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EXAMPLES:
I’ve been working here for three months now (Llevo ya tres meses trabajando aquí [comencé a trabajar en este puesto hace tres meses y continúo en él]). Josh has been watching Netflix for three hours (Josh lleva tres horas viendo Netflix [encendió la tele hace tres horas y todavía sigue delante de la pantalla]).
Structures: Affirmative form: Subject + have/has + been + Verb (ing) Example: I have been listening to music all day
Negative form: Subject + have/has + Not + been + Verb (ing) Example: She has not been working here long
Interrogative form: Have/has + Subject + been + Verb (ing) + ? Example: Have they been studying enough for the exam?
In conclusion, The present perfect continuous We use it when we want to express the sense of continuity of an action that has started in the past and is still going on in the present or that has just ended.
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Structures:
To form the passive voice in past you need the appropriated form of the auxiliary verb to be in past and the past participle of the main verb.
Affirmative form: Subject + was/were + Verb (past participle) Example: These chickens were raised by my uncle Henry. Negative form: Subject + was/were + Not + Verb (past participle) Example: The bus was not stopped by us Interrogative form: Was/were + Subject + Verb (past participle) Example: Was the letter sent by him?
In
conclusion, we use Past Simple Passive for actions or events that happened in the past. Unlike the Past Perfect Passive, there’s no specific point in the past. In such statements we focus attention on the person or thing affected by the action, when the subject is unknown, unclear or irrelevant.
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Structures:
The simple present passive expresses discrete actions or states in the present or near future while moving an object from an active sentence into the subject position.
Affirmative form: Subject + (am/is/are) + Verb (past participle) Example: The door is opened by him. Negative form: Subject + (am/is/are) + Not + Verb (past participle) Example: The book is not opened Interrogative form: Am/is/are + Subject + Verb (past participle) +? Example: Is the thief caught by the police officer?
In conclusion, The simple present is defined as a verb form that expresses a discrete action or event in the present or near future. Is used to talk about some actions that are performed in the present or repeatedly (habits).
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Structures:
Past Continuous Passive is used to talk about actions that were ongoing at a particular moment in the past. The emphasis is on the process.
Affirmative form: Subject + was/were + Being + Verb (past participle) Example: My car was being fixed (by the mechanic). Negative form: Subject + was/were + Not + Being + Verb (past participle) Example: The gate was not being painted by us. Interrogative form: Was/were + Subject + Being + Verb (past participle) +? Example: Were bags being carried by them?
In conclusion, we use Past Progressive Passive to describe actions or events happening at a definite moment in the past when we want to focus attention on the person or thing affected by the action, when the subject is unknown, unclear or irrelevant or when we talk about general truths.
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Structures:
In the present perfect tense we make passive verb forms by putting has/have + been before the past participle form of the verb.
Affirmative form: Subject + have/has + Been + Verb (past participle) Example: She has been eaten a burger Negative form: Subject + have/has + Not + Been + Verb (past participle) Example: The parcel has not been sent Interrogative form: Have/has + Subject + Been + Verb (past participle) Example: Have we been noticed by them?
In conclusion, in the passive voice what matters is the action and the result of the action rather than who performed the action. It is not important or not known who or what is performing the action.
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Structures:
The past perfect passive expresses a previous action or state that began in the past and continued up to another point in the past, and its consequences have implications for that second point in time.
Affirmative form: Subject + had + Been + Verb (past participle) Example: Joe had cleaned the tables Negative form: Subject + had + Not + Been + Verb (past participle) Example: The window had not been closed Interrogative form: Had + Subject + Been + Verb (past participle) +? Example: Had the bank been robbed?
In conclusion, we use the passive voice when the focus is on the action and NOT on WHO or WHAT is performing the action.
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Structures:
Future Simple Passive is used to talk about an action that is going to happen in the future. In the passive voice, emphasis is put on the effect of an action rather than on the doer.
Affirmative form: Subject + Will + Be + Verb (past participle) Example: The work will be done on time. Negative form: Subject + Will + Not + Verb (past participle) Example: The football match won’t be played because of bad weather. Interrogative form: Will + Subject + Be + Verb (past participle) +? Example: Will the room be cleaned tomorrow?
