Article

Innovating for Performance. Everyday.

Innovation & Product Design at Our DSIR Approved R&D Centre

Fluid Controls Private Limited was established in 1974 by Dr. Y.E. Moochhala, a Ph.D. from Northwestern University, the USA with a vision to deliver high quality & high-performance products which delight customers. Fluid Controls® offers customers comprehensive end-to-end “Make in India” solutions for Rail & Metro brake piping arrangements – from design & engineering services to supply of high-performance products and installation services.

From its inception in 1974, Fluid Controls® has engaged in original R&D and also has had an ethos of developing products which are indigenous replacements of imported products. Our founder, Dr. Y E Moochhala, left his career in the USA and laid the foundation of Fluid Controls® because he was a strong believer in a self-reliant India. His idea was to develop high quality, high-performance products to suit local prototype climatic and performance expectations. Today, Fluid Controls® is approved as an “In-House R&D unit” by Department of Scientific & Industrial Research (DSIR), Government of India. Our state-of-the-art R&D center is located at Chakan, Pune. Fluid Controls® offers design services and conversion engineering, including 3D modelling, FEA and prototyping via ANSYS and Solid Works. The Fluid Controls R&D team uses the latest software and is equipped to customize connectors and products for customer requirements. The R&D Center also has a laboratory equipped to conduct all pressure, vibration and reliability tests as well as in-house Spectro, PMI and UT testing.

Product design and development with performance testing is an inspiration for our business. Because of our R&D strength and DSIR approval, we are constantly researching new developments in our field and our primary research ensures that we are constantly innovating. Since 2011, we have developed more than 25 new products, which is very much in line with the Fluid Controls vision statement. Adding to our strength in innovating, Fluid Controls® has filed its first Global Patent and is in the process of filing two more patents.

All Fluid Controls® products are designed from First Principles and validated using VDV and Finite Element Analysis. Our products are manufactured to the highest standards and we have the latest international product performance certifications. We offer customers complete material traceability and have instituted a corporate policy of continuous improvement to ensure customer delight. Our products ensure precision connections that are designed based on specific application requirements and perform to international standards. Fluid Controls connectors are certified to ASTM F1387-99 (2012), ISO 19879 (ISO 8434) and also to IEC and EN standards for corrosion and shock/vibration for fittings.

Fluid Controls® is approved by all Indian locomotive and coach OEM’s, Bombardier Transportation, Alstom, and GE Transportation.

About Fluid Controls

Fluid Controls® is a “Vocal for Local” company with over 45 years of experience in engineering fittings and connections for rail & metro brake piping assemblies. Fluid Controls® partners with customers to be a single source supplier for various connectors required for rail & metro applications. Our range of products include Double Ferrule Fittings with multiple sealing points and high vibration resistance, DIN Single Ferrule Connectors, Adaptors, FlexiGripTM & Quick Release Connectors, Isolating Cocks, and clamping accessories. Fluid Controls® has recently introduced a range of services – including design & engineering services, testing services, on-site installation services and pre-fabricated assemblies. Fluid Controls® offers design services for brake piping arrangements and conversion engineering, including 3D modelling, FEA and prototyping via ANSYS and Solidworks. Our engineers work closely with customers to understand their requirements and develop effective solutions for them. And to cater to a growing need for comprehensive solutions, Fluid Controls® has introduced engineered installation services. This service provides our customers with an end-to-end solution as they have a single source vendor for connectors supply and fitment. We also offer Pre-fabricated assemblies where readyto-fit assemblies are prepared at our facility. With precision tube formation, end formation and connector swaging, these assemblies offer convenient and easy fitment at site.

Fluid Controls® is the recipient of the “CII Industrial Innovation Award for Medium Scale Manufacturin Organizations” and has been recognized as one of the “Top 25 Innovative Companies of the Year” at the Indian R&D Ecosystem Conclave 2019. Other recognitions include the “Rail Solution Provider of the Year [Instrumentation]” at Rail Infra & Mobility Business Digital Awards 2020” by Urban Transport News and the award for “Excellence in Technical Innovation” by ISA Maharashtra Section at PPA Meet 2020.

What is 5G Technology?

5G in simple words can be said to be the next generation of Mobile broadband that will eventually replace, or at least augment 4G LTE (Long-Term Evolution) connection. LTE is a standard for wireless broadband communication for mobile devices and data terminals.

