METROPOLITAN DESIGN CENTER
COMO/FRONT/DALE RE-THINKING THE INTERSECTION
To create the walkable city in the automobile age, emphasis will need to shift from almost total auto orientation, to acceptance and promotion of pedestrian and bicycle access at all levels. The regulatory environment will need to shift toward encouragement of walkability, and the design and planing professions will need to work toward creation of integrated pedestrian access at all scales of movement.
CONTEXT Successful approaches will vary by culture, place, and city size. Nevertheless, a few attributes are likley to contribute to quality of path context in most urban and suburban settings: scale of street space, presence of street trees and other landscape elements, views, visible activity and transparency, scale, and coherence of built form. The important thing is to engage the pedestrian’s interest along the route.
Como Como Park Dale Street
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Payne-Phalen
North End
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St. Anthony Park Front Avenue
I-35E
Intersection
Hamline-Midway
Thomas-Dale
University Avenue Dayton’s Bluff Downtown
I- 94
Merriam Park, Lexington-Hamline
Downtown St. Paul
Summit-University
Summit Hill Macalester-Groveland
Mississippi River West Seventh
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Because it is a six-legged intersection, the angles of the streets create challenging site lines and a vast amount of pavement in the middle, making pedestrian crossings long and lanes difficult to discern for vehicles. Additional challenges include deep building set backs, lack of mature trees, monotonous materials, and high speeds of traffic.
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Av en
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W Front Avenue
W Stinson Street
Calvary Cemetery
W Burgess Street
W Topping Street
Area of study Map showing the site context.
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Crossroads Elementary School
Intersection
Using the principles of Complete Streets and case sensitive design guidelines, the project explored how to make the intersection more safe, accessible, and attractive to all forms of transportation including vehicles, bicycles, and pedestrians.
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W Lawson Avenue
W Hatch Avenue
The immediate area surrounding the intersection is primarily commercial, nestled within a residential neighborhood with industrial use south and east of the intersection. There is an elementary school to the northeast of the intersection, and the Calvary Cemetery lies to the southwest.
Miles
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N Dale Street
The intersection of Como Avenue, Front Avenue, and Dale Street lies in the North End neighborhood of St. Paul, on a fulcrum point between Como Park, Downtown St. Paul, and University Avenue. Traffic moves through the area at high speeds, as Dale Street is a major arterial carrying truck and bus traffic, Front also carries bus traffic, and Como connects bicycle and vehicle traffic from Como Park to Downtown St. Paul.
Map of St. Paul, Minnesota, showing the site in orange.
N Kent Street
Neighborhood Context
West Side
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Existing Conditions 46’ Drive 12’ Drive 11’
Drive 12’
Drive 11’
Dr Pa Dr ive/ r ive Bik k 8 /B e 1 ’ i k Pa e 4’ rk 14’ 8’ 44’
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N Dale Street
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Av en
66’ Drive 13’
40’
Drive 13’
Park 8’ Drive 12’ Drive 12’ Park 8’
Drive 13’ Median 6’ Turn 10’ Drive 11’
ue
W Front Avenue
40’
Park 8’ Drive 12’ Drive 12’ Park 8’
B Dr ike Tu ive 8’ (v D rn 11 arie s) B riv 15 ’ Pa ike e 11 ’ rk 6’ ’ 8’
60’ (varies)
89’ Park 13’ Drive 11’ Drive 11’ Turn 12’ Median 6’ Drive 12’ Drive 11’ Park 13’
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200
Scale 1”=100’
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Aerial of Como-Front-Dale Intersection in St. Paul, MN provided by the City of St. Paul
Intersection
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PERCEPTION OF SPACE Addressing Issues of Safety, Wayfinding, and Perception The spatial envelope of the intersection is immense: in places there is close to 400 feet between building facades, creating a vast sea of concrete and asphalt with little to no definition. The space is so large and open that the footprint of the St. Paul Cathedral, at 216’ wide and 307’ long, fits within the intersection. An edge defining the space could be formed by solid vertical elements such as building facades
or more permeable edges such as trees or other plantings. Other design interventions such as colored or textured pavement, bollards, planted medians, street furniture, and curb bump outs visually break up large spaces into smaller segments, making it feel smaller and increasing its readability for both pedestrians and vehicles. These design elements in turn increase safety by slowing traffic, and contribute to increased economic activity by making the space more
attractive and accessible to pedestrians. There are also critical environmental implications of impermeable, paved areas, as water runs off and contributes to flooding and poor water quality. Increasing permeable surfaces through choice of materials can mediate this issue, as well as increase the quality of the space.