In
conclusion, we use the simple future to express spontaneous decisions or our speculations about the future.
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Structures:
We use Idiomatic Future passive voice be going to to predict something that we think is certain to happen or which we have evidence for now.
Affirmative form: Subject + am/is/are + going to be+ Verb (past participle) Example: The car is going to be washed Negative form: Subject + am/is/are + Not + going to be + Verb (past participle) Example: A book is not going to be read by Nick Interrogative form: Am/is/are + Subject + going to be + Verb (past participle) +? Example: Am I going to be invited by anybody?
In conclusion, we use this theme when we want to make a future prediction but not too far away.
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Structures:
The present progressive passive is formed by the present tense form of the verb be plus the present particle being followed by a past participle.
Affirmative form: Subject + am/is/are + Being + Verb (past participle) Example: The cows are being milked by farmer Joe. Negative form: Subject + am/is/are + Not + Being + Verb (past participle) Example: A tie is not being worn by him. Interrogative form: Am/is/are+ Subject + Being + Verb (past participle) +? Example: Are the flowers being watered by her?
In conclusion, the present progressive is defined as a verb form that expresses an incomplete or ongoing action or state that began in the past and continues in the present and into the future.
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CONNECTORS
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CONTRAST
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SIMILARITY
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SEQUENCING
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ORDER OF IMPORTANCE
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PARTICULARIZATION
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EXAMPLIFICATION
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EMPHASISING
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FOCUSING AND LINKING
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CONCLUSION
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CORRECTION
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RESULT
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TIME
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DISMISSAL
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A- Asleep Dis- Disbelieve In- Inactive Mis- Mispronunciation Self- Self-conscious Over- Overdone Un- Unfortunate
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AND
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AND
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AND
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AND
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INFERENCES
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INFERENCES
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INFERENCES
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INFERENCES
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INFERENCES
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INFERENCES
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PHRASAL VERBS Phrasal verbs are verbal structures composed of two particles: verb + adjective, adverb or preposition that serve to define specific actions or states. A phrasal verb is a combination of a verb and an adverb or preposition, which has a particular meaning.
Example: Non separated phrasal verbs:
They filled up the car.
They are verbs that do not have to be separated for the subject or object. Verb + adjective or preposition should always appear without alterations of any kind.
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PHRASAL VERBS Separated phrasal verbs: They are verbs that can be separated by the object or subject and their meaning is not affected. The meaning is the same.
Example: Beth Will pick you up tomorrow morning.
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PHRASAL VERBS ASK AROUND:
Preguntar a varias personas su opinión AIM AT: Apuntar a/hacia. Fijarse un objetivo. ASK OVER: Invitar a tu casa/oficina BACK UP: Dar apoyo. Manejar en reversa. Respaldar información. BACK OFF: Retirarse. Retractarse. Quitarse. BEAR IN MIND: Tomar en cuenta. No olvidar algo. BEND OVER: Agacharse, doblarse a la cintura. BRANCH OFF: Dividirse o desviarse en ramas y brazos. BOOK INTO: Registrarse en un hotel BREAK DOWN: Descomponerse, pasar por una crisis, llorar. BRING OUT: Producir un producto nuevo, hacer notar o sobresalir.
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PHRASAL VERBS BRING UP: Educar. Criar. BURST IN: Entrar de repente, interrumpir a alguien. BURST OUT: Hablar en voz alta. Llorar/reír repentinamente. BUY OFF: Pagar favores. Sobornar. BUY UP: Comprar mucho de algo hasta agotarlo. CALL BACK: Regresar una llamada telefónica a un lugar. CALL ON: Contactar. Llamar o visitar a alguien. CALL OFF: Cancelar algo. CALL OUT: Llamar a gritos. Gritar. CALM DOWN: Calmarse. Relajarse. Bajar el ritmo de. CARRY OFF: Llevarse algo. Espiar sin permiso. CARE FOR: Gustar, interesarse por CATCH UP: Emparejarse. Alcanzar CHEAT ON: Ser deshonesto o infiel con algo CHEER UP: Animarse. Alegrarse. CHICKEN OUT: Retirarse o dejar de hacer algo por miedo. CHOKE ON: Ahogarse con un objeto. CHOP UP: Cortar algo en pedazos (alimentos) CLEAN OUT: Limpiar el interior de algo. Robarse todo COME ACROSS: Encontrar algo/alguien por casualidad.