5G offers exponentially faster download and upload speeds. 5G will provide download speed of 1Gbps, which is at least 100 times the existing data speeds. 5G would deliver multi-Gbps peak rates, ultra low latency, massive capacity, and a more uniform user experience. Latency or the time taken by devices to communicate with wireless networks shall also decrease drastically.

5G will have a wider area in the frequency spectrum (range of frequencies) that would ensure no network congestion. It also increases energy efficiency and offers more stable network connections. The standards for the usage of 5G are defined and driven by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project.

Evolution of Communication Technology

1G was launched in the 1980s and worked on analog radio signals. This network supported voice calls only. 2G was launched in the 1990s which used digital radio signals and supported both voice and data transmission with a bandwidth of 64 Kbps. 3G was launched in the 2000s with a speed of 1Mbps to 2 Mbps and it had the ability to transmit telephone signals including digitised voice, video calls and conferencing. 4G was launched in 2009 with a peak speed of 100Mbps (Mega Bytes Per Second) to 1Gbps (Giga bytes per second) and it also enabled 3D virtual reality.

How does a 5G work?

5G signals operate over previously untouched radio frequencies. Part of the network operates in a band known as sub 6 which is the spectrum between 600 megahertz and 6 GHz which is a spectrum that 4G LTE also shares. However, only 5G can go above and beyond these frequencies into higher bandwidth which is what makes it so much better. 5G can and will utilize a higher band of radio frequencies from 24 GHz to as high as 86 GHz resulting in far higher data rates and performance but with the tradeoff of reduced range. These new 5G Radio waves can carry way more data to and from devices they just can’t carry the increased load quite as far. This means that the service providers have to install a large number of small cellular towers in close proximity to each other to actually deliver the network.

These towers hold cell sites that are not very large in size. They can be easily fixed to building roofs or light poles but each one has to be physically installed which is why the rollout of widespread 5G is going to take quite some time. When these cell sites are in place they’ll be able to beam signals to specific locations where they are needed the most. This far better than how conventional radio towers deliver signal which is to spread it anywhere and everywhere regardless of site-specific demand.

5G operates on three different spectrum bands between 600 MHz and 86GHz. The three spectrum bands that 5G network will operate on are –

1. Low Band Network – It is the most common band used by carriers and service providers in around the world in different countries for 4G LTE. Low Band spectrum offers the widest coverage and best wall penetration but it doesn’t offer any great shakes in the speed department. 5G running on the low band network will only run around 20 percent faster than current 4G with peak data speeds topping out at around 100 megabits per second.

2. High Band Spectrum – It offers the highest performance for 5G. However, it’s not without its drawback either. High band spectrum can offer peak speeds of up to 10 gigabits per second and has almost non-existent latency. But, its coverage area is narrow and penetration is poor. So, to utilize this network to its full potential users will have to access plenty of cells that are all relatively close. 3. Mid Band Spectrum – Mid band spectrum in simple words can be stated to be the spectrum slotting in somewhere between the low band and high band spectrum. It offers a balance of both speed and coverage. Mid band provides faster speeds and lower latency than low band with peak speeds of up to 1 gigabit per second. It may not compete with high bands in terms of power theoretically and on paper but in real world use and for most applications it will be more than enough. The coverage and penetration of mid band will also make it a very reliable and consistent connection.

Power of 5G Communications, Use in Railways

Power of 5G Communications, Use in Railways

Applications

The various uses and application of 5G communications or power of 5G can be stated to be as under –

1. High Speed Mobile Network 2. Entertainment and Multimedia 3. IoT (Internet of Things) 4. Smart Cities 5. Smart Farming 6. Telemedicine Services 7. Controlling of critical infrastructures and vehicles 8. Industrial applications

In theory 5G can offer 10 to 100 times the speed of 4G. This is because 5G uses higher frequency waves than 4G or 3G which are less crowded with other devices. This allows more devices to have access to the internet at the same time and at faster speeds.

Also, unlike 4G towers, which project signals in 360 degrees, 5G antennas are very directional. This again leads to lower interference with other signals that are present in the area. 5G also offers lower latency rates. With 5G we can expect to see close to real-time responses between devices which are touted at 1-millisecond latency, whereas 4G stands at 50 milliseconds. 5G also has more bandwidth than 4G enabling us to connect more devices to a single internet port like a router.

