ANALYSIS OF MATERIALS IN IVANO-FRANKIVSK PUBLIC SPACES by metalab.if

A N A LY S I S A L S I N P U B L I C MЕTAL AB

O F M A T E R I I V A N O - F R A N K I V S K S P A C E S 2021

ANALYSIS: ANNA PASHYNSKA, KSENIA SEMENOVA, MARYANA BARAN PHOTOS: ANNA PASHYNSKA, KSENIA SEMENOVA, MARYANA BARAN, MARIIA MELINYSHYN TRANSLATION AND EDITING: TETIANA YEVLOYEVA, OLESYA STOROZHUK LAYOUT AND ILLUSTRATIONS: JULIIA RUSYLO

SUPPORTED BY

TABLE OF C O N T E N T S

6 8 1 0 1 2

3 0 3 8

INTRODUCTION PUBLIC SPACES BEING ANALYSED PRESENCE OF THE MATERIALS IN VARIOUS ELEMENTS OF THE PUBLIC SPACES CONCRETE (general information, properties, recomendations)

WOOD (general information, properties, recomendations)

METAL (general information, properties, recomendations)

PAVER PAVER BLOCKS EDGING KERBSIDE BENCH LITTER FLOWERBED BOLLARD

BENCH LITTER PLAYGROUND

BLOCKS (GRASS

PAVERS)

BIN

BENCH LITTER BIN, CLADDED LITTER BIN, INSERT ELEMENT LITTER BIN, FRAME CYCLE (BIKE) RACK PLAYGROUND RAILINGS BOLLARD

14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28

32 34 36

40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54

INTRODUCTION The circular economy is gradually becoming a mainstream model seen as the one that could help deal with the climate change, rapid urbanisation, global population growth, and waste generation. It is a common fact that cities are among the main factors contributing to global pollution and climate change, so it is important that the city technical infrastructure be adapted to the circular economy principles. That can help reduce the amount of construction waste produced by cities and, given that sustainable materials are used, mitigate the effects of climate change. The design and arrangement of the cities’ public spaces are in direct correlation with those cities’ sustainable development, as the selected materials and coatings can either decrease or increase the temperature in the city, factor in the frequency of repairs, have a lifespan of either one season or many cycles, and decrease (or, on the contrary, increase) expenditure budget. That is why this study is focused on analysis of the properties of materials used in Ivano-Frankivsk public spaces and examination of their compliance with the principles of circular economy. Since 2015, with the launch of the decentralization reform in Ukraine, local budgets have been receiving additional funds that the local governments have been actively using on landscaping improvement. That caused a surge in demand for public space landscaping projects, which are quite similar in different parts of the country, and include standard paving, litter bins, colourful playground blocks made of plastic and metal, benches, and plenty of decorative plants. On average, it takes about two years before those projects need re-modelling and significant maintenance cost. They become an additional burden on natural resources and produce additional waste. Practices in foreign countries aren’t much better: Amsterdam, for instance, has up to EUR 200 million of annual spending on maintenance of public places using new materials. This makes a good illustration of linear economy where we buy new things (that, as a rule, have to be shipped) and produce the increasing amounts of waste due to failing to repair and recycle the old items. We should rather proceed to the principles of circular economy outlined by the UN Sustainable Development Goals and the European Green Deal while developing our cities and communities, namely minimise our waste, support local manufacturing, minimise power consumption, use recyclable materials, and design spaces encouraging people to adhere to the principles of sustainable development. Thus, by reducing CO2 emissions, we can lean toward making our cities carbon neutral.

Ukraine has a significant potential in terms of applying the principles of circular economy, as life in the Soviet Union amid the constant shortage of goods had led to many adaptive practices that were close to the principles of circular economy: old things were repaired, reused and repurposed, people were growing food in both the urban areas and the countryside, and had to get crafty and make plenty of their items and even buildings on their own. In addition, flat owners often share the culture of taking care of their adjacent territories, sometimes resorting to fairly sustainable practices. As of today, those practices are becoming increasingly extinct as the younger generations are no longer invested in them, yet their potential can still be used. Besides, the city of Ivano-Frankivsk and the region are in a particularly good place for spreading the circular economy practices, as (historically) they are home to many manufacturers, craftsmen, and primary goods suppliers. The size of the city and way the local communities are structured allow for monitoring the utility suppliers, holding them accountable, and demanding better planning for public spaces. All these factors make Ivano-Frankivsk a suitable testing ground for applying the circular economy principles in urban design. There are, however, some obstacles to changing the current approach to urban design, specifically to materials selection. Every attempt to finding the best option for a particular environment is complicated by the fact that the contractors (who bear responsibility for their projects) are not willing to take risks and instead they opt for materials they are common with. General awareness of the principles of the circular economy is extremely low, not to mention the lack of understanding of characteristics of different materials that could increase the environmental sustainability of urban spaces. For the reasons listed above, we consider it necessary to raise public awareness of the properties of different materials and to promote using the materials that are sustainable and consistent with the principles of the circular economy. In this study, conducted in collaboration with our colleagues from Studio Weave (London, UK), we offer an audit on how the three most popular materials for urban design, namely concrete, wood, and metal, are used. We analysed the extent to which their use correlates with “the closing loops of the circular economy”, which include reduction on their use (reduce), easy maintenance and repair (maintain+repair), reusing and redistributing (reuse+redistribute), complete overhaul (remanufacture), and recycling (recycle). It is our hope that both public utility companies and private customers who commission public spaces design, along with architects, designers, and engineers undertaking such projects, will find this study useful, and that our work will bring up the matter of more eco-friendly use of materials in public spaces.

C U R A T O R S

O F

M E T A L A B

P U B L I C SPACES BEING A N A LY S E D

S T R E E T S

1. 2. 3. 4.

A N D

Halytska Str. Shevchenka Str. River Park Mitskievycha Square

S Q U A R E S

A D J A C E N T

5. 6. 7. 8.

