Made in Guatemala: expressions constructive
Artist: JOSÉ MANUEL HIDALGO MONTUFAR Author and illustrator graduated from the institute of technology in electronics and drawing
For days through the power of God was asking him wisdom todevelop a construction manual that was practical and easy task of teaching, over time develop the manual, it seems hard to believe but in the process I became a cartoonist, I think it would be unfair failed to mention in this important work. I thank our Lord infinitely creative talent that has placed in my hands infinite thanks architect: Manuel Hidalgo
layout Edith Sucely Hidalgo De Montufar (mother) Damaris Del Rosario Montufar hidalgo (sister)
Sales and Distribution 16-25 8av Mixco Zone 5 colony first July Phone: 5277-1431 and 4747-1991 Hidalgollomejor26@live.com and dibujohidalgoarq@gmail.com
For the capital area: area code Guatemala: 502 + Local Number
warning It is strictly forbidden to remove part or all content of this work by any means or process under legal sanctions. Civil Code Article470
Copyright It has already placed the institutions and persons without evaluating the time, sacrifice or dedication involved to produce works of this kind are profiting from the copying of these and other works by the same author
INDEX INTRODUCTION UNIT 1 BUILDING RULES AND REGULATIONS • LOCAL RULES • Building Permit • FHA RULES • ICAITI FORMATS • COMPOSITION OF A SET OF PLANS UNIT 2 ARCHITECTURE • TOPOGRAPHIC MAP • MACHOTE • architectural plan • REFINE PLANT • CUTS WALL • HIGH • SECTIONS • FLOOR FINISHES & DETAILS DOORS AND WINDOWS • floor to ceiling • BATHROOM DETAIL UNIT 3 STRUCTURES • MATERIALS • SABIETAS, MIXTURES, CONCRETE, REINFORCED, SPECIFICATIONS, PREFABRICATED CONSTRUCTION DETAILS AND WOOD. • FLOOR LEVEL FOUNDATIONS AND FIRST COLUMN • SECOND LEVEL CONCRETE COLUMNS • SLAB CONCRETE MEZZANINE • COVER ASSEMBLY (CONVENTIONAL AND MANUFACTURED) • grading structure Unit 4 FACILITIES • MATERIALS AND DETAILS • WATER, CLOSED, OPEN CIRCUIT, SYSTEM TANKS • HYDRAULIC FLOOR INSTALLATION • Drainage, separate systems, combined systems, BOXES, Septic tank, soakaway • PLANT SANITARY (DRAINAGE) • ELECTRICITY, LIGHT, STRENGTH, AND CIRCUIT DIAGRAM DISTRIBUTION BOARD • PLANT LIGHTING INSTALLATION • POWER PLANT INSTALLATION • CONCLUSIONS • RECOMMENDATIONS • Bibliography
INTRODUCTION • During my training at the Faculty of Architecture and Constructive Drawing TAs was achieved 'set, the experience of teachers who teach these courses, as well as there own renitencia certain percentage of students, causing delays in relation to study time for each student and also a population in the classroom. • It has been determined that some of the factors that influence the re-power, is the lack of understanding resulted in the failure to deliver jobs and hence the disapproval of the course. • It is considered that the lack of understanding can be caused by weather, which for some students may be short, and some require a more extensive explanation of each topic, added to it, the space to develop minimum practice it thereby reducing the possibility of rectifying some misconceptions and set the newly learned. • For the above was determined 'to be strengthening the teaching / learning, optimizing, space and time courses of drawing, in which we find that of Constructive Drawing. • This document is designed to be used as a guide theoretical / practical to be of great support for both the teacher and the students, to strengthen the link above from each other thereby increasing promotions at the end of each course and standardizing both criteria for submission of papers, as well as evaluation of them.
UNIT 1 Objectives: The student • Know the general rules laid down by the city of Guatemala. • Know the procedure for obtaining a building permit. • Know the forms necessary for processing the building permit. • Know the different types of formats used in the drawing of plans based on your application. • Know the rules for submission of a set of plans. • Know the rules to be applied and take into account the implementation of project design. • List the names of plans that are required for the development of a project. • Sort by type planes. • Learn how integrating a set of plans. Muncipal RULES construction drawings as part of the architectural language
BUILDING RULES AND REGULATIONS IMPORTANT RULES TO CONSIDER FOR A HOUSING PROJECT Every architectural project must conform to local regulations for approval, so it is essential that before making plans to consult and take into account these standards respecting and making the project adheres to them. Some of the aspects to look at the definition of design are the following, according to the regulations of the City of Guatemala:
• LAND USE ZONING
In this chapter the department that issues building permits verify that the use, purpose, minimum area for lots or batches, etc..match those stated by the area where the project is, if not also establishes the approval or not change them.
• ALIGNMENT
Article 60 is understood by municipal alignment on the horizontal plane, the limit set by the municipality between private property and the area for public use. The alignment is considered a vertical plane extending indefinitely upward and downward from its intersection with the surface of terreno.2 This chapter sets the alignment according to the use to which it could give in the future, for the same distance as the area or sector in which the project is at no time should be built within this area, except for some cases as eg fences, dividing walls, septic tanks. Guatemala Municipal Regulations may be made within the area of retirement, but within the property from municipal alignment.
• INDEX OF CONSTRUCTION AND OCCUPANCY
Article 75’ should be observed in all the following building occupancy rates and construction, meaning the area occupancy rate ceilings on lot area, and building the relationship index: total construction area of lote.3 area This chapter sets out the rates according to the sectors classified in different categories are A, B, C also set rates for specific cases such as multi-family, independent retailers, non-residential buildings, buildings for the exclusive use of parking lots, hospitals, warehouses, and so on.
• RESTRICTIONS ON BUILDINGS
This chapter establishes the allowable height according to the specific case that falls in the final project, providing the formulas for determining the height of the facades. • Marquee: Allowed width equal to the width of the sidewalk under 0.50. And at least 3.00m tall. • Ventilation and lighting:
The window area must be at least 15% of the area to be served.The ventilation area is 50% of the window area. • MINIMUM YARDS (inside): For living areas: • A plant: 2.00 m. lower side and 6.00 m2 in area • Two levels: 2.50 m. lower side and 9.00 m2, area • Three or more plants: 1 / 3 of the height to serve and not less than 3.00 m. of ladoç • non-residential areas: • A plant: 1.50 m. lower side and 3.00 m2 in area • Two levels: 2.00 m. lower side and 4.50 m2 in area • Three or more plants: 1 / 5 of the height to serve. The measures are free and no axes.
MINIMUM SIZE OF ROOMS: • Living or Dining room: 3.00 m. lower side and 9.00 m2 in area • Master bedroom: 2.50 m. lower side and 9.00 m2 in area • Additional Bedroom: 2.50 m lower side • Health Service: 0.90 m. lower side and 3.30 m2. Area • Service bedroom: 2.10 m. lower side and 5.50 m2 area • Service Health Service: 0.90 m. lower side and 1.60 m2 area • Kitchen: 1.50 m. lower side • Hall: 0.90 m. wide • Headroom: 2.40 m. minimum • Carport similar height 2.20 m. free
• Format: According to rules ICAITI The application for a municipal license must be accompanied by the following documentation: • Full Application Forms Construction and occupancy permit, provided by this department. • Two sets of blueprints of the plans with its own folder and bra. • Two copies of the blueprint or plan of urbanization and localization. • Ticket adornment of the owner, planner and / or executor. The blueprints of the plans and forms must be signed by the owner and the engineer, licensed architect or builder, as executor and planner. The form must be approved by the Department of Cadastre, which is necessary for the presentation of the last receipt of property income and property taxes. • When the lot is less than 160m2 or lots of smaller dimensions as required in that area, must be submitted Scripture or Certification of the Land Registry or photocopies thereof, indicating dimensions and boundaries. MINIMUM LIST OF PLANS MUST ACCOMPANY THE REQUEST FOR MUNICIPAL LICENSE Architecture Plans, Facilities and Structures • Distribution Plant • Cuts • Facades • Location (in plant leaf distribution) • Sanitary and Hydraulic • Electrical Installations Guatemala City • Plant foundation and columns • Ground beams and slab or paneled structure • Structural Details
REQUESITOS of architectural plans
• DISTRIBUTION Indicate use of environments Partial and place dimensions Indicate cut line Indicate scale 1 / 100, 1 / 75 or 1 / 50
• CUTS
Trace them provide more information where Minimum Transverse and Longitudinal a Indicate heights Blocks Terraces Special venting • Facade Be presented as required by the project, but at least one.
• LOCATION
Fully shorten Indicate gardens, patios, driveways, parking lots, etc.. You must enter and free areas to build.
REQUESITOS FACILITIES PLANS
• sanitation Drains in separate systems (joined in a final cash, within the lot provided there are no municipal sewers) Indicate diameter Materials Junction boxes, recording, siphon, etc.. Traps that are built on site Earrings Installation of closed water
• ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS Indicate a counter attack Indicate Earth Physics Distribution Box Indicate line and wiring duct size with size Identify the circuits with letters and numbers units with no more than 12 units per circuit, unless technically justified.
• SPECIFICATIONS Live Load Code and / or manual employees
• MATERIALS
Strength of concrete and steel
• Coatings
Indicate in footings, columns, beams, floors, foundation run, slabs, stairs, etc..
• OVERLAP
Indicate length and width other anchors
• Shoes
For columns indicate cross section dimensions and reinforcement or spreadsheet Detail of anchor rods Details of any change of cross section
• BEAM
Cross section, including slab
Longitudinal section dimensions and reinforcement Length of rods and folds Details of anchor rods
• CUTS WALL
Indicate location Cross section and reinforcement of the bearers Indicate foundation run
• SLABS Indicate in plant placement longitudinal and transverse reinforcement Number of bar diameter Spacing Length of folds Slab thickness Specs
• STEPS
Longitudinal section indicate Include rest, indicate levels Indicate dimensions and reinforcement Length of rods and folds Details of anchor rods Indicate foundation and supports sills and beams For grades other material submit full details
• ARTEZONADO Indicate them on the ground Longitudinal section with dimensions of the top chord, bottom Indicate Breiz, coastal, supports, etc..
• WOOD OR METAL STRUCTURES
Indicate full details of the structures Indicate bolts, rivets, welds, parts, or structural shapes, supports, anchors, etc..
