12 morphosyntantic elements of english

Page 1

12 Essential Morphosyntactic elements of English language Essential morphosyntactic elements of English language ● Basic communicative structures ● Progressive usage of grammatical categories in spoken and written production to improve communication ●


12.1. Introduction â—?

Morphosyntactic: morphology + syntax A sub-discipline of linguistics that studies word structure. Words are the smallest unit of meaning of syntax and can be related to others by certain rules.

FORMS

Study of rules or patterned relations that govern the way words in a clause, sentence come together.

Many theories of formal syntax offer explanations of the systematic relationships between semantic form and semantic meaning. FUNCTIONS


12.2. Essential morphosyntactic elements of the English language ●

The sentence: as the smallest structural unit that has a profound structure (related to thinking) and the superficial structure (related to speech), containing: nominal syntagm (subject) + verbal syntagm (predicate) .

Words divided in three groups: –

Primitive (one moneme)

Derivated (one moneme + affix)

Compound (syntactic under-the-water or assyntactic also-runs)

Monemes classification –

United (affixes)

- Derivative (diminutives..)

Flexive (verb conjugation)

- Free (determinants, preps...)


12.2.1. WORD FORMATION AFFIXES

Prefixes (underpay) Suffixes (book-let)

COMPOUND WORDS ●

● ●

Nouns (motorcycle) Adjectives (flatnosed) Verbs (baby-sit) Reduplicatives (tiptop)

CLIPPING

BLEND JOINING WORDS

Depends on what syllable is clipped:

Motel <- Motor-hotel

Bus -> omnibus Bike -> bicycle Flu -> influenza

CHANGE OF FUNCTION IN THE SENTENCE ● ● ● ●

N to V (to bottle) V to N (a swim) Adj to N (a daily) Adj to V (to empty)

LOANS

● ●

● ●

ABBREVIATIONS

NATO

Italian: piano French: champagne Dutch: yatch India: pyjamas

BACK FORMATION OR REGRESSIVE DERIVATION To edit <- editor


12.2.2. SYNTAX ●

CLAUSE FORMATION: every sentence is composed in one or more clauses and expresses a complete thought –

Clauses can be connected through:

SUBORDINATION After As if Although Because Before When If Since Though... –

COORDINATION

For And Nor But Or Yet So

FAN BOYS:

CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS Accordingly Furthermore Besides Indeed However Nevertheless In contrast Thus..

Independent clauses can be connected with semicolon (;) if they are very close in meaning: My brother studies law; my sister studies medicine.


12.2.2. SYNTAX ●

CLAUSE FORMATION: every sentence is composed in one or more clauses and expresses a complete thought –

Clauses can be connected through:

SUBORDINATION After As if Although Because Before When If Since Though... –

COORDINATION

For And Nor But Or Yet So

FAN BOYS:

CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS (sentences) Accordingly Furthermore Besides Indeed However Nevertheless In contrast Thus..

Independent clauses can be connected with semicolon (;) if they are very close in meaning: My brother studies law; my sister studies medicine.


SENTENCE FORMATION: 4 kind of sentences –

Simple:

Speaker's attitude Statements Questions (Yes/no, wh-, tag, alternative) Orders Requests Exclamations Interjections

Predicate /Subject defined Attributive

Predicative

He is a farmer

He likes oranges *may be passive, reflective, impersonal clauses

Compound: independent clauses connected through coordination, conjuction and semicolon

Complex: One independent clause with one dependent clause: subordination, through subordination conjuctions

Adverb: while, because, even though...

Adjective: who, whom, which, whose, where, when, why

Noun: that, wh-question word, whether, if

Compound-complex: combination of independent and dependent clauses.


12.3. Basic communicative structures ●

Language Functions of the CEFRL Levels Waystage ●

Threshold

Carrying out certain transactions (making arrangements, making purchases, ordering food and drink) Giving and obtaining personal and nonpersonal info Establishing and maintaining social and professional contacts (meeting people, inviting and organizing events, exchanging feelings...)

● ● ● ● ●

Vantage

Transactional situations As Threshold but with (contacts with officials, extended vocab and arrangement for structures accomodation, for meal, shopping, public and private transport...) Social interaction Compensation strategies Social conventions Interpretation strategies Socio-cultural aspects.

11.gaia


12.4. Progressive usage of grammatical categories in spoken and written production to improve communication â—?

Teaching grammar in EFL classroom. Questions to reflect on. What are the objectives?

What is students' grade? Are they familiar with grammar terminology?

What is their learning style?

What are the resources and materials available?

Heterogeneous styles Differente approaches

The more, the best. Variety


12.4.1. INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE APPROACHES Bottom-up: Exercises for discovering rules

Top-down: Explaining the rules for exercising

Prefered: inductive learning exercises. ●

Introduce the grammar concept through a game/ listening

Ask students to identify the grammar concept

PBL?

Follow another exercise that more specifically focuses on the grammar concept, inductively. Reading + questioning

Check responses and ask to explain the grammar concept. Clear up misunderstandings

Provide exercise to focus on the correct grammar construction

Ask to explain the concept.

12.4.2. GRAMMAR CHANTS through musical intelligence

Gardner

Useful for problematic forms: musicality and repetition -> automatically acquired. Important: rhythm and teacher guided at the beginning.


12.4.3. SENTENCE AUCTIONS In groups: students are given fake money to bid on correct/ incorrect sentences.

12.4.4. TEACHING GRAMMAR IN SITUATIONAL CONTEXTS Situation / Context

Points of grammar

Recipe or instructions to bake a cake

Imperative verb form Present Continuous tense

Give directions to get to a store, with a map

Present tense Non-referential IT

Discuss plans for a class trip

Future tense If- clauses Conditional tense

Describe a past vacation

Simple past tense Question formation Forms of verb TO DO Word order in negation

Explaining rules for the school cafeteria

Modal verbs Adverbes of time and frequency


Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.