T E R R I T O R I E S

P A R K S A R E A S

3 8

13 1 9

5 6

R E C R E A T I O N A L

9. Na Valakh Square 10. Shevchenka Park 11. Ozero z Lebedem (Ukr. “Lake with the Swan”) 12. Miske Ozero (Ukr. “City Lake”) 13. Square at 67 Halytska Str.

A housing complex at 10 Melnyka Str. Adjacent territory at 30 Sakharova Str. Adjacent territory at 1-3 Puliuya Str. Premises of the Kryla School

A N D

LITTER BIN

BENCH

ROAD SURFACE

EDGING/ KERBSIDE

PAVER BLOCKS

PRESENCE OF THE MATERIALS IN VARIOUS ELEMENTS OF THE PUBLIC S P A C E S CONCRETE

WOOD

METAL

ASPHALT *

PLASTIC *

STONE *

GLASS*

* - not included in the analysis below

1 0

* *

1 1

LANDSCAPE GARDENING

BUS STOP

BOLLARD

MANHOLE COVER

FLOWERBED

RAILING

PLAYGROUND

CYCLE (BIKE) RACK

STREET LAMP

C O N C R E T E

G E N E R A L

I N F O R M A T I O N

P R O P E R T I E S :

Concrete is an all-purpose construction material that can be moulded into any shape. Resistant to various climatic conditions, concrete is a durable but fragile material. It is moisture-proof and has high heat capacity. Destroys biodiversity when used is monolith surfaces. Has a high CO2 content of 450 kg/m3, and its extensive use in urban infrastructure is causing 43% of CO2 emissions in typical infrastructural facilities.

R E C O M M E N D A T I O N S :

Minimise the usage, increase the structural efficiency, opt for the more eco-friendly grades of concrete (and cement as a component of concrete) with the highest strength and durability and the lowest carbon footprint.

C O N C R E T E

P A V E R

TECHNOLOGY: CAST PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE

OBSERVATIONS:

B L O C K S

• modular design: easy access to utility networks repair, easy to re-pave; • possible reuse for other projects; • failure to comply with manufacture specifications decreases the quality, making the blocks less durable; • chamfered blocks are less comfortable for pedestrians and persons with limited mobility; • pavements in chamfered blocks are more likely to deform; • it’s a great advantage that the pavement consists of separate blocks that are not glued together; • one disadvantage is the structure being waterproof; • grey is the basic colour, and most pavements are made whole-coloured; • allows great variability in shapes and colours.

CONCRETE:

PAVER

BLOCKS

CONCRETE:

PAVER

BLOCKS

CONCRETE:

PAVER

BLOCKS

1 4

ANALYSIS: REDUCE

has the potential to usage reduction

MAINTAIN+REPAIR

easy to repair the pavement / replace individual elements or just remove them

REUSE+REDISTRIBUTE

REMANUFACTURE

TRANSPORTATION

STORAGE CONDITIONS

the installation phase requires additional materials and technologies, the removal, however, is less resource-consuming can be conveyed by freight or non-specialised transport depending on the amount needed on site

to be stored horizontally at ambient temperature

old blocks are almost impossible to renovate to their primary condition

RECYCLE

CONCRETE:

easy to relocate and reuse

DISASSEMBLY / ASSEMBLY

as of today, information on recycling options for concrete paver blocks is insufficient

PAVER

BLOCKS

CONCRETE:

PAVER

BLOCKS

CONCRETE:

PAVER

BLOCKS

RECOMMENDATIONS: • • • • • •

Be careful when selecting textures to avoid obtaining a slippery surface. Tile above lawn level for natural draining. Choose unchamfered blocks for longer exploitation and better usability. Maximize reuse. Cover only the areas with heavy pedestrian traffic, leaving open lawn/grass areas for drainage. Minimise usage on greenfield and recreational areas, opt for pervious and organic-based materials as much as possible. • Opt for the more eco-friendly grades of with higher strength and durability and lower carbon footprint (embodied CO2). • Cherry-pick the areas where paving is a necessity.

1 5

C O N C R E T E

P A V E R B L O C K S ( G R A S S P A V E R S )

TECHNOLOGY: CAST PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE

OBSERVATIONS: • used in car parking areas of the adjacent territories; • possible reuse for other projects; • uncomfortable for walking and using a baby carriage / wheelchair; • the design collects downfall waters in open spaces; • lesser concrete coverage creates lesser heating effect compared to regular paver blocks; • grey is the basic colour, allows great variability in shapes and colours; • paved area of the parking space can be smaller, and unpaved lawn or ground decreases the heating effect; • a modular and durable product, easy to install and to renovate the surface.

CONCRETE:

PAVER

BLOCKS

(GR ASS

PAVERS)

CONCRETE:

PAVER

BLOCKS

(GR ASS

PAVERS)

1 6

ANALYSIS: REDUCE

has the potential to usage reduction

MAINTAIN+REPAIR

easy to repair the pavement / replace individual elements or just remove them

REUSE+REDISTRIBUTE

REMANUFACTURE

TRANSPORTATION

STORAGE CONDITIONS

to be stored horizontally at ambient temperature

old blocks are almost impossible to renovate to their primary condition

RECYCLE

CONCRETE:

easy to relocate and reuse

DISASSEMBLY / ASSEMBLY

as of today, information on recycling options for paver blocks is insufficient

PAVER

BLOCKS

(GR ASS

PAVERS)

CONCRETE:

PAVER

BLOCKS

(GR ASS

PAVERS)

RECOMMENDATIONS: • • • • •

Use in car parking areas of the adjacent territories. Consider the possibility of use in paving the street parkings. Minimise the paving area to a necessity for parking and accessing vehicles. Do not use in areas with pedestrian traffic. Opt for the more eco-friendly grades of with higher strength and durability and lower carbon footprint (embodied CO2). • Cherry-pick the areas where paving is a necessity.