• NON-TRADITIONAL STRUCTURES
This is necessary to estimate memory, plus Covered Area, Well Light, Garden, Garage
IN THE CASE OF EXTENSIONS • Submit construction plans existing or authorized general distribution plant • Identify existing construction and expansion • Attach the original license, if in force
FHA REGULATIONS Any construction project must conform to municipal regulations, when a construction loan is made, there is regulation DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE OF MORTGAGES INSURED, the entity responsible for ensuring that each project has the minimum requirement for the development of effective and safe different needs and activities in materials, structures, areas, locations, locations, etc.. required in a home.
FOR SINGLE-FAMILY HOUSING PROJECTS FORMATS You should follow the standards used ICAITI preferably A1, A2 and A3. BUILDING PLANS Location and Site Plans Display scaling, 1:1000, 1:100, 1:400 or 1:500 Architectural Drawings Structure Plan Facilities Plan
Presentation Scale: 1:50, 1:75 or 1:100 Details 1:20 or 1:25
MINIMUM SIZE AND SURFACE PROPERTIES OF MORE THAN 100 m2 of built area MINIMUM SIZE
The dimensions given below are free not including thickness of walls, plaster, closets or spaces • lower side dining room or their combinations and 2.70 m • Side sleeping less than 2.55 m • Side sleeping under 2.00 m Service Lower side of the bath • 1.20 m • lower side of the bath or powder room service 0.90 • Minimum width of corridor or lobby, hallway 0.90 m • Side kitchen under 1.50 m • Laundry 1.50
FHA REGULATIONS The minimum size for homes 50 m2 and 100 m2 of built area • lower side dining room or their combinations and 2.45 m • Side sleeping under 2.35 m • Side sleeping under 2.00 m Service • Side master bath under 1.10 m • lower side or ½ bath on 0.90 m room • Minimum width of corridors 0.85 m • Side kitchen under 1.40 m • Laundry (optional) Ceiling Height Temperate Climate Housing more than 100 m2 of built area 2.40 m from floor to ceiling Housing more than 50 m2 and 100 m2 of built area of 2.35 m floor to ceiling Warm Weather 2.55 m floor to ceiling
CLOSETS
The minimum number of closets should be provided according to the number of bedrooms available to housing • Housing 1 Bedroom 1 closet • Housing 2 bedroom 2 closets • Housing 3 bedroom 2 closets • Homes with 4 bedrooms 3 closets Minimum dimensions for bedroom closet Useful depth 0.60 m Width 0.80 m
DOORS The minimum acceptable height is 2.10 m The minimum acceptable width in houses is: 0.90 for entrance doors Main door 0.80 meters 0.70 meters high door
LIGHTING AND VENTILATION All rooms must be equipped with lighting and natural ventilation through windows to gardens, patios or any outdoor or indoor open area.
TYPES OF FORMATS The different types of formats are presented below adequately standardized by the ICAITI (Instituto Centro Americano de Industrial Technology Research) organization dedicated to providing guidance on which projects should be developed for a fair presentation, format types are differentiated by their actions as depending on the amount of information needed to concentrate on each sheet, or scale that requires the submission of the project will determine the 'size format to use.
Formats and Sizes ICAIT Format Format dimensions Serie A A B 4-A0 2.378 1.682 2-AO 1.682 1.189 A-0 1.189 0.841 A-1 0.841 0.594 A-2 0.594 0.42 A-3 0.42 0.297 A-4 0.297 0.21 A-5 0.21 0.148 A-6 0.148 0.105 NOTE: All measurements are given in meters. The A1 and A2 format will be used in the course of construction drawings Source: ICAITI, Central Standard
FORMAT PIE
Pie is called formatting box containing background information, this is done in order to not only identify, but also when these folded facilitates the location of each one without having to unfold it so it is important to note measures, information to be included, placement within the plane and bending mode Having completed the original plans for these they should take these blueprints are copies on sheets of opaque paper making them more resistant to be used in the work, these copies are also those that are taken for submission to the processing of thebuilding permit. The original plan and macho must be kept by the scheduler.
COMPOSITION OF A SET OF PLANS
For the manufacturer has a clear idea of how it should be at the end of a project needs the support of the set of plans, which will give you all the information required during construction to achieve this, for this reason, the development of the same must be careful to put all the information the manufacturer or executor need 'must be attached to this clear and construction standards above must also be accomplished by keeping the codes already determined that the plans can be interpreted by anyone is handled within the construction environment, for example, an electrician must read plans Electrical Installations, the Joiner Door, the plumber that of Hydraulic, etc.. For the set of plans comply with the contribution of all the information required for the construction of the project must meet at least the following list:
Architectural plans
These drawings contain information on the distribution of environments, measures of the same shape, and appearance at the end of project summary provide an idea of how to get 'the project once completed
Structure Plan These are the planes that have information on how you substantiate 'the building, or structure that would support' to the ground and transmit the loads generated by the weight of the envelope, live loads and the structure itself.
Facilities Plan
These drawings contain information on the facilities required to operate the project, the water and drainage, light and power for appliances, telephone, cable TV and so on. of these facilities are not visible to the end of it, as they can be placed inside of walls, slabs, floors, partitions, etc.. and for proper placement of the constructor supports them.
Urban planning Of these planes is the information on locating the land within a specific geographic area, so the area occupied by the building within the lot
COMPOSITION OF A SET OF PLANS ARCHITECTURE Within the architectural plans we find the following: • architectural plans • ASSEMBLY PLANT • ARCHITECTURAL FLOOR FURNISHED • REFINE PLANT • FINISHING PLANT • FORMS OF DOORS AND WINDOWS • DETAILS OF DOORS AND WINDOWS • CUTS WALL • SECTIONS • HIGH • floor to ceiling • BATHROOM DETAILS • SPECIAL FINISHES DETAILS • DETAILS OF STEPS • Details of fixtures, or special details STRUCTURES Within the structure plans are the following: • Structure Plan • GROUND FOUNDATION AND COLUMNS • ARMED AND BEAM DETAILS • ASSEMBLY OF MEZZANINE • COVER ASSEMBLY • grading structure • DETAILS OF SPECIAL STRUCTURES
FACILITIES
Among the plans are the following facilities: • Facilities Plan • HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS • DRINKING WATER • PLANT INSTALLATION OF COLD WATER • Isometric COLD WATER SYSTEM • GROUND WATER HEATER INSTALLATION • Isometric HOT WATER SYSTEM • TANK DETAIL • DETAILS OF A PRESSURE
• sanitation • DRAINS • LEVEL FIRST FLOOR DRAINS • DETAILS OF CASES • DRAIN FLOOR LEVEL • DETAILS OF SEPTIC TANK • DETAIL soakaway • ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS • LIGHTING • FORCE • FACILITIES
QUESTIONNAIRE
1. Because it is important to take into account local regulations when designing a project. 2. List 3 things that are regulated under Regulation Council. 3. List 3 requirements for the building permit process. 4. What is the procedure to indicate when an extension is at the location. 5. According to municipal regulations for individual homes which are the parking requirements. 6. That means municipal alignment. 7. What is the purpose of municipal alignment there. 8. The margin is the separation of left A1 format and to use this space. 9. Because he believes it is important to establish minimum internal dimensions for each environment. 10. If a building is located within the area of climb at takeoff of aircraft, which determines the height of the
UNIT 2
Architecture Objectives:
The student • Know the architectural elements contained in a plane. • Identify and sketch the materials used at this stage. • Draw with clarity and quality of different levels that make up this unit.
Architectural plans ACTIVITIES • Draw each of the planes that appear within the unit • Attaching the information and architectural concepts for each • Master Class attendance • Fill out the questionnaire that appears when the unit
Original plan (MACHOTE) We will call the original plan or drawing made MACHOTE tracing paper, which will contain the primary elements of a building (walls) which are played back cuttlefish.
ORIGINAL PLAN APPLICATIONS
We use the original plan or macho to play copies of the original sepia or children to work in them the architectural plans, structures and facilities where it is necessary to visualize the project in optimizing plant design time as we rebuild the plant prevents whenever you need it again and again.
MAKING THE ORIGINAL PLAN OR MACHOTE For the preparation of this plane tracing is used on this sheet be drawn accurately to scale measures of project work, this line consists of the floor plan of the project, burned black ink, and that clarity is achieved in the sepia prints or children, will depend on the transparency and fairness of the paper, and the sharpness and quality of the drawing burned in the original plan, taking into account the necessary
corrections that have arisen from the review and approval of both the owner and designer the project. The plant will establish the axes, these are very important for the project as a bricklayer at the time of start trench work to locate the project in the field and this is achieved by means of shafts, for this reason, the arrangement of the same should be logical and appropriate manner ensuring that they appear at strategic points when extending axis lines and these efforts be made to form a grid that all or most of the walls be contained within it, facilitating the location of bounding walls for some reason left out of the same grid. It is also important to note that if you take out copies of the original children cuttlefish or squid should be ordered "backwards" to the smooth side of the sheet is up on which it is possible to make the drawings, if this is not achieved, the rough part of the leaf might cover the tips of rapidografos drawing with fat burning.
STEPS TO PREPARING THE ORIGINAL PLAN • Location and delineation of axes vertically or horizontally depending on the angle at which the design and determined, obtaining a final grid. • Wall Thickness Stroke, if the lines are just to draw the axes of the walls, the total wall thickness should be divided into two as placing half of each side wall of the shaft.
Original plan (MACHOTE) • Once you visualize the thickness of the walls we can define the lengths of each wall, as the location of doorways and windows represented as follows: • After obtaining the total stroke of the plant is located and draw all the fixtures, which are: toilets, sinks, showers, tubs, bidets, urinals, dishwashers and batteries this furniture is plotted with item 0.4. • In the upper right corner to place the direction of north with respect to the project, this is used for giving a direction arrow with the text of the north or initial "N" the line should be dotted and thick media. Example: • At the original axes should appear indicating the corresponding literal or numeral placed in the following way: • Finally be labeled 'the title of the facility indicating the level to which it relates and the scale of it.