COME ALONG: Ir a un lugar con alguien. Apúrate! 55 Ándale!
PHRASAL VERBS COME ALONG: Ir a un lugar con alguien. ¡Apúrate! ¡Ándale! CRACK UP: Desmoronarse, deprimirse, perder la razon. DROP OFF: Dejar algo o alguien en un lugar. DRAW NEAR: Acercarse, aproximarse. END UP: Empezar algo y terminar en otro lugar sin haberlo planeado. FADE OUT: Desvanecerse hasta desaparecer. FILL IN: Sustituir a alguien. Llenar espacios de un formato. FILL UP: Llenar completamente GET AWAY: Alejarse de un lugar. Escaparse. HANG AROUND: Vagar o estar en lugar sin hacer nada. HANG ON: Agarrarse o sujetarse de algo. Esperar un tiempo. HANG OUT: Asociarse con una persona o varias con frecuencia. Salir con amigos a dar el rol. KEEP FROM: Evitar que alguien haga algo, evitar que algo suceda. LOOK UP: Investigar o buscar algo en libros, diccionarios, o cualquier documento. LOOK FOR: Buscar algo en cualquier parte o lugar. PERK UP: Animarse, ser más activo o movido. PICK UP: Recoger o levantar algo.
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PHRASAL VERBS PICK UP: Recoger o levantar algo. PILE UP: Amontonar. Juntar o acumular. PIN DOWN: Exigir una respuesta. Detectar algo o alguien. Localizar a alguien. PELT DOWN: Llover muy fuerte. Caer sobre algo POP UP: Aparecer repentinamente. RUN OUT: Acabarse todo y quedarse sin nada: Dinero, azúcar, café. TAPPER OFF: Cesar o reducir algo gradualmente (Velocidad) TAKE OUT: Extraer o sacar. ZERO IN: Apuntar directamente a algo o a alguien.
In conclusion, the phrasal verbs are used constantly, in both written and spoken English, and are very important if you want to understand native speakers and sound "natural" when expressing yourself.
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PERFECT FUTURE
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PERFECT FUTURE Structures:
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PERFECT IDIOMATIC FUTURE (Going To)
Future perfect has two different forms: “will have done” and “be going to have done”. Unlike simple future forms, future perfect forms are usually interchangeable.
Structures: Affirmative form: Subject + am/is/are + + Verb (past participle) Example: I´m going to have eaten before we meet. Negative form: Subject + am/is/are + Not + going to have + Verb (past participle) Example: You are not going to have broken the window by the morning. Interrogative form: Wq-question + am/is/are+ Subject + going to have + Verb (past participle) +? Example: What time are you going to have left home tomorrow at this time?
In conclusion, we use the perfect idiomatic future to talk about actions that will have already been finished before another action in the future.
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WISH STATEMENTS We use wish or if only to describe unreality. When we use wish we are speaking about what we want or desire, but we know that it is unrealistic or impossible. When we use wish in the past, we are expressing a regret.
We use wish with Past Tense forms simple and continuous to express regret about present situations.
Example: • I wish I was rich • He wishes he were here now
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WISH STATEMENTS We use wish with Past Perfect when we have regrets about the past.
Example: • I wish you hadn´t been angry with me!
We use wish with would to say how we would like somebody to behave in the future.
Example:
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• I wish Samuel would call me back 62
WISH STATEMENTS
To express that we want to be doing a different action in the present (or future).
Example: • I wish I was lying on a beach now. • I wish it wasn´t raining
In
conclusion, this topic teaches us different ways of wanting something, depending on each grammar, which 62 makes it easier for the things we want but will never happen.
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