spermatozoa until ejaculated, leaves via vas deferens innermost lining
don't move
fluid exchange b/w epithelium & spermatozoa
X
X
male secondary sex characteristics support developing sperm
X
H
H I
L
H
K M J
N
N
P
Q O
C
A1
C
B
F
E D G
E