CONTENT OF THE ORIGINAL PLAN (MACHOTE) This plan must contain the following: • Project design in plan with wall thicknesses depending on the masonry material to use or as required by the same design. • Location of axles formed horizontally from left to right the literal and vertically from top to bottom numerals. • Stands fixed and furniture fixtures, sink, washing dishes, kitchen cabinet, and so on. Then not be able to change position. • You should see the gaps for doors without the doldrums of the same and that this projection makes the visibility when you enter other information to copies cuttlefish or children who are removed from the original plan. • Reference in terms of the Ground Floor or First Floor Level and or Second Level, etc. Depending on how many levels of the project, an indication of scale. • North Reference. • Box to left labeled placed pending further data
EXERCISE Develop original design level established by the class Professor, which must meet the above standards must be performed as accurately and as clean as possible and then make copies SEPIA or children that will serve to develop the project.
ARCHITECTURAL PLANT
Architectural plan is called the plane or FURNISHED allows us to identify the distribution of both environments, as furniture is considered to be within them.
PLANT ARCHITECTURAL APPLICATIONS
With the help of this plant visualize and understand how they develop the activities within it easily and accurately locating the facilities that the project will require for optimal functioning as outlets, switches or lamps, also set the areas of circulation,amount of furniture, proper placement of the same depending on the structures such as columns and beams, each room area, gloom and location of doors and windows.
ARCHITECTURAL PLANT DEVELOPMENT To work this plant we can use a sepia or son copy of the original plan which is to be placed on the furniture for each room taking into consideration the minimum area required for circulation, lowering of furniture and the refrigerator, cabinets, car doors orcloset. Also important is the correct placement of furniture in relation to the project so that they do not interfere with the operation of, for example, placing a television in front of a floor to ceiling window where you can not install a power outlet, or to locate a closet where you need to 'put a switch on or off a lamp. For the furniture layout should take into account: Garden areas as minimum standards as the placement of trees and vegetation appropriate to the project using standard measures at the location of the car that fits providing at least a medium size. The size of the furniture for dining room and must conform to the same area to avoid subtracting the minimum required flow is 0.90 m wide. In the furniture within the kitchen is important to leave some clearance between the refrigerator and stove, due to their different temperatures, also the stove should be placed as close as possible to the window for rapid evacuation of both steam and odors. Clearly locate the position of the washer and dryer for their respective facilities. In the bedrooms the beds placement should not interfere with the circulation of the closet for use as ventilation and lighting from windows.
STEPS FOR DEVELOPING ARCHITECTURAL PLANT
• The locating and marking the furniture that will be contained within each environment, these should be drawn on the scale of the plant and the standard measures corresponding to each line of furniture to be used 'item 0.4 • A statement of the shooting down of doors, by a quarter circle, the line should be to Section 0.2 • Label the name of each environment using a point 0.5 with a height of approx. of 3 mm.
A LOW FLOOR FURNISHED
• In this plane were located 'the nomenclature of the elevations and sections to be plotted, this is indicated' by means of an arrow pointing to the eye, containing a halved circle within which the label 'at the higher elevation literal or numeral of the court, and on the back sheet where locate, example: • Finally the label 'next to the title of the plant, the contents thereof, which in this case is Architecture.
ARCHITECTURAL CONTENT OF PLANT This plan must contain the following information: • Identify the main entrance • Representation at the furniture plant that will be distributed within each environment, drawn on the same scale as the original or macho • Abatement of doors and windows • Areas covered free, such as patios, gardens, etc.. • Vegetation where it is determined • Names of each of the environments • Screening of the perimeter of the roof (eaves) • The plant will indicate where they spend the elevations and sections to be plotted for a better
understanding of it • Title of the content • In some cases ashura or blacken the inside of the walls for a better understanding of the plant • Positioning the grid floor. • Coordinates axes.
REFINE PLANT
Annotated plant is called plane gives us the information or action to establish the exact dimensions of each room area, width and thicknesses of doors, windows, walkways, walls, niches, etc.. It also indicates the level to be built on 'the project.
REFINE plant applications
This plan not only provides a spatial relationship of the project but will also serve to determine the amount of materials required for the building of it, for the quantification of materials. It is also the main guide for building construction worker of the same by which sets the dimensions for length plan views.
PROCESSING PLANT ACOTA
In the original plan was due to consider the space required to place the perimeter dimension lines which are placed in the following order total on the side elevation, dimensions, axes (these already appear in the macho), dimensions of faces, andu'ltimo door heights and windows or partial. This order must be followed in all sides of project to have all dimensions, but there are still areas without walls or narrow, in most cases need to be placed inside dimension lines, which should show the dimensions are not set on the heights around the perimeter. Set out the necessary dimension lines so that all elements are properly dimensioned or angles, establishing a relationship between these lines with any of the existing perimeter sides.
STEPS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF MAP COORDINATES • Trace the perimeter dimension lines with point 0.2 with a space between line and line of 1cm. They define a system of coordinates can be through points 45 degrees or diagonal arrows or ± 0.00 • It is important to ensure that all dimensions are shown outside the line of the plant, but if you are not bound to appear on the perimeter edges to interior lines are drawn for the missing limit ensuring that these do not interfere with the reading of them. • Once the plant is bounded all levels of the project indicate it should be done by means of a circle into 4 blackening two of its four quadrants and labeling aside the inner level specification ORor external level N.E. should appear below the level by reference to the 0.00 from this point the sign + if the level rises or the sign - if the low level example:
REFINE YOUR CONTENT OF PLANT
This plan must have the following information: • Level Controls • Levels in each of the interior • Dimensions perimeter in the following order Total height Dimensions of Axles To Face Dimensions Dimensions partial and / or doors and windows • Title of the content
WALL COURTS Cross sections are different types of existing walls within the project that allow us to display the vertical modulation by type of material used.
WALL cutting applications In this section made to the top of the project, and in the transverse axis, we see the inside of the wall, establishing not only heights of heaven, blocks, lintels, sills, beams, foundation depth, and so on.But we also understand the form and order in which they build the project, this provides the number of rows of blocks or masonry material used, their placement. Once we have made cuts walls we understand how the project will be made at any point.
WALL PREPARATION OF CUTS First it is important to determine the number of types of wall are within the project and this difference determines whether there is a door, a window with different thresholds and blocks, masonry, beams, special details, or differences in height. Having identified the different types of wall cross-section is performed at the top of each, drawing from the foundation to anchor the detail of the roof, allowing us to visualize structured as' the whole project.
STEPS TO DEVELOP THE COURTS OF WALL
• Having identified the differences to establish different types of walls, began 'locating and identifying the axis of the wall by means of a circle with a diameter of 12mm. Using a 0.12 point or literal containing the numeral that corresponds. • The first thing to draw is the foundation to have that wall can be CORRIDO FOUNDATION is a reinforced concrete cast-iron, whose function is to transmit the loads generated by the building directly to the ground and placed at the base and along all the walls in a run or continuous.
FOUNDATION DETAILS • Next is plotted the courses of masonry were lifted after the foundation. Spun is called placing the masonry can be through block or brick, they are fixed to each other, both vertically and horizontally by means of a mortar is a mixture of cement, sand and water, this mixture deal ' thick 1cm. this space is called SISA which must be considered in the line because it will affect 'the wall heights and lengths, the number of rows depends on the height of the wall. • After the courses of block were located 'the sill, water repellent, this is a reinforced concrete cast iron has the function to prevent seepage of moisture into the building, for that reason it must be among the inside and outside the ground level. • Continue tracing the courses of block that lead up to the sill intermediate height at Ashlar SOLERA depend MIDDLE windows as this will be the basis of the framework for it, and the entire height of the wall as it is part of the structure tying the columns between whether 'horizontally. We call high chair to the bottom of the window or where you start from the bottom up to the height and lintels above doors and windows. • After placing the intermediate sill continues tracing the courses or the type of window wall to reach the top slab, the height of this sill must match the lintel of door and window frame part thereof.
TYPICAL WALL SECTION
• Depending on the number of levels of the building after the upper slab indicate slab casting mezzanine. • When the upper point of the height of the wall indicate the anchor for the deck or slab casting end. • Once the route of the wall to limit the heights of each element relative to the total height. • The indoor and outdoor levels indicated by an arrow blackening half of it with the text label the NI and NE • Finally, identify the sections of wall placing the title on the type and scale of it. The types of walls are indicated on the ground foundation.
CONTENT MAP WALL COURTS This plan must meet the following requirements: • The plan must contain all cuts and each of the different types of walls in the project are fully identified and differentiated • A wall cuts are the dimensions should be placed to provide the dimensions of:
Floor to ceiling height of each level Height of blocks Lintel height Total size of window and door openings Thickness of slabs, sills, blocks and beams Depth of foundations • indoor and outdoor levels • List the number of rows as masonry • Placement of the nomenclature of the shaft wall • The scale should be 1:20 or 1:25 at least for better viewing • Title with name and indication of scale according to their type • Strength of masonry material Section Plane Are the projections of a cut made and entered in the floor plan to provide an inside view of the project for better understanding and interpretation.
APPLICATIONS SECTION MAP This interior view provides information on how to get 'the project to finish it is a projection in which the courts must combine walls before made, which we can understand how they are structured, visualize overall heights and details of anchors in both indoor andin mezzanine and foundations, floors and walls finished in heaven, heights of blocks and lintels, installation of doors, windows or special details.
SECTIONS Plan Development
First, it is important that the point where it passes that cut supply as much information as possible to fulfill the objectives of the performance of a section. After setting the point where you draw 'section will also be set to where it will go cross sectional view, that statement must appear on the architectural plan. In the cut or section should appear from the ground, through doors, windows and floors, up to the roof (wall sections must match the walls before cuts made) within the atmosphere or environment section should indicate all information is displayed according to the direction of the court as: doors, windows. and finishes to apply.
STEPS FOR THE PREPARATION OF SECTIONS • After determining the point where sections' the plant draws the line of land from it indicate the foundations and walls as details of cuts before drawn. • These sections will appreciate some indoor environments and a better understanding will be used to represent different textures, finishes using this point 0.1 and 0.2 • Refine heights. • To facilitate the location of the section should place the axes of walls section indicates at the top of the section. • indicate in the title 'the name or nomenclature assigned according to appear in the
CONTENT MAP SECTIONS This plan must contain the following information: • Name of court as directed in the architectural • Dimensions indicating height • Levels • Indicate finish materials • Place the reference axes for • Notes and special instructions as required by the plan or view • At a minimum, must make a cross-section (meaning shorter) and Longitudinal (meaning longer)
Raise or FACADES Is the projection or view that allows us to visualize how the project will have outside when finished.
APPLICATIONS OF LIFTS
The elevations provide information as the heights of walls, type of finishes, ceiling heights, as the final forms of the same, details of friezes, finials, borders, blocks, lintels, cantilevers, and so on.also allow us to view him as the doors and windows will look combined with the finishes of the walls with their forms, and ceilings in a final composition.
DEVELOPMENT OF FACADE ELEVATIONS O We will determine "the amount of elevation as the project's importance projecting from the plant, using the views or projections front, rear or side, giving us an idea of how the project will look at the end. Elevations are determined and reported in the architectural or furnished with its own name or identification These views are started from the ground level showing the details of doors, windows and walls up to the deck, limiting their different heights, and material finishes to apply.
STEPS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF LIFTS
• It started 'drawing the line where it will depart ground elevation, for a better interpretation of the projections is important to use fine points, medium and heavy depending on the depth chart of the elements using, for example, in texture fine points walls, windows and roofs, midpoints or masonry structural elements and bullets in the line of land, structural elements that are in close relation to others. • the appropriate shafts will be placed on the walls that are included in the lift. • In the title will indicate "the name or nomenclature appropriate as indicated by the
CONTENTS plan to raise
This plan must have the following information: • Name of the lift as directed in the architectural • Indication of materials used in finishing • Indicate the type of ventilation for each window • Dimension of the total height • Height of blocks • floor to ceiling height • Height of windows • Placement of axes as the orientation of each elevation • real or apparent thickness of the slabs • Ensure that the scale is the same as that used in plants to maintain the relationship facilitates the interpretation • indoor and outdoor levels
PLASTER OR FINISHING PLANT It is so called, the plane that provides information on the types of finishes to be applied to finish the construction, which will be covered with structures or masonry used.
PLANT APPLICATION OF PLASTER OR FINISHES
This plant not only serves the builder to know what kind of finish should be placed on every wall, floor and ceiling, but also is used in the material quantified to calculate, for example, the number of square feet of floor as well tile that was required for the different environments as established by this plane.
PREPARATION OF FINISHING PLANT
In an original sepia child or aided by symbols or symbology is indicated boxes 'in each environment, the type of finish you take' on the floor, wall and placing sky naming a table to give the relevant specifications of each finish.
It also determined "the height or area to deal with each trim. In the same plane will meet the payroll of doors and windows for proper fabrication. Indicating and setting on that level the different types of doors and windows also helped by symbology that must contain the bathroom door as the ashlar lintel windows.
STEPS FOR THE PREPARATION OF FINISHING PLANT
• Use 'naming a picture that was drawn in the interior of each room, which indicate' all finishes this table must have the following characteristics. • For reasons of space the name of the finishes were shortened so also develop 'a naming box where indicated' the meaning of each abbreviation. FINISHING PLANT • In environments where it is placed 'tile such as kitchens, laundries and toilets get' with a dotted line placed parallel to the wall was installed in 'tile, by means of notes specifying the height it reached. " • To set the different types of doors used a circle with a line through the middle into the upper space by labeling the type of door and in the space below the width of the opening, this circle is located across the span of each door . • To determine the types of windows used 'a half cut by the rectangle labeled in the space above the window and type in the space below the width of the opening thereof.
CONTENT FINISHING PLANT This plan must contain the following information: • Indication of the sky finish, floor and wall of each and every one of the environments, both indoors and outdoors through a table of symbols • Indication of the types of doors as wide material and identifying each one on the ground by a circle, in the frame of the same • Indication of the types of windows, according to its material and width, identifying each one on the ground by a box next to them • Place a picture naming for identification of materials used in finishing • Preparation of lists of both doors and windows containing the information required for the manufacture thereof, containing at least type, material, width, height, ashlar, lintel and observations • Write down the specifications necessary for the proper installation of finishes, for example, the height of the tile, depending on the device installed (brand, size, color, etc.). • Title of the content
DETAILS OF DOORS AND WINDOWS
The plane that contains details of Doors and Windows is the one that provides the most accurate dimensions, materials, appearance and operating system for proper production and placement within the project.
APPLICATION DETAILS DOORS AND WINDOWS
This plan provides the carpenter, as well as the company that makes' the windows so that in this way have the information necessary to make them properly. With this plane is able to determine the exact dimensions, materials, systems and specifications necessary abatement.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE DETAILS OF DOORS AND WINDOWS
To develop this plan is necessary to have the doors and windows forms that are tabulated according to the finishing plant is on this plane which lists and sets the amount, the different types of every door and every window that exist within the project . Having the information sheets we proceed to develop a view in elevation of each type of door and each window type.
STEPS TO PREPARING THE DOOR AND WINDOW DETAILS • Having identified the different types of doors and windows proceeds to an elevation view of each
type, points will be used for this fine and medium textures applied according to the materials of the details. • For effective readability scale is recommended for details of 1:20 or 1:25. • In the title to every detail is indicated 'that corresponds to the type and scale that is represented. • Every detail must be properly dimensioned in both high and width indicating heights for plates, handles, etc.. • Place 'its title indicating the type and scale.
CONTENT MAP DOORS AND WINDOWS
The information required in this plane is: • Dimensions indicating total height, height to frames on frames, etc.. • Dimensions of total and partial widths • Indicate sense of gloom • Identify the security system for closure, for example, plates, locks, handles, etc.. • Indicate ventilation system • Specify material • Place identification of the type in the title of every detail • Indicate the level of each elevation • If necessary to develop special details of any specific area, and that warrants for their full understanding
Floor to ceiling
Mean by floor to ceiling plane where projected plan view of how the roof will be completed once.
APPLICATIONS OF PLANT ROOF This plane is made with the purpose of providing information regarding the type of tiles, roof pitch, location of tissues for stormwater drainage, size of eaves, open spaces, finishes, and the different heights of the same.
PLANT PRODUCTION CEILING
First base is taken as the total area to determine the type of roof deck, the size of the eaves, once determined this area for better interpretation using textures, shadows and all the necessary information for correct interpretation.
STEPS FOR PROCESSING PLANT ROOF
• Determine the type of coverage that will have the project. • To draw the cover is necessary to consider the total area to cover, the size of the eaves as the sum of the two dimensions establishes the total deck area. For the preparation of this plan will be required prior to the design of sanitary facilities because it is necessary to know the exact location of the box system, and down pipe. • On the cover will indicate the rain downspouts this is achieved by drawing a diagonal line which represents 0.02 point to where tissues merge to make the water run down into the pipe. • You should see the direction of slope with their respective percentage. The minimum percentage to drain rainwater is 1.5% • If necessary, apply textures that could be made of tile, tile, sheet, slab casting, etc.. • All material used for finishing on the covers shall be duly given specifying actions, color, material, etc. • They must be clearly indicated free areas such as patios, gardens, indoor gardens, etc..
CONTENT OF PLANT ROOF The information should contain the plane is: • Indication of the direction and percent slope on sloping roofs or scarves to storm drain • Indicate finish materials • Apply textures for different finishes
• Projecting the final perimeter wall for a better understanding of the eaves • Indicate the ridges if these exist • If the placement of the roof or finished in the same specially indicate it was through details • Indicate areas covered free • Position title by content
APPLICATION DETAILS OF BATH
At this level determines the exact position of 'each device with its accessories in the bathroom specifying distances, heights, finishes, levels, etc.. so that at the time of installation of the same count on this support is to prevent improper installation, or simply to ensure compliance with the original design determined.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE DETAILS OF BATH
This plan supports the view in elevation, and some sections that it considers necessary to locate the devices, accessories, finishes, special features, levels, heights, etc..
STEPS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DETAILS OF BATH • As in the original plane line is taken as a basis for drawing the axes bathroom floor with the difference that this plant should be 1:20 or 1:25 scale for better visualization, the plant will be locatedthe fixtures on the same scale, and dimensions to the interior faces of the environment. • Once the plant is drawn into it indicate the views and cuts that are drawn for the purpose of determining the heights for different devices, accessories and finishes. • After determining the views of the details necessary to develop the elevations and sections by first line of land of which depart from the different heights (these measures should match the cutting of walls, and the sections previously performed). • These sections draw the fixtures either in front or side elevation, as required by the view, these details should appear with their respective levels indicating installation heights expected of drinking water (or the point where water enters drinking) and drain outlet. • In the sink, bidet and shower should be made for the installation for hot water, always taking into consideration that the key that will give way to cold water will be located on the right side and the hot water on the left side. • When using electric heater must specify the pipe exit height for the corresponding connection. • In these details also indicate the heights of finishes such as tiles, sifted, and so on.
CONTENT MAP BATHROOM DETAILS This plan must contain the following information: • bathroom floor where they are located to detail the views or cuts to make, with its corresponding title and indication of scale • In view of the sections are removed from the plant as required, indicate the appropriate title and scale • Refine the dimensions in terms of distances and widths that are necessary for easy location of accessories such as the contrallaves to the wall or floor heater installation height, mixers, towel racks, soap dishes, etc.. • State finished with their respective specifications apply • Title of the content
QUESTIONNAIRE UNIT 2
• That means Machote • What is the difference between Architectural and Plant Floor Fitted • What is the purpose of the plan of Cortes de Muro • To visualize the Roof Plane • What is the logic to follow to determine the point where they pass sections • How many sections must be submitted a minimum and what features should be • In that plane we define the forms of doors and windows • List the order in which lines should appear coordinates of the extremes in the plant bounded
• To develop the necessary level of details of Doors and Windows • At what scale is advisable to work wall cuts
UNIT 3 Objectives: The student • Learn the basics of structure. • Identify the different materials used in structures. • Draw with clarity and quality structural details of a project.
ACTIVITIES
• Draw each of the planes that are explained within the unit including the information and structural concepts for each • Master Class attendance • Fill out the questionnaire that appears when the unit • Art in Architecture Project Neufert • Architectural Graphics Standards SLEEPR RAMSEY • Line Art Workshop Architect Ronald MATERIALS War Before making plans for project structures is important to take note of some materials used for them. SABIETAS It is the combination of different materials such as lime, cement, sand, etc.. with water, which results in a homogeneous mixture used in some finishing within the project.
MIXTURES
This term is applied to the result of an alloy, or combination of different materials in order to find a solution to a given requirement.
CONCRETE The concrete or concrete is a mixture of Portland cement, fine chipboard, hardboard thickness and water, which is held temporarily in semi-liquid state. "This allows empty, place and shape, but later sets and hardens to form a solid mass.
ARM
Name given to the layout and placement of the elements working as reinforcements to tension within the structures, which consist, for example, iron is placed along the foundation, floors and beams or columns and high nose tongs, and the disposition of iron in a loft or roof slab.
SPECIFICATIONS
Frederick S. Merrit ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CONSTRUCTION.VOLUME 1 Are all the notes that considers the project designer or illustrator of the need to appear on the plans with the aim of expanding the information to prevent misinterpretation or to better clarify the requirements under which mixtures should be performed (ratio) , foundries (thickness, setting time, etc..) armed placement of structures, type of material used according to the strength required by the structural element, and so on.
PREFABRICATED CONSTRUCTION DETAILS As its name implies, are previously manufactured materials that are purchased in one place (the manufacturer or distributor) for use in a given project, these details should be investigated depending on the company supplying the material or house because it will be necessary to include within structural plans as part of the specifications, it is important to note that each company or manufacturer has its own manufacturing standards and specifications.
WOOD CONSTRUCTION DETAILS If the structures of the project or part of wood was necessary to include such details as the placement of the structural elements of wood can vary greatly.
FOUNDATION AND FLOOR LEVEL ONE COLUMNS
We understand GROUND FLOOR FOUNDATION or FOUNDATIONS AND FIRST LEVEL COLUMNS plane gives us information on the type of foundation, and the exact location of the columns supporting the building. PLANT APPLICATIONS FOUNDATION AND COLUMNS This addition to providing background information on the structures, provides the exact location of the columns can be calculated volumetrically the amount of material that is of great support when making the quantification of materials.
PLANT DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION AND COLUMNS This plant can work in a copy of the original sepia or child foundation adding projections, Ashura columns with their respective specifications, this plane is supported both views in the assembly section of each type of columns, foundation run,isolated footings, floors, etc.. The details of the columns of the first level always work within the foundation plant because it is the only level at which appear the foundation.
STEPS FOR THE PREPARATION OF FOUNDATION AND COLUMNS MAP
• At the time of the courts established the foundation wall to use, so it must match that specified in this plane. If the structural element to use is the foundation Run this is a cast of 20 cm.thickness with a width of 0.40m. to 0.60m. which is based on the measuring axis of the wall and half for each side, it is important to note that the foundation walls boundary runs to the side of the field itself, next to the foundation is indicated 'the rate at whichapplicable, the projected growth will be done with item 0.3 Ashura as described in detail. • Depending on the magnitude of the project will be used in addition to the foundation run items such as these pads have a thickness of 20 cm. and its horizontal section is square ranging from 0.40 x measures 0.40 to 1.20 x 1.20 to more, as required by the structural design of the project. It is located at the base of the main columns and run down the foundation, in this case as the foundation if a shoe is located next to a boundary that is run to the side of the field, each shoe is indicated ' type, the shoes are plotted with Section 0.2 • Having identified the foundation columns will be plotted, this is done blackening section and placing it next to the column type which has, between the classification of columns are the ribs or nose tongs, they are columns of lower section and are used to reinforce a wall or to form the frames of doors and windows often-section of 0.10 mt. x the thickness of the wall, the columns have the function to transmit to the foundation of dead and live loads generated by the project, the line of columns is done with point 0.5 • It should narrow the gap between column and column, enabling the quantification and location of the same, this is also done to the building has the required structure as it is necessary to place a column for each distance 3.00m (as FHA rules) • Once laid out the foundation and columns will be required section details each and every one of the types of structures used in the project, indicating dimensions, specifications armed. For the stroke of the sections using a point 0.5 for the outer edge, the assembly is drawn with a 0.3 point within the specifications of the edifice can be important to specify the transverse reinforcement of columns and nose tongs, he shall provide the stirrups and LINK, both have the function to hold in a certain position the bars that are placed at the top of the columns and difference between the two is that the stirrup is bent around the bars, ending at the point where it began, and the LINK holding the iron was open somewhere. Each iron must be properly identified with respect to quality, strength and diameter. • Every detail carried "in the title identifying the type to which it relates and its respective scale, the scale used for the detail line is 1:10, 1:12.5, 1:5 or 1:7.5 • Finally, when cuts were made walls, determine 'how many guys had for the difference as to the existence of door, window, structure, or some variation within the section, these sections were identified by type, in this plane should appear indicating the location of each cutting one type of wall.
CONTENTS OF THE FOUNDATION AND FLOOR LEVEL COLUMNS Pirma The information required in this plane is: • Location of shoes and an indication of the type • Projected growth run indicating the type of the same • Display of all column and nose tongs and their type • Details section of each column type, cement, shoes, and armed indicating rabbet by type, size, scale and degree of detail • Dimensions of distances between centers of columns. • Display wall cuts by type
EXERCISE Develop foundation plant for the project to be developed in class to meet the requirements listed above.
MAP LEVEL TWO COLUMNS
In this area displays the location of columns to continue the first level, and those that need to be added as required by the design.
MAP APPLICATIONS COLUMNS 2nd. LEVEL
The SECOND FLOOR LEVEL COLUMNS has the same function as the first and so on if there were more levels, the difference is that I do not see the ground.
Plan Development COLUMNS 2nd. LEVEL For the preparation of this plane is also possible to use a child or sepia copy on this plane are located the columns to continue the first level, for that reason this sequence must be attached to the structural logic as the main columns should not be out of phaseshaft where cemented, as this alters the transmission of loads being more effective when done in a linear fashion, also at this level may need to add nose tongs for door frames or windows, but we must take into account the anchor of the same be located within structural frameworks, as in the first level placed 'type of each column, identify the same way at this level and so on.
STEPS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF MAP COLUMNS 2nd.LEVEL The main columns that appear, or to continue at this level should be located exactly in the same position as the first level, as in the cases above each column is drawn 'ashura or blackened and the interior, labeling by the type it belongs. • As in the first level will be necessary to limit the distance that exists between column and column. • Since the details of the columns appear in the anterior plane is necessary to place a note to indicate the sheet number or location where there are such details.
CONTENT MAP COLUMNS 2nd. LEVEL
The information required in this plane is: • Location of columns and nose tongs on the ground and the indication of the type. • Dimensions of the distances between centers of columns. • Details section of the different types of columns indicating the dimensions, erection, scale, and title by type.
EXERCISE
Elaborate SECOND FLOOR LEVEL COLUMNS project being developed in class by placing the information listed above.
CONCRETE SLAB TRADITIONAL MEZZANINE The plane of SLAB CONCRETE MEZZANINE is one that contains all the information available to the reinforcement, dimensions and materials used for construction.
APPLICATIONS OF CONCRETE SLAB PLAN
As in other planes of structures it is possible the quantification of the materials used, also because it is located through the formation of structures working horizontally, as if the columns transmit the load from top to visualize this plane down the structures that carry loads from the sides, to the columns.
PREPARATION OF CONCRETE SLAB PLAN For the preparation of this plane is also possible to use a child or sepia copy, since this appears the walls where the beams are placed above or sills which to anchor the assembly of the story.At this level information is displayed not only the mezzanine, but also of the beams, the location and details of them. The reinforcement will be calculated at the mezzanine should be able to withstand live loads that cause the development of activities of the second level and dead loads which consist of the weight generated by the walls and roof.
STEPS FOR THE PREPARATION OF CONCRETE SLAB PLAN
• First you must take into account that the assembly of a crawlspace or slab must be framed within a rectangular area on the perimeter of the same structural element called BEAM, the beams are the structures that absorb the loads along the mezzanine the walls and transmit them to the columns, for that reason will be the first to place the beams through them forming rectangles on the mezzanine slab, these should be placed on the axes aligned columns tying each other. • Once the location of beams are identified by labeling the side of the same type for further detail of their respective armed. • After the boxes formed by slabs beams or sills should be set higher if the slab is continuous or discontinuous. The continuous slab is the one next to another tile or continued, the slab discontinuity that lies at the ends and has no more stones on the sides.
CONCRETE SLAB TRADITIONAL MEZZANINE
• After the boxes shaped and determined the type of slab (continuous or discontinuous) began "tracing the assembly of the same which is composed of three elements: RAIL is an iron rod placed along the entire length of the light box . The light will be the total height that exists between the box and axle shaft to arm.TENSION as the rail is placed along the entire box, if the slab is continuous fifth light (L / 5) has a fold at 45 degrees, and if calculated dashed quarter of the light (L / 4), this fold is designed to reduce buckling of the slab, and finally the cane is a piece of iron that has a length of 30 diameters stress more iron used in the assembly, the conformation of same should be done on both directions of each box of the slab. • In each slab box indicate "the number of iron to be used, and the distance that exists between them. • Once the assembly drawing of the slab must be made in detail in section specific types of beams on the ground, these details will be both cross sections and longitudinal beam, since these changes longitudinally reinforced. • Every detail anger appropriately identified with the type name as appropriate, and the scale at which it was performed.
CONTAINING THE CONCRETE SLAB PLAN
This plan must contain the following information: • Location of the beams as the indication of each of its types • Details section of the beams armed indicating, size, scale and degree by the type • Screening of plant armed reinforcement dimensioning and indicating dimensions, materials and assembly sequence • Calculate and clearly specify the dimensions of the stiffeners • Place the required specifications and material strength of concrete, no reinforcements, and so on.
EXERCISE
Prepare the assembly drawings of the project SLAB mezzanine class is developed to meet the requirements listed above.
TRADITIONAL COVER ASSEMBLY
This plane is similar to the mezzanine slab reinforced with the difference that is the final slab or deck, the traditional armed refers to the use of concrete cast in place reinforced iron, the system explained and used in the last year refers to the traditional system.
APPLICATIONS CLOSE COVER ASSEMBLY The plane COVER ASSEMBLY has the same function as the assembly of mezzanine slab, since in this plane should also be on all the information needed for the construction of the cover with the difference that it shall not carry loads as Mezzanine, therefore, its shape can be varied and can be tilted structures. It is also very useful in the time of the quantification of materials.
MAKING THE COVER ASSEMBLY PLAN For this plane can also be used sepia or son back since as the assembly of mezzanine, we must visualize the location of beams and walls of the upper level, which is placed on 'the deck. In this case also need to place the assembly of the slab, the necessary details if the placement of the slab to be on an incline.
STEPS FOR THE PREPARATION OF THE ARMED MAP TRADITIONAL DECK
• The first thing to consider is how covers should be arranged and this depends on the final appearance to be the project's location and structure necessary for sustaining it. • The procedure is similar to the assembly of mezzanine, once certain beams located and proceed to define the area to build according to the design of the cover. • All structures must have the information on the type of concrete, material, distance, etc.. As in the assembly of slab.
CONTENTS COVER PLAN CONVENTIONAL ARMED
The information required in this plane is: • Location of the beams and the indication of the type • Detail section indicating reinforcement beams, dimensions, materials, scale and degree by the type • Projection of reinforcement in plant, indicating type of reinforcement, materials and dimensions • Indicate special details the type of anchors required by the armed
EXERCISE
Develop the plan of the project COVER ASSEMBLY that takes place in the classroom to meet the requirements listed above
MANUFACTURED HOUSING ASSEMBLY
At this level appears to be content 'the supporting structure and the filling material for a slab, because when the prefabricated construction system is there is some difference to the traditional system. (PREFABRICATED Made Earlier) Applicable plan PREFABRICATED ASSEMBLY COVER This plan serves the same function as the ARM OF CONVENTIONAL ROOF, the difference is that this time the assembly will be held 'prefabricated materials so it will be necessary to indicate the distribution of them. Plan Development PREFABRICATED CONCRETE COVER To carry out this plan will need to consult with the company providing the material and technical staff of the business, may establish requirements for the modulation and anchoring materials.
STEPS FOR THE PREPARATION OF MANUFACTURED HOUSING PLAN • The first step is to calculate accurately and precisely the area that would need to cover, and location of structures that will support the deck. • Depending on the prefabricated material to be used is necessary to calculate a modulation within the
roof area for the placement, since they are elements previously melted (or already have an established measure) is necessary to consider these measures to that at the time placement, it is carried out as accurately as possible.
MANUFACTURED HOUSING ASSEMBLY • The most commonly used precast decks is to BLOCK JOIST And this is a system of beams or prestressed and post tensioned nerve blocks or concrete block used as filler joist and girder located between, and a cast in situ (in place) of 5 cm.minimum thickness, through which they manage to integrate the materials. • The location of the light beams is shorter on the environment. • Once you determine the material and the extent of modulation to be used will need to put all the specifications required by the system, this will require consultation with the company providing the same.
CONTENTS OF MANUFACTURED HOUSING PLAN
The information must include this plane is: • Precise and clear of prefabricated material used and the Supplier • Indication of the distribution of the joists delimiting the distance between them • Details of anchoring both the joists and the roof material • Specifications of the resistance of composition materials • Specify the placement process • Place the details deemed necessary
EXERCISE
Prepare the plane PREFABRICATED REINFORCED COVER according to information provided by any of the suppliers of these materials also contain the above information.
DETAILS OF STEPS This is a level at which construction details are drawn to block the production steps, armed contains information, specifications, materials, heights, weights, distances, architectural details such as handrails and trim placement or special finishes.
APPLICATION DETAILS STEPS This plan aims to convey the necessary information for proper processing and smelting armed with regard to heights, distances, weights, etc.., Corresponding to the cube of steps, and finish, placement, depending on the shape and required construction system as designed.
MAKING THE GRADE LEVEL OF DETAIL
To make room details to be drawn from the same plant, in this case will also be necessary to draw the floor of the cube or block stands on a larger scale, within which the actual type, cuts or sections to be performed. One of the cuts must be located at a point where it is possible to display to determine the total height of the cube for the calculation of the risers necessary to ensure effectiveness and accuracy with the change from one level to another.
STEPS FOR DEVELOPING A BLUEPRINT OF STEPS • As a first step will be the outline of the plan view of the cube stands on a scale of 1:20 or 1:25 in this indication is placed cuts or sections to be plotted later, the point at which these pass should provide as much information as possible, you should note that the width of the bound TRAIL or horizontal tier, recommended is 0.30 mt. in the same plant indicate that the structure is columns, floors and beams. • A section at least should be drawn to the top of the block, which calculated the number of steps and the riser of the same will be required to achieve the level change is called the height Risereach step, the recommended height for the same is 0.15 mts.
DETAILS OF STEPS • It should be the anchor detail the structure of the stands to the foundation, as well as the mezzanine, they must be done by tying the beams armed elements, complementing the anchor with a cast (this, if the construction system is traditional). • Every detail must be properly identified by placing the name in the title and scale of it.
CONTENT MAP DETAIL STEPS For this plan to meet the desired objectives have to contain the following information: • Drawing in the development of plant stands, indicating dimensions, levels, dimensions of tracks, breaks, cutting steps, and so on. • Detail the development section of the bleachers, risers indicating dimensions, levels, height of handrails, reinforcements, armed, indicating the anchor points • Detail section beams armed showing anchor points and reinforcements • Specify particular ratio or resistance of materials to be used • Indicate the respective scales details • Identify the names with titles for every detail
EXERCISE Prepare the detailed plans for the project GRADE currently being developed in the classroom, meeting the requirements listed above.
QUESTIONNAIRE UNIT 3 STRUCTURES • What is the difference between Architectural and Structural Drawings Drawings • What is the purpose of the Structural Drawings • Who calculates the reinforcements that appear at the Structural • What is a construction detail • List 3 different construction systems • That means Foundation • What is the role of structure in a construction • Who supports the loads produced by the building • What is the difference between slab and slab mezzanine final • What is a link and what is the difference between a stirrup
Unit 4 Facilities Objectives:
The student • Identify materials used in domiciliary facilities. • Draw with clarity, accuracy and clarity of the systems and the details used in the facility. • Know how to operate the hydraulic and electrical systems within a home. ACTIVITIES
Unit 4
ACTIVITIES • Conduct an investigation of materials, types of pipes, boxes, septic tank, soak pit, electrical, switchboard and circuit diagram. Presentation Introduction, objectives, content, conclusions, recommendations and references • Draw each of the planes that appear within the unit including the information and concepts for each
facility • Master Class attendance • Fill out the questionnaire that appears when the unit
REFERENCES
• Art in Architecture Project Neufert • Architectural Graphics Standards RAMSEY SLEEPR • Line Art Workshop for students of Architecture ARCH.GUERRA RONALD PALMA
MATERIALS AND DETAILS HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS (WATER) DEFINITION The hydraulic system is the system of pipes through which it carries drinking water is required for the operation of any housing. The design and development of this plan are essential, since not only are used by the plumber to carry 'out the installation, but this will serve as a memory of how the accessories that were located under the floor for easy location when performing any maintenance or repair.
MATERIALS
Among the materials used for drinking water facilities are listed as follows:
• COPPER PIPE This pipe is used to transport hot water or gas, has the characteristics of being resistant to high temperatures and corrosion, the disadvantage may be its high cost in the market, since this material in comparison to others is the most expensive.
• GALVANIZED IRON PIPE
The material consists of iron with a zinc coating in order to protect the pipe from oxidation due to contact with moisture that might exist on earth, with the passing of the years this material is no longer used as have shown that despite the coating of zinc, time is able to chop the degree of damage the pipe that carries liquid polluting.
• PVC PIPE
Or polyvinyl chloride which is an alloy of plastics that can eliminate the possibility of corrosion, another of its characteristics is a material that is easy, fast and convenient installation, and be cheaper in the market PVC is used for installations of cold water and CPVC is made with properties that allow the material to carry the hot water fixtures required for domiciliary facilities. Branches or branched system The design of the piping system to supply potable water to the house can be done in two ways, one of them is through a network called open circuit also has the following characteristics • It is a fairly simple and involves introducing the pipe that comes from the rush to get it to a point where it is more convenient to start the branch of the same, different ends extending up to the expectations to feed the artifacts proposed in the project. • This system can supply used with good results if the area where the project is located has a good pressure. • It is also very convenient in appearance economic and that the amount of material required is quite small.
DEFINITION CLOSED The other system by which you can perform the potable water through a CLOSED CIRCUIT also called the characteristics of this system are listed below: • Its design is a bit more complex because its principle is to create a circuit through which the water runs freely in any direction making it faster to get where he finds a way out, or where it opens a valve key or release the there is pressure within the circuit.
• This system arises as an alternative because in many places the water supply pressure is not always necessary supplies as well so you can maintain more consistent pressure at any point in the system. • For the reason to create a circuit, the design takes more material to do, so costs rise it. Hydropneumatic system When the area where the project is located is required to supply drinking water does not have an adequate amount, and the minimum pressure required for the proper functioning of the devices must meet these needs by machines, in which thehydropneumatic system is the most used in our environment which consists of the following: • The system requires a tank or cistern within which to store a certain amount of water, which depend on the number of users in the home or project needs to be used when the supply does not meet the minimum requirements, either lack of flow or low pressure in it. • We also have a booth in which to place the engine and hydropneumatic system activates this machinery to be driven by a sound which hinder considerably the comfort of home, and in this way, the shelter will be available at a safe distance from the elements protecting the engine. • You will require a pump motor or 1.5 HP (horsepower) for the average home should calculate the horsepower of the same according to the needs of the project. • Finally installed next to the pump hydropneumatic system which works based on the pressure should be kept inside, when it is altered, or when any of the artifacts is opened to give passage to water flow, pressure is lost by reactivating the pump suction until it is restored. It is the plane that shows the distribution and specifications corresponding to the design of piping system for drinking water systems.
APPLICATIONS CLOSE WATER INSTALLATION This plant has as its main objective clearly indicate where and how to install "pipe systems where drinking water enters the residence up to each of the devices they need, so that the manager of the facility ( plumber) will not only easier to perform, but also to adhere to it with the intention that by the time necessary to perform a repair or just give maintenance to the system has the exact information on where to locate pipes, fittings, valves, etc..
Plan Development DRINKING WATER FACILITY For the preparation of this plan you can use a hunk of the physical layout of the project, as shown in the fixed furniture which should be provided with potable water. In this plane be drawn 'the floor plan of the location and direction to take the pipe system, to achieve this representation of the artist draws a certain symbolism which represents the piping and system accessories.
STEPS FOR THE PREPARATION OF THE PLAN OF DRINKING WATER FACILITY • The first thing you should do to prepare the plan is to determine the system design, this will require placing the area in which they find 'the rush, is so called, connection is required from the supply pipe municipal, to introduce it within the project. The location of the attack depends on the location of the municipal water supply pipe, provided that the installation does not interfere with other facilities. • The pipe is made of 4 valves are:
STEP VALVE OR MUNICIPAL COURT
This is owned by the municipality or the company responsible for providing the liquid, so that they are the only ones who can manipulate or not to allow the passage of water, closing or obstruction of the passage may depend on the non-payment of service or due to perform some maintenance. ACCOUNTANT this valve is intended to keep a tally of the amount of water entering the project, so that the company keep track of it in order to make the corresponding payment. GATE VALVE This valve has the ability to completely close the passage of liquid, if for some reason it was necessary, in order to put this valve is to be able to block the passage, without having to call the company providing the service.
CHECK VALVE
This valve has the function to allow water to pass in one direction, if for some reason the service is interrupted, the water inside the pipe system is back ', this occurs due to gravity, but the keycloses automatically check to change the direction of it. • Once ready the location of the attack began 'tracing the piping system, it is important to note the symbols to be used and what each symbol. • For installation of the pipe is important that it be located as close as possible to the artifacts, preventing it unnecessarily traverse environments should be considered at any given time maintaining it, the pipe should be separated from each 30.00 cm.Approx. the wall and upon arrival to the appliance it must cross perpendicular to the wall so embedded in the same index as follows: • The first thing to draw is the main circuit is the name given to the pipe that comes from the rush and extends throughout the project trying to get as close as possible to areas where the devices to meet . Finally, take the branch called and the pipe segments that leave the main circuit and are forwarded to the wall where it rises, to wait for the device to be installed. • It is necessary to specify the height of waiting for each device.WAIT is called to the facility to be performed in order to leave the pipe ready for installation and connection of the device. • To provide hot water to the project will need to install a heater, this can be electric or gas. When locating the heater, it must be in a place protected from the weather and time where it is not unsightly, not the noise bother you can generate. • To design the hot water system is important to note that the artifacts to which they are installed the pipe sinks, showers, tubs, bidet, wash dishes and washing machines. Also remember that the location of this will be on the side or left tap device. • Each time you raise or lower the pipe level should be clearly stated, it is important that the passage of the pipe inside the wall is not a column or rabbet. • Each segment of pipe should have an indication of the diameter of the same. For housing projects or residential uses pipe ¾ "in the main circuit and ½" in the branches that go to the artifacts. • For a better visualization and understanding of the piping system will require a isometric view thereof, it must appear from the water supply to the expectations for each artifact.
CONTENT MAP OF DRINKING WATER FACILITY
This plan must contain the following information: • Location of attack • Plan view of the layout design of the entire system • Clear indication of the points where the pipe goes up or down • Specify pipe type and diameter to use • Table of nomenclature symbols used to indicate the respective meanings • isometric Vista Heights bounded system as the device waits to feed
EXERCISE
Prepare the plant's drinking water installation project that takes place in the class containing the information listed above.
MATERIALS AND DETAILS SANITARY (DRAINAGE) DEFINITION Part of the hydraulic systems are Drainage and potable water is supplied to housing, this facility is intended to extract both sewage or black as rain water or rainwater.
MATERIALS The materials used for the installation of drainage are:
• PVC PIPE
Just as it is used in the supply system is also used in drainage systems within the building, offering a range of accessories which makes the collection more convenient for the disposal of sewage and downspout rainwater.
• Concrete Pipe This type of pipe is used after they have been collected sewage and storm water and need to transport them to the outdoor patios and gardens colectoratravesando away from the building, as this material is more resistant to external conditions to which exposed, for example the weight generated by the earth.
Separator System
The drainage system design must conform to local regulations in each place, in Guatemala the municipality requires that the disposal of sewage and storm water is made by the Separator System this means that the unification and transportation of sewage and Storm takes place in a totally separate. The reasons for performing this type of system are: • The sewage collection need special care as these waste gases which emit some smell bad and are both harmful to health, for this reason, care must be taken that they are unable to leave the other side vents are not. • Vents are the gases function caused by these wastes to surface without disturbing others, while avoiding the blockage in the pipe caused by some gaps that are formed due to the same gases. • Another reason why it is important to keep these wastes separately, is that the treatment of wastewater recycling is different from the treatment required storm water, as the filters through which sewage must pass shall be suitable and sufficientpurify it.
COMBINED SYSTEM After making the collection and transportation of sewage and storm water separately, they should result in the septic tank or municipal collector, but there were manifold, but when applied SYSTEM: composite is that there is a collector to each type of drainage which will be built at the end a UNIFYING CASH FLOW in which finally combine the two flow rates lead to the collector and then a municipal candle. The shape and design requirements are fully equal to that of the separate system with the only difference this box unifying flows.
HEALTH FACILITIES (drainage) • BOXES
For the collection, consolidation and transportation of sewage and storm water design is based on some boxes, which perform several functions, speeding the passage of fluids through pipes, and also avoid hindering the smooth running of activities withinhousing or project and avoid clogging of the same structures. Drain boxes most commonly used in housing are:
• Junction box
This box has as its main function as its name suggests, to unify the flow, it also serves to make the same changes of direction.
• BOX REPOSADERA
This box is located in backyards to capture and drain the rainwater that falls on them.
• CASH REGISTER
The main function of this box is to allow maintenance to the system, its location is at ground level and has a lid which allows you to review the operation of the system.
• SIPHON BOX
This box has the function to not allow the passage of odors to him.
SEPTIC TANK When in the area where the project is located or to build housing there are no municipal sewers or candle will be necessary to drain municipal sewage to a septic tank. Since this pit has the function to provide special treatment to the wastes that are contained in these volumes as fats, soaps, excreta, etc.. The function of the septic tank is conducted as follows: • First it is important to note that the minimum distance required between the septic tank and the housing is 5.00 mts.
• The dimensions of the pit should be in relation to the number of household members or users of the project, so that this will supply the flow to be received. • The pit should have a record where you will be given the required maintenance. • Maintenance is to evacuate the sludge solids are formed, but caution should be removed to leave a small amount of the same so that the decomposition process is still underway. • The process of decomposition of solids is due to the existence of living organisms called anaerobic consuming, transforming them into simple sludge which can be extracted in the state. • Once the sludge solids are converted, they are removed from the pit taking care to not remove it completely, leave a residue which continues the operation of the pit and liquids can follow the process of filtration for your recycling.
Soakaway After the liquids are separated from the solids in the septic tank they continue their way up to a soakaway whose main function is to receive these liquids which by the way manufacturing is well absorbed by the earth which serves as a natural filter for water treatment and recycling. The characteristics of this well are: • The distance that must exist between the septic tank and soakaway mts.como minimum is 5.00. • The well must contain records of different screens so that during the absorption of liquids such as filters work by removing some debris that might still hold. • After the recordings should be taken care of well depth to maintain a distance not less than 1.50 meters to the water table because otherwise it could cause severe pollution to it.
PLANT HEALTH FACILITIES (drainage) In this area displays the piping system will function to collect rainwater and sewage, also called sewage project to extract and deliver them to the candle municipal or septic tank, as applicable.
APPLICATIONS Facilities Plan. (Drainage)
This plan serves the same function as the Potable Water Installation also provides information as to where to spend the drainage system, also located the different funds for their respective maintenance or repair.
PROCESSING FACILITY MAP. DRAINAGE
The line of the drainage system can be done in a macho, should appear in this plane the distribution of pipes, an indication of the accessories with which to extract sewage and rainwater collected in boxes and transporting them to be located below ground together including larger diameter pipeline to deliver water to the collecting system.
STEPS TO PREPARING THE INSTALLATION OF DRAINAGE PLAN • Just as you use 'a hunk to draw drinking water facility, can also be used for the preparation of a drainage plan for the drainage line system will be necessary to observe the points and devices that are installed in' a solid water, because at this level the objective is to collect this water and sewage or wastewater from the project and also be placed 'to a separate drainage system, which would be responsible for removing rainwater. • Contrary to the water system began this facility 'within the project from the point farther away from the fire or municipal and will be extended to reach it. • For the stroke of the drainage system is necessary to note the symbolism that is used for displaying accessories. PLANT HEALTH FACILITIES (drainage) • The lowest level is indicated 'the system by placing boxes as required, for example, placing a drop box device can be used to receive rainwater from roofs, registration boxes located wherepossible to provide proper maintenance and junction boxes will be to collect and unify the different flow rates up to carry out the project. • Because the boxes are placed underground, in the upper levels are used sanitary fittings as these take up less space and filtration could be reduced by a high percentage. • All sanitary fittings and boxes are joined together by means of pipes, but this pipe must meet a
percentage of inclination less than 1.5% in the direction where the water must run as the system works by gravity, to achieve this tilt the level of the boxes or fittings are required to consider the difference as the distance from the pipe that runs from one point to another. • It is important to clearly indicate the direction of the slope and the percentage calculated for each segment of pipe. • It will also be necessary to specify the pipe diameter of each segment and for this we must take note of the minimum diameter required to drain the various artifacts. Sinks, showers and tubs 11 / 2 "diameter, 3 toilets," wash dishes, washer and batteries 2. "
MAP CONTAINING THE INST. DRAINAGE
The information that this plane should contain is: • Plan view of the entire system design • Indicate the type of pipe and material, diameter, direction and percent slope in the water running in the system • Identify the type of box with its own name or symbols on the ground • Place the details for the construction of the boxes indicating dimensions, materials, pipe inlets and outlets, details of finishes, etc.. • Table of nomenclature with their respective symbols indicating significance • Indicate exact points of runs of pipe • Title of the contents of the plane
EXERCISE
Prepare the installation of drainage plant project currently being developed in class to meet the requirements mentioned above.
LIGHTING ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS Within the facility that requires a home or project is the electricity which will provide power to lighting circuits, or active speaker, incandescent lamps, reflectors, etc.. To perform this installation is necessary to have the layout design is done by means of circuits using wires which conduct electricity while they are placed into a tube which should be buried or embedded in wall or ceiling as required by the design. Design requirements for electrical installation of lighting: • First, this service is provided by a municipal or private company and is therefore needed a rush. • After passing through the counter attack, and then to the distribution circuit board. • It is important that each power feed circuit only 12 lamps at a time. • It must be placed as the type of current that each wire leads that will be contained within the pipes can be hot-line, neutral or return. • It must be clearly indicated when the pipe is located on land or in heaven. • You get 'the point where the switches will be installed, having to appear as part of layout design, placed within the environment where they are to serve, the side which opens the door, at a distance of 0.30 meters. The rabbet and to 1.20 mts. the floor. • It will maintain a list of the circuit and number of lamps of each nomenclatures by associating them as follows, capital letters for each circuit and number of lamps connected in it. Circuits belonging to 220240 volt heaters, stoves, pumps, and other facilities, etc.. must be separated completely.
FORCE
As part of the electrical installation must include the FORCE that is defined by where he spent 'the pipeline that will supply electricity to the outlets which are connected appliances, televisions, washing machines, stoves, portable lamps, dryers, etc. . Reporting requirements and design of the plane are the same as in the electrical installation of lighting having only the following variables: • Like lighting circuits out of switchboard, also indicate strength circuits from the same board. • Care must be taken that the nomenclature used for the distribution of illumination does not confuse you with strength.
• The placement of the pipes are mostly located on land. • The wiring of the circuits will be easier, since it is constituted only a live line and neutral. • Because it is not known in advance that device is plugged 'into the wall outlet as opposed to the lamp circuits in this case only group 8 outlets per circuit. • You must place a table of nomenclature with the meaning of each symbols used in the plane.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
The circuit diagram gives us information on how they were distributed and which are circuits that feed the lamps, sockets or special circuits to electric stove, washing machine. nomenclature used in lasdistribuciones, this information not only serves the electrician to take care 'of the facilities but also, if in the future for any failure can know with certainty which is the circuit depending on the device damaged or lamps that show some problem.
DISTRIBUTION BOARD After the cables enter the pass rush and the counter of the property or project, they go to DISTRIBUTION BOARD which as its name implies from it, or will be distributed through different channels that will carry both the lamp current and outlets as the special socket. In it, he is installed in each circuit flipones offering the option of lowering or raising the flipones for the purpose of interrupting the power to perform some special work or maintenance, and then restore the energy flow without running the risk of cause an accident due to electric shock. Some of the requirements for the installation of switchgear are: • The location of the board must be in a fairly accessible in a time of emergency it is quickly for prompt handling. • It is not advisable to leave it in a place where people have easy access to misuse him. • Finally also be taken into account that in the place where it is located should be a place where it is not unsightly • As explained earlier in this board will flipones contained the circuits, they must be clearly indicated to know what belongs to each. • Also, it will install one or two more flipones to be used in any future expansion.
LIGHTING ELECTRICAL PLANT
Within the facility that requires a home or project is the electricity which will provide power to lighting circuits, or active speaker, incandescent lamps, reflectors, etc.. It is at this level where it appears all the information and specifications for the design and distribution.
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INST. LIGHTING
This plan aims to tell the manager of the facility or the electrician the necessary information for the location of the pipes and lamps that require active speaker project also contains an indication of the number of wires, depending on the type of current, to be contained in each section of the pipe.
INST Plan Development. LIGHTING To perform the electrical installation level lighting may be used as a macho man on the ground can determine the amount of light it requires, will require the design of distribution cables, pipes, lamps, etc.. Therefore stroke is determined prior to 'the location of each fixture and then indicate where the pipes are placed cables require the design of electrical energy to power lighting units previously established.
STEPS FOR THE PLANE ELABORAACION ELECTRICAL LIGHTING
• First, this service is provided by a municipal or private company and is therefore needed a rush, like the installation of potable water RUSH called the connection to use the energy source that provides the company responsible for providing service to the cable will enter the project. • After passing through the counter attack, which has the function of providing a quantity measured in kilowatts of energy in relation to which the company estimates the collection of the service concerned.
• For stroke and indication of the facilities of the plant, it is necessary to note the following symbols used to represent these accessories. • The meter cables are forwarded to the distribution board circuit, this is a box built into a wall, its location should be in a place that is pretty central for immediate project location and may not be placed in where it is unsightly, this board is installed devices called FLIPONES are small pin to upload or download can be interrupted or not the passage of electricity, each flipon controls a circuit. • It is called a circuit into the lamps power feed from the same wire, it is important to note that every circuit in the lighting installation should have a maximum of 12 lamps. • Once the location of the board will be necessary to indicate the lamps to be installed, this can be done by drawing an X in each room to find the central point achieving effective distribution of light or the number of lamps required under same area. • For each lamp should be located to indicate the point where you put it 'the switch is a rectangular box built a wall which contains the button that turns on or off' their respective lamp. • After determining the location of the lamps, and their respective switches, we proceed to indicate the pipe containing the wires that conduct electricity, this is done by drawing a line that starts at the switchboard and connects each lamps each, also one draw the line linking each lamp to their respective switch. • An essential part of design, is the indication of the wires that will be contained within the pipes, they can be: LIVE ONLINE this wire conducts energy neutral line or neutral is complemented by the passage of energy, for this reason all lamps need each other, a live line and neutral. • The wires that will need to switch the line RETURN that when lowering or raising the switch button continuously or discontinuously over energy, thus the lamp on or off, depending on the case this can be a bridge is used to 3WAY means that the same lamp can be on or off by two different switches, as this is the case rather to indicate a line return, use the bridge. • It will maintain a list of the circuit and number of each lamp through associating with each other classifications as follows; capital letter for each circuit and the number of lamp plugged into it. Example: • This classification should also be used to indicate that each switch controls lamp. • Clearly indicate the point where the wall inside the pipe to pass the higher levels. LIGHTING This plan must contain the following information: • Details of attack • Location of distribution board • Location in floor lamps, ceiling eras, lights, switches and pipes • Indication of the circuit, the number of lamps of the same • Indicate the type of current lead wire and each • Indicate exact points of ups and downs of the pipes • Table of nomenclature symbols used to indicate the respective meanings • Title of the contents of the plane
EXERCISE
Prepare the plane containing the design of electrical lighting project currently being developed in class to meet the requirements listed above
ELECTRICAL POWER PLANT
It is in this plane which clearly displays the exact location of electrical outlets will require the project, this should match the furniture arranged according to the architectural, since the objective is to locate where they are needed and not where it may interfere with the same furniture.
MAP APPLICATIONS INST. ELEC. FORCE
This plan meets the same objectives as the lighting, with the difference that in this case you should see the location of the normal outlets for any electrical appliance, as well as special as they could be the washer, dryer, electric range, timbre, etc..
MAP MAKING THE INST. FORCE This plan can be worked on a beefy design is closely related to lighting, as both the rush as the board shall be the same to use.As explained above, the location and number of outlets depends on the furniture required by the proposed project earlier in the architectural plan.
STEPS FOR THE PREPARATION OF PLANE INST. FORCE
• Locate the point where the distribution board, because it will feed the circuits that power installation. • For the stroke of this facility is important to take note of the symbols used to represent the materials. • Identify outlets as required depending on whether they should be single, double or triple as well as the type of power that will lead, 110 v. O 220 v. The artifacts that require installation of 220 v. are: electric stove, dryer and in some cases the heater. • Then he proceeds to draw the line to carry 'the power cables. • You will need to indicate the pipe containing the wires in this case using a live line and neutral, for each outlet. 1. Finally, as in the level of lighting outlets shall be properly identified as the circuit to which they relate. PLAN TO INCLUDE THE INTAL. FORCE The information required in this plane is: • Location of switchboard circuits come from that • Location of all plant outlets, piping and wiring • Indication of the circuit and the outlet of the same number of • Table of nomenclature indicating the symbols used and their corresponding meaning • Location of the exact point up or down pipe • Title of the contents of the plane EXERCISE Prepare the installation drawing Electric Power, the project currently underway in class including the information listed above. UNIT 4 FACILITY QUESTIONNAIRE • Materials that can be used for installation of Hot Water • What is the length of the tubes used in drainage Cement • What are the advantages and disadvantages to using a distribution network or open circuit • In which cases is used Septic Tank • A Stormwater call you • How many lamps can be included within the circuit • What is the role of Siphon Box • To call him octagonal box • What aspects must take into account the location of the switchboard • 10.Cual is the rectangular box
CONCLUSIONS
• It is important to give adequate attention to learning, research and development of construction drawings course since this is initiated within the architectural language learner, because this course teaches you to develop and interpret a given project. • Through the course learn to interpret construction drawings and read architectural drawings. This paper showed that using high level of understanding in each of the items contained within the course.
RECOMMENDATIONS
• For optimal use of this document is important to discuss during the course of construction drawings, which provides the student JOSÉ MANUEL HIDALGO MONTUFAR, it is a supporting document for the student and to the professor, whose explanation is necessary and indispensable. • When you have a copy of the student will be able to read again and again every concept and explanation for a complete and clear understanding of them. • It is appropriate to regularly change the design of the distribution of homestead project, thus avoiding the work to be copied previously submitted which limits the proper training.
REFERENCES THESIS Martial C. Luz Maria DRAWING AND INTERPRETATION OF PLANS University of Santo Tomas, Bogota, Colombia. 1988 M. Martinez Luis Enrique ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING Thesis. USAC Faculty of Architecture. Palma War, Ronald Joseph LINEAR DRAWING Thesis. USAC Faculty of Architecture. Francisco Contreras Edwin Valdez TECHNICAL DRAWING Thesis. USAC Faculty of Architecture. 1989 Reproduction in whole or part of this work by any means mechanical or electronic, without the written permission of the publisher. Copyright 2004 Universidad San Carlos de Guatemala BOOKS Neufert ART PROJECT IN ARCHITECTURE. Ramsey Sleeper ARCHITECTURAL GRAPHIC STANDARDS. Wang, Thomas Architectural drawing. Editorial Trillas, Mexico 1991. William Garcia Construction drawings and construction drawings of the architectural language Ana Lucrecia Sosa Vรกsquez AUTHOR Ivan Leroy TECHNICAL DRAWING Course Program Technical Drawing. Faculty of Architecture, University of San Carlos de Guatemala. 1998. Manuals for training "Andragogy" Municipal Regulations, FHA, ICAITI. Technical Institute for Training and Productivity