1 7

C O N C R E T E

E D G I N G

TECHNOLOGY: CAST PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE

OBSERVATIONS: • separates the pavement / lawn from the road; • protects the pedestrian and cycle paths with moderate horizontal load from destruction; • prevents roadway overgrowth by grass and other vegetation; • draws a divide between zones for different use or with different type of coverage (i.e. paver blocks and soil / lawn); • prevents paver blocks or asphalt from sliding.

CONCRETE:

EDGING

CONCRETE:

EDGING

CONCRETE:

EDGING

1 8

ANALYSIS: REDUCE

MAINTAIN+REPAIR

REUSE+REDISTRIBUTE

REMANUFACTURE

RECYCLE

CONCRETE:

often used inefficiently; usage can be minimised

easy to repair / replace individual pieces

DISASSEMBLY / ASSEMBLY

TRANSPORTATION

STORAGE CONDITIONS

easy to relocate and reuse

to be stored horizontally at ambient temperature

repair of old damaged pieces is unviable

potential use of shatters as fillers in concrete mixtures or other construction materials (with proper adjustment of the process) EDGING

CONCRETE:

EDGING

CONCRETE:

EDGING

RECOMMENDATIONS: • For drawing a divide between different types of coverage (namely, the pavement and the lawn), use alternative options to concrete edging, such as metal angle-bars, timbers, or bricks. • Opt for the more eco-friendly grades of with higher strength and durability and lower carbon footprint (embodied CO2). • Install in a way that doesn’t prevent the downfall waters from draining from the pavement to the lawn. • The design must not obstruct the pedestrian traffic.

1 9

C O N C R E T E

K E R B S I D E

TECHNOLOGY: CAST REINFORCED CONCRETE

OBSERVATIONS: • • • • • • • •

CONCRETE:

KERBSIDE

CONCRETE:

separates the pavement / lawn from the road; protects the asphalt from destruction and erosion; used as support for a pedestrian walkway; a barrier preventing vehicles from entering the pedestrian zone; prevents roadway overgrowth by grass and other vegetation; when high enough, is used as a bicycle stand; is used for sitting in areas where benches are scarce; is often an obstacle for pedestrians and road users with limited mobility (cyclists, parents with baby carriages and strollers, wheelchair users, etc.).

KERBSIDE

CONCRETE:

KERBSIDE

2 0

ANALYSIS: REDUCE

amount of concrete used is often unnecessarily excessive, not improving the quality

MAINTAIN+REPAIR

easy to repair / replace individual pieces

REUSE+REDISTRIBUTE

REMANUFACTURE

RECYCLE

CONCRETE:

easy to relocate and reuse

DISASSEMBLY / ASSEMBLY

TRANSPORTATION

STORAGE CONDITIONS

the installation phase requires additional materials and technologies, the removal requires use of machinery often requires specialised trucks or loading equipment, depending of the required quantity

to be stored horizontally at ambient temperature

repair of old damaged pieces is unviable

recycling is either difficult or unviable

KERBSIDE

CONCRETE:

KERBSIDE

CONCRETE:

KERBSIDE

RECOMMENDATIONS: • Whenever possible, use less material-intensive kerbsides (with lesser amounts of concrete). • 2For drawing a divide between different types of coverage (namely, the pavement and the lawn), use alternative options to concrete edging, such as metal angle-bars. • Opt for the more eco-friendly grades of with higher strength and durability and lower carbon footprint (embodied CO2). • Install in a way that doesn’t prevent the downfall waters from draining from the pavement to the lawn. • The design must not obstruct the pedestrian traffic.

2 1

C O N C R E T E

B E N C H

TECHNOLOGY: CAST REINFORCED CONCRETE

OBSERVATIONS: • bench bases are often made of concrete; • concrete bases are common due to them being highly wear-resistant and vandal-proof; • prices for this type of design are relatively low; • amount of concrete used is often unnecessarily excessive, not improving the quality; • these solid structures are hard in maintenance and repair.

CONCRETE:

BENCH

CONCRETE:

BENCH

CONCRETE:

BENCH

2 2

ANALYSIS: REDUCE

MAINTAIN+REPAIR

REUSE+REDISTRIBUTE

REMANUFACTURE

RECYCLE

CONCRETE:

the amount of concrete can be decreased to a bare minimum

their structure being solid makes them almost unrepairable (their renovations being unviable and damage repairs difficult)

hard to relocate for further reuse

DISASSEMBLY / ASSEMBLY

TRANSPORTATION

STORAGE CONDITIONS

due to their huge weight, additional fixtures are rarely needed

often requires specialised trucks or loading equipment

can be stored at ambient temperature, yet the weight and the variety of shapes complicate the space-effective storage

almost unrepairable when worn down (due to unviability)

hard (almost impossible or unviable) to recycle

BENCH

CONCRETE:

BENCH

CONCRETE:

BENCH

RECOMMENDATIONS: • Decrease the amount of material to a bear minimum needed for functional use. • Opt for the more eco-friendly grades of with higher strength and durability and lower carbon footprint (embodied CO2) • Using modular concrete structures would facilitate maintenance, namely repair and replacement of individual parts.

2 3

C O N C R E T E

L I T T E R

TECHNOLOGY: CAST REINFORCED CONCRETE

OBSERVATIONS:

B I N

• бетонні смітники не проглядаються, тож легко можуть містити небезпечні предмети; • важкі та вандалостійкі; • поширений нині дизайн не створює умов для сортування за фракціями; • на бетоні легко лишається бруд; його важко мити й тримати в чистоті; • бетон вбирає вологу та запахи від сміття; • конструкція часто вимагає використання одноразового пластикового пакета; • монолітні об’єкти; у випадку зношування чи руйнування їх потрібно повністю змінювати.