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0 This graphic shows the visual void of the existing space, demonstrating the issues of scale and space perception in the intersection.
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Scale 1”=100’
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Existing Conditions
Proposed Modifications
Vehicles encroach onto sidewalk due to lack of edge
Planted edge reduces vehicle encroachment and creates shade
Parking lots abutting street edge create large areas of pavement, reducing pedestrian comfort
Plantings create a permeable wall to the street edge, increasing pedestrian comfort and slowing traffic
Wide swaths of pavement make wayfinding difficult and create a monotonous environment
Colored, patterned pavement increases readability of intersection, as well as visually breaks up a large space into smaller segments
Impermeable surfaces lead to stormwater runoff, increasing pollutant loads and flooding
Permeable pavers increase infiltration of water, improving water quality in lakes and rivers downstream and reducing flooding
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B
Lack of trees increases noise and heat island effect
Planted medians reduce speeds, cool streets, and visually break up space Narrower lanes slow traffic and increase safety
Wide lanes and streets increase vehicle speeds, reducing safety
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Scale 1”=200’
263’
EXISTING Como Avenue
Dale Street Building
Parking Lot
Sidewalk
Drive 11’
Drive 11’
Turn 12’
Drive 12’
Drive 11’
Pedestrian Island
Right Turn Lane
Sidewalk
Building
PROPOSED Como Avenue
Dale Street Building
Stormwater Planter and Permeable Pavement
Sidewalk
Colored Pavement
Extended Curb
Stormwater Planter
Sidewalk
Building
Section A: N. Dale Street and W. Como
Scale 1”=50’
EXISTING 390’
Como Avenue
Dale Street
Lot
Sidewalk
Lot
Building
Sidewalk
Bike 8’
Drive 11’
Turn 15’
Drive 11’
Bike 8’
Sidewalk
Drive 11’
Drive 11’
Turn 12’
Median 6’
Drive 12’
Drive 11’
Sidewalk
Parking Lot
Building
PROPOSED
Como Avenue
Dale Street
Building
Stormwater Planter Colored Bike Lane
Colored Bike Lane
Sidewalk with Bollards
Planted Median
Colored Pavement
Stormwater Planter
Sidewalk
Stormwater Planter and Permeable Pavement
Building
Section B: S. Dale Street and E. Como
Scale 1”=50’
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ALTERNATIVE ONE Changing the Perception of Space Through Demarcation and Planting Walkability is increasingly valued for a variety of reasons. Not only does pedestrian transportation reduce congestion and have environmental impact, it has social and recreational value. Recent research suggests that walking also promotes mental and physical health. The quality of the pedestrian environment is key to encouraging people to choose walking over driving. Drive 12’ Drive 11’
Drive 11’ Drive 12’
Pa D rk M rive 8’ D ed 11 Pa rive ian ’ rk 11 6’ 8’ ’ 44’
46’
Drive 13’
Drive 13’ Median 6’ Turn 10’ Drive 11’ Drive 13’ 66’
Park 8’ Drive 12’ Drive 12’ Park 8’
40’
40’
Park 8’ Drive 12’ Drive 12’ Park 8’
60’ (varies)
Bi D ke M rive 8’ (v e D di 11 ari es B rive an ’ ) Pa ike 11 15’ rk 6’ ’ 8’
89’ Park 8’ Drive 11’ Drive 11’ Turn 11’ Median 18’ Drive 11’ Drive 11’ Park 8’
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Scale 1”=100’
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Intersection
Dale Street, South section
Como Avenue, East section
Maintain existing number of lanes Introduce new planted medians Shorten crosswalks by aligning perpendicular to each street Colored pavement or pavers in crosswalks and intersection Colored pavement or permeable pavers/ pavement in parking lanes Stormwater infiltration in roadside zone Permeable interlocking pavers in parking lots Bollards and new paving design on street corners
Narrow parking lanes to widen median Plant median Extend lines of street trees into the intersection
Change turn lane into planted median Colored pavement in bike lanes
Dale Street, North section Shorten turn lane to extend median Plant median Extend lines of street trees into the intersection
Extend lines of street trees into the intersection
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Como Avenue, West section Narrow drive lanes to create planted median
Front Street, West section Front Street, East section Extend lines of street trees into the intersection
Street Sections
North Dale Street Section Scale 1”=25’
66’
Building
Sidewalk
Planted Edge
Permeable Pavers
Stormwater Planter
Building
Outdoor Patio Space
Sidewalk
Stormwater Planter
Park 8’ Colored Permeable Pavers Drive 11’
Sidewalk
Planted Buffer
Park 8’ Colored Permeable Pavers
Drive 11’ Shared Bike/Car Lane
Planted Median 6’
Drive 11’ Shared Bike/Car Lane
Scale 1”=25’
Drive 11’
Turn 11’
Planted Median 18’
Drive 11’
Park 8’ Colored Permeable Pavers
Planted Buffer
Sidewalk
60’ (varies)
East Como Avenue Section
Sidewalk
Scale 1”=25’
Drive 13’
Drive 13’
Planted Median 6’
Turn 10’ Drive 11’
Scale 1”=25’
Park 8’ Colored Permeable Pavers Stormwater Planter Sidewalk
Building
West Como Avenue Section
Drive 11’
Drive 13’
Sidewalk
Planted Edge
89’ South Dale Street Section
44’
Building
Sidewalk
Stormwater Planter
Colored Bike Lane 8’ (varies)
Drive 11’
Planted Median 15’
Drive 11’
Colored Bike Lane 6’
Park 8’ Colored Permeable Pavers
Sidewalk
Building
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IMPLEMENTING OUTCOMES
Existing Conditions: Intersection
Trees create edge to street and provide shade
Colored paving in intersection Shorter crosswalks reduce pedestrian crossing time
Minnesota State Flower emblem in roadway
Bollards protect pedestrians Plantings buffer sidewalk
Improved sidewalk paving
Proposed Modifications
Increasing the Quality of Pedestrian Space Colored pavement visually breaks up the intersection, alerting drivers that they have entered into a new area. Crosswalks are realigned to be perpendicular to the curb edges, reducing pedestrian crossing time and forcing vehicles to stop further back from the intersection. Planted edges form a buffer along the corners and sidewalks, reduce the impermeable surface area of the street, and contribute cooling and visual interest to the pedestrian experience. Bollards protect pedestrians from encroaching vehicles, and improved sidewalk paving further differentiates the space and creates interest. Trees are planted closer to the intersection,
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allowing site lines while increasing the amount of shade in the intersection and forming a vertical edge to the space. These interventions make the street more appealing to pedestrians and assist vehicles and bicyclists with wayfinding.
Existing Conditions: Northeast Parking Lot
Trees create shade and edge to street Planted median
Colored bike lane Plantings buffer sidewalk and filter stormwater runoff Bollards indicate edge of parking lot
Permeable paving in parking lot infiltrates water
Improved sidewalk paving
Plantings buffer sidewalk and filter stormwater runoff
Proposed Modifications
Mediating Stormwater Runoff and Delineating Space Trees planted along the parking lot create an edge to the street, differentiating the space and providing shade for pedestrians. Permeable paving in the parking lot reduces stormwater runoff by allowing water to infiltrate into the ground, and creates visual interest. Planting beds along the periphery of the parking lot also reduce the amount of stormwater runoff through infiltration, as well as buffer the sidewalk from encroaching vehicles. Colored bike lanes increase the safety of bicyclists by making them more apparent, and improved sidewalk paving clearly separates the sidewalk from the roadway. A planted median breaks up the expansive
amount of asphalt pavement, increasing safety and cooling the street by providing shade and evapotranspiration.
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ALTERNATIVE TWO Sharing the Road for Complete Streets: Adding Bike Lanes 46’
12’ Bike lane w/ buffer Drive 11’
44’
Drive 11’ Bike lane w/ buffer 12’
Pa D rk M rive 8’ e D d 11 Pa rive ian ’ rk 11 6’ 8’ ’
12’ Bike lane w/ buffer Drive 11’ Median 9’ Turn 11’ Drive 11’ Bike lane w/ buffer 12’ 66’
Park 8’ Bike 6’ Drive 11’ Drive/bike 15’
Bike 6’ Drive 11’ 40’ Drive/bike 15’ Park 8’
40’
60’ (varies)
Bi Dr ke 8 M ive ’ (v D edi 11’ arie s) Bi rive an 1 Pa ke 11’ 5’ rk 6’ 8’
89’
Reduce number of driving lanes to one in each direction, for one block on every street beyond the intersection Remove channelized turn lane on west corner of Como & Front and move crosswalks closer to intersection Allow for biking on all streets Shorten crosswalks by aligning perpendicular to each street Colored pavement or pavers in crosswalks and intersection Colored pavement or permeable pavers/ pavement in parking lanes Stormwater infiltration in roadside zone Permeable interlocking pavers in parking lots Bollards and new paving design on street corners
Park 8’ Bike w/ buffer 12’ Drive 11’
Median 27’ Drive 11’ Bike w/ buffer 12’ Park 8’
Intersection
Dale Street, South section Remove one lane in either direction Widen and plant medians Extend bump-out on east side of street immediately south of intersection Extend lines of street trees into the intersection Add mid-block crosswalk Colored bike lanes in either direction Include bike lane buffers Dale Street, North section Remove one lane in either direction Shorten turn lane Widen and plant medians Extend lines of street trees into the intersection Colored bike lanes, with buffers, in either direction Como Avenue, West section Narrow drive lanes to create planted median
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Scale 1”=100’
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Como Avenue, East section Change turn lane into planted median Colored pavement in bike lanes Bump out on south side for trees Front Street, West section Remove existing parking lane on south side of street to make widened lane to be shared between bikes and cars Extend lines of street trees into the intersection Colored pavement in bike lane on north side Front Street, East section Remove existing parking lane on north side of street to make widened lane to be shared between bikes and cars on south side Extend lines of street trees into the intersection Colored pavement in bike lane on north side
Sections
North Dale Street Section Scale 1”=25’
66’
Building
Sidewalk
Permeable Pavers
Stormwater Planter
Sidewalk
Colored Bike Lane w/ Buffer 12’ Drive 11’
Planted Median 9’
Turn 11’
Drive 11’
Colored Bike Lane w/ Buffer 12’
Sidewalk
South Dale Street Section
Scale 1”=25’
89’
Building
Outdoor Patio
Sidewalk
Stormwater Planter
Park 8’ Colored Permeable Pavers Colored Bike Lane w/ Buffer 12’
Drive 11’
Planted Median 27’
Drive 11’
Colored Bike Lane w/ Buffer 12’ Park 8’ Colored Permeable Pavers Stormwater Planter
Sidewalk
Building
East Front Street Section
Scale 1”=25’
40’
Building
Sidewalk Stormwater Planter Colored Bike Lane 6’ Drive 11’
Drive/bike 15’ Park 8’ Colored Permeable Pavers
Sidewalk
Building
West Front Street Section
Scale 1”=25’
40’
Sidewalk
Stormwater Planter
Park 8’ Colored Permeable Pavers
Colored Bike Lane 6’
Drive 11’
Drive/bike 15’
Stormwater Planter
Sidewalk
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CASE STUDIES Increasing Safety 1. Bollards •Protect pedestrians from encroaching vehicles •Can double as light elements •Direct pedestrian movement
1 2. Paving •Color and material variation •Permeable asphalt •Interlocking pavers •Stamped and colored concrete
2 3. Medians •Provide refuge for pedestrians crossing wide streets •Visually break up width of street, especially if they are planted or painted •Slow traffic •Create space for vegetation, cooling streets and visually reducing space
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4. Crosswalks •Crosswalks protected by median nose •Crossings offset from corners •Colored crosswalks •Raised crosswalks •Contrasting paving pattern to increase readability of crosswalks 4 5. Bike lane treatments •Bike boxes at intersections increase visibility of bicyclists •Colored bike lanes, using either paint or thermoplastic material •Buffered bike lanes give bicyclists greater distance from vehicles •Share the road markings indicate vehicles and bicyclists use the same space
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Increasing the Quality of Pedestrian Space
1. Street furniture •Provide pedestrians with places to sit •Perform multiple functions as planters, barriers, or sculptural elements along with being seating elements
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2. Landscape Plantings •Form a barrier between vehicular traffic and pedestrian traffic •Contribute to sensory experience and visual interest through smell, texture, and color •Provide shade and cooling through evapotranspiration •Increase animal and insect habitat •Contribute to identity of street 3. Lighting •Add visual interest to streetscape •Enhance night safety
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4. Stormwater •Slow the flow of water •Allow for retention, infiltration, and/or conveyance of water •Contribute to evapotranspiration, cooling the surrounding environment •Cool water and filter pollutants •Prevent soil erosion and create habitat
5. Complete streets •Accommodate all modes of transportation •Improve safety •Encourage walking and biking for health •Lower transportation costs for people •Enable creation of strong communities •Provide accessibility for children, seniors, and people with disabilities •Foster economic development
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RESOLVING STORMWATER RUNOFF Design Approaches 1. Flow-through planters* •Are waterproofed basins that retain and filter water •Cool water and filter pollutants before water reaches water bodies or water table •Reduce stormwater flow and volume •Provide a barrier between vehicular traffic and pedestrian traffic and create habitat •Ideal in poorly drained soils and compact sites
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2. Infiltration planters* •Have open bottoms to allow water to infiltrate into ground •Contribute to groundwater recharge •Cool water and filter pollutants •Reduce stormwater flow and volume •Provide barrier between vehicular traffic and pedestrian traffic and create habitat •Ideal for well-drained sites
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3. Vegetated swales* •Slow the flow of water •Allow for retention, infiltration, and/or conveyance of water •Contribute to evapotranspiration, cooling the surrounding environment •Cool water and filter pollutants before water reaches water bodies or water table •Prevent soil erosion and create habitat
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4. Permeable paving •Allow for infiltration and filtering of water •Options include grass pavers, permeable asphalt and concrete, interlocking pavers, and permeable composite pavers made from recycled materials 4 5. Modular systems for trees and stormwater (Silva Cells)** •Hold soil in voids between column/beam structure; a variety of soil types are possible •Support the weight of traffic without compacting soil •Retain or infiltrate water and allow for extensive root growth of large trees •Accommodate below ground infrastructure 6. Structural soils •Soil is roughly 80% crushed rock, 20% loam soil •Void spaces fill with soil, which is uncompacted due to rock, accommodating large tree growth •Drains quickly, reducing pollutant filtration and retention time •Type of rock used can affect the soil pH •Can fill oddly shaped spaces
*Adapted from the Portland Stormwater Manual **Adapted from DeepRoot site: http://www.deeproot.com/products/silva-cell/silva-cell-overview.html
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Stormwater Plants: Average To Dry Soils Wildflowers/Forbes
Grasses/Grass-Like
Shrubs/Small Trees
Agastache foeniculum/Giant Hyssop
Andropogon gerardii/Big Bluestem
Amelanchier laevis/ Serviceberry
Asclepias tuberosa/ Butterfly Milkweed
Bouteloua gracilis/Blue Grama
Corylus americana/ Hazelnut
Dalea purpurea/ Purple Prairie Clover
Carex pennsylvanica/ Pennsylvania Sedge
Diervilla lonicera/ Dwarf Bush Honeysuckle
Ratibida pinnata/Yellow Coneflower
Schizychyrium scoparium/Little Bluestem
Hamamelis virginiana/ American Witch Hazel
Rudbeckia hirta/ Black Eyed Susan
Sorghastrum nutans/Indian Grass
Viburnum atropurpurea/ Downy arrowwood
Water
Urban Soils
The Role of Plants
Ecosystems and precipitation have evolved together over time: in the absence of any built environment, the majority of water that falls as rain infiltrates into the earth, recharging aquifers and stabilizing the hydrologic system. In the conventional approach of land use practitioners, water is considered a nuisance that must be collected, conveyed, and discharged away from the place where it fell as rainwater, disrupting the hydrologic system and leading to erosion and flooding downstream, increased temperature of water, and increased sediment and chemical loads, all of which are potentially toxic to ecosystems and threaten human livelihoods.
In order to have healthy plants, healthy soil is critical. Healthy, undisturbed soil is made up of 50% void space, allowing for oxygen and water to flow through the soil freely. Undisturbed soil is broken down into horizons, with topsoil being the most nutrient rich, and occurring in variable amounts depending on the site. Below topsoil is the denser subsoil, and below that, the parent material, made up of decomposed rock from the solid rock below.
Plant leaves catch water and slow it down, as well as contribute to evapotranspiration which cools the atmosphere. Plants also filter sediment and pollutants mechanically by trapping particles amongst their stems, shoots, and roots. In addition, roots prevent erosion by holding soil in place. Certain plants are more able to handle the urban conditions of high salinity and pollution. These plants are the better choice for planting in roadside conditions.
Most urban soils suffer from compaction due to disruption of the soil profile. The stripping of topsoil and compaction requirements during construction processes contribute to this. Compaction and lack of vegetative cover leads to an impervious crust that causes water to run off the surface, disrupting the infiltration process as well as contributing to pollutant loads in water bodies.
Some plants have the ability to remediate polluted soils and water, a process referred to as phytoremediation. Plants can perform phytoremediation in several ways depending on the chemical and biological properties of the pollutant and the plant.
Solutions to reduce imperviousness include retaining the natural landscapes where possible, minimizing pavement, and promoting infiltration to the soil through plantings and permeable pavings.
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STREET TREES Benefits Of Trees
Trees have many benefits, and may be the design intervention that has the greatest transformative affect on streets. By differentiating space along the street edge, trees provide a permeable wall and a canopy for the roadway. The presence of trees increases the property value of businesses and homes. Trees also perform ecological functions: they provide shade and cooling through evapotranspiration, reducing the heat island effect, and provide shelter from winter winds. Trees create habitat for birds, animals, and insects, and reduce air pollution by absorbing pollutant gases and trapping particulates. Their roots reduce soil erosion, holding soil in place,
and trees can play a role in phytoremediation. Their leaves catch rain water, slowing it down and decreasing the rate of runoff. Trees also absorb carbon dioxide and give off oxygen. The list of trees provided is broken down into those that are appropriate for the site by size: small trees can be planted under power lines, and are suitable for Dale, Front or Como. The larger trees are best suited for areas without overhead obstructions. All of these trees perform well in urban conditions, where aerosol salts, compacted soils, and pollution affect the health of vegetation.
Small Trees Fragrant
Crataegus crusgali car. inermis/ Thornless Cockspur Hawthorn H 15+ W 20+ Drought tolerant
Prunus maackii/ Amur Choke Cherry H 18+ W 18+ Vivid bark; drought tolerant, but sensitive to salt runoff; needs pruning early in life
Maackia amurensis/Amur maackii H 18+ W 18+ Drought tolerant, adaptable to different soil pH. Salt sensitive.
Prunus virginiana/ Common Choke Cherry
Malus ‘Adams’/ Crabapple* H 10+ W 8+ Variety suitable for street use
Syringa reticulata/ Japanese Tree Lilac* H 15+ W 12+ Attractive bark, salt tolerant
Malus ‘Donald Wyman’/ Crabapple H 10+ W 8+ Variety suitable for street use
Viburnum lentago/ Nannyberry viburnum tree form H 15+ W 8+ Native to MN, adaptable
Prunus americana/ American Plum H 15+ W 10+ Very hardy and drought resistant, thrives with neglect
Carpinus caroliniana/ American Hornbeam H 15+ W 15+ Tolerant of city conditions; smooth attractive bark
*Indicates existing tree species on Dale, Front, or Como
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H 15+ W 15+ Tolerates high pH and clay soils
Non-Fragrant
Large Trees Fragrant Aesculus glabra/ Ohio Buckeye ‘Autumn Splendor’ H 20+ W 20+ Suitable under primary utility lines; deicing salt tolerant
Carya ovata/ Shagbark Hickory H 60+ W 20+ Adaptable, drought tolerant
Catalpa speciosa/ Northern Catalpa H 40+ W 20+ Intermediate salt tolerance, adaptable
Gingko billoba/ Gingko H 50+ W variable Plant male trees; tolerates soil extremes, does not like being permanently wet
Ostrya virginiana/ Ironwood H 30+ W 25+ Strong, tough tree, attractive bark; tolerates dry, acid, and high pH soils
Gleditsia tricanthos v. inermis/Honey Locust* H 30+ W 30+ Tolerant of high pH, salt, drought, and urban conditions.
Tilia americana/ Basswood* H 50+ W 25+ Native to SE MN; somewhat sensitive to salts
Gymnocladus dioica/Kentucky Coffee Tree H 60’ W 40’ Native to SE MN; males do not produce pods; tolerates urban conditions
Tilia cordata/ Little Leaf Linden* H 35+ W 20+ Somewhat sensitive to salts
Populus deltoides/Eastern Cottonwood H 75+ W 50+ Males do not produce cotton; fast growing
Non-Fragrant Acer saccharum/ Sugar Maple* H 40+ W 30+ Native to SE MN, low salt tolerance. Colorful foliage in fall
Betula nigra/ River Birch ‘Heritage’* H 40+ W 30+ Single stemmed for street use; attractive bark
Quercus bicolor/ Swamp White Oak* H 40+ W 30+ Native to SE MN; adapts to heavy/wet soils
Quercus palustris/Pin Oak* H 75” W 40” Prefers moist, clay soils
*Indicates existing tree species on Dale, Front, or Como
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Advisory board
BIBLIOGRAPHY
City of St. Paul Planning and Economic Development
Complete Streets Dumbaugh, E. (2005). Safe streets, livable streets. Journal of the American Planning
Dan Bayers, Project Manager
Association, 71(3), 283.
Penelope Simison, Principal City Planner
Dulaski, Daniel M. (2006). An evaluation of traffic calming measures and their impact on vehicular speeds on an urban principal arterial roadway on the periphery of an activity center. ITE Annual Meeting and Exhibit
City of St. Paul Department of Public Works
Compendium of Technical Papers.
Mike Klassen, Project Manager
Feldman, M. (2011). Empirical bayesian evaluation of safety effects of high-visibility school (yellow) crosswalks in san francisco, california. Transportation research record, 2198(1), 8.
Ramsey County Department of Public Works Hunter, W W. (2000). Evaluation of blue bike-lane treatment in portland, oregon.
Erin Laberee, Trafiic Engineer
Transportation research record, 1705(1), 107.
Joe Lux, Planning Specialist
Institute of Transportation Engineers. (2006) Context sensitive solutions in designing major urban thoroughfares for walkable communities. Washington, DC.
METROPOLITAN DESIGN CENTER
http://www.ite.org/bookstore/RP036.p
Ignacio San Martin, Dayton Hudson Professor, Chair of Urban Design and Director of the Metropolitan Design Center
Jacobsen, P L. (2003). Safety in numbers: More walkers and bicyclists, safer walking and
Michelle Barness, MLA, Research Assistant
Kanzaki, N. (1984). The use of interlocking block pavements for the reduction of traffic
bicycling. Injury prevention, 9(3), 205.
accidents. Second International Conference on Concrete Block Paving. Delft.
Adrienne Bockheim, MLA, Research Fellow, DDA Program Coordinator Peter Crandall, MArch, Research Assistant
Macdonal, E., Sanders, R., and Supawanich, P. (2008). The effects of transportation corridor’s roadside design features on user behavior and safety, and their contributions to health,
Satoko Muratake, MLA, Research Fellow
environmental quality, and community economic vitality: a literature review. Berkeley: University of California Transportation Center.
Sarah Weeks, MLA, Research Fellow
Southworth, M. (2005). Designing the walkable city. Journal of Urban Planning and
Development, 131 (4), 246-257.
Stormwater City of Portland. (2007). Portland Green Street Program, Green Streets Projects. Retrieved from http://www.portlandonline.com/bes/index.cfm?c=44407 City of Portland. (2008). Stormwater Management Manual. Retrieved from http://www.portlandonline.com/bes/index.cfm?c=47952 Dunnett, N. and Clayden, A. (2007). Rain gardens: Managing water sustainably in the garden
and designed landscape. Portland: Timber Press. Environmental Services, City of Portland, Oregon. (2011). Portland Stormwater Solutions Retrieved from http://www.portlandonline.com/bes/index.cfm?c=43110 Polytechnic Institute and State University. (2008). Managing Stormwater for Urban Sustainability Using Trees and Structural Soils. Blacksburg, VA: Susan Downing Day and Sarah B. Dickinson. Patchett, J. and Wilhelm, G. (2008). The ecology and culture of water. Elmhurst: Conservation Research Institute. Retrieved from http://www.cdfinc.com/Publications Schmidt, R., Shaw, D., and Dods, D. (2007). The blue thumb guide to raingardens. River Falls: Waterdrop Innovations.
Plants Johnson, G. R., Zins, M. and Shippee, M. (2001). Tough Trees and Shrubs for Tough Sites, University of Minnesota Extension Retrieved from http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/naturalresources/dd7502.html Pilon Smits, E. (2005). Phytoremediation. Annual review of plant biology, 56(1), 15. Shaw, D. and Schmidt, R. (2003). Plants for stormwater design: Species selection for the upper midwest. St. Paul: Minnesota Pollution Control Agency.
A Special Thanks
Tree Trust for Minnesota Power and Great River Energy. The Right Tree Brochure. Retrieved from http://www.mnpower.com/treebook/
Funding for this Direct Design Technical Assistance project is provided, in part, through generous support from the McKnight Foundation and the Dayton Hudson Endowment.
University of Minnesota Extension. (2007). The Best Plants for 30 Tough Sites. Retrieved from http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticulture/dg8464.html
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