MengChan Tang
2014 - 2017
University of Columbia Master of Architecture
2013 - 2014
Zaha Hadid Architects Architectural Assistant Qingdao Culture and Art Center, Qingdao, China • Iterative studies on conceptual building massing and facade. • Produced all building section drawings for the competition submission. • Translation of documents for the submission and presentation.
Central Bank of Libya, Tripoli, Libya • Building skin studies and design. • Produced all building section drawings for the competition submission.
Guangxi Art and Cultural Center, Naning, China • In charge of submission document and text. • Created narrative storyboard for presentational animation and contact with animation company.
Nanjing International Youth Cultural Center, Nanjing, China • Interior Design and artistic coordination with LDI.
2012 - 2013
Architectural Association RIBA Part I
2011 - 2012
Amanda Levete Architects Architectural Assistant • Involved in concept and stage C/D production aspects of a currently undisclosed masterplan project: • Collaborating with ARUP on a evolutionary computational algorithm to optimise the performances of three office/retail complexes. • Producing computational tools for V&A museum floor pattern design.
2011
Zaha Hadid Architects Architectural Intern • Participated in various competitions and computational researches. • Projects Involved: Youth Olympics Centre, Nanjing, PR China / Easycredit Bank Headquater, Nuremberg, Germany / Mohammod VI University masterplan, Benguerir, Morocco
Mengchan Tang +1 (646) 787 6106 mt3007@columbia.edu
2010
Rietveld Architects New York LLP Architectural Designer • Rapid prototyping with 3D-Printing technology to examine design and create presentation model. • Design and construction of 3D architectural details.
2005 - 2010
University of Toronto Honours Bachelor of Science • Major: Architectural Studies (Design) • Minors: Mathematics, Statistics
John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape, and Design Research Assistant, 2008-2010 • Computation Research Group | Tom Bessai, Assistant Professor, Director of BA Architectural Studies • Research various contemporary techniques and concepts in the field of computational design • Utilize computational technologies to prepare relevant course material and examples. • Assist students in course with parametric design.
Teaching Assistant, 2009 Spring • ARC 3024: Intricacy Differentiation and Emergence: Computation Methods in Architectural Design
Technical Assistant, 2009 Fall • ARC 3015: New Urban Geometry: UAE University City
2007
KSL Construction Services LTD. • Construction Worker, 2007 Summer
Islands — Barren Island Columbia University, 2016 Atlas of the Island A survey study of a variety of islands in the world kicked started the project to generate multiple readings and understandings of the potentials of different island conditions. It is based on these researches the particular island project commenced.
Gateway Between Two Worlds
Constructional Monarchy
01
Capital and Labour Flow From the Continent
02
A legacy Roughs Tower from WWII claimed by a British pirate radio broadcaster for his broadcast in 1967. He later founded a micronation on this structure with its own passport, polity and monarch. Although not officially recognised internationally, Sealand government claimed that due to several historic events it was de facto recognised by the UK and Germany.
Colonised by the British Empire for much of its history, the Hong Kong Island is physically detached from the Chinese mainland. Somewhat similar to Manhattan, this detached land is where the city concentrates its financial institutions and corporate skyscrapers. For decades, the political isolation of Hong Kong from the Mainland, or, the isolation of the Mainland from Hong Kong, which is one of the access point to the network of international capital, have made Hong Kong a strategic location for capital and labour concentration. Functioning as the gateway into Mainland China, Hong Kong island had become prosperous.
Tokyo
Frankfurt
London Postal System
Chicago
Paris
New York
Zurich
Food Processing Centre
Communication
Fuel
Chapel
Internet Server Host
Jail
Sydney
During the Cold War before People’s Republic of China established diplomatic relationship with the United States 1949-1977
Hong Kong Island Hong Kong, PRC 1949-1977 31.04 square miles 1.29 million People
Public & Private Multiple Architects
03
North Sea 1942 6 Acre 27 People (2002) Nation State
Man-Made Military, Non-Profit Guy Maunsell Built
Miles Away
An island used to be residential was converted into a zone dedicated to art and science in the 19th century. The Museum Island is the home of 5 major museums. Originally, the island was the sister city of the old Berlin and was called Cölln. As cities grew, and eventually, as Germany grew and unify, this island became part of the nation-building mission to construct the imagination of a German public, who were to be the essential part of the modern German nation state.
04
An infamous nuclear meltdown occurred at this site. The nuclear facilities were located on a remote island away from the Washington D.C. - Boston megalopolis region, therefore the accident did not affect the areas with the most human concentration. Yet according to its name, the island is 3 miles away from the nearest town Middletown and caused panic. Fortunately no further development of this event.
10 miles
Various Collections including Sculptures, Byzantine Art and Coins
Bodemuseum
Antiquity, Middle East and Islamic Collections
From Neoclassical to Early Modernist Collections
Egyption and Early History Collections
Antiquities Collection
Pergamon Museum
Alte Nationalgalerie
Neus Museum
Altes Museum
5 miles
Boston
New York City
Philadelphia
Cölln and Berlin formed the sister cities in Medieval time.
Museum Island Berlin, Germany 179796 Acre 53,771 People Cultural
Urban Public, Non-Profit Multiple Architects Built
NRC graphic of TMI-2 core end-state configuration
Three Mile Island Harrisburg, PA 1968 492 Acre 0 People Industrial
Man-Made Public Babcock & Wilcox Built
MENGCHAN TANG
Washington D.C.
MENGCHAN TANG
Islands: An Atlas of Urban Islands
Building a Nation
Armed guards defending Sealand from invaders. 1978
MENGCHAN TANG
MENGCHAN TANG
Mainland refugees entering Hong Kong, 1962
Self Defense
Principality of Sealand
05
Homeostatic System
Military evolution kindled the creation of star forts. Due the idea that political autonomy in Renaissance Italy, the security provided by this form has associated Star-Shaped city with the Ideal City. The militarily secure form of the outer boundary and moat (hence the island). In Sforzinda proposed bu Filarete, the central feature of the city is a high tower (existed in the original drawing but now absent) overlooks the entire territory ruled by the Duke of the city-state. This concept of Città Ideale and the centrality was part of the architectural imagination of the Renaissance and can be seen from Raphael and Perugino’s art works.
Amount of
= 54
MENGCHAN TANG
=
Palmanova Udine, Italy 1593 230 Acre 5,406 People Military
A woodcut of Utopia by Ambrosius Holbein from 1518.
Man-Made Public Vincenzo Scamozzi Built
The Journey Towards
06
The intention of Thomas More’s Utopia is unclear. However, the society depicted in the book is a proposition of a homeostatic entity only communicates with externality when needed. The very existence of the mainland(other) is of primary significance for Utopia to exist and self-adjust to internal and unexpected changes.
07
× 6000
Utopia South America 1516 Area Unclear 3-5 million People Phantom Island
Fictional Public Thomas More
=
× 10~16
Total Population = 3,240,000 ~ 5,184,000
MENGCHAN TANG
Panopticist Autonomy
?
Myth, Digitised
Michael Webb, a member of the Archigram, spent years on the project of Temple Island. It is very untypical of the movement he was in, that rather than address the island(object) itself, it was about the movement towards an island. He studied the journey from the observer towards the island that he was so familiar in his childhood. The scientific research of 1-point perspective projection and Lorentz Transformation seems to locate that island and hence his childhood at the infinite, and the faster he tries to reach, the more weight the target becomes.
08
A non-existent island, which had been in a plethora of cartographic documents for over a century was finally removed from the Google Map in 2012. Its presence in modern history revealed the highly surveyed world in the age satellite images is still haunted by our mysterious past. It is precisely due ot its remoteness from many other geographic centres of attention had allowed this incident to remind us how big the world actually can be in an preceively shrinking reality.
Sandy Island, New Caledonia
Lorentz Transformation:
d1 d2 d3 d4 d5
d6 d7
d8
d9
d10
d11
d12
d13
d14
d15
d16
d17 = infinity
d1 = r
Henley-on-Thames 1984 ? Acre ? People Non-Functional
Man-Made Purpose Unclear Michael Webb Propositional
The Current Image of Sandy Island in Google Earth.
Sandy Island New Caledonia ?-? 53380 Acres ? People Phantom Island
Man-Claim Non-Profit Multiple Claimers Nonexistent
MENGCHAN TANG
Temple Island
MENGCHAN TANG
10 mi
Islands: An Atlas of Urban Islands
0 100010 10100101 010010101 0100101010 1001010100 1010101001 0001101100 101011100 101010101 001010010 0010101001 0101001010 101001010 10100101 0100101 01010
Site Analysis The former Barren Island have expanded for more than 150 years under constant intervention and occupation by extremely undesirable industries and military interests. Currently the co-existence of the National Park, NYPD and Marine Corp on the former municipal airport Floyd Bennett Field presents itself as a site of entertainment and state apparatus for emergency. This posed an opportunity to intensify the experience of joy and fear, which exists already in various forms of popular culture and theme parks.
2020
2020
Natural Gas Pipeline 2015-Present Hurricane Sandy
2010
2010
Hurricane Katrina
War on Terror
2000
2000 Doppler Radar 1997-Present
1990
1990
2015
1980
1980
1970
1970
The Cold War
1960
1960
1945 Barracks Complex 1952-Present
1950
1950 First commercial flight from JFK
The First Atomic Bomb
Air Hangar B 1945-Present
WWII
1940
Air Hangar A 1940-1988
Laguardia Airport Opens
The Great Depression
Hindenburg Disaster
Ryan Center of Floyd Bennett Field 1931-Present
1930
Newark Airport Opens Barren Island Airport Opens
1927
1920 Shenandoah
U.S.NAVY
ZR - 1
US Navy Airship Naval Air Station Rockaway 1917-1930
1910 Public School #120 1908-1937
The Progressive Era
The Wright Flyer Success
Sacred Heart Church 1900-1942
1900
1911 1890
1890
The Gilded Age
1880 Offal Industries 1877-1937
1880
Alexander Bell made the first phone call.
1878 1870
1870
American Civil War
Islands: The Matter, Forme and Power of Disaster and Joy
1920 WWI
1910
1900
1930
The Roaring Twenties
Barren Island Airport 1927-1931
1940
1860
1860
1852 1850
1850
The History of an Expanding Barren Island
1000 feet
The Matter, Formed and Power of Disaster and Joy
Islands: The Matter, Forme and Power of Disaster and Joy
Proposition Conceptualising the existing airport infrastructure as a connective tissue that distributes the mobility capacity from the occupying experts to a variety of proposed zones, providing scenarios where disasters are manufactured and rehearsed, while spaces of therapy and joy coexist symbiotically. Significant spaces across the North American landscapes are constructed and controlled for the co-existence of disasters and recreation that are appropriate for the types of spaces they inhabit.
Islands: The Matter, Dialectic Forms of Control
Quaking Amusement
Mountain Hospitality
The Haussmannian Shopping Mall of the Suburb
Islands: The Matter, Dialectic Forms of Control
The Park and the Sunken City.
Angkor Temples: Industry of Viewing Columbia University, 2017 Premise For heritage sites like the Angkor, historic buildings are under constant protection, preservation, regeneration for almost the sole reason of increasing financial gains through tourism. The kind of tourism at those sites are mostly image production and the “tourist gaze�. Without those reasons, the temples have barely other purpose
to exist (apart from nationalistic narrative) and the means to survive. Intervention The proposal deals directly with three iconic temples of Angkor: Ta Prohm, Bayon and Angkor Wat. By identifying their individual characters and issues at hand under the previous premise and framework, the project attempts to enhance and multiply the capacity to accommodate more and new circulation of viewing and currency.
UNESCO Zone
2006-09
2006-09
2010
Zone 1: Monumental Sites (core zone including Angkor, Rolous and Banteay Srei); Zone 2: Protected Archaeology Reserves (buffer zone); Zone 3: Protected cultural landscapes (along rivers and causeways); Zone 4: Sites of Archaeological, Anthropological or Historic Interest (sites not included in Zones 1 and 2); Zone 5: The Socio-Economic and Cultural Development Zone of Siem Reap
The Landing Trickle-down Economy
7.95 8.739
$ Litres
0.91
Price
ANGKOR WORLD HERITAGE
NON-TRANSFERABLE
US$ 40.00 Data of entry: Data of expiry: Code:
04/02/2015 10/02/2015 H. 095023 ANGKOR PASS
N
01126 4 4
Bayon: The New Circulation Capacity
Bayon: Entrance Section
0m
1m
3m
8m
Ta Prohm: Trees Frozen in Space and Time
Ta Prohm: New Views
0 10 20
50
100m
Angkor Wat: Extending the Cosmo
Red Hook Theatre
Red Hook Theatre
Columbia University, 2015 Building Integration — Team Project: MengChan Tang, Wen Zhou, XiaoMing Zhuang, Guo Zhuo
Given the program of a theatre space on the site of an existing warehouse in Red Hook, Brooklyn, we have made the decision to treat the building in two parts: the theatre, and the public spaces (including the restaurant). This decision of division allowed us to provide two distinct HVAC strategies to them considering their own preferred criteria.
Red Hook Theatre
Architecturally, the theatre is well constructed with a quiet yet demanding all-air VAV system; The restaurant, playing the typical Brooklyn renovation projects, we have kept the existing warehouse and use the same radiant floor system like the rest of the public spaces —  in addition, ventilation chimneys and industrial fans are installed for the hot days.
Radiant FLoor + Natural Ventilation Variable Air Volume (VAV)
Radiant FLoor + Natural Ventilation
MEP Variable Air Volume (VAV)
VAV
HEATED BEAM
MEP
MEP Radiant FLoor + Natural Ventilation
Existing Brick Wall New Brick Wall T.O. STEEL
T.O. Front Facade
RL = 29’
RL = 38’
T.O. Rear Facade RL = 40’
T.O. Composite Beam RL = 21’-6” T.O. Composite Beam
G1
RL = 18’
Soundproof Curtain Wall
9” SoundProof Double Wall T.O. Steel Panel
G1
RL = 0’
1” Plywood
Base
1” Metal Panel
Base
RL = 0’
RL = 0’
1
FRONT FACADE ELEVATION
2
1/8” = 1’
Z Clip
REAR FACADE ELEVATION 1/8” = 1’
1” Metal Panel
6” Brick-WIndow System
5'-0"
Bar anchor
3'-1"
Mirror metal sheet Gasket
Noise reduction joint seal
5'-0
"
Alumnimum sheet
Air cavity Steel profile T.O. STEEL
6"
RL = 18’
5'-0
4
"
REVOLVING PANEL PLAN 2” = 1’
4'-0
19'-6"
"
11’
13’-6”
2'-0"
4'-0"
Aluminum Frame
Silicone Insulation Gasket G1
2'-0" T.O. Concrete RL = 6’
5
Red Hook Theatre
3
SECTIONAL REAR ACRYLIC FACADE DETIAL 2” = 1’
G2
G3
CURVED GLASS PLANEL SCHEDULE #
TYP. ACRYLIC FACADE PLAN 2” = 1’
6
PANEL FRAMING PLAN 1” = 1’
LOCATION
TYPE
FRAME WIDTH
HEIGHT
G1
REAR
TRANSPARENT
N
4’
11’
G2
FRONT
TRANSPARENT
Y
5’
19’ - 6”
G3
FRONT
TRANSPARENT
N
5’
13’’- 6”
G4
FRONT
TRANSLUCENT
N
5’
19’ - 6”
G5
FRONT
TRANSLUCENT
N
5’
13’’- 6”
Red Hook Theatre
White Band Envelope Columbia University, 2017 Advanced Curtain Wall
4'-8"
4'-8"
4'-8"
4'-8"
4'-8"
4'-8"
4'-8"
4'-8"
4'-8"
16'-4 7/8"
2 1/8"
3
1
A103
A103
2
1
A102
Envelope Elevation: Corner to Middle
1
6
A103
4'-8" Envelope Plan: Corner to Middle Scale: 1/2" = 1'
4'-8"
Envelope Section: Typical (Curved) and Edge (Flat) Scale: 1/2" = 1'
7
A103
4'-10 1/8"
3
2
Scale: 1/2" = 1'
5
A102
A103
4'-8"
4'-8"
4'-8"
4'-8"
4'-8"
4'-8"
A101
1
Spandrel Section at Middle Building Elevation Scale: 3" = 1'
2
3
Isometric Drawing of The Light Box Structure. Refer to the Render
Plan Detail at Typical Anchor Plate
4
Plan Detail at Typical Anchor Plate
7
Plan Detail at Middle-Building Envelope
Scale: 3" = 1'
Scale: 3" = 1'
Scale: 3" = 1' Plan Detail at Building Corner Scale: 3" = 1'
6
Plan Detail at Transitional Envelope Scale: 3" = 1'
Scale: 3" = 1'
A103
3'-3 13/16"
5
Spandrel Section at Building Edge Scale: 3" = 1'
2'-1 3/4"
11 1/8"
1'-8 3/8"
1
Scale: 3" = 1' 2
Spandrel Section at Middle Building Elevation Scale: 3" = 1'
3
Detail Section at Parapet Scale: 3" = 1'
A102
When Developer Gives Columbia University, 2015 Site Analysis The project is located in the Long Island City. During the search of a potential client, the owner of the immediate site was identified as a developing company Rock Rose. This developer owns two adjacent sites from the given plot. One is a finished urban complex high-rise building and the other is another
project of the same kind under construction. Rock Rose, however, had already sponsored a community event in the summer of 2014. The photograph of the music/film festival amongst the glass towers provides a telling potential for the future of the neighbourhood under gentrification. With many future buildings under construction and planned to be constructed, the given site for this project can be regarded as the centrifugal point of the future neighbourhood.