5G is expected to offer enhanced mobile broadband that can meet high coverage requirements. 5G can diversify services and has potential to demonstrate spectral efficiency. High data speed of 5G network might help cloud systems to stream software updates, music and navigation data. In addition to this 5G will help to incorporate Artificial Intelligence in our daily lives. It will also facilitate the ecosystem for the Internet of Things (IoT). A cumulative approach in technological advancement would lead to rise of GDP and growth of the economy. So, in a nutshell it can be summarized that the most prominent advantage of 5G over previous networks is the speed. The predicted 5G speed of up to 10 gigabits per second mean a 100 times increase in performance compared to existing 4G networks. Users of high band 5G will be able to do things like download movies in under 10 seconds as opposed to several minutes and seamlessly watch 8K 3D streams without any congestion.

Examples such as these are great for visualizing the power of 5G but it’s important to remember that the speeds will also unlock the full capabilities of other emerging technologies including self-driving cars, drones, virtual reality, augmented reality and of course the IoT (Internet of Things).

The Internet of Things (IoT) also known as massive machine-to-machine Communications is the collective connection of billions of devices without any human intervention. This widespread connectivity has the potential to revolutionize how we do most of the things.

The IoT exists right now consisting of around 25 billion devices and this is said to triple by year 2025 and shall continue grow thereafter.

Another speed advantage of 5G is latency improvements. 5G latency will be around or less than one millisecond which is quicker than human visual processing. This makes it possible to control devices remotely in near real time while communications, manufacturing and logistics will all reap the rewards of lower latency. Gamers will also benefit greatly from the 5G rollout. The combination of high speed connections and minimal lag is the perfect recipe for virtual and augmented reality applications. Industries that use these technologies are due to explode in popularity as connectivity improvements make the experiences more seamless and immersive.

The connection speed that 5G brings to the table is incredibly exciting but a huge aspect of 5G that is barely spoken about is capacity. 5G will deliver upto 1000 times more capacity than 4G which basically means more room for connected devices and users. This combination of capacity and speed will greatly improve bandwidth which is the maximum data transfer rate of a network.

5G can transmit amounts of data that would be inconceivable on 4G LTE al-

lowing for perfect connectivity speeds even on crowded networks. People have always struggled with connectivity in busy places such as stadiums and festivals. But, 5G will be able to handle the demand with any problem. Businesses also struggle with huge amounts of data that can flood in from customers and suppliers forcing them to turn away potentially useful information. 5G will facilitate a large influx of data at any given time giving businesses the opportunity to turn previously untapped volumes of data into actionable market knowledge.

Major Challenges

It seems like the projected speed of 5G telecommunications is difficult to achieve considering the incompetent technological support in most parts of the world. Many of the old devices would require to be replaced as they won’t support 5G. In developing countries like India there would be a huge challenge in terms of swift upsurge in mobile broadband consumption and the subsequent network congestion. The switch from 4G to 5G will be infrastructure intensive and development of infrastructure for 5G is very expensive. 5G cannot take off without basic infrastructure foundation, such as standard servers, open application programming interface (APIs) etc. Safety concerns of 5G Communications There arises a prominent question that is 5G safe for humans and our environment?

The issues with 5G arises as a result of its extremely high frequency which lies between 30 GHZ to 300GHZ. Due to the higher frequencies the waves do not travel vast distances. Hence, antennas must be erected closer to each other to provide clear 5G reception. Since, the number of antennas installed is exponentially high hence, a chance of posing a health and environment risks is often debated. 5G networks use microwave and millimetre wavelength radiations which are considered non-ionizing and don’t produce the kind of energy that directly damages cells. It is ionizing form of the radiation that is considered harmful. The energy from ionizing radiation can pull apart atoms and as such it’s known to damage Wireless companies and even government agencies such as CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency believe that radio waves produced by 5G are safe. So, it can be summarized that for the time being 5G seems safe but there is not enough data to substantiate the studies and reach on any conclusion. Hence, it would be wise to say that before we make our homes, businesses and cities smart it’s important to make smart decisions when adopting new technology.

cells and cause cancer. However, more than 215 scientists from 40 different countries have appealed to the United Nations for urgent action to reduce the electromagnetic field exposure emitted from wireless sources even if they are nonionizing. These scientists also submitted a letter to Federal Communications Commission (FCC) asking the body to consider health risks and environmental issues before rapidly deploying a 5th generation wireless infrastructure.

Few other countries also showed concerns towards use of 5G telecommunications. The Belgian government halted a 5G test in Brussels over concerns about the radiations from the base stations. Members of Parliament in the Netherlands called on the government to further examine 5G while Switzerland is studying and monitoring 5G’s impact on people.