CONCRETE:

LIT TER

BIN

CONCRETE:

LIT TER

BIN

CONCRETE:

LIT TER

BIN

2 4

ANALYSIS: REDUCE

potential decrease in amount of concrete or its replacement with other materials

MAINTAIN+REPAIR

hard to maintain clean: solid structures have to be fully replaced with deterioration or destruction

REUSE+REDISTRIBUTE

REMANUFACTURE

TRANSPORTATION

STORAGE CONDITIONS

due to their huge weight, additional fixtures are rarely needed

easy to relocate with nonspecialised transport, yet the structure is hefty

can be stored at ambient temperature, yet the weight and the variety of shapes complicate the space-effective storage

solid reinforced design makes them unviable to renovate.

RECYCLE

CONCRETE:

easy to relocate and reuse while preserving the integrity

DISASSEMBLY / ASSEMBLY

potential use of shatters as fillers in concrete mixtures or other construction materials (with proper adjustment of the process) LIT TER

BIN

CONCRETE:

LIT TER

BIN

CONCRETE:

LIT TER

BIN

RECOMMENDATIONS: • Decrease the amount of material to a bear minimum needed for functional use. • Opt for the more eco-friendly grades of with higher strength and durability and lower carbon footprint (embodied CO2). • Replace concrete with other materials that have a lesser carbon footprint. • Using modular concrete structures would facilitate maintenance, namely repair and replacement of individual parts. • Design insert elements for concrete litter bins, in order to facilitate maintenance, decrease soiling on the main object, and prolong its working lifespan.

2 5

C O N C R E T E

OBSERVATIONS:

TECHNOLOGY: CAST PLAIN CEMENT OR REINFORCED CONCRETE

CONCRETE:

FLOWERBED

F L O W E R B E D

• often used in parks and landscaped areas with large amounts of natural greenery; • performs a decorative function; • often used as a barrier (limiting the vehicles access); • concrete structures are sometimes used as seating; • usually maintenance heavy; • the plants last only one season (specifically, warm season), lack of primary use in winter; • rainfall from the sidewalks can’t get into such flowerbeds; • such flowerbeds can add greenery in places where bedding-out is limited (i.e. above the utility networks) or there’s a need in flexibility in space usage.

CONCRETE:

FLOWERBED

CONCRETE:

FLOWERBED

2 6

ANALYSIS: REDUCE

potential decrease in amount of concrete or its replacement with other materials

MAINTAIN+REPAIR

durable but solid, thus almost unrepairable when damaged

REUSE+REDISTRIBUTE

REMANUFACTURE

RECYCLE

CONCRETE:

easy to relocate and reuse while preserving the integrity

DISASSEMBLY / ASSEMBLY

TRANSPORTATION

STORAGE CONDITIONS

no need for fixtures, thus the structure is simple to install

can be relocated by freight vehicles due to the structure being hefty

can be stored at ambient temperature, yet the weight and the variety of shapes complicate the space-effective storage

solid reinforced design makes them unviable to renovate.

potential use of shatters as fillers in concrete mixtures or other construction materials (with proper adjustment of the process) FLOWERBED

CONCRETE:

FLOWERBED

CONCRETE:

FLOWERBED

RECOMMENDATIONS: • Minimise or forgo their usage in parks and bed-out the greenery. • Decrease the amount of material to a bear minimum needed for functional use. • Opt for the more eco-friendly grades of with higher strength and durability and lower carbon footprint (embodied CO2). • Use the mobile flowerbeds where there’s need to periodically transform the space and allow a large open space (i.e., for a market). • Use flowerbeds for planting vegetation with a taproot system. • Can be used where there’s a need for temporary barriers. • Using modular concrete structures would facilitate maintenance, namely repair and replacement of individual parts.

2 7

C O N C R E T E

B O L L A R D

TECHNOLOGY: CAST REINFORCED CONCRETE

OBSERVATIONS: • distinctive design, with the same modeling often used in different publicspaces; • often unnoticed by pedestrians (especially at nighttime); • sometimes used as seating; • performs its primary function of separating the pedestrian area and the road; • occupies a great portion of the width of the pavement; • vandal-proof; • can serve multiple purposes, i.e. limit vehicle access and double as a bench, a bicycle parking, or a street light.

CONCRETE:

BOLL ARD

CONCRETE:

BOLL ARD

CONCRETE:

BOLL ARD

2 8

ANALYSIS: REDUCE

potential decrease in amount of concrete

MAINTAIN+REPAIR

durable but solid, thus total replacement is needed when damaged

REUSE+REDISTRIBUTE

REMANUFACTURE

RECYCLE

CONCRETE:

easy to relocate and reuse

DISASSEMBLY / ASSEMBLY

TRANSPORTATION

STORAGE CONDITIONS

no need for fixtures, thus the structure is simple to install

easy to relocate with nonspecialised transport, yet the structure is hefty

can be stored at ambient temperature, yet the weight and the variety of shapes complicate the space-effective storage

unviable to renovate

potential use of shatters as fillers in concrete mixtures or other construction materials (with proper adjustment of the process) BOLL ARD

CONCRETE:

BOLL ARD

CONCRETE:

BOLL ARD

RECOMMENDATIONS: • Decrease the amount of material to a bear minimum needed for functional use. • Opt for the more eco-friendly grades of with higher strength and durability and lower carbon footprint (embodied CO2) • The object must be clearly visible in space and must not obstruct the pedestrian traffic. • No unnecessary expanding in size, make the bollards as narrow as possible in order to claim least space of the pedestrian area. • Design added functions to limiting vehicle access: a flowerbed, a bicycle parking, or a street light, a seating, etc.

2 9

G E N E R A L

I N F O R M A T I O N

P R O P E R T I E S :

Wood is a natural, renewable and recyclable material. As a rule, its processing doesn’t involve high technologies. This material has low heat capacity and high moisture sorption. It’s high maintenance yet easy to repair. Other properties include durability and sustainability, high efficiency in reusing and recycling, and natural decomposition.

R E C O M M E N D A T I O N S :

It is essential that wood production is efficient and circumspect. Material origins must be carefully traced, as unregulated logging causes river flooding and undermines biodiversity. High-quality coating materials are important, too, as they prolong the wood’s service life.

TIMBER: SQUARED BEAM

B E N C H

OBSERVATIONS: • easy to repair or replace individual parts; • resistant to various weather conditions; • wood will neither overheat in warm weather nor become too cold in winter, which makes a comfortable seating; • outdoor timber furniture is quick to dry after precipitation; • individual modular parts are simple to install and repair; • wide colour palette available; • the coating is fast to come off; • in warm weather, enamel coatings absorb more heat than water- and oil-based coatings.

WOOD:

BENCH

WOOD:

BENCH

WOOD:

BENCH

3 2

ANALYSIS: REDUCE

there’s a potential for waste optimisation during production

MAINTAIN+REPAIR

modular construction allows for easy repair and replacement of individual parts; under certain conditions can be restored to pristine condition

REUSE+REDISTRIBUTE

REMANUFACTURE

TRANSPORTATION

STORAGE CONDITIONS

mostly easy to install (depending on the design)

modular construction allows for space-saving transportation

requires dry storage; modular construction allows for spacesaving storage

in some cases, damaged parts can be reused for manufacturing other goods

RECYCLE

WOOD:

easy to relocate and reuse (if the object is upkept and individual parts aren’t damaged)

DISASSEMBLY / ASSEMBLY

high potential for recycling (return materials are converted to plate stock and firewood)

BENCH

WOOD:

BENCH

WOOD:

BENCH

RECOMMENDATIONS: • Apply low-waste methods of wood processing. • Design modular structures. Modularity makes it possible to replace individual parts. • Pay consideration to the right technologies and selection of materials for the outdoor exploitation in order to prolong the service life. • When developing the design, avoid leaving any pockets for downfall water, so that the item dries fast. • Perform regular and timely maintenance and repair the damaged parts (in particular, refresh the damage coating) as soon as possible. • Pay consideration to the coating materials, avoiding toxicants and coatings produced with high CO2 emissions; water-based polishes and paints are more sustainable than a range of other coatings. • Use weatherproof coating materials: the polish is sunlight-sensitive; the oil coating can be regularly renewed on site. • Reuse the damaged parts for manufacturing other goods. • Process the non-reusable parts into sheet materials (chipboard, OSB), use them as fillers or fuel briquettes.

3 3

TIMBER: SQUARED BEAM

L I T T E R

B I N

OBSERVATIONS: • modular construction allows for easy repair and replacement of individual parts; • resistant to various weather conditions; • the surface is quick to dry after precipitation; • individual modular parts are simple to install; • wide colour palette available; • the coating is fast to come off; • requires constant maintenance (washing, scraping); • gets heavily fouled, the design has many small niches and thus is high maintenance.

WOOD:

LIT TER

BIN

WOOD:

LIT TER

BIN

WOOD:

LIT TER

BIN

3 4

ANALYSIS: REDUCE

there’s a potential for waste optimisation during designing and production

MAINTAIN+REPAIR

REUSE+REDISTRIBUTE

REMANUFACTURE

RECYCLE

WOOD:

modular construction allows for easy repair and replacement of individual parts; under certain conditions can be restored to pristine condition easy to relocate and reuse (if the object is upkept and individual parts aren’t damaged)

DISASSEMBLY / ASSEMBLY

TRANSPORTATION

STORAGE CONDITIONS

mostly easy to install (depending on the design)

small in size; modular construction allows for spacesaving transportation

requires dry storage

in some cases, damaged parts can be reused for manufacturing other goods

in some cases, damaged parts have high potential for recycling (return materials are converted to plate stock, fuel briquettes and firewood) LIT TER

BIN

WOOD:

LIT TER

BIN

WOOD:

LIT TER

BIN

RECOMMENDATIONS: • Apply low-waste methods of wood processing. • Design modular structures, so that it’s easy to replace individual parts. • Design insert elements for litter bins, in order to facilitate maintenance, decrease soiling on the main object, and prolong its working lifespan. • Pay consideration to the right technologies and selection of materials for the outdoor exploitation in order to prolong the service life. • Perform regular and timely maintenance and repair the damaged parts (in particular, refresh the damage coating) as soon as possible. • Pay consideration to the coating materials, avoiding toxicants and coatings produced with high CO2 emissions. • Use weatherproof coating materials. • Reuse the damaged parts for manufacturing other goods. • Process the non-reusable parts into sheet materials (chipboard, OSB).

3 5

TIMBER: SQUARED BEAM, PLANK, LOG

P L A Y G R O U N D

OBSERVATIONS: • resistant to various weather conditions; • the surface is quick to dry after precipitation, especially when ventilated well; • the parts that are in direct contact with sand or soil dry poorly and require additional anti-rot wood preservative treatment; • some parts may be reused for other projects; • individual parts are easy to repair and replace; • the parts are easy to install; • modular construction allows for replacement of individual parts, they are easy to install and simple in maintenance; • wood will neither overheat in warm weather nor become too cold in winter, which makes a comfortable seating; • can be quite durable given the appropriate maintenance (renewal of the oil coating, etc.)

WOOD:

PL AYGROUND

WOOD:

PL AYGROUND

WOOD:

PL AYGROUND

3 6

ANALYSIS: REDUCE

there’s a potential for waste optimisation during production

MAINTAIN+REPAIR

REUSE+REDISTRIBUTE

REMANUFACTURE

RECYCLE

WOOD:

under certain conditions can be restored to pristine condition

easy to relocate and reuse (if the object is upkept and individual parts aren’t damaged)

DISASSEMBLY / ASSEMBLY

TRANSPORTATION

STORAGE CONDITIONS

often has unique elements; not quite easy to install

non compact dimensions impact the transportation

requires dry storage

in some cases, damaged parts can be reused for manufacturing other goods

high potential for recycling (return materials are converted to plate stock and firewood)

PL AYGROUND

WOOD:

PL AYGROUND

WOOD:

PL AYGROUND

RECOMMENDATIONS: • • • • • • • • • • •

Process the non-reusable parts into sheet materials (chipboard, OSB). Pay close consideration to modularity, which makes it possible to replace individual parts. When developing the design, consider the method of installation in order to make it the most resource-efficient. When developing the design, consider the methods of transportation and storage in order to improve space-saving. Pay consideration to the right technologies and selection of materials for the outdoor exploitation in order to prolong the service life. Perform a regular and timely maintenance and repair the damaged parts (in particular, refresh the damage coating) as soon as possible. Pay consideration to the coating materials, avoiding toxicants and coatings produced with high CO2 emissions. Use weatherproof coating materials. Apply the anti-rot wood preservative on the parts that are in direct contact with sand or soil. Reuse the damaged parts for manufacturing other goods. Process the non-reusable parts into sheet materials (chipboard, OSB).

3 7

G E N E R A L

I N F O R M A T I O N

P R O P E R T I E S :

Steel has unique qualities and remains strong even when deformed. It keeps the frame structures durable and flexible and has fast thermal response. This material is high maintenance yet easy to repair. It doesn’t lose its characteristics during processing, yet demands extreme temperatures and high-end technology. Has a high carbon footprint of 3200 kg per 1 ton. As of today, steel is one of the most recyclable materials in the world.

R E C O M M E N D A T I O N S :

When developing the design, it is essential to consider the efficient use of material in structures to reduce usage. Requires proper coating and treatment.

TYPE OF METAL: NON-CIRCULAR IRON TUBE

B E N C H

OBSERVATIONS: • the metal performs as a framework; • has a potential for high durability and anti-vandal functionality of the goods; • solid frameworks are the most common, which means full replacement of the structure should the loss of use occur; • iron needs regular upkeep, namely repainting and recoating for corrosion prevention; • wide colour palette and shape variability available; • smaller openwork parts are hard to upkeep; • relatively easy in washing and upkeeping given the appropriate design.

METAL:

BENCH

METAL:

BENCH

METAL:

BENCH

4 0

ANALYSIS: REDUCE

MAINTAIN+REPAIR

allows for designing modular constructions where individual parts are easily replaceable

REUSE+REDISTRIBUTE

REMANUFACTURE

TRANSPORTATION

STORAGE CONDITIONS

easy to relocate and reuse

mostly easy to install (depending on the design)

solid frameworks are not spaceefficient; designing modular construction allows for better space-efficiency

solid frameworks are not spaceefficient; no special storage conditions reguired; humidity does not bode well for storing iron

has a potential for reuse in other items

RECYCLE

METAL:

DISASSEMBLY / ASSEMBLY

has a potential for material usage optimisation during production

metal is recycled to original material, keeping its characteristics

BENCH

METAL:

BENCH

METAL:

BENCH

RECOMMENDATIONS: РЕКОМЕНДАЦІЇ: • When designing the structure, optimise the amount of material for providing durable framework for estimated load. • Design the pre-cast composite construction consisting of replaceable individual modular parts. • Design the items as simple clean as possible, free of unnecessary elements, in order to simplify the upkeep and cleaning. • Opt for durable paint coating. • Opt for less toxic coatings. • Upkeep the item’s surface in order to prevent corrosion.

4 1

TYPE OF METAL: ALUMINIUM; IRON; SHEET / PERFORATED METAL

METAL:

LIT TER

BIN,

CL ADDED

L I T T E R

B I N ,

C L A D D E D

OBSERVATIONS: • solid structures made of sheet metal are difficult to upkeep; they need regular and thorough cleaning; • metal structures are quick to lose their aesthetics due to low-quality coating or wrong type of metal; • solid metal structures are difficult to repair, thus often the whole thing has to be replaced; • thin sheet metal fails in being vandal-proof and thus is easily deformed, often leading to the item losing its aesthetics; • smaller openwork parts are hard to upkeep; such elements are often hard to repair or replace; • a large number of litter bins are fixed to an additional concrete “platform”; • such bins condition excessive usage of disposable plastic bags.

METAL:

LIT TER

BIN,

CL ADDED

4 2

ANALYSIS: REDUCE

has a potential for material usage optimisation during production

MAINTAIN+REPAIR

REUSE+REDISTRIBUTE

REMANUFACTURE

TRANSPORTATION

STORAGE CONDITIONS

mostly easy to install (depending on the design)

relatively lightweight element, easy to transport, portability may be improved by the devices of design

has a potential for improving portability by the devices of design. No special storage conditions required. Humidity does not bode well for storing iron

has a potential for reuse in other items. Iron is prone to quick loss of aesthetics

RECYCLE

METAL:

allows for designing modular constructions where individual parts are easily replaceable, yet the thin sheet metal is prone to deformation and loss of aesthetics, and is difficult to repair easy to relocate and reuse

DISASSEMBLY / ASSEMBLY

metal is the most recyclable material; however, this practice is currently underdeveloped in Ukraine, in particular due to the lack of technology LIT TER

BIN,

CL ADDED

METAL:

LIT TER

BIN,

CL ADDED

RECOMMENDATIONS: РЕКОМЕНДАЦІЇ: • • • •

Decrease the amount of material to a bear minimum needed for functional use. Design modular structures, enabling the replacement of individual parts. Ensure that the metal sheet’s gage is sufficient in order to increase the item’s durability. Design insert elements for litter bins, in order to facilitate maintenance, decrease soiling on the main object, and prolong its working lifespan. • When designing the structure, avoid making smaller openwork parts in order to simplify the cleaning and overall upkeep. • Iron items require coating for corrosion prevention, and regular recoating. • Whenever possible, design the structure with intention of direct installation in the ground, without the additional platform of concrete. This method provides for easier installation / removal and decreases construction waste after the product’s working lifespan is over.

4 3

TECHNOLOGY: GALVANISED SHEET METAL

L I T T E R B I N , I N S E R T E L E M E N T OBSERVATIONS: • solid structures made of sheet metal are difficult to upkeep; they need regular and thorough cleaning; • thin sheet metal structures are quick to lose their aesthetics; • excessive usage of disposable plastic bags; • insert elements are quick to lose their aesthetics due to low-quality coating or wrong type of metal; • any type of formation on the structure complicates its upkeep and cleaning; • baskets made of soft or thin sheets of metal fail to be vandal-proof.

METAL:

LIT TER

BIN,

INSERT

ELEMENT

METAL:

LIT TER

BIN,

INSERT

ELEMENT

4 4

ANALYSIS: REDUCE

material usage optimisation is hard due to the structure being required to be capacious and durable enough to ensure better efficiency and vandal resistance

MAINTAIN+REPAIR

REUSE+REDISTRIBUTE

REMANUFACTURE

RECYCLE

METAL:

iron sheet metal is easily soiled and hard to repair

easy to relocate and reuse, yet iron structures are quick to lose their aesthetics

DISASSEMBLY / ASSEMBLY

TRANSPORTATION

insert elements, don’t require specific installation techniques

relatively lightweight element, easy to transport, portability may be improved by the devices of design

STORAGE CONDITIONS

has a potential for improving portability by the devices of design. No special storage conditions required. Humidity does not bode well for storing iron

iron structures are quick to lose their aesthetics, thus making individual parts unfit for reuse

metal is the most recyclable material; however, this practice is currently underdeveloped in Ukraine, in particular due to the lack of technology LIT TER

BIN,

INSERT

ELEMENT

METAL:

LIT TER

BIN,

INSERT

ELEMENT

RECOMMENDATIONS: РЕКОМЕНДАЦІЇ: • Ensure that the metal sheet’s gage is sufficient in order to increase the item’s durability. • Design insert elements for litter bins, in order to facilitate maintenance, decrease soiling on the insert element, and prolong its working lifespan. • The design should be free of any formations in order to facilitate cleaning and upkeep. • The design should be free of joints and welding seams, with every possible corner rounded, in order to facilitate cleaning and upkeep. • Replace iron with stainless steel, which is more durable and weather-proof, is easier to upkeep and has a longer working lifespan. • The metal surface should be as smooth as possible to ensure the cleanliness of the structure and prevent litter from sticking to the walls. • Avoid varnish-and-paint coating in order to extend the working lifespan.

4 5

TYPE OF METAL: ALUMINIUM; CAST IRON; SHEET PERFORATED METAL; NON-CIRCULAR TUBE

METAL:

LIT TER

BIN,

FR AME

L I T T E R

B I N ,

F R A M E

OBSERVATIONS: • the metal serves as the frame (the structural units); • has a potential for high durability and anti-vandal functionality of the goods; • solid frameworks are the most common, which means full replacement of the structure should the loss of use occur; • iron need regular repainting and recoating; • wide colour palette and shape variability available; • smaller openwork parts are hard to upkeep; • relatively easy in washing and upkeeping given the appropriate design.

METAL:

LIT TER

BIN,

FR AME

4 6

ANALYSIS: REDUCE

has a potential for material usage optimisation during production

MAINTAIN+REPAIR

allows for designing modular constructions where individual parts are easily replaceable

REUSE+REDISTRIBUTE

REMANUFACTURE

TRANSPORTATION

STORAGE CONDITIONS

easy to install, provided that there’s no need to make an additional platform of concrete

easy to transport; designing modular construction instead of solid structures allows for better space-efficiency

compact element; no special storage conditions required; humidity does not bode well for storing iron

individual parts are quick to lose their aesthetics due to lowquality materials, thus making them unfit for reuse in other structures

RECYCLE

METAL:

easy to relocate and reuse

DISASSEMBLY / ASSEMBLY

metal is the most recyclable material; however, this practice is currently underdeveloped in Ukraine, in particular due to the lack of technology LIT TER

BIN,

FR AME

METAL:

LIT TER

BIN,

FR AME

4 7

METAL: IRON SHEET OR NON-CIRCULAR TUBE

C Y C L E

( B I K E )

R A C K

OBSERVATIONS: • has a potential for high durability and anti-vandal functionality of the goods; • solid structure, full replacement is required in case of loss of use; • iron needs regular repainting and recoating; • laconic design allows for east upkeep and cleaning; • wide colour palette and shape variability available; • simple to install.

METAL:

C YCLE

(BIKE)

R ACK

METAL:

C YCLE

(BIKE)

R ACK

4 8

ANALYSIS: REDUCE

has a potential for material usage optimisation during production

MAINTAIN+REPAIR

modular constructions where individual parts are easily replaceable; the upkeep requires recoating

REUSE+REDISTRIBUTE

REMANUFACTURE

TRANSPORTATION

STORAGE CONDITIONS

laconic design, simple to install (especially when the construction is modular)

relatively compact structure easy to transport

compact element; no special storage conditions required; humidity does not bode well for storing iron

individual parts are quick to lose their aesthetics due to lowquality materials, thus making them unfit for reuse in other structures

RECYCLE

METAL:

easy to relocate and reuse

DISASSEMBLY / ASSEMBLY

metal is the most recyclable material; however, this practice is currently underdeveloped in Ukraine, in particular due to the lack of technology C YCLE

(BIKE)

R ACK

METAL:

C YCLE

(BIKE)

R ACK

RECOMMENDATIONS: РЕКОМЕНДАЦІЇ: • When designing the structure, optimise the amount of material for providing durable framework for estimated load. • Opt for durable paint coating. • Opt for less toxic coatings. • Upkeep the item’s surface coating in order to prevent corrosion. • Design the items as simple clean as possible, in order to simplify the upkeep and cleaning.

4 9

METAL: IRON SHEET, STAINLESS STEEL

P L A Y G R O U N D

OBSERVATIONS: • durable and vandal-proof material for the playground’s structural section; • relatively simple to upkeep; requires regular recoating in order to prevent corrosion; • solid structure, full replacement is required in case of loss of use; • iron needs regular repainting and recoating; • wide colour palette and shape variability available; • smaller openwork parts are hard to upkeep; • stainless steel is easy to upkeep and clean; • sheet stainless steel is prone to deformation in case the gage is insufficient.

METAL:

PL AYGROUND

METAL:

PL AYGROUND

METAL:

PL AYGROUND

5 0

ANALYSIS: REDUCE

has a potential for material usage optimisation during production

MAINTAIN+REPAIR

REUSE+REDISTRIBUTE

REMANUFACTURE

RECYCLE

METAL:

allows for designing modular constructions where individual parts are easily replaceable / repairable

easy to relocate and reuse

DISASSEMBLY / ASSEMBLY

TRANSPORTATION

STORAGE CONDITIONS

large deployable structures; the complexity of installation depends on whether they’re solid or modular often large-format structures; have a potential for being more space efficient when disassembled due to designing modular constructions instead of solid pieces solid frameworks are not spaceefficient, yet have a potential for improving portability by the devices of design; no special storage conditions required; humidity does not bode well for storing iron

individual parts are designed for a specific model, thus often making them difficult to reuse in other structures. Individual parts are prone to losing their aesthetics due to low-quality materials metal is the most recyclable material; however, this practice is currently underdeveloped in Ukraine, in particular due to the lack of technology

PL AYGROUND

METAL:

PL AYGROUND

METAL:

PL AYGROUND

RECOMMENDATIONS: РЕКОМЕНДАЦІЇ: • When designing the structure, optimise the amount of material for providing durable framework for estimated load. • Design the items as simple clean as possible, in order to simplify the upkeep and cleaning. • Ensure that the gage of the sheet stainless steel elements is optimal for ensuring durability. • Design modular constructions where individual parts are easily replaceable. • Opt for durable paint coating. • Opt for less toxic coatings. • Timely upkeep the item’s surface coating in order to prevent corrosion.

5 1

METAL: IRON SHEET, STAINLESS STEEL

R A I L I N G S

OBSERVATIONS: • durable vandal-proof material; • has a potential for high strength; • the railings mainly consist of separate sections that can be replaced if damaged; • iron needs regular repainting and recoating; • wide colour palette and shape variability available; • smaller openwork parts are hard to upkeep; • stainless steel surfaces are easier in upkeep and cleaning; • require regular recoating in order to prevent corrosion.

METAL:

R AILINGS

METAL:

R AILINGS

METAL:

R AILINGS

5 2

ANALYSIS: REDUCE

MAINTAIN+REPAIR

consists of individual sections that are easily replaceable

REUSE+REDISTRIBUTE

REMANUFACTURE

relatively easy to relocate and reuse

TRANSPORTATION

STORAGE CONDITIONS

easy to install, easily replaceable unified sections

relatively compact structure easy to transport

relatively compact structure; no special storage conditions required; humidity does not bode well for storing iron

a whole section is unlikely to be usable in other structures, while simpler parts can be adapted to other structures

RECYCLE

METAL:

DISASSEMBLY / ASSEMBLY

has a potential for material usage optimisation during production

metal is the most recyclable material; however, this practice is currently underdeveloped in Ukraine, in particular due to the lack of technology R AILINGS

METAL:

R AILINGS

METAL:

R AILINGS

RECOMMENDATIONS: РЕКОМЕНДАЦІЇ: • When designing the structure, optimise the amount of material for providing durable framework for estimated load. • Design the items as simple clean as possible, in order to simplify the upkeep and cleaning and have the possibility of reusing individual parts in other structures. • Opt for durable paint coating for iron details. • Opt for less toxic coatings. • Upkeep the item’s surface coating in order to prevent corrosion. • Designing the structures to be demountable facilitates optimal storage, transportation and installation.

5 3

METAL: NON-CIRCULAR TUBE : IRON, STAINLESS STEEL

METAL:

BOLL ARD

B O L L A R D

OBSERVATIONS: • has a potential for high durability and anti-vandal functionality of the goods; • iron needs regular repainting and recoating; • laconic design allows for east upkeep; • wide colour palette and shape variability available; • stainless steel surfaces are easier in upkeep and cleaning; • bollards are often unnoticed (especially at nighttime); • often installed at unoptimised spacing, sometimes obstructing the pedestrian traffic.

METAL:

BOLL ARD

METAL:

BOLL ARD

5 4

ANALYSIS: REDUCE

MAINTAIN+REPAIR

individual bollards are easy to replace and to repair

REUSE+REDISTRIBUTE

REMANUFACTURE

relatively easy to relocate and reuse

TRANSPORTATION

STORAGE CONDITIONS

simple to install, well-suited for limiting vehicle parking where needed

relatively compact structure easy to transport

compact element; no special storage conditions required; humidity does not bode well for storing iron

the non-circular tubes can be repurposed for other structures

RECYCLE

METAL:

DISASSEMBLY / ASSEMBLY

has a potential for material usage optimisation during production

metal is the most recyclable material; however, this practice is currently underdeveloped in Ukraine, in particular due to the lack of technology BOLL ARD

METAL:

BOLL ARD

METAL:

BOLL ARD

RECOMMENDATIONS: РЕКОМЕНДАЦІЇ: • • • • •

Optimise the amount of material for providing durable framework for sufficient but not excessive load. Design the items as simple clean as possible, in order to simplify the upkeep and cleaning. Opt for durable paint coating. Opt for less toxic coatings. Upkeep the metal structures in order to prevent corrosion.

5 5

ANALYSIS OF MATERIALS IN IVANO-FRANKIVSK PUBLIC SPACES

Articles inside

RAILINGS

BENCH

PLAYGROUND

CYCLE (BIKE) RACK

LITTER BIN, FRAME

LITTER BIN, INSERT ELEMENT

LITTER BIN, CLADDED

PLAYGROUND

LITTER BIN

BENCH

LITTER BIN

BENCH

FLOWERBED

PAVER BLOCKS

PAVER BLOCKS (GRASS PAVERS

BOLLARD

KERBSIDE