+0’
+45’
+8’
+12’
+4’
Office Plan
Bank: When Developer Gives
Ground Level Plan
+90’ +0’
-4’
+0’
Basement: Bank Plan
Penthouse: Event Space Plan
It is henceforth, a street level commerce and public space are simultaneously achieved by introducing a sectional bifurcation. In order to make this public space function as intended, the first level of the office space is lifted 40 feet from the event space, offset from the site boundary to allow more natural daylight. This offset is decreased as the level ascends and ultimately fill up the entirety of the boundary at the top level, culminated as a formal event space. Section
Project as the centrifugal piece of the future neighbourhood.
Bank: When Developer Gives
The architectural intervention began from the street level and many iterations of designs were tested to achieve the same simple parti: giving space back to the public yet not leaving the street level space entirely to a void, for the street level is also the best location for retail/commerce. The coincidence of having to provide public banking service for savings/withdrawn, therefore, is located here.
Proposition Reluctantly confronting with the brief as an inevitable resistance and reality, the bank programme was designed specifically to respond to the Rock Rose’s engagement in the neighbourhood and this particular site. The proposal is therefore a loan bank established by Rock Rose to provide financial services for events, while at the same time two event spaces are provided architecturally to accommodate possible events.
Manhattanville Gymnasium Columbia University, 2014
Manhattanville Gym
Site Analysis The project is located in the neighbourhood of Manhattanville, where the new expansion campus for Columbia University is currently under construction. The context of a private institution expanding right next to a low-income residential community has created uncertainties and tension locally. Specifically, the planned building (for 2030) directly south of the project, is actually intruding halfway into the given site. Also considering the fact that the gymnasium’s client is a joint partnership between Columbia University and New York City, this intrusion creates a division between the two ownerships. Since this division is created even before any design intervention, the project is been strategically designed to respond to the division not only within the site, but also the social division on the west and east sides, creating a passageway combined with centralised internal plaza for the public. This move also starts to address the relationship to be created to accommodate the ownership divide: harmonizing around the circular void, rather than creating confrontation.
Manhattanville Gym
Symbolism The soon-to-be-finished Jerome L. Greene Science Center for Mind Brain Behavior by Renzo Piano just across the street from the site is towering over the neighbourhood with its two prominent chimneys. There are two theories influencing the perception of those chimneys from the eyes of the local residents: underneath the building, there is a centralised plant to power the entire campus; the Science Center is a building hosting a variety of biochemical laboratories. Those two theories both render the chimneys as the symbol of future uncertainty for the community, and therefore caused local discontent and protests. Columbia University responded with the situation by providing each household a filtering air conditioner unit. This gesture symbolizes the interaction between the expanding private institution and neighbourhood under the influence of gentrification. To counteract the potential pollution from the chimneys, this project therefore proposes another act of symbolism by providing a different kind of chimney emitting healthy vapours from the water therapy facility at the basement of the gym.
Manhattanville Gym
East-West Section through the public funded side
Broadway Side Elevation
Library Level
Basement Level
Ground Level
Chimney Atrium View
Manhattanville Gym
Gymnasium Level
The Revered Toilets Columbia University, 2014 This project reconsiders the perception of toilets in everyday life, taking the opportunity that constructing another public toilet on the given site is redudant with private franchise stores around are substuting the function of a typical public toilet.
Utilising the existing site condition, integrating marble toilet benches with the local memorial, the design elevates the status of toilets to the public realm and provoke a new social form.
Food System
The Revered Toilets
Normalised
Marginalised
Speculation of toilet at the centre of life.
To Centralise To Surround To Switch To Change To Rotate To Intake To Digest To Excrete To Domesticise To Cozify
Memorial as the observed stage.
Plan of the toilets, showing its relationship with the park and the memorial.
The Revered Toilets
Sections of the toilets, showing its relationship with the surrounding buildings.
Dual Interface Housing
Dual Interface Housing
Columbia University, 2015, Team: Rick Fudge, MengChan Tang
The housing project is the combined result of two architectural types: the vertical slab building, and a terraced building. The southfacing terraced type becomes a new ground bifurcated from the street into the air, providing a hanginggarden-like connected life while the north-facing vertical living suits the residents who prefer a more isolated life-style.
A
B
C
A
B
C
Dual Interface Housing
25’
16’
16’
Micro Unit
50’
Dual Interface Housing
16’
16’
One Bedroom Unit
37’-6”
16’
16’
Studio Unit
62’-6”
16’
Two Bedroom Unit
Dual Interface Housing
16’
Special Velocity Zone Columbia University, 2016, Team: Hong Li, MengChan Tang
Anticipating the upcoming revolution in automobile technology and the acceleration of capital accumulation, we speculate a possible future where people with varying degrees of accesses to mobility occupy different parts of the city of Detroit: namely, the super surface above and the old city fabric below. At the waterfront near the US-Canada border, we introduce a transport junction to accommodate the different modes of movement, speed and border condition.
C M
1915
WW1
m
1908 w
m
M m
H
1903
m 2500
A
m
D
C
m
2009 Stimulus Package
U A
1997 Asian Financial Crisis
2010, November QE2 Launched 2012, September QE3 Launched
2008, November QE1 Launched
1994, Janurary 1 Implementation of NAFTA
3,000
2007, October Beginning of Market Crash
2001, December 11 PRC Joined WTO
2,400
2000 Peak DotCom Bubble 1,800
1991, December 25 Dissolution of the Soviet Union 1,200
1975, April 30 Vietnam War Ends
1985, September 22 Plaza Accord 600
1971, August 15 Nixon Shock
0
-600
-1200 1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
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1970
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1978
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1980
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1998
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2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
M
O
Italy: Japan: Saudi Arabia: 2.5%,$39104.21m 2.43%,$37954.56m1.46%,$22843.75m
UK: 4.09%,$64010.04m
W
Italy:
Saudi Arabia: 1.38%,$21586.3m
2.45%,$38254.1m Japan: 2.61%,$40796.77m
Spain: 1.24%,$19443.98m Canada: 1.24%,$19352.11m
UK: 4.13%,$64573.58m
Brazil: 1.2%,$18792.41m India: 1.14%,$17865.71m
France: 4.41%,$69000.91m
China, P.R.: 1.29%,$20211.59m
Saudi Arabia:
Brazil: 1.26%,$19777.26m
Japan: 2.86%,$42794.17m
Spain: 1.24%,$19339.75m Canada: 1.23%,$19254.24m India: 1.2%,$18825.9m
Australia: 0.91%,$14225.4m
Korea, South: 0.96%,$15091.66m
Germany: 4.43%,$69308.17m
Australia: 0.92%,$14346.26m Netherlands: 0.89%,$13967.51m
Sweden: 0.5%,$7791.3m
South Africa: 0.39%,$6053.65m
USA: 37.49%,$586731.35m
1988
Korea, South:
Brazil: 1.9%,$23369.83m 2.03%,$24999.13m
India: 2.29%,$28128.18m
Saudi Arabia: 2.29%,$28166.13m
USA: 37.14%,$580704.68m
1989
Israel: 1.34%,$16444.82m Canada: 1.23%,$15086.78m Netherlands: 0.95%,$11679.35m Taiwan: 0.81%,$9945.53m UAE: 0.73%,$9038.05m Greece: 0.72%,$8848.74m Singapore: 0.69%,$8488.17m Sweden: 0.58%,$7100.74m Colombia: 0.57%,$7016.32m Iran: 0.55%,$6763.77m Poland: 0.53%,$6549.21m Norway: 0.52%,$6402.1m Pakistan: 0.49%,$5973.83m Belgium: 0.46%,$5651.27m Egypt: 0.45%,$5536.27m Switzerland: 0.42%,$5223.02m Kuwait: 0.39%,$4823.62m Denmark: 0.38%,$4720.44m Portugal: 0.37%,$4604.64m Mexico: 0.34%,$4154.12m Oman: 0.3%,$3688.95m Venezuela: 0.3%,$3654.12m Malaysia: 0.28%,$3455.52m Thailand: 0.27%,$3373.83m Austria: 0.27%,$3370.98m South Africa: 0.27%,$3306.96m Chile: 0.26%,$3148.55m Czech Rep.: 0.25%,$3045.42m Finland: 0.23%,$2768.31m Algeria: 0.22%,$2765.99m Nigeria: 0.2%,$2481.29m Indonesia: 0.2%,$2435m Philippines: 0.19%,$2343.19m Morocco: 0.19%,$2337.67m Romania: 0.18%,$2272.32m Yemen: 0.18%,$2209.24m New Zealand: 0.17%,$2048.56m Hungary: 0.16%,$2006.76m Angola: 0.15%,$1847.29m Ukraine: 0.13%,$1629.22m Peru: 0.12%,$1462.16m Lebanon: 0.12%,$1418.61m Serbia: 0.11%,$1407.87m Sudan: 0.11%,$1402.44m Ireland: 0.11%,$1396.63m Argentina: 0.11%,$1370.18m Qatar: 0.11%,$1356.27m Croatia: 0.11%,$1354.73m Slovak Rep.: 0.11%,$1323.84m Bangladesh: 0.1%,$1210.25m Sri Lanka: 0.09%,$1163.37m Bulgaria: 0.09%,$1075.71m Zimbabwe: 0.08%,$1004.91m Jordan: 0.07%,$901.99m Eritrea: 0.07%,$856.85m Uruguay: 0.07%,$841.35m Ecuador: 0.07%,$833.53m Ethiopia: 0.06%,$731.82m Libya: 0.06%,$718.6m Kenya: 0.05%,$657.43m Slovenia: 0.05%,$598.07m Bahrain: 0.05%,$587.89m Kazakhstan: 0.04%,$536.5m Tunisia: 0.04%,$465.31m Bosnia-Herzegovina: 0.04%,$437.62m Cyprus: 0.03%,$430.03m Myanmar: 0.03%,$426.19m Botswana: 0.03%,$400.85m Dominican Rep.: 0.03%,$386.31m Azerbaijan: 0.03%,$384.53m Lithuania: 0.03%,$368.09m Brunei: 0.03%,$351.73m Bolivia: 0.03%,$332.95m Belarus: 0.03%,$330.96m Guatemala: 0.03%,$316.75m Latvia: 0.02%,$298.44m Luxembourg: 0.02%,$280.19m Cameroon: 0.02%,$271.29m Uganda: 0.02%,$268.29m Estonia: 0.02%,$264.58m El Salvador: FYR: 0.02%,$232.99m Tanzania: 0.02%,$214.98m Paraguay: 0.02%,$204.16m Guinea: 0.02%,$192.4m Macedonia, 0.02%,$190.85m Gabon: 0.01%,$175.07m Namibia: 0.01%,$170.28m Nepal: 0.01%,$165.48m Armenia: 0.01%,$156.89m Congo: 0.01%,$151.54m Senegal: 0.01%,$126.6m Cambodia: 0.01%,$121.02m Honduras: 0.01%,$112.76m Mozambique: 0.01%,$105.44m Albania: 0.01%,$103.42m Kyrgyzstan: 0.01%,$98.21m Madagascar: 0.01%,$90.39m Mali: 0.01%,$89.63m Burundi: 0.01%,$87.3m Jamaica: 0.01%,$87.29m Rwanda: 0.01%,$85.95m Georgia: 0.01%,$79.8m Burkina 0.01%,$79.69m Faso: Mauritania: 0.01%,$69.85m 0.01%,$69.03m Uzbekistan: Chad: 0.01%,$63.32m Fiji: 0%,$55.83m Djibouti: 0%,$53.23m Benin: Mongolia: 0%,$51.35m Papua New Guinea: 0%,$50.23m 0%,$50.07m Nicaragua: Sierra Leone: 0%,$49.23m Malta: 0%,$49.11m 0%,$45.66m Ghana: Trinidad & Tobago: 0%,$43.24m Tajikistan: 0%,$43.13m 0%,$38.48m Swaziland: Lesotho: 0%,$38.25m 0%,$36.72m Niger: 0%,$30.91m Laos: 0%,$27.42m Guyana: Central 0%,$23.71m African Rep.: 0%,$17.97m Moldova: 0%,$17.23m Mauritius: 0%,$12.13m Malawi: Seychelles: 0%,$11.7m 0%,$11.46m Guinea-Bissau: 0%,$10.08m Belize: Gambia: Cape 0%,$8.35m 0%,$2.28m Verde:
UK: 4.75%,$58457.6m
Viet Nam: 0.13%, Nigeria: 0.12%,$1527.38m Peru: 0.11%,$1501.39m Lebanon: 0.11%,$1425.41m Argentina: 0.11%,$1411.29m Slovak Rep.: 0.11%,$1404.07m Qatar: 0.1%,$1367.41m Ireland: 0.1%,$1339.02m Serbia: 0.09%,$1233.68m Bangladesh: 0.09%,$1214m Ecuador: 0.09%,$1130.14m Croatia: 0.08%,$1096.56m Bulgaria: 0.08%,$1096.36m Sudan: 0.08%,$1060.21m Sri Lanka: 0.08%,$1046.22m Jordan: 0.08%,$1040.57m Libya: 0.07%,$894.41m Eritrea: 0.06%,$836.45m Uruguay: 0.06%,$752.32m Bahrain: 0.05%,$672.23m Kenya: 0.05%,$663.76m Kazakhstan: 0.05%,$635.07m Myanmar: 0.05%,$634.13m Slovenia: 0.05%,$622.68m Ethiopia: 0.05%,$601.61m Tunisia: 0.04%,$484.21m Azerbaijan: 0.04%,$479.56m Cyprus: 0.03%,$416.21m Botswana: 0.03%,$386.68m Bolivia: 0.03%,$372.06m Brunei: 0.03%,$367.13m Lithuania: 0.03%,$360.08m Latvia: 0.03%,$344.26m Guatemala: 0.03%,$343.74m Belarus: 0.03%,$334.53m Côte d’Ivoire: 0.03%,$329.49m Zimbabwe: 0.02%,$316.24m Estonia: 0.02%,$305.81m Bosnia-Herzegovina: 0.02%,$304.6m Luxembourg: 0.02%,$296.45m Cameroon: 0.02%,$291.01m Uganda: 0.02%,$289m Dominican Rep.: 0.02%,$288m Tanzania: 0.01%,$195.18m Nepal: 0.01%,$184.47m Paraguay: 0.01%,$182.44m Armenia: 0.01%,$180.68m El Salvador: FYR: 0.01%,$178.63m Macedonia, 0.01%,$173.62m Congo: 0.01%,$168.67m Namibia: 0.01%,$167.8m Gabon: 0.01%,$163.46m Guinea: 0.01%,$149.32m Honduras: 0.01%,$142.85m Senegal: 0.01%,$137.55m Cambodia: 0.01%,$125.81m Albania: 0.01%,$116.18m Kyrgyzstan: 0.01%,$111.58m Mauritania: 0.01%,$110.68m Mozambique: 0.01%,$104.3m Madagascar: 0.01%,$104.15m Mali: 0.01%,$102.47m Congo, Dem. Rep.: 0.01%,$96.49m Georgia: 0.01%,$93.41m Jamaica: 0.01%,$90.96m Burundi: 0.01%,$88.62m Rwanda: 0.01%,$79.99m Burkina Faso: 0.01%,$77.84m Uzbekistan: 0.01%,$73.65m Trinidad & Tobago: 0.01%,$72.63m Djibouti: 0.01%,$65.57m Chad: 0%,$64.18m Ghana: 0%,$56.78m Benin: 0%,$56.06m Fiji: 0%,$56.05m Tajikistan: 0%,$55.84m Sierra Leone: 0%,$53.72m 0%,$51.08m Nicaragua: Malta: 0%,$50.67m Mongolia: 0%,$48.54m Togo: 0%,$46.48m Papua New Guinea: 0%,$45.44m Swaziland: 0%,$44.81m Niger: 0%,$37.06m 0%,$36.01m Lesotho: 0%,$27.09m Laos: Central African Rep.: 0%,$26.69m Guyana: 0%,$25.82m Moldova: 0%,$19.55m Mauritius: 0%,$17.68m Malawi: 0%,$12.46m 0%,$11.68m Guinea-Bissau: 0%,$11.67m Seychelles: Belize: 0%,$10.73m Cape 0%,$2.47m Gambia: 0%,$8.8m Verde:
China, P.R.: 4.93%,$60642.12m
France: 5.04%,$61963.16m
USA: 38.17%,$469485.96m
2002
2003
Saudi Arabia: 2.2%,$25769.17m
India: 1.37%,$16547.84m
China, P.R.: 2.24%,$26221.6m
Australia: 1.24%,$14963.47m Israel: 1.15%,$13961.64m
Netherlands: 1.09%,$13245.37m
Oman: 0.2%,$2961.84m Finland: 0.19%,$2787.64m Mexico: 0.19%,$2777.39m Hungary: 0.18%,$2754.55m Colombia: 0.18%,$2660.58m Indonesia: 0.16%,$2464.33m New Zealand: 0.16%,$2447.55m Philippines: 0.14%,$2110.64m Chile: 0.14%,$2105.99m Argentina: 0.13%,$2010.28m Viet Nam: 0.13%,$1948.07m Morocco: 0.13%,$1928.06m Qatar: 0.13%,$1876.03m Peru: 0.12%,$1860.58m Yemen: 0.12%,$1849.74m Malaysia: 0.12%,$1809.38m Sudan: 0.08%,$1178.39m Uruguay: 0.07%,$1068.75m Kenya: 0.07%,$1044.1m Ireland: 0.07%,$1040.8m Lebanon: 0.06%,$857.24m Ethiopia: 0.06%,$846.46m Nigeria: 0.06%,$841.47m Cyprus: 0.06%,$834.74m Jordan: 0.05%,$762.72m Bangladesh: 0.05%,$696.71m Algeria: 0.04%,$642.18m Ecuador: 0.04%,$545.96m Myanmar: 0.03%,$510.9m Sri Lanka: 0.03%,$501.96m Brunei: 0.03%,$435.06m El Salvador: 0.03%,$433.1m Guatemala: 0.03%,$425.33m Zambia: 0.03%,$413.73m Angola: 0.02%,$347.29m Tunisia: 0.02%,$335.55m Bahrain: 0.02%,$331.23m Bolivia: 0.02%,$306.92m Albania: 0.02%,$272.31m Botswana: 0.02%,$256.88m Cameroon: 0.02%,$233.27m Paraguay: 0.02%,$224.27m Côte d’Ivoire: 0.01%,$208.48m Honduras: 0.01%,$187.64m Tanzania: 0.01%,$180.77m Uganda: 0.01%,$180.52m Luxembourg: 0.01%,$179.02m Zimbabwe: 0.01%,$164.75m Papua New Guinea: 0.01%,$150.26m 0.01%,$140.89m Mongolia: Panama: 0.01%,$126.44m Senegal: 0.01%,$123.9m Rwanda: 0.01%,$112.69m Mozambique: 0.01%,$108.31m Burkina Faso: 0.01%,$101.22m Nicaragua: 0.01%,$101.19m Dominican Rep.: 0.01%,$96.27m Jamaica: 0.01%,$92.02m 0.01%,$77.33m Togo: 0%,$74.58m Madagascar: 0%,$69.25m Nepal: 0%,$67.71m Djibouti: Burundi: 0%,$62.51m 0%,$59.07m Mali: Benin: 0%,$55.75m Fiji: 0%,$55.14m 0%,$48.59m Chad: 0%,$44.81m Mauritania: 0%,$37.97m Lesotho: 0%,$37.48m Malta: Congo, Dem. Rep.: 0%,$37.38m Sierra 0%,$26.2m Leone: 0%,$21.39m Swaziland: Ghana: 0%,$20.93m 0%,$19.17m Seychelles: Mauritius: 0%,$17.68m 0%,$15.4m Malawi: 0%,$10.96m Cambodia: 0%,$8.82m Haiti: Gambia: Guyana: Belize: 0%,$2.38m 0%,$6.17m 0%,$7.72m
USA: 37.11%,$554741.91m
1.5%,$17525.19m
Saudi Arabia: 1.96%,$22242.26m
Australia: 1.33%,$15530.57m
Turkey: 1.31%,$15314.59m
Oman: 0.21%,$2453.94m New Zealand: 0.2%,$2306.84m Hungary: 0.18%,$2068.91m Qatar: 0.18%,$2034.85m Morocco: 0.18%,$2024.83m Argentina: 0.18%,$2017.15m Chile: 0.17%,$1993.18m Bulgaria: 0.17%,$1930.27m Philippines: 0.17%,$1919.95m Yemen: 0.15%,$1732.79m Viet Nam: 0.12%,$1385.53m Peru: 0.12%,$1348.07m Ireland: 0.09%,$1090.41m Jordan: 0.08%,$972.13m Sudan: 0.08%,$944.73m Cyprus: 0.07%,$819.41m Lebanon: 0.07%,$816.35m Kenya: 0.07%,$812.74m Nigeria: 0.07%,$806.75m Uruguay: 0.06%,$746.88m Bangladesh: 0.06%,$709.65m Sri Lanka: 0.06%,$685.31m Algeria: 0.06%,$657.44m Ecuador: 0.04%,$517.32m Myanmar: 0.04%,$443.43m Brunei: 0.04%,$433.32m Ethiopia: 0.04%,$420.28m El Salvador: 0.03%,$392.47m Bahrain: 0.03%,$361.59m Tunisia: 0.03%,$343.05m Guatemala: 0.03%,$323.17m Paraguay: 0.03%,$314.19m Bolivia: 0.03%,$298.9m Zambia: 0.02%,$276.55m Botswana: 0.02%,$275.34m Cameroon: 0.02%,$238.37m Namibia: 0.02%,$231.18m Côte d’Ivoire: 0.02%,$212.73m Angola: 0.02%,$207.81m Luxembourg: 0.02%,$197.66m Tanzania: 0.02%,$195.83m Albania: 0.02%,$192.52m Uganda: 0.02%,$175.81m Zimbabwe: 0.01%,$171.34m Rwanda: 0.01%,$155.96m Panama: 0.01%,$134.26m Honduras: 0.01%,$127.88m Senegal: 0.01%,$121.6m Papua 0.01%,$107.28m New Guinea: 0.01%,$106.77m Mozambique: Guinea: 0.01%,$98.6m Mongolia: 0.01%,$95.79m Jamaica: 0.01%,$84.85m Burkina Faso: 0.01%,$84.48m 0.01%,$83.86m Nicaragua: 0.01%,$77.16m Madagascar: Togo: 0.01%,$72.19m Nepal: 0.01%,$71.01m Dominican Rep.: 0.01%,$69.1m 0.01%,$65.81m Djibouti: 0.01%,$64.03m Burundi: Fiji: 0%,$54.87m Sierra Leone: 0%,$47.16m Mauritania: 0%,$42.33m Malta: 0%,$38.22m Congo, Dem. Rep.: 0%,$34.36m 0%,$31.79m Lesotho: Central African Rep.: 0%,$30.94m Ghana: 0%,$29.99m Cambodia: 0%,$25.54m 0%,$23.58m Swaziland: 0%,$20.79m Seychelles: Mauritius: 0%,$19.88m 0%,$13.7m Malawi: 0%,$9.05m Haiti: Guyana: 0%,$2.8m Gambia: Belize: 0%,$4.86m 0%,$7.32m
Saudi Arabia: 1.81%,$19606.36m
Korea, South: 1.98%,$21347.14m
China, P.R.: 2.43%,$26213.39m
Colombia: 0.25%,$3008.31m Finland: 0.24%,$2963.92m Oman: 0.24%,$2938.91m Iran: 0.24%,$2904.52m Indonesia: 0.22%,$2698.52m Malaysia: 0.2%,$2447.3m Croatia: 0.18%,$2210.63m New Zealand: 0.18%,$2158.44m Chile: 0.17%,$2018.82m Morocco: 0.17%,$2008.75m Hungary: 0.17%,$1998.71m Philippines: 0.16%,$1938.19m Argentina: 0.16%,$1910.05m Yemen: 0.14%,$1701.88m Peru: 0.13%,$1624.34m Bulgaria: 0.12%,$1458.59m Lebanon: 0.12%,$1454.4m Cyprus: 0.09%,$1121.54m Algeria: 0.09%,$1100.11m Ireland: 0.09%,$1078.87m Uruguay: 0.08%,$907.99m Viet Nam: 0.07%,$874.43m Sudan: 0.07%,$817.95m Bangladesh: 0.07%,$816.66m Jordan: 0.07%,$792.19m Sri Lanka: 0.06%,$767.86m Nigeria: 0.06%,$694.05m Kenya: 0.05%,$607.81m Slovenia: 0.05%,$549.25m Myanmar: 0.04%,$513.7m Ecuador: 0.04%,$496.13m Azerbaijan: 0.04%,$450.04m Brunei: 0.03%,$413.72m Guatemala: 0.03%,$389.11m Bahrain: 0.03%,$384.16m Belarus: 0.03%,$348.68m Tunisia: 0.03%,$344.9m El Salvador: 0.03%,$340.31m Zambia: 0.03%,$314.29m Paraguay: 0.03%,$306.66m Bolivia: 0.02%,$286.11m Botswana: 0.02%,$255.57m Laos: 0.02%,$250.61m Ethiopia: 0.02%,$248.48m Cameroon: 0.02%,$230.72m Congo: 0.02%,$226.47m Côte d’Ivoire: 0.02%,$208.27m Luxembourg: 0.02%,$206.32m Tanzania: 0.02%,$195.64m Angola: 0.02%,$181.77m Namibia: 0.01%,$169.02m Armenia: 0.01%,$151.89m Albania: 0.01%,$147.2m Zimbabwe: 0.01%,$139.2m Jamaica: 0.01%,$134.2m Panama: 0.01%,$132.19m Rwanda: 0.01%,$128.08m Dominican Rep.: 0.01%,$124.24m 0.01%,$116.17m Uganda: Papua New Guinea: 0.01%,$115.99m Senegal: 0.01%,$113.97m Mozambique: 0.01%,$106.87m Kyrgyzstan: 0.01%,$88.85m Burkina Faso: 0.01%,$82.75m Guinea: 0.01%,$78.49m 0.01%,$73.77m Nepal: 0.01%,$71.48m Togo: 0.01%,$67.14m Djibouti: 0.01%,$65.81m Burundi: Congo, Dem. Rep.: 0.01%,$65.57m Cambodia: 0%,$57.12m Nicaragua: 0%,$56.18m Estonia: 0%,$55.49m Sierra 0%,$55.43m Leone: Fiji: 0%,$50.1m Tajikistan: 0%,$49.08m Chad: 0%,$48.6m 0%,$45.55m Madagascar: Malta: Mongolia: 0%,$42.26m 0%,$40.76m Mauritania: Ghana: 0%,$32.56m Central 0%,$31.49m African Rep.: 0%,$30.44m Lesotho: 0%,$29.67m Swaziland: 0%,$24.14m Seychelles: Mauritius: 0%,$20.57m 0%,$15.15m Malawi: 0%,$8.19m Haiti: 0%,$8m Belize: Gambia: Cape Guyana: 0%,$5.82m 0%,$2.28m 0%,$7.66m Verde:
Saudi Arabia: 1.85%,$19574.7m India: 1.86%,$19686.82m
Taiwan: 1.15%,$12420.79m
Oman: 0.24%,$2757.95m Czech Rep.: 0.22%,$2625.61m Malaysia: 0.22%,$2600.6m Indonesia: 0.22%,$2590.68m Chile: 0.19%,$2205.04m Romania: 0.19%,$2203.59m Morocco: 0.18%,$2119.33m New Zealand: 0.18%,$2109.34m Philippines: 0.18%,$2099.16m Peru: 0.16%,$1845.03m Argentina: 0.15%,$1802.33m Hungary: 0.15%,$1721.57m Yemen: 0.13%,$1472.91m Lebanon: 0.1%,$1212.72m Algeria: 0.1%,$1182.87m Slovak Rep.: 0.1%,$1117.85m Bulgaria: 0.09%,$1102.33m Ireland: 0.09%,$1087.15m Nigeria: 0.08%,$938.19m Sudan: 0.08%,$932.61m Bangladesh: 0.08%,$886.87m Uruguay: 0.07%,$876.39m Jordan: 0.07%,$831.16m Sri Lanka: 0.07%,$822.53m Viet Nam: 0.06%,$685.26m Eritrea: 0.05%,$606.86m Myanmar: 0.05%,$591.27m Kazakhstan: 0.05%,$573.74m Ecuador: 0.05%,$559.93m Kenya: 0.04%,$507.81m Cyprus: 0.04%,$503.87m Belarus: 0.04%,$495.46m Azerbaijan: 0.04%,$473.37m Slovenia: 0.04%,$471.31m Bahrain: 0.03%,$374.65m Brunei: 0.03%,$365.87m Tunisia: 0.03%,$358.91m Guatemala: 0.03%,$356.29m Ukraine: 0.03%,$347.75m Ethiopia: 0.02%,$274.74m Botswana: 0.02%,$267.82m El Salvador: 0.02%,$259.43m Laos: 0.02%,$248.23m Cameroon: 0.02%,$233.32m Paraguay: 0.02%,$229.54m Bolivia: 0.02%,$223.98m Côte d’Ivoire: 0.02%,$206.73m Congo, Dem. Rep.: 0.02%,$201.45m Congo: 0.02%,$201.24m Luxembourg: 0.02%,$188.04m Dominican Rep.: 0.02%,$178.12m Lithuania: 0.02%,$176.48m Tajikistan: 0.01%,$174.96m Panama: 0.01%,$158.98m Zambia: 0.01%,$152.54m Albania: 0.01%,$134.74m Senegal: 0.01%,$134m Papua New Guinea: 0.01%,$131.22m Tanzania: 0.01%,$128.83m Rwanda: 0.01%,$123.97m Uganda: 0.01%,$118.73m Zimbabwe: 0.01%,$116.89m Mozambique: 0.01%,$115.24m Jamaica: 0.01%,$112.75m Honduras: 0.01%,$110.68m Namibia: 0.01%,$99.77m Latvia: 0.01%,$97.49m Cambodia: 0.01%,$82.09m Togo: 0.01%,$78.87m Nepal: 0.01%,$76.91m Burkina 0.01%,$74.93m Faso: Estonia: 0.01%,$74.73m Madagascar: 0.01%,$69.62m Trinidad & Tobago: 0.01%,$65.6m Burundi: 0.01%,$65.05m 0.01%,$63m Chad: Guinea: 0.01%,$61.3m 0.01%,$60.56m Djibouti: Armenia: 0%,$56.02m Mali: 0%,$55.06m Fiji: 0%,$51.25m Kyrgyzstan: 0%,$50.44m Malta: 0%,$48.39m Nicaragua: 0%,$47.4m Sierra Leone: 0%,$45.11m 0%,$40.2m Mongolia: 0%,$39.61m Mauritania: Ghana: 0%,$38.08m 0%,$34.33m Swaziland: Moldova: 0%,$32.05m Central 0%,$28.65m African Rep.: Lesotho: 0%,$28.16m 0%,$19.9m Mauritius: 0%,$15.37m Malawi: 0%,$15.21m Seychelles: 0%,$9.13m Belize: Guyana: 0%,$8.77m 0%,$7.82m Haiti: 0%,$5m Cape Gambia: 0%,$1.6m Verde:
Turkey:
Korea, South: 2.05%,$22178.68m
Canada: 1.41%,$14948.06m Israel: 1.3%,$13785.21m
France: 5.6%,$67788.62m
USA: 42.37%,$487220.55m
1991
France: 5.73%,$67037.58m
Czech Rep.: 0.24%,$2712.18m Romania: 0.23%,$2627.77m Chile: 0.21%,$2335.79m Philippines: 0.19%,$2198.5m Morocco: 0.19%,$2175.7m New Zealand: 0.19%,$2136.53m Argentina: 0.17%,$1928.52m Peru: 0.17%,$1912.08m Hungary: 0.15%,$1704.59m Ukraine: 0.14%,$1530.46m Lebanon: 0.13%,$1521.3m Yemen: 0.13%,$1511.05m Algeria: 0.13%,$1439.04m Slovak Rep.: 0.1%,$1153.81m Ireland: 0.1%,$1111.83m Bangladesh: 0.09%,$994.6m Sri Lanka: 0.08%,$955.41m Bulgaria: 0.08%,$944.29m Viet Nam: 0.08%,$934.49m Jordan: 0.07%,$844.41m Uruguay: 0.07%,$833.27m Sudan: 0.06%,$690.01m Nigeria: 0.06%,$658.3m Myanmar: 0.06%,$628.35m Ecuador: 0.05%,$530.25m Cyprus: 0.05%,$529.81m Belarus: 0.04%,$497.57m Slovenia: 0.04%,$457.79m Eritrea: 0.04%,$436.38m Kenya: 0.04%,$422.87m Bahrain: 0.03%,$378.7m Brunei: 0.03%,$377.86m Guatemala: 0.03%,$373.91m Tunisia: 0.03%,$371.49m Kazakhstan: 0.03%,$367.53m Bolivia: 0.02%,$275.48m Ethiopia: 0.02%,$253.27m Laos: 0.02%,$251.22m Botswana: 0.02%,$246.4m Azerbaijan: 0.02%,$239.16m Paraguay: 0.02%,$230.05m El Salvador: 0.02%,$220.88m Luxembourg: 0.02%,$207.4m Cameroon: 0.02%,$190.32m Côte d’Ivoire: 0.02%,$181.84m Cambodia: 0.02%,$180.72m Dominican 0.02%,$179.64m Zambia: 0.02%,$179.37m Panama: 0.01%,$166.55m Papua NewRep.: Guinea: 0.01%,$160.1m Uganda: 0.01%,$147.02m Mozambique: 0.01%,$135.1m Albania: 0.01%,$128.79m Tanzania: 0.01%,$120.1m Zimbabwe: 0.01%,$119.3m Latvia: 0.01%,$113.91m Senegal: 0.01%,$109.53m Lithuania: 0.01%,$95.19m Estonia: 0.01%,$95.07m Turkmenistan: 0.01%,$93.44m Jamaica: 0.01%,$85.05m Namibia: 0.01%,$78.55m Nepal: 0.01%,$76.44m Trinidad & Tobago: 0.01%,$71.34m Burundi: 0.01%,$68.12m 0.01%,$68.11m Kyrgyzstan: Guinea: 0.01%,$62.74m Mali: 0.01%,$58.89m Burkina Faso: 0.01%,$58.67m Madagascar: 0.01%,$58.55m Djibouti: 0.01%,$58.19m Togo: 0%,$56.27m 0%,$55.5m Tajikistan: Uzbekistan: 0%,$55.12m Malta: 0%,$51.96m Fiji: 0%,$50.72m Chad: 0%,$49.26m 0%,$48.13m Nicaragua: Sierra 0%,$42.64m Leone: Rwanda: 0%,$42.39m Ghana: 0%,$41.44m 0%,$38.05m Mauritania: 0%,$35.66m Swaziland: Mongolia: 0%,$34.97m Niger: 0%,$33.25m Lesotho: 0%,$33.01m Moldova: 0%,$28.32m Central 0%,$25.18m African Rep.: 0%,$20.76m Mauritius: 0%,$15.02m Malawi: 0%,$13.39m Seychelles: 0%,$11.46m Belize: Guyana: 0%,$10.52m Equatorial Guinea: 0%,$8.81m 0%,$6.38m Haiti: Gambia: Cape 0%,$4.14m 0%,$6.17m 0%,$1.5m Guinea-Bissau: Verde:
USA: 42.54%,$514821.51m
Philippines: 0.23%,$2446.63m Peru: 0.21%,$2246.87m New Zealand: 0.2%,$2177.63m Slovak Rep.: 0.19%,$2043.39m Morocco: 0.19%,$2003.81m Argentina: 0.17%,$1890.4m Ukraine: 0.15%,$1644.57m Sri Lanka: 0.15%,$1608.1m Lebanon: 0.14%,$1558.52m Algeria: 0.13%,$1394.26m Angola: 0.13%,$1364.21m Hungary: 0.12%,$1283.85m Yemen: 0.11%,$1134.63m Ireland: 0.1%,$1120.85m Bangladesh: 0.09%,$1023.15m Bulgaria: 0.09%,$929.65m Uruguay: 0.08%,$857.53m Ecuador: 0.08%,$822.25m Nigeria: 0.07%,$758.3m Eritrea: 0.06%,$684.41m Myanmar: 0.06%,$668.03m Jordan: 0.06%,$607.89m Slovenia: 0.05%,$522.12m Sudan: 0.05%,$504.28m Kenya: 0.04%,$485.5m Cyprus: 0.04%,$475.16m Bahrain: 0.04%,$392.85m Kazakhstan: 0.04%,$379.3m Tunisia: 0.03%,$377.35m Brunei: 0.03%,$361.04m Guatemala: 0.03%,$360.6m Bolivia: 0.03%,$271.63m Paraguay: 0.02%,$260.52m Botswana: 0.02%,$224.07m Ethiopia: 0.02%,$213.64m Laos: 0.02%,$210.38m El Salvador: 0.02%,$205.58m Luxembourg: 0.02%,$202.45m Cambodia: 0.02%,$201.33m Azerbaijan: 0.02%,$197.77m Belarus: 0.02%,$196.33m Cameroon: 0.02%,$188.51m Uganda: 0.02%,$166.48m Panama: 0.01%,$157.73m Tanzania: 0.01%,$155.71m Zambia: 0.01%,$150.86m Armenia: 0.01%,$138.44m Dominican 0.01%,$137.97m Albania: 0.01%,$120.02m Papua 0.01%,$117.04m NewRep.: Guinea: 0.01%,$111.68m Senegal: Latvia: 0.01%,$110.39m Zimbabwe: 0.01%,$109.8m Lithuania: 0.01%,$99.11m Estonia: 0.01%,$94.2m Namibia: 0.01%,$86.5m Kyrgyzstan: 0.01%,$85.29m Turkmenistan: 0.01%,$83.31m Jamaica: 0.01%,$77.71m 0.01%,$75.59m Nepal: Rwanda: 0.01%,$71.49m 0.01%,$63.17m Mali: 0.01%,$60.04m Mozambique: Burkina 0.01%,$59.8m Faso: Burundi: 0.01%,$56.73m 0%,$53.8m Madagascar: 0%,$53.49m Djibouti: Togo: 0%,$52.79m Malta: 0%,$51.95m Mongolia: 0%,$49.32m 0%,$49.15m Fiji: Nicaragua: 0%,$48.23m Uzbekistan: 0%,$46.12m 0%,$42.29m Ghana: Sierra 0%,$41.14m Leone: Lesotho: 0%,$41.03m 0%,$40.68m Mauritania: Chad: 0%,$36.66m Swaziland: 0%,$36.17m Moldova: 0%,$35.73m 0%,$28.52m Niger: Central African Rep.: 0%,$23.12m 0%,$21.5m Mauritius: 0%,$15.98m Tajikistan: 0%,$12.33m Seychelles: Belize: 0%,$11.36m 0%,$9.99m Guyana: Cape 0%,$9.67m Verde: Equatorial 0%,$9.57m Guinea: 0%,$9.28m Malawi: 0%,$7.78m Haiti: 0%,$4.38m Guinea-Bissau: 0%,$1.74m Gambia:
1992
1993
Korea, South: 1.91%,$20830.55m
Canada: 1.34%,$14251.27m
France: 5.93%,$64046.79m
USA: 40.64%,$460071.84m
1994
USA: 40.09%,$433219.53m
1995
France: 5.9%,$62509.78m
USA: 38.64%,$409655.59m
1996
India: 2.41%,$27265.92m
Israel: 1.22%,$13366.53m
Greece: 0.8%,$8740.53m
Chile: 0.25%,$2734.03m Malaysia: 0.25%,$2707.8m South Africa: 0.25%,$2700.28m Czech Rep.: 0.23%,$2440.13m Philippines: 0.21%,$2290.72m New Zealand: 0.2%,$2150.96m Morocco: 0.19%,$2093.03m Ukraine: 0.18%,$1964.49m Algeria: 0.18%,$1909.39m Peru: 0.17%,$1829.58m Argentina: 0.15%,$1649.35m Angola: 0.15%,$1637.89m Slovak Rep.: 0.15%,$1633.61m Hungary: 0.14%,$1485.44m Sri Lanka: 0.12%,$1333.34m Yemen: 0.12%,$1324.85m Serbia: 0.12%,$1287.78m Ireland: 0.12%,$1252.68m Lebanon: 0.11%,$1146.23m Bangladesh: 0.11%,$1137.29m Uruguay: 0.08%,$910.57m Cyprus: 0.08%,$904.21m Jordan: 0.08%,$830.93m Ecuador: 0.08%,$828.84m Bulgaria: 0.07%,$712.17m Nigeria: 0.06%,$691.84m Libya: 0.06%,$613.1m Myanmar: 0.05%,$593.18m Kenya: 0.05%,$539.34m Slovenia: 0.05%,$513.79m Eritrea: 0.05%,$492.37m Brunei: 0.04%,$470.91m Ethiopia: 0.04%,$457.22m Tunisia: 0.04%,$428.69m Bahrain: 0.04%,$408.92m Kazakhstan: 0.04%,$382.78m Bolivia: 0.03%,$323.32m Paraguay: 0.03%,$287.36m Guatemala: 0.03%,$282.58m Sudan: 0.03%,$282.19m Belarus: 0.02%,$246.65m Botswana: 0.02%,$238.58m Dominican Rep.: 0.02%,$226.24m Luxembourg: 0.02%,$225.28m Cameroon: 0.02%,$211.57m Azerbaijan: 0.02%,$200.14m Panama: 0.02%,$187.8m Lithuania: 0.02%,$181.35m El Salvador: 0.02%,$180.13m Uganda: 0.02%,$176.43m Cambodia: 0.02%,$175.77m Côte d’Ivoire: 0.02%,$174.54m Tanzania: 0.02%,$163.77m Papua New Guinea: 0.01%,$159.82m Armenia: 0.01%,$151.82m Laos: 0.01%,$147.82m Macedonia, FYR: 0.01%,$132.28m Zimbabwe: 0.01%,$123.88m Estonia: 0.01%,$122.31m Turkmenistan: 0.01%,$121.39m Namibia: 0.01%,$113m Senegal: 0.01%,$109.28m Zambia: 0.01%,$101.15m Madagascar: 0.01%,$99.24m Rwanda: 0.01%,$93.55m Kyrgyzstan: 0.01%,$89.56m Jamaica: 0.01%,$87.78m Georgia: 0.01%,$86.7m 0.01%,$83.11m Latvia: Nepal: 0.01%,$79.66m 0.01%,$75.25m Albania: Uzbekistan: 0.01%,$71.6m 0.01%,$70.93m Burundi: Congo, Dem. 0.01%,$69.37m 0.01%,$69.06m Mali: Burkina Faso: Rep.: 0.01%,$67.36m Guinea: 0.01%,$61.42m Mozambique: 0.01%,$60.48m Mauritania: 0.01%,$56.53m Malta: 0%,$53.96m Djibouti: 0%,$45.2m 0%,$42.7m Nicaragua: Fiji: 0%,$42.27m Mongolia: 0%,$38.03m 0%,$36.74m Lesotho: Swaziland: 0%,$35.95m Ghana: 0%,$35.73m Moldova: 0%,$34.69m 0%,$30.26m Chad: 0%,$28.89m Niger: 0%,$24.64m Tajikistan: Mauritius: 0%,$16.67m 0%,$15.9m Malawi: Sierra 0%,$14.38m Leone: 0%,$12.86m Seychelles: 0%,$12.33m Belize: Cape 0%,$3.36m Guinea-Bissau: 0%,$6.73m 0%,$2.59m Gambia: Verde:
USA: 37.74%,$407537.21m
South Africa: 0.22%,$2392.62m Philippines: 0.21%,$2262.17m New Zealand: 0.2%,$2154.3m Morocco: 0.2%,$2117.98m Algeria: 0.19%,$2019.43m Malaysia: 0.19%,$1990.13m Peru: 0.17%,$1817.36m Argentina: 0.16%,$1662.71m Ukraine: 0.15%,$1587.9m Sri Lanka: 0.13%,$1397.94m Eritrea: 0.13%,$1373.22m Hungary: 0.12%,$1327.04m Slovak Rep.: 0.12%,$1277.25m Yemen: 0.12%,$1272.37m Ireland: 0.12%,$1263.07m Serbia: 0.11%,$1178.81m Bangladesh: 0.11%,$1153.51m Lebanon: 0.1%,$1104.76m Ethiopia: 0.09%,$977.69m Ecuador: 0.09%,$912.73m Uruguay: 0.09%,$908.28m Jordan: 0.08%,$900.69m Nigeria: 0.08%,$883.16m Bulgaria: 0.08%,$823.51m Sudan: 0.08%,$816.81m Cyprus: 0.08%,$807.19m Libya: 0.06%,$691.57m Slovenia: 0.05%,$512.97m Kenya: 0.05%,$508m Angola: 0.05%,$505.19m Myanmar: 0.05%,$488.87m Tunisia: 0.04%,$437.21m Brunei: 0.04%,$424.66m Bahrain: 0.04%,$420.6m Bolivia: 0.04%,$399.62m Kazakhstan: 0.04%,$380.06m Lithuania: 0.03%,$315.41m Guatemala: 0.03%,$295.71m Botswana: 0.03%,$292.05m Paraguay: 0.03%,$267.88m Dominican Rep.: 0.02%,$243.82m Luxembourg: 0.02%,$241.72m Cameroon: 0.02%,$239.64m Belarus: 0.02%,$230.66m Azerbaijan: 0.02%,$228.08m Uganda: 0.02%,$223.75m Tanzania: 0.02%,$178.48m El Salvador: 0.02%,$173.49m Zimbabwe: 0.02%,$169.13m Panama: 0.02%,$164.6m Cambodia: 0.01%,$156.77m Armenia: 0.01%,$149.75m Macedonia, FYR: 0.01%,$135.95m Estonia: 0.01%,$129.49m New Guinea: Papua 0.01%,$126.82m Namibia: 0.01%,$119.94m Senegal: 0.01%,$115.81m Turkmenistan: 0.01%,$102.93m Rwanda: 0.01%,$102.82m Laos: 0.01%,$100.76m Madagascar: 0.01%,$95.88m Latvia: 0.01%,$89.53m 0.01%,$83.71m Georgia: Nepal: 0.01%,$80.84m Kyrgyzstan: 0.01%,$77.41m Burundi: 0.01%,$76.06m 0.01%,$72.45m Jamaica: Mozambique: 0.01%,$71.89m Albania: 0.01%,$71.15m 0.01%,$68.36m Mali: Guinea: 0.01%,$66.97m Burkina Faso: Rep.: 0.01%,$66.38m Malta: 0%,$49.54m 0%,$44.48m Djibouti: 0%,$44.45m Ghana: 0%,$40.16m Fiji: Swaziland: 0%,$40m Mauritania: 0%,$39.98m Lesotho: 0%,$39.45m Mongolia: 0%,$36.71m Nicaragua: 0%,$35.57m Niger: Chad: 0%,$28.42m 0%,$28.22m Tajikistan: 0%,$22.79m Moldova: Congo, 0%,$20.88m Dem. Mauritius: 0%,$15.35m 0%,$12.69m Malawi: Seychelles: 0%,$12.14m Cape Verde: 0%,$5.02m Guinea-Bissau: 0%,$2.6m Gambia: 0%,$7.48m
Taiwan: 0.89%,$10283.89m
Greece: 0.78%,$9020.64m Singapore: 0.7%,$8051.15m Sweden: 0.63%,$7294.75m
Poland: 0.56%,$6438.28m Iran: 0.54%,$6283.78m Belgium: 0.5%,$5827.88m Pakistan: 0.48%,$5554.93m Switzerland: 0.47%,$5456.62m
Pakistan: 0.46%,$5192.62m
Norway: 0.46%,$5327.54m
Venezuela: 0.44%,$4921.87m
Venezuela: 0.43%,$4975.21m
Kuwait: 0.42%,$4756.3m
Egypt: 0.42%,$4903.56m
Denmark: 0.4%,$4499.52m
Denmark: 0.41%,$4777.68m
Mexico: 0.38%,$4340.16m
Oman: 0.24%,$2586.03m South Africa: 0.21%,$2292.79m Romania: 0.21%,$2288.4m Philippines: 0.2%,$2233.43m Indonesia: 0.2%,$2202.5m New Zealand: 0.2%,$2175.02m Algeria: 0.2%,$2131.25m Croatia: 0.17%,$1907.66m Morocco: 0.16%,$1794.52m Peru: 0.16%,$1762.45m Argentina: 0.16%,$1713.53m Ethiopia: 0.14%,$1551.42m Hungary: 0.14%,$1516.22m Nigeria: 0.14%,$1494.57m Sudan: 0.13%,$1463.67m Ukraine: 0.13%,$1462.76m Eritrea: 0.13%,$1455.47m Yemen: 0.13%,$1379.42m Lebanon: 0.12%,$1310.59m Ireland: 0.12%,$1306.51m Sri Lanka: 0.12%,$1259.08m Bangladesh: 0.11%,$1195.74m Slovak Rep.: 0.1%,$1115.9m Serbia: 0.1%,$1104.87m Bulgaria: 0.09%,$933.81m Uruguay: 0.09%,$932.52m Jordan: 0.08%,$923.24m Ecuador: 0.06%,$698.44m Libya: 0.05%,$533.99m Cyprus: 0.05%,$499.19m Kenya: 0.05%,$494.44m Myanmar: 0.04%,$484.19m Slovenia: 0.04%,$482.56m Bahrain: 0.04%,$470.76m Tunisia: 0.04%,$432.81m Brunei: 0.03%,$379.63m Bolivia: 0.03%,$318.92m Kazakhstan: 0.03%,$317.69m Azerbaijan: 0.03%,$297.7m Guatemala: 0.03%,$287.35m Botswana: 0.03%,$277.82m Dominican Rep.: 0.02%,$264.61m Cameroon: 0.02%,$258.84m Uganda: 0.02%,$256.12m Luxembourg: 0.02%,$245.49m Lithuania: 0.02%,$241.17m Paraguay: 0.02%,$239.93m Belarus: 0.02%,$230.77m El Salvador: 0.02%,$178.7m Tanzania: 0.02%,$177.38m Panama: 0.02%,$174.45m Zimbabwe: 0.02%,$168.17m Namibia: 0.01%,$162.42m Cambodia: 0.01%,$162.2m Armenia: 0.01%,$161.16m Estonia: 0.01%,$161.01m Zambia: 0.01%,$150.69m Senegal: 0.01%,$124.98m Macedonia, FYR: 0.01%,$120.65m Latvia: 0.01%,$116.38m Turkmenistan: 0.01%,$111.33m Uzbekistan: 0.01%,$109.41m Rwanda: 0.01%,$104.58m Papua New Guinea: 0.01%,$98.16m Madagascar: 0.01%,$89.92m Guinea: 0.01%,$88.09m 0.01%,$87.41m Nepal: Mozambique: 0.01%,$86.26m Albania: 0.01%,$82.4m Burundi: 0.01%,$79.73m Kyrgyzstan: 0.01%,$78.5m Mali: 0.01%,$77.19m Congo, 0.01%,$76.08m Dem. Burkina 0.01%,$74.01m Faso: Rep.: Jamaica: 0.01%,$69.19m Georgia: 0.01%,$64.45m Mauritania: 0%,$53.3m Lesotho: 0%,$49.58m 0%,$47.93m Malta: 0%,$47.06m Ghana: Djibouti: 0%,$44.78m 0%,$43.81m Laos: Chad: 0%,$41.97m 0%,$41.87m Swaziland: 0%,$41.14m Fiji: Niger: 0%,$40.61m Mongolia: 0%,$40.32m Nicaragua: 0%,$37.76m Benin: 0%,$34.56m 0%,$23.6m Tajikistan: 0%,$18.1m Moldova: Mauritius: 0%,$16.11m 0%,$12.37m Malawi: 0%,$12.19m Seychelles: Cape Verde: 0%,$2.33m Gambia: 0%,$8.38m
Kuwait: 0.4%,$4674.46m
Portugal: 0.38%,$4306.85m Egypt: 0.36%,$4063.13m Austria: 0.33%,$3682.68m Thailand: 0.3%,$3344.66m Chile: 0.27%,$3094.02m
Portugal: 0.39%,$4479.89m Mexico: 0.37%,$4295.07m Oman: 0.31%,$3582.79m Austria: 0.3%,$3430.95m Thailand: 0.29%,$3342.84m Chile: 0.27%,$3163.75m
Angola: 0.26%,$2990.73m
Malaysia: 0.26%,$3041m
Czech Rep.: 0.26%,$2963.42m
South Africa: 0.26%,$3008.89m
Finland: 0.25%,$2848.33m South Africa: 0.24%,$2691.02m Algeria: 0.22%,$2473.02m Malaysia: 0.22%,$2444.28m Philippines: 0.21%,$2359.74m Indonesia: 0.2%,$2265.45m Romania: 0.19%,$2178.23m New Zealand: 0.19%,$2176.01m Sudan: 0.17%,$1885.53m Ukraine: 0.16%,$1813.83m Sri Lanka: 0.15%,$1684.31m Hungary: 0.15%,$1673.6m Yemen: 0.15%,$1641.42m Argentina: 0.14%,$1632.24m Peru: 0.14%,$1610.53m Serbia: 0.14%,$1598.56m Lebanon: 0.13%,$1474.01m Ethiopia: 0.12%,$1399.34m Morocco: 0.12%,$1358.01m Croatia: 0.12%,$1351.8m Ireland: 0.12%,$1340.77m Bangladesh: 0.11%,$1248.46m Eritrea: 0.11%,$1211.08m Slovak Rep.: 0.1%,$1159.88m Nigeria: 0.1%,$1154.15m Bulgaria: 0.09%,$962.62m Jordan: 0.08%,$948.2m Uruguay: 0.08%,$929.9m Ecuador: 0.06%,$679.62m Myanmar: 0.06%,$652.96m Libya: 0.05%,$571.53m Cyprus: 0.05%,$532.79m Kenya: 0.05%,$530.77m Bahrain: 0.04%,$467.18m Tunisia: 0.04%,$452.22m Slovenia: 0.04%,$439.29m Guatemala: 0.03%,$363.52m Brunei: 0.03%,$359.29m Dominican Rep.: 0.03%,$354.69m Kazakhstan: 0.03%,$332.92m Bolivia: 0.03%,$317.92m Azerbaijan: 0.03%,$315.73m Lithuania: 0.03%,$314.92m Botswana: 0.03%,$307.42m Belarus: 0.02%,$255.58m Cameroon: 0.02%,$251.41m Luxembourg: 0.02%,$250.64m Uganda: 0.02%,$247.75m Paraguay: 0.02%,$232.78m Zimbabwe: 0.02%,$211.63m Estonia: 0.02%,$189.88m Tanzania: 0.02%,$189.16m Gabon: 0.02%,$176.17m El Salvador: FYR: 0.01%,$168.07m Armenia: 0.01%,$163.37m Cambodia: 0.01%,$151.54m Namibia: 0.01%,$146.24m Latvia: 0.01%,$145.39m Macedonia, 0.01%,$138.19m Senegal: 0.01%,$114.29m Honduras: 0.01%,$99.2m 0.01%,$98.21m Kyrgyzstan: Nepal: 0.01%,$96.11m Uzbekistan: 0.01%,$94.14m Albania: 0.01%,$91.14m Madagascar: 0.01%,$90.76m Mali: 0.01%,$89.52m Mozambique: 0.01%,$89.34m Rwanda: 0.01%,$89.1m Papua New 0.01%,$86.57m Guinea: 0.01%,$86.49m Burkina 0.01%,$75.39m Faso:Guinea: Mauritania: 0.01%,$69.76m 0.01%,$68.63m Burundi: Jamaica: 0.01%,$67.98m 0.01%,$65.94m Ghana: Congo, 0.01%,$59.9m Dem. Rep.: Fiji: 0.01%,$59.18m 0%,$51.26m Mongolia: Chad: 0%,$47.63m 0%,$47.58m Lesotho: Malta: 0%,$46.59m Georgia: 0%,$43.97m Nicaragua: 0%,$43.37m Djibouti: 0%,$42.67m Sierra 0%,$41.66m Leone: 0%,$40.12m Swaziland: 0%,$38.92m Niger: 0%,$34.69m Laos: 0%,$31.17m Benin: 0%,$21.44m Guyana: 0%,$20.4m Tajikistan: 0%,$18.72m Guinea-Bissau: 0%,$16.68m Mauritius: 0%,$13.86m Moldova: Cape 0%,$13.51m Verde: 0%,$11.43m Seychelles: 0%,$10.5m Malawi: 0%,$9.47m Belize: Gambia: 0%,$2.44m
Japan: 4.1%,$46314.68m
Germany: 4.46%,$50447.79m
France: 5.39%,$60896.82m
Czech Rep.: 0.25%,$2849.74m Finland: 0.23%,$2714.52m Algeria: 0.23%,$2706.75m Morocco: 0.21%,$2457m Romania: 0.2%,$2284.59m Philippines: 0.19%,$2225.72m New Zealand: 0.18%,$2128.93m Indonesia: 0.17%,$2014.08m Hungary: 0.16%,$1837.58m Angola: 0.16%,$1802.14m Yemen: 0.15%,$1744.35m Nigeria: 0.14%,$1643.78m Argentina: 0.14%,$1607.89m Peru: 0.14%,$1573.41m Ukraine: 0.13%,$1532.05m Lebanon: 0.13%,$1524.82m Ireland: 0.13%,$1454.82m Sri Lanka: 0.12%,$1406.13m Slovak Rep.: 0.11%,$1306.47m Serbia: 0.11%,$1272.82m Croatia: 0.11%,$1252.42m Bangladesh: 0.11%,$1247.47m Sudan: 0.1%,$1195.45m Bulgaria: 0.09%,$1066.09m Jordan: 0.08%,$930.94m Uruguay: 0.08%,$913.58m Eritrea: 0.08%,$896.38m Ethiopia: 0.08%,$889.07m Ecuador: 0.06%,$712.93m Cyprus: 0.05%,$629.05m Kenya: 0.05%,$610.8m Myanmar: 0.05%,$585.22m Libya: 0.05%,$559.13m Slovenia: 0.05%,$539.25m Bahrain: 0.04%,$490.4m Kazakhstan: 0.04%,$489.49m Tunisia: 0.04%,$469.99m Macedonia, FYR: 0.04%,$439.49m Guatemala: 0.04%,$427.56m Dominican Rep.: 0.04%,$416.93m Botswana: 0.03%,$376.09m Lithuania: 0.03%,$369.3m Azerbaijan: 0.03%,$357.12m Bolivia: 0.03%,$355.9m Brunei: 0.03%,$330.86m Belarus: 0.03%,$318.43m Luxembourg: 0.03%,$314.28m Zimbabwe: 0.02%,$278.98m Cameroon: 0.02%,$250.44m Uganda: 0.02%,$250.2m Estonia: 0.02%,$221.59m El Salvador: 0.02%,$221.12m Tanzania: 0.02%,$219.84m Paraguay: 0.02%,$211.49m Latvia: 0.02%,$182.51m Gabon: 0.02%,$175.13m Guinea: 0.02%,$174.89m Namibia: 0.01%,$172.37m Armenia: 0.01%,$158.63m Cambodia: 0.01%,$135.93m Congo: 0.01%,$128.11m Senegal: 0.01%,$126.11m Nepal: 0.01%,$124.31m Madagascar: 0.01%,$113.82m Honduras: 0.01%,$113.18m Albania: 0.01%,$103.56m Mozambique: 0.01%,$101.85m Mauritania: 0.01%,$97.57m Burundi: 0.01%,$91.05m Rwanda: 0.01%,$90.91m Mali: 0.01%,$90.03m 0.01%,$84.63m Kyrgyzstan: 0.01%,$81.12m Uzbekistan: Burkina Faso:Guinea: 0.01%,$74.27m Papua New 0.01%,$72.43m 0.01%,$72.37m Jamaica: Fiji: 0.01%,$62.16m 0%,$55.8m Georgia: 0%,$53.51m Chad: 0%,$49.99m Lesotho: Malta: 0%,$49.73m Sierra Leone: 0%,$49.47m 0%,$47.63m Niger: Mongolia: 0%,$46.86m 0%,$41.96m Djibouti: Ghana: 0%,$41.47m 0%,$39.45m Nicaragua: 0%,$37.75m Swaziland: 0%,$33.48m Laos: Trinidad 0%,$32.14m & Tobago: 0%,$27.92m Benin: 0%,$24.49m Guyana: Tajikistan: 0%,$20.25m Mauritius: 0%,$16.85m Moldova: 0%,$15.32m 0%,$12.1m Guinea-Bissau: 0%,$11.84m Seychelles: Malawi: 0%,$11.22m 0%,$9.81m Belize: Cape 0%,$2.12m Gambia: 0%,$9.18m Verde:
Germany: 4.29%,$49618.62m
China, P.R.: 4.51%,$52179.22m
UK: 4.67%,$52765.53m
USA: 36.57%,$399314.08m
Japan: 4.08%,$47155.57m
Oman: 0.27%,$3079.73m
Finland: 0.25%,$2702.64m Malaysia: 0.25%,$2692.45m
1999
Netherlands: 1.01%,$11691.95m
Colombia: 0.58%,$6682.13m
Norway: 0.47%,$5293.41m
Czech Rep.: 0.26%,$2873.55m
UK: 4.71%,$51421.19m
USA: 37.35%,$398331.66m
Israel: 1.27%,$14704.19m
UAE: 0.87%,$10072.89m
Switzerland: 0.49%,$5587.42m
Chile: 0.27%,$2942.58m
Germany: 4.7%,$51271.83m
France: 5.64%,$61607.42m
Italy: 3.65%,$42249.66m
Iran: 0.5%,$5644.73m
China, P.R.: 3.82%,$43229.79m
Thailand: 0.32%,$3502.67m
Japan: 4.22%,$46083.83m
Canada: 1.3%,$15010.58m
Colombia: 0.54%,$6075.74m
Austria: 0.33%,$3597.68m
Romania: 0.24%,$2535.68m Croatia: 0.23%,$2446.16m
Australia: 1.51%,$17448.91m
Belgium: 0.54%,$6096.18m
Egypt: 0.35%,$3800.86m
Czech Rep.: 0.25%,$2650.34m Oman: 0.24%,$2556.14m
1.59%,$18416.32m
Poland: 0.55%,$6247.92m
Venezuela: 0.37%,$4011.72m
Chile: 0.27%,$2844.21m
Saudi Arabia: 2.78%,$32083.4m
Singapore: 0.7%,$7863.09m
Kuwait: 0.37%,$4073.81m
Indonesia: 0.27%,$2898.86m
Spain: 1.78%,$20628.65m Turkey:
Greece: 0.82%,$9223.75m
Portugal: 0.38%,$4181.91m
Finland: 0.29%,$3102.01m
USSR/Russia: 2.7%,$31170.67m
UAE: 0.93%,$10493.99m
Mexico: 0.39%,$4204.92m
Austria: 0.33%,$3525.38m
1998
Korea, South:
1.97%,$22743.26m Brazil: 2.13%,$24669.83m
India: 2.44%,$28215.5m
Netherlands: 1.01%,$11392.64m
Denmark: 0.43%,$4652.45m
Italy: 3.69%,$40262.73m
Egypt: 0.36%,$3788.27m
UK: 4.83%,$51484.58m
France: 5.73%,$61091.21m
Italy: 3.8%,$42956.15m
Switzerland: 0.52%,$5671.24m
Iran: 0.47%,$5127.07m
Thailand: 0.37%,$3941.76m
Japan: 4.34%,$46331.01m
Germany: 4.71%,$50248.32m
Sweden: 0.68%,$7688.04m
Colombia: 0.55%,$5986.26m
Pakistan: 0.47%,$5181.55m
Portugal: 0.37%,$3974.07m
Romania: 0.26%,$2791.9m
Israel: 1.25%,$14167.78m
Belgium: 0.56%,$6096.62m
Norway: 0.5%,$5475.21m
Mexico: 0.37%,$3996.55m
Oman: 0.27%,$2886.18m
Canada: 1.29%,$14622.93m
Poland: 0.59%,$6437.35m
Kuwait: 0.39%,$4192.62m
Finland: 0.28%,$3035.78m
Taiwan: 0.93%,$10473.6m
Sweden: 0.69%,$7530.35m
Venezuela: 0.43%,$4617.93m
Croatia: 0.29%,$3172.79m
Saudi Arabia: 2.66%,$30123.42m
UAE: 0.7%,$7661.99m
Denmark: 0.44%,$4680.18m
Austria: 0.33%,$3515.74m
USSR/Russia: 2.55%,$28838.45m
Netherlands: 1.09%,$11860.42m
Iran: 0.48%,$5069.1m
Egypt: 0.35%,$3762.62m
1997
Spain: Brazil: Turkey: 1.88%,$21298.12m 1.85%,$20860.32m 1.78%,$20089.28m Korea, South: Australia: 1.48%,$16780.19m 1.96%,$22110.94m
Canada: 1.36%,$14866.42m
Pakistan: 0.48%,$5130.83m
Mexico: 0.36%,$3875.18m
UK: 4.74%,$51199.96m
France: 5.81%,$62724.74m
1.54%,$16828.97m
China, P.R.: 3.64%,$39800.27m
Norway: 0.51%,$5446.2m
Kuwait: 0.42%,$4493.86m
Germany: 4.64%,$50087.5m
Angola: 0.59%,$6456.36m
Belgium: 0.56%,$6018.06m Colombia: 0.53%,$5625.89m
Denmark: 0.43%,$4629.4m
Portugal: 0.38%,$4063.74m
New Zealand: 0.21%,$2195.37m Peru: 0.2%,$2166.87m Slovak Rep.: 0.19%,$2030.1m Morocco: 0.19%,$1998.46m Argentina: 0.16%,$1677.41m Algeria: 0.15%,$1587.51m Ukraine: 0.15%,$1585.06m Sri Lanka: 0.14%,$1502.59m Lebanon: 0.13%,$1367.53m Hungary: 0.11%,$1207.8m Ireland: 0.11%,$1181.48m Serbia: 0.11%,$1160.25m Bangladesh: 0.1%,$1068.55m Yemen: 0.1%,$1032.92m Angola: 0.1%,$1021.94m Uruguay: 0.09%,$921.89m Jordan: 0.08%,$804.53m Eritrea: 0.07%,$779.71m Bulgaria: 0.07%,$762.73m Ecuador: 0.07%,$725.3m Myanmar: 0.07%,$713.34m Cyprus: 0.07%,$713.1m Nigeria: 0.06%,$643.18m Kenya: 0.05%,$567.38m Slovenia: 0.05%,$535.55m Tunisia: 0.04%,$434.02m Bahrain: 0.04%,$418.86m Kazakhstan: 0.04%,$409.46m Brunei: 0.04%,$404.67m Sudan: 0.03%,$357.41m Guatemala: 0.03%,$301.81m Bolivia: 0.03%,$266.66m Ethiopia: 0.02%,$248.63m Paraguay: 0.02%,$238.06m Luxembourg: 0.02%,$208.58m Botswana: 0.02%,$206.83m Cameroon: 0.02%,$191.4m El Salvador: 0.02%,$185.9m Cambodia: 0.02%,$185.59m Uganda: 0.02%,$178.76m Côte d’Ivoire: 0.02%,$174.67m Azerbaijan: 0.02%,$174.13m Macedonia, FYR: 0.02%,$168.11m Dominican 0.02%,$168.02m Panama: 0.02%,$163.19m Laos: 0.02%,$161.16m Tanzania: 0.01%,$153.46m Papua NewRep.: Guinea: 0.01%,$150.86m Belarus: 0.01%,$150.6m Georgia: 0.01%,$139.02m Armenia: 0.01%,$119.4m Zimbabwe: 0.01%,$114.9m Lithuania: 0.01%,$110.36m Senegal: 0.01%,$109.81m Albania: 0.01%,$107.78m Rwanda: 0.01%,$101.64m Zambia: 0.01%,$100.9m Namibia: 0.01%,$91.87m Estonia: 0.01%,$91.65m Latvia: 0.01%,$85.82m Congo, Dem. 0.01%,$84.26m 0.01%,$80.94m Kyrgyzstan: 0.01%,$80.19m Turkmenistan: Madagascar: 0.01%,$77.84m 0.01%,$76.88m Jamaica: Nepal: 0.01%,$75.19m Burundi: 0.01%,$65.73m Uzbekistan: 0.01%,$61.61m 0.01%,$59.44m Mali: Burkina 0.01%,$58.2m Faso: Rep.: Malta: 0.01%,$55.56m 0.01%,$54.49m Mozambique: Mauritania: 0%,$48.68m 0%,$45.06m Fiji: Nicaragua: 0%,$43.36m 0%,$42.8m Djibouti: 0%,$41.83m Chad: 0%,$41.67m Mongolia: Swaziland: 0%,$37.09m 0%,$36.69m Lesotho: 0%,$35.64m Ghana: 0%,$34.09m Moldova: Sierra 0%,$30.27m Leone: 0%,$26.21m Niger: Central African Rep.: 0%,$21.41m 0%,$20.1m Mauritius: 0%,$17.2m Tajikistan: 0%,$12.32m Malawi: 0%,$11.84m Seychelles: 0%,$10.56m Belize: 0%,$9.01m Guyana: Cape 0%,$6.74m 0%,$3.64m Guinea-Bissau: 0%,$2.41m Gambia: Verde:
Spain: Brazil: Turkey: 1.85%,$20184.25m 1.8%,$19662.17m Australia: 1.9%,$20758.17m
Switzerland: 0.57%,$6128.09m
Italy: 3.63%,$38744.39m
Colombia: 0.44%,$4709.8m
Japan: 4.29%,$46278.58m
Chile: 0.24%,$2561.71m Romania: 0.23%,$2490.01m
Saudi Arabia: 2.5%,$27331.47m
UAE: 0.69%,$7411.27m
Thailand: 0.46%,$4994.37m
Indonesia: 0.41%,$4431.62m
Czech Rep.: 0.24%,$2579.42m Philippines: 0.24%,$2565.02m
Singapore: 0.74%,$8130.05m
Singapore: 0.75%,$7980.84m
Iran: 0.47%,$5065.17m
Oman: 0.26%,$2788.75m
India: 2.42%,$26423.66m
Greece: 0.78%,$8348.62m
Norway: 0.47%,$5107.98m
Finland: 0.27%,$2822.67m
Taiwan: 1.09%,$11915.06m
Taiwan: 1.12%,$11935.67m
Pakistan: 0.48%,$5130.87m
Malaysia: 0.27%,$2881.11m
USSR/Russia: 1.96%,$21370.04m
Israel: 1.28%,$13651.24m
Poland: 0.61%,$6545.62m
Venezuela: 0.55%,$5942.61m
South Africa: 0.28%,$2937.39m
Germany: 4.9%,$51976.83m
China, P.R.: 3.07%,$32715.33m
Belgium: 0.56%,$6020.03m
Croatia: 0.3%,$3144.96m
Finland: 0.24%,$2549.17m Chile: 0.24%,$2541.05m
Sweden: 0.68%,$7255.14m
Switzerland: 0.57%,$6142.42m
Indonesia: 0.32%,$3371.97m
Czech Rep.: 0.24%,$2600.95m Romania: 0.24%,$2562.2m
1.5%,$16041.28m
UAE: 0.58%,$6285.16m
Austria: 0.33%,$3507.94m
Oman: 0.27%,$2952.05m
Turkey: Brazil: Spain: 1.8%,$19193.53m 1.76%,$18800.23m 1.72%,$18367.16m Australia:
Poland: 0.58%,$6309.91m
Venezuela: 0.34%,$3623.47m
Malaysia: 0.28%,$2996.31m
Netherlands: 1.06%,$11309.21m
Singapore: 0.65%,$7047.49m
Egypt: 0.35%,$3675.91m
Japan: 4.33%,$45896.03m
Indonesia: 0.28%,$3013.49m
Saudi Arabia: 2.88%,$30703.87m
Sweden: 0.65%,$7054.4m
Mexico: 0.36%,$3867.46m
Croatia: 0.31%,$3355.61m
UK: 4.92%,$53183.15m
France: 5.95%,$67382.47m
USA: 41.66%,$487764.08m
USSR/Russia: 1.8%,$19242.83m
Greece: 0.71%,$7661.47m
Italy: 3.47%,$37506.4m
Portugal: 0.38%,$3977.07m
South Africa: 0.31%,$3379.52m
India: 2.13%,$22736.92m
Taiwan: 1.18%,$12760.03m
Norway: 0.49%,$5194.93m
Iran: 0.43%,$4540.97m
Austria: 0.33%,$3540.49m
Korea, South: 2.01%,$21404.4m
Canada: 1.28%,$13774.95m
Pakistan: 0.51%,$5358.66m
Denmark: 0.43%,$4571.44m
Egypt: 0.34%,$3630.13m
Germany: 4.91%,$53011.41m
Israel: 1.28%,$13834.35m
Poland: 0.54%,$5766.59m
Thailand: 0.48%,$5141.51m
Mexico: 0.34%,$3643.38m
Malaysia: 0.25%,$2818.14m
Spain:
Kuwait: 0.56%,$5897.95m
Iran: 0.38%,$4117.94m
Finland: 0.25%,$2833.18m
USSR/Russia: 3%,$32354.85m
Belgium: 0.58%,$6096.66m
Portugal: 0.38%,$4124.77m
Indonesia: 0.25%,$2863.3m
Netherlands: 1.05%,$11350.01m
Singapore: 0.59%,$6279.8m
Denmark: 0.42%,$4556.3m
Oman: 0.26%,$2930.71m
Brazil:
Switzerland: 0.6%,$6372.71m
Colombia: 0.44%,$4725.95m
Croatia: 0.28%,$3155.02m
China, P.R.: 2.77%,$29857.61m
Greece: 0.68%,$7189.79m
Venezuela: 0.46%,$5017.36m
Austria: 0.32%,$3571.86m
UK: 4.99%,$52865.3m
France: 6.09%,$69990.64m
1.66%,$17941.99m 1.65%,$17856.66m India: 1.62%,$17501.41m Australia: 2.02%,$21792.55m 1.42%,$15291.63m
Netherlands: 1.08%,$11470.03m
Norway: 0.47%,$5124.52m
Egypt: 0.33%,$3688.39m
UK: 5.01%,$56702.23m
Saudi Arabia: 2.46%,$26583.27m
Taiwan: 1.21%,$12813.92m
Italy: 3.37%,$35769.5m
Thailand: 0.48%,$5227.31m
South Africa: 0.34%,$3798.89m
Germany: 4.76%,$53898.35m
Colombia: 0.69%,$7325.49m
Poland: 0.51%,$5480.81m
Portugal: 0.34%,$3840.71m
Finland: 0.25%,$2880.65m Croatia: 0.24%,$2807.44m
Australia: 1.42%,$15026.02m
Singapore: 0.53%,$5732.63m
Colombia: 0.36%,$4047.86m
Angola: 0.25%,$2910.64m
Spain: 1.67%,$17673.87m Turkey: 1.62%,$17221.27m
Belgium: 0.58%,$6213.78m
Pakistan: 0.5%,$5360.07m
Iran: 0.37%,$4197.86m
Iran: 0.29%,$3401.39m
Brazil: 1.7%,$17979.87m
Switzerland: 0.62%,$6735.11m
Mexico: 0.39%,$4361.24m
Mexico: 0.3%,$3469.31m
USSR/Russia: 2.79%,$29595.83m
Greece: 0.63%,$6783.51m
Japan: 4.17%,$45073.96m
Denmark: 0.41%,$4605.31m
Egypt: 0.3%,$3516.93m
Sweden: 0.7%,$7425.42m
Kuwait: 0.64%,$6935.12m
Singapore: 0.42%,$4785.87m
Austria: 0.3%,$3556.23m
China, P.R.: 2.63%,$27837.03m
Sweden: 0.68%,$7329.83m
Venezuela: 0.46%,$5223.98m
South Africa: 0.3%,$3563.01m
Korea, South: 2.04%,$21647.67m
Israel: 1.25%,$13459.79m
Thailand: 0.46%,$5238.47m
Colombia: 0.33%,$3874.84m
Germany: 4.94%,$57793.36m
UK: 4.98%,$58306.39m
Australia: 1.41%,$15211.89m
Pakistan: 0.47%,$5268.98m
Portugal: 0.34%,$3948.02m
Mexico: 0.27%,$3250.48m
Turkey: 1.42%,$15381.92m
Poland: 0.48%,$5446.75m
Singapore: 0.4%,$4630.51m
Austria: 0.29%,$3522.35m
Italy: 3%,$32452.28m
Norway: 0.5%,$5674.46m
Denmark: 0.4%,$4723.5m
Egypt: 0.3%,$3623.52m
1.51%,$16277.92m
Netherlands: 1.06%,$11404.42m
Belgium: 0.56%,$6343.32m
USSR/Russia: 4.21%,$47634.59m
Thailand: 0.41%,$4842.23m
Romania: 0.3%,$3650.24m
Brazil: Spain: India: 1.79%,$19334.2m 1.69%,$18250.11m Canada: 1.79%,$19336.21m
USSR/Russia: 2.9%,$31341.69m
Greece: 0.59%,$6641.46m
Kuwait: 0.56%,$6323.35m
Norway: 0.46%,$5396.65m
South Africa: 0.32%,$3855.48m
Germany: 5.31%,$64287.67m
Switzerland: 0.59%,$6656.54m
Pakistan: 0.46%,$5424.84m
Portugal: 0.34%,$4078.22m
Indonesia: 0.22%,$2506.31m Malaysia: 0.21%,$2463.12m
Taiwan: 1.18%,$13403.79m
Poland: 0.47%,$5455.85m
Singapore: 0.37%,$4487.85m
Finland: 0.25%,$2910.76m Colombia: 0.23%,$2634.23m
Israel: 1.28%,$14506.55m
Kuwait: 0.51%,$5960.15m
Thailand: 0.39%,$4709.21m
UK: 5.05%,$61097.2m
Mexico: 0.25%,$2928.45m
Turkey: 1.32%,$14972.87m
Belgium: 0.54%,$6378.21m
Denmark: 0.39%,$4710.81m
Iran: 0.29%,$3346.72m
Australia: 1.39%,$15704.27m
Greece: 0.56%,$6528.99m
USSR/Russia: 4.3%,$50388.71m
Poland: 0.41%,$4978.26m
Austria: 0.32%,$3627.84m
Sweden: 0.65%,$7312.91m
Switzerland: 0.57%,$6717.46m
Czechoslovakia: 0.53%,$6470.2m
Pakistan: 0.45%,$5452.71m
Egypt: 0.32%,$3697.42m
Japan: 3.92%,$44339.66m
Venezuela: 0.61%,$7121.94m
Greece: 0.55%,$6689.01m
Venezuela: 0.47%,$5707.55m
Portugal: 0.35%,$3971.6m
Brazil: 1.52%,$17196.19m
Netherlands: 1.04%,$11737.65m
Sweden: 0.63%,$7329.48m
Belgium: 0.55%,$6716.65m
Norway: 0.48%,$5791.18m
Singapore: 0.37%,$4221.56m
India: Spain: Korea, South: 1.66%,$18773.5m 1.6%,$18106.39m Canada: 1.73%,$19527.63m 1.53%,$17270.62m
Netherlands: 1.04%,$12171.5m
Sweden: 0.61%,$7350.99m
Thailand: 0.38%,$4322.13m
Italy: 3.14%,$35532.93m
Brazil: 1.23%,$14443.79m
Switzerland: 0.63%,$7565.19m
South Africa: 0.39%,$4478.54m
China, P.R.: 2.23%,$25256.2m
Israel: 1.32%,$15438.27m
Japan: 3.79%,$44354.78m
Brazil: 0.87%,$10512.31m
Romania: 0.41%,$4666.32m
Germany: 5.88%,$67596.12m
Taiwan: 1.16%,$13567.76m
Taiwan: 0.99%,$11968.34m
Denmark: 0.42%,$4799.16m
Austria: 0.24%,$3611.44m Bulgaria: 0.24%,$3565.64m
India: Korea, South: Spain: 1.62%,$18978.61m 1.6%,$18690.09m 1.53%,$17921.43m Canada:
Kuwait: 1.02%,$12318.43m
USSR/Russia: 4.76%,$57641.36m
Pakistan: 0.45%,$5128.21m
Egypt: 0.25%,$3673.77m
Italy: 3.11%,$36433.67m
Turkey: 1.14%,$13851.53m
Sweden: 0.66%,$7565.18m
Iran: 0.25%,$3711.98m
1990
Australia: 1.48%,$18195.36m
Canada: 1.45%,$17569.36m
Switzerland: 0.68%,$7791.09m
Portugal: 0.26%,$3853.01m
USSR/Russia: 18.03%,$269544.79m
Turkey: 1.59%,$19594.92m Spain: 1.55%,$19121.16m
USSR/Russia: 2.81%,$34529.66m
Spain:
Korea, South: Saudi Arabia: 1.52%,$18392.29m 1.5%,$18142.47m 2.01%,$24314.36m
China, P.R.: 2.35%,$28425.55m
Japan: 3.68%,$44534.52m
Turkey: 1.15%,$13168.82m
Thailand: 0.26%,$3903.61m
Singapore: 0.23%,$3555.85m Hungary: 0.2%,$3183.77m Argentina: 0.19%,$2960.17m Finland: 0.18%,$2738.67m Mexico: 0.17%,$2675.21m Oman: 0.17%,$2636.35m Colombia: 0.16%,$2544.35m New Zealand: 0.15%,$2350.2m Indonesia: 0.14%,$2228.76m Chile: 0.14%,$2228.15m Peru: 0.14%,$2222.22m Philippines: 0.14%,$2124.66m Qatar: 0.13%,$2073.24m Morocco: 0.13%,$1963.33m Malaysia: 0.11%,$1684.68m Viet Nam: 0.1%,$1634.37m Uruguay: 0.07%,$1094.28m Yemen, North: 0.07%,$1088.38m Kenya: 0.07%,$1024.09m Ireland: 0.06%,$916.94m Jordan: 0.06%,$911.07m Ethiopia: 0.06%,$886.08m Bangladesh: 0.04%,$700.91m Algeria: 0.04%,$601.15m Cyprus: 0.04%,$560.91m Ecuador: 0.03%,$520.12m El Salvador: 0.03%,$509.69m Nigeria: 0.03%,$509.56m Zambia: 0.03%,$469.86m Guatemala: 0.03%,$432.52m Myanmar: 0.03%,$429.66m Angola: 0.03%,$398.91m Brunei: 0.02%,$384.98m Sri Lanka: 0.02%,$368.76m Tunisia: 0.02%,$364.91m Bahrain: 0.02%,$304.59m Albania: 0.02%,$264.97m Honduras: 0.01%,$231.41m Bolivia: 0.01%,$226.26m Paraguay: 0.01%,$225.67m Cameroon: 0.01%,$224.74m Côte d’Ivoire: 0.01%,$218.24m Tanzania: 0.01%,$218.1m Botswana: 0.01%,$203.89m Uganda: 0.01%,$178.42m Panama: 0.01%,$177.6m Luxembourg: 0.01%,$171.97m 0.01%,$163.87m Zimbabwe: Senegal: 0.01%,$122.71m Dominican 0.01%,$120.61m Rep.: Mozambique: 0.01%,$119.31m Papua New Guinea: 0.01%,$111.66m Jamaica: 0.01%,$95.14m Burkina Faso: 0.01%,$93.35m Chad: 0.01%,$92.85m Togo: 0%,$75.49m Madagascar: 0%,$71.31m 0%,$70.32m Djibouti: Nepal: 0%,$66.46m Mali: 0%,$61.52m 0%,$59.31m Burundi: 0%,$57.41m Benin: Fiji: 0%,$56.9m Congo, Dem. Rep.: 0%,$52.85m 0%,$49.19m Rwanda: 0%,$47.62m Mauritania: 0%,$42.64m Malta: 0%,$40.2m Lesotho: Sierra 0%,$25.36m Leone: Ghana: 0%,$19.48m 0%,$18.51m Seychelles: 0%,$16.32m Malawi: 0%,$15.05m Swaziland: Mauritius: 0%,$14.18m Guyana: 0%,$11.69m 0%,$7.76m Guinea-Bissau: 0%,$8.93m Haiti: Gambia: Belize: 0%,$4.71m Cambodia: 0%,$2.02m 0%,$7.27m
Italy: 2.99%,$36240.41m Netherlands: 1.16%,$13321m
Singapore: 0.27%,$4080.68m
Thailand: 0.23%,$3636.97m Austria: 0.23%,$3571.39m
USSR/Russia: 20.38%,$318616.1m
UK: 5.69%,$65412.53m
Romania: 0.3%,$4498.9m
Portugal: 0.24%,$3747.92m Egypt: 0.24%,$3730.54m
Thailand: 0.22%,$3516.83m Singapore: 0.21%,$3210.59m Peru: 0.2%,$3207.96m Finland: 0.18%,$2746.27m Oman: 0.17%,$2625.88m Mexico: 0.16%,$2524.05m Colombia: 0.16%,$2496.19m Qatar: 0.16%,$2480.13m Chile: 0.15%,$2419.83m New Zealand: 0.15%,$2273.3m Philippines: 0.14%,$2257.71m Indonesia: 0.14%,$2174.06m Morocco: 0.12%,$1815.63m Malaysia: 0.09%,$1405.86m Viet Nam: 0.08%,$1237.96m Jordan: 0.07%,$1145.33m Yemen, North: 0.07%,$1131.79m Kenya: 0.07%,$1103.49m Sudan: 0.07%,$1017.49m Uruguay: 0.06%,$994.77m Ireland: 0.06%,$927.75m Ethiopia: 0.05%,$751.61m Nigeria: 0.05%,$750.13m Bangladesh: 0.04%,$640.61m Algeria: 0.04%,$615.03m Ecuador: 0.04%,$548.44m Cyprus: 0.03%,$546.45m El Salvador: 0.03%,$503.69m Sri Lanka: 0.03%,$477.99m Guatemala: 0.03%,$433.25m Brunei: 0.02%,$385.7m Tunisia: 0.02%,$353.52m Zambia: 0.02%,$325.11m Angola: 0.02%,$310.84m Bahrain: 0.02%,$294.04m Lebanon: 0.02%,$269.25m Honduras: 0.02%,$243.15m Myanmar: 0.02%,$241.82m Tanzania: 0.01%,$225.3m Cameroon: 0.01%,$216.88m Bolivia: 0.01%,$207.9m Côte d’Ivoire: 0.01%,$203.4m Uganda: 0.01%,$197.42m Botswana: 0.01%,$188.27m Luxembourg: 0.01%,$187.83m Panama: 0.01%,$179.72m Congo, Dem. Rep.: 0.01%,$168.44m Zimbabwe: 0.01%,$156.97m Paraguay: 0.01%,$156.16m Dominican Rep.: 0.01%,$144.55m Senegal: 0.01%,$121.65m Chad: 0.01%,$115.26m Papua New Guinea: 0.01%,$102.74m Mozambique: 0.01%,$95.1m Jamaica: 0.01%,$78.53m Burkina Faso: 0%,$74.23m 0%,$74.21m Madagascar: Togo: 0%,$71.95m Djibouti: 0%,$71.44m Benin: 0%,$69.25m Nepal: 0%,$61.04m Mali: 0%,$59.8m Mauritania: 0%,$53.88m Burundi: 0%,$52.96m Fiji: 0%,$49.43m 0%,$42.89m Malta: Rwanda: 0%,$41.7m 0%,$29.98m Lesotho: 0%,$18.39m Ghana: 0%,$16.7m Seychelles: 0%,$15.08m Malawi: Guyana: 0%,$14.92m 0%,$14.01m Swaziland: Sierra 0%,$13.88m Leone: Cape Mauritius: 0%,$11.5m Verde: 0%,$10.43m 0%,$8.44m Haiti: Gambia: 0%,$2.57m Cambodia: 0%,$1.54m
Poland: 0.45%,$5138.09m
Denmark: 0.32%,$4713.89m
Iran: 0.27%,$4180.79m
Austria: 0.23%,$3608.99m Portugal: 0.23%,$3570.82m
Norway: 0.46%,$5343.86m
Pakistan: 0.32%,$4790.5m
Bulgaria: 0.28%,$4414.25m
Kuwait: 0.25%,$3893.68m Argentina: 0.23%,$3641.68m
Venezuela: 0.54%,$6174.34m
Venezuela: 0.34%,$5129.81m
Pakistan: 0.29%,$4539.01m
Hungary: 0.26%,$4018.18m
Czechoslovakia: 0.55%,$6378.41m
South Africa: 0.36%,$5451.98m
Denmark: 0.3%,$4710.28m
Pakistan: 0.29%,$4525.62m
Greece: 0.56%,$6436.56m
Norway: 0.37%,$5510.58m
Kuwait: 0.31%,$4833.51m
Egypt: 0.3%,$4627.64m
Belgium: 0.71%,$8179.98m
Greece: 0.45%,$6786.58m
Norway: 0.35%,$5466.45m
Denmark: 0.31%,$4829.57m
Australia: 1.26%,$14539.35m
Poland: 0.49%,$7297.08m
Greece: 0.43%,$6712.58m
Norway: 0.34%,$5325.09m
Korea, South: 1.49%,$17091.4m
Sweden: 0.54%,$8030.51m
Poland: 0.45%,$7024.71m
Iran: 0.36%,$5652.77m
1.51%,$17314.72m
Switzerland: 0.54%,$8070.15m
Germany: 4.89%,$73041.79m
Switzerland: 0.49%,$7609.28m
Venezuela: 0.39%,$6127.37m
Israel:
Belgium: 0.56%,$8297.3m
Sweden: 0.5%,$7882.74m
South Africa: 0.39%,$6137.52m
1.64%,$18853.81m 1.61%,$18478.66m Canada: China, P.R.: 1.54%,$17765.55m 2.03%,$23398.12m India:
Czechoslovakia: 0.65%,$9724.03m
Belgium: 0.54%,$8457.29m
Greece: 0.46%,$7159.15m
Taiwan: 1.03%,$11838.52m
Taiwan: 0.77%,$11505.23m
Venezuela: 0.55%,$8648.17m
Switzerland: 0.48%,$7463.83m
Japan: 3.82%,$43875.23m
Turkey: 0.86%,$12810.5m
Romania: 0.65%,$10214.45m
Czechoslovakia: 0.48%,$7547.35m
Italy: 3.24%,$37312.8m
Israel: 0.9%,$13450.63m
Turkey: 0.68%,$10601.67m
Belgium: 0.55%,$8590.42m
Brazil: 1.1%,$16487.12m
Netherlands: 0.92%,$13702.87m
Taiwan: 0.7%,$10904.98m
France: 4.47%,$69846.74m
Poland: 0.55%,$8645.79m
Brazil: 1.16%,$13352.87m
Korea, South: 1.11%,$16637.29m
France: 4.65%,$69537.79m
Czechoslovakia: 0.71%,$11146.87m
Turkey: 0.59%,$9162.64m
Saudi Arabia: 2.25%,$25869.77m
India: 1.24%,$18543.9m
Australia: 0.96%,$14295.5m
German DR: 0.77%,$12076.02m
Romania: 0.61%,$9591.68m
Italy: 3.53%,$43406.25m
Kuwait: 1.25%,$18649.1m
Israel: 0.8%,$12556.53m
Taiwan: 0.64%,$9942.86m
Japan: 3.87%,$47576.45m
Spain:
Kuwait: 2.11%,$24304.03m
Canada: 1.29%,$19236.13m
Netherlands: 0.9%,$14099.6m
German DR: 0.75%,$11798.07m
Germany: 4.04%,$49753.4m
China, P.R.: Italy: 1.81%,$27127.34m 1.47%,$22025.43m Spain: 2.46%,$36794.1m 1.31%,$19617.52m
UK: 4.33%,$64665.58m
Korea, South: 1.03%,$16049.92m
Israel: 1%,$15580.55m
Germany: 4.44%,$69498.24m
USSR/Russia: 21.96%,$343617.35m
UK: 4.75%,$54900.92m
USA: 36.69%,$414767.97m
2000
France: 5.25%,$60711.36m
USA: 36.17%,$418135.44m
2001
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Qingdao Culture and Art Centre
Zaha Hadid Architects, 2013
Program Organization: This project is a competition entry for Qingdao Culture and Art Centre in Shandong, China. The design concept breaks down a massive program into five components, enveloped by a composition of shell complex, which is designed to be structurally sound and materially economical. Site circulation is designed to allow maximal penetration and ease of access. The volumes of each of the five buildings component are formed to allow reasonable travel distance within the large site for optimal visiting experiences. Design Team: Sebastian Andia / Chao Wei / Nicholette Chan / Ho-ping Hsia / Suryansh Chandra / Ashwin Shah / MengChan Tang / Mu Ren / Yue Shi / Chang Cui My task involved in building massing studies, facade design, production of all section drawings, document translation.
群众艺术馆展厅 Gallery
+34.00
群众艺术馆展厅 Gallery
群众艺术馆展厅 Gallery
群众艺术馆展厅 Gallery
群众艺术馆展厅 Gallery
+29.00
+29.00
群众艺术馆展厅储藏间 Gallery Storage
群众艺术馆展厅储藏间 Gallery Storage
灯光渡桥 LIGHTING GALLERY
+22.00
+20.00
休息厅
音乐工作室 Music Studio
Lounge
+15.00
+15.00 休息厅 Lounge
音乐工作室 Music Studio 后舞台 Rear Stage
+10.00
商店 Shop
市民艺术演出中心大厅 Performance Hall Lobby
衣帽间 Cloak Room
控制室 Control Room +6.20
主舞台 Main Stage
演出大厅 Theater Area
停车场 Car Park
+10.00 后台装备 Backstage Assembly
+5.00
+5.00
机房 Plant Room
+5.00 停车场 Car Park
+0.00
剧院装载区 Theatre Loading Zone
-7.00
集体化妆室 Group Dressing Room
Architectural Visual Analyses and Representation A variety of visual exercises via means of drawing, physical model, computer model, animation, automation through coding were practiced in order to analyse, represent and generate.
The Drawing of Concept: Black on Black on Black
+28.00m
N
N
+24.00m
N
+20.00m
+12.00m
N
N
N
N
+16.00m
+8.00m
N
N
+4.00m +0.00m
Architectural Visual
N
Dutch Embassy: Unfolding of the trajectory.
1889
1893
November 12
1903
November 30 The first football scoreboard is used. The Harvard Athletic Association unveils this invention of Arthur Irwin, a Bostonian and a professional baseball player and manager, in the Crimson’s 26-4 win over Pennsylvania on Thanksgiving Day.
FOOT-BALL OUR late successes on the foot-ball field, together with the near prospect of a game with Yale, has awakened a lively interest in foot-ball throughout the College. It is well known that Harvard declined to join the Association of Colleges, owing to the radical difference of our rules from those of the various other colleges. Though in so doing we laid ourselves open to criticism, yet an impartial observer must assent on consideration to the expediency of our decision. We did not in the least assert that our rules were the best; nor, as a Yale paper unjustly remarked at the time, did we think them so strictly scientific as to prevent us from contending with other colleges. The adoption of the Rugby game is a sufficient proof that we gladly recognize the superiority of other rules, even at the cost of giving up our own. We have played under these rules with good success, and we do not hesitate to recommend their adoption to the Foot-Ball Association. After many useless attempts to arrange games with several of the colleges of the Association, we have at last succeeded in arranging a game with Yale by means of a compromise between the two sets of rules. It is clear to every one that rules resulting from such concessions as have to be made cannot be entirely satisfactory. Though much ingenuity was shown by the delegates at Springfield, yet there remain many points, trivial as they may seem at first, which need explanation and remedying. We lose one of our best rules; for though touch-downs count something, we have not the right to try for a goal after the ball has been brought in. We are allowed, as before, to run with the ball after having caught it on the bounce or fly; but with this exception we seem to have gained nothing of importance. The fault does not rest with our delegates. As before remarked, it is utterly impossible to make up rules by compromise that will suit all. Some one particular game, and that the best game that can be found, should be adopted, and every college should conform strictly to its rules. In giving up our so-called “Harvard Game,” we worked a complete revolution in our system, and allowed the ball to be carried whenever caught. The suggestion that the game is for the feet alone, and not for the hands, is a mere quibble; for all sensible observers will agree that the use of the hands makes the game much more exciting and interesting. Again, we do not hesitate to claim the superiority of the leather ball over the rubber one. The former, besides retaining the air better, can be kicked both farther and straighter, and will last a much longer time. In setting forth the advantages of the Rugby rules and ball, we only ask a fair, impartial hearing from the Association. The fact that Harvard has played the game for the last year or so should be no obstacle to its adoption. The rules themselves, not the College, should be criticised. If the other colleges could witness a good game played according to the Rugby rules, such as the late match between Harvard and Tufts, we are sure that they would be favorably impressed with the merits of the game. As regards the coming match with Yale, it is much to be hoped that our team will meet with the success due to their late meritorious efforts; and it is quite probable that, notwithstanding a few peculiarities in the new rules, an exciting and interesting game will be seen on Saturday.
October 31 William H. Lewis becomes Harvard’s first black captain when he is elected for the honor prior to the Pennsylvania game. He replaces B. G. Waters, who was injured a week earlier against Yale. Lewis, enrolled in the Harvard Law School, held a similar post while attending Amherst in 1891. Lewis goes on to be elected to the Cambridge City Council as a Republican in 1899, is elected to the Legislature in 1901, and named Assistant United States Attorney for Boston in 1903. In 1910, Lewis is appointed by President Taft as Assistant Attorney-General of the United States.
March 14 Rule changes allow football to return to Harvard in 1886. The Crimson rolls to a 156-0 win over Exeter, its highest single-game total ever. Harvard will establish a national collegiate record for points, amassing 765 during its 12-2 campaign. The record stands to this day.
November 3 October 31
1875
The Devotion of Us All by Franklin D. Roosevelt ‘04 During the next few days the thoughts of most of us will center on little besides football. It may be objected that athletics play too prominent a part in college life, but the fact remains that their position is such throughout the country that if we engage in intercollegiate contest at all the enthusiasm and importance attached to these contests is necessarily very great. Harvard men, both graduates and undergraduates, feel an all-absorbing interest in their team which finds an expression at this season on every occasion that any number of us come together. In the Union tonight will be held the last mass meeting before the game. Even the great Living Room will be too small to hold all those who come to show the team their loyalty and interest. Such occasions, when entirely spontaneous, are not merely demonstrations over one team: they express in a wider sense the devotion of us all to the University.
Octorber 1 An 11-0 win over Williams starts the Crimson on a 32-game unbeaten streak (31-0-1) that continues until the final game of the 1900 campaign. Along the way, Harvard captures national titles in 1898 and 1899.
January 6
November 13
Believing that the sport had degenerated into “modified mayhem”, the Athletic Committee presents a report to the Harvard faculty which bans football from campus that coming fall.
Harvard and Yale play for the first time. The Crimson wins this initial meeting, held at Hamilton Field in New Haven, with four goals and four touchdowns to no goals and no touchdowns for the Elis. A group of 150 Harvard faithful makes the journey on the evening train from Boston.
1875
Harvard captures its first of seven national championships! The Crimson finishes 11-0 and defeats Yale, 12-6, on the season’s final day.
November 18
November 14 Harvard Stadium, the nation’s first permanent concrete stadium for athletics, opens when Harvard faces Dartmouth.
November 22
Rule changes allow football to return to Harvard in 1886. The Crimson rolls to a 156-0 win over Exeter, its highest single-game total ever. Harvard will establish a national collegiate record for points, amassing 765 during its 12-2 campaign. The record stands to this day.
Harvard plays the first East-West intersectional football game ever as it hosts Michigan at the South End Grounds in Boston. The Crimson takes a bite out of the Wolverines, 4-0, as part of a 6-1-1 season.
Glenn S. “Pop” Warner, coach of the famed Carlisle Indians, introduces the hidden ball trick in a game against Harvard. The ploy is unleashed during the second half kickoff, and the resulting touchdown moves Carlisle ahead, 11-0. The Crimson delivers the Halloween day treat, however, winning 12-11.
1881
1885
1886
1890
1898
Book Design: An archive on Harvard Crimson’s report on Crimson the Football Team
1911
1915
1920
1930
1937
1943
November 22 January 1
November 22
Yale Swamped by Record-Breaking Score
Harvard wins the Rose Bowl and its last of seven National Championships. The Crimson finishes 9-0-1 by edging Oregon, 7-6, in the Tournament of Roses contest.
Harte had honor of carrying ball over for first touchdown ever scored against blue in stadium and king scored after spectacular brokenf ield run of 55 yards — Watson exhibited faultless generalship throughout — Harvard line smothered Yale defense. Saturday, the twentieth of November, 1915, was the greatest day in the history of Harvard football. On that date was recorded a 41 to 0 victory over Yale — a victory gained by a splendid Crimson eleven that showed both impregnable defense and an offense that has startled the greatest gridiron critics by its bewildering versatility and its brilliant strategy. Forty-one to nothing! In the scoring of those six touchdowns — four by Captain [Edward W.] Mahan [‘16], one by [Richard S. C.] King [‘16], and by [Richard] Harte [‘17] — Harvard set several records. In the first place, it was the largest margin by which Harvard has ever beaten Yale [and remains so to the present day], the Saturday score lacking only 11 points of equaling the record set by Yale’s 52 to 0 victory in 1884. Forty-one to nothing is also the most humiliating defeat ever suffered by Yale. The first touchdowns of the 41 to 0 victory, scored by Harte on his 35-yard run, was the first time Harvard has scored a touchdown on Yale in the [new] Stadium. The victory, furthermore, completed the last football season to be witnessed by the present senior class as undergraduates; and none of 1916, since entering College, has seen the University defeated on the gridiron by either Yale or Princeton. During the last four seasons Harvard has made 114 to Yale’s 5 points in the series. Perhaps the most noteworthy result of Saturday’s contest was the glorious triumph of Coach [Percy D.] Haughton’s [‘99] football instruction. “Mr. Haughton,” sasys The New York Times in an editorial entitled “Haughton’s Harvard,” “is a great coach, perhaps the greatest in the annals of the American college game.” As Coach Haughton points out, the Harvard team and the substitutes cannot be lauded too highly. Captain Mahan yesterday stated to a Crimson representative that he considered the 1915 Harvard eleven as the greatest football machine on which he ever played, and that the Yale eleven of this year was a more powerful set of individuals than was last year’s Blue team.
November 18 Harvard embarks on its school-record 33-game unbeaten streak with a 5-3 win over Dartmouth at the Stadium. The streak covers the entire 1912, 1913, and 1914 seasons and the first four games of 1915. The Crimson went 30-0-3 before Cornell finally put a halt to the streak with a 10-0 win on October 23, 1915.
November 7 The legendary Jim Thorpe and his Carlisle squad visit the Stadium. Thorpe is shut down and his squad blanked, 17-0, as part of Harvard’s 9-0-1 season.
September 29 Harvard plays its first game since the introduction of the forward pass. The rule change was necessitated by the increasingly brutal nature of football as a way to open up the game. The configuration of Harvard Stadium, with its stands close to the playing field, forced the rules committee to opt for this innovation rather than widen the field by 40 feet.
1906
November 20 Hamilton Fish, a two-time All-American in an era when only 11 players earned the distinction, completes his career at Harvard. The rugged 6-4, 200-pound tackle graduated cum laude in 1910 and rose to the rank of Major in the Fourth Division Infantry during World War I. From 1920 until 1946, he was elected to the United States Congress as a representative from New York.
1909
College football is again depleted because of war, but 45,000 fans turn out at the Stadium to see squads from Harvard and Boston College battle to a 6-6 draw. It is the first meeting between the schools in any athletic competition in 24 years.
November 25
October 31
October 30
Percy Haughton coaches his final game for the Crimson, as he and his entire staff enter the service for World War I. As head coach of the Crimson for nine years, Haughton posted an incredible 71-7-5 record. Harvard won three national titles in his tenure (1910, 1912, 1913).
Number one defeats number two as Harvard, the oldest college in America, tops William & Mary, the second-oldest, by a 14-7 count at The Stadium.
Vernon Struck ‘38 sets a school single-game record by rushing for 233 yards in a 34-6 win at Princeton. The mark stands until 1991. He also scores a pair of touchdowns in the win.
November 25
Raccoons, Crowds, Bottles Feature Lushest Yale Gathering of Decade By J. ANTHONY LEWIS, It was Yale weekend madness Saturday, soundness that must have seemed more familiar to many of the alumni back in the end zones than it did to war-bred undergraduates on both sides of the field. From raccoon coats to built-in ther-mos jugs, Cambridge was a scene lifted out of the twenties. Cars blocking streets half a mile up Massachusetts Avenue . . . . crowds jamming every restaurant, bar, cafeteria, and drugstore around the Square . . . . flags flapping in the breeze up Mount Auburn Street, winding themselves around the flagpoles . . . . masses of human beings seething over Larz Anderson Bridge before the game--eager, hopeful, warm, and equally happy; then afterwards--just a little tighter, a little colder, most of them a little less happy . . . . all of these added up to the first really big weekend of the year. The battle of the bands sort of blew away in the Stadium gale . . . . the Yale tooters looked blue all the way through in the flimsy outfits as the wind whipped through the loose-fitting uniforms . . . the Harvard Band started out with the temporary advantage of a lull in the storm, but the Crimson stands burst into a consternated hum when their drum major, failed in two attempts to catch his baton after throwing it over the goal posts. No one was quite sure how the battle of the bass drum began . . . . but it ended with a threewheeled drum carriage and a bruised Blue . . . . quick action saved the day for the drum, and it rolled on the field again just in time to join the half-time serenade of the Elis . . . a slightly besotted tuba player performed on his instrument and around it . . . . and the Wintergreen medley once again brought down the house. The Yale stands started out with some vigorous pre-game cheers, but five minutes later they had subsided to a morbid despondency . . . . after the first quarter the cheering volumes gradually switched, with the sound of Brekekekek attaining attaining eventual superiority . . . the goalposts went swiftly and cleanly--not with a whimper but with a bang . . . Richard Corcoran ‘46 was dangerous with his heels as he hung from the north bars. The saga of Chip Gannon and Levi Jackson, due for three more years of exploration, started with a bang . . . . Levi looked very much like a frightened freshman in the opening quarter as he fumbled, stumbled, and then got off a kick on the bottom of his shoes . . . . Chip performed like a veteran, gaining the praise of both sides . . . . Jackson came back later in the game with a series of fine plays . . . . he almost went all the way once, but was stopped by a flying block by Gannon.
November 21 The great career of Charlie Brickley ‘15 comes to a conclusion with a 36-0 rout of Yale in New Haven. Hampered by an injury for part of the year, Brickley still adds one extra point to the cause. He remains the Crimson’s all-time scoring leader with 215 points.
1914
November 20
Barry Wood ‘32 throws a pair of touchdown passes and plays the entire 60 minutes as Harvard finishes the season by blanking Yale, 13-0. In addition to being an All-American quarterback, Wood was a three-year letterwinner in hockey and baseball.
1916
1925
1945
Architectural Visual
1908
Drawing Machine A typewriter from the 1940 was wielded the power of drawing with a translation machine that turns typing movement into horizontal drawing action. Similar concept but different medium, I later developed a text to image digital translator that addresses the density, rhythm, and length of text.
Obituary: Michael Graves 1934-2015
Architectural Visual
By Charles Jencks
Bob Dylan/Jimi Hendrix All Along the Watchtower
Charles Jencks Obituary to Michael Graves
Stéphane Mallarmé Un coup de dés jamais n’abolira le hasard
Architectural Visual
A Digital Tool for Productive Work Flow As a frequent plan-axonometric drawer, I have created this tool for me to generate crowds from a library of drawings of people in any arbitrarily assigned areas. In addition, this process can be animated by setting up moving attractors for the distribution areas.
Dutch Embassy Animation The design of the Dutch Embassy in Berlin by OMA introduced a continuous spiralling spine called “the trajectory� as the driving concept of the building. By creating this animation as an attempt to unfold and unveil this space, it is revealed to be intricate and geometrically far from the clean proposal at the beginning stage of the project, while the continuity is maintained.
Architectural Visual
Video Location: https://vimeo.com/116707847
Architectural Visual