The study and analysis states that although 5G does not have ionizing radiation some experts suspect that the radiation from these devices could damage cells via oxidative stress in cells. This biological mechanism leads to inflammation and has been found to cause cancer, diabetes and other diseases. 5G in India

The 5G services in India is expected to rolled out by early 2022 or by the end of calendar year 2021. It’s worth mentioning that 2G was deployed globally in 1991 but was deployed in India in 1995. 3G was launched in India in 2008, ten years later to the global launch of the 3G telecommunication services in 1998. 4G services were launched in India after 07 years of its global launching in 2008; i,e in 2015. Hence, it is expected that government of India would allow 4G services to continue for at least another 5-6 years before launching the 5G services.

However, the telecom giants in India Jio and Airtel have officially announced the launch of 5G services later this year in the country.

It’s interesting to note that India will have 350 million 5G subscriptions by 2026 which would account for nearly 27 percent of all mobile subscriptions globally. It is expected that four out of every ten mobile subscriptions in India in 2026 will be a 5G. Hence, from a consumer perspective in India, there is a high interest for 5G and more importantly the consumers are willing to pay for the new capabilities that 5G would offer.

It’s important to mention that the trial run of 5G services on a small scale has already been done in India by Ericsson. In partnership with Airtel, Ericsson enabled the first ever 5G powered ‘Connected Music’ performance during the inauguration of the India Mobile Congress (IMC) 2019. Airtel has also announced that it became country’s first telco to successfully demonstrate and orchestrate live 5G services over a commercial network in Hyderabad in partnership with Ericsson. It should also be noted that Ericsson Radio system hardware deployed in India since 2015 has been 5G ready and it can enable operators to upgrade to 5G with a remote software installation. The spectrum allocation for 5G services in India is already on progress and the actual 5G roll out in the country would depend on the pattern of spectrum allocation by Indian government and plans of Indian operators.

Use of 5G technology in Railways

The 5G (Fifth-generation) wireless communications will revolutionise telecommunications on a number of aspects. For the railways, 5G will be the major component of FRMCS (Future Railway Mobile Communication System). The FRMCS is intended to replace the present Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM-R) and is intended as the single global standard for railway communications across the globe. The GSM-R is going to be terminated by 2030. It’s important to note that 5G is also acts as the catalyst for Automatic Train Operations (ATO). The fifth generation telecommunications promises to shape the future of railways by offering ultra-low latency and ultrahigh reliability. The Global System of Mobile Communications (GSM-R) introduced in 2000 is presently used in 38 countries worldwide. The technology since its introduction gained popularity particularly due to its ability to transport data and multimedia information. But the technology is expected to become obsolete by 2030 as the new technology FRMCS would utilize 5G mobile services and will have the ability to transmit, receive and use increasing volumes of data, all geared around sustainable transport. The International Union of Railways (UIC) sees FRMCS as the key element to support the digitisation of railways across the globe. The cellular services on the other side shall continue maintain their role in connecting the train to the wayside.

The Future Railway Mobile Communication System, technology is currently being finalised and is due for its first trials in 2023. The wider migration of the service is targeted between 2025 and 2035.

Experts say that 5G would play a central role in transformation of railways featuring its super fast speeds, ultra low latency and multiple simultaneous connections via Massive Mimo. With the technical scope to deliver a range of efficiency, cost effectiveness, productivity and security benefits, 5G telecommunication services core attributes provide the gateway to IoT sensor technologies, CCTV, high-definition video, machine-tomachine communications and advanced train control systems. It is due to these attributes that the International Union of Railways (UIC) and the European Union Agency for Railways (ERA) indicate a preference for 5G as the technology underpinning FRMCS.

Few Examples

The German Rail (DB) is working towards development of world’s first standalone 5G system for automatic train operation in Hamburg as part of the DB’s highly automated S-Bahn operation project. The project would also ascertain shunting of empty trains in railway Yard and shed based on the transmission of train control information over the 5G network apart from automatic operation of the trains.

The French National Railways (SNCF) is creating a 5G lab for railways that would explore a range of rail and nonrail use cases which would further help in facilitating 5G adoption and prepare for the transition to FRMCS.

The Swiss Federal Railways (SBB) is carrying out LTE 1900MHz Time Division Duplex (TDD) radio frequency testing in few of its stations towards its SmartRail 4.0 initiative using 5G through FRMCS. The FRMCS is expected to deliver new levels of productivity and service efficiency, such as improving the capacity of its existing track.

In India the 5G telecommunication services is intended to improve the signalling and security systems in railways. Use of CCTV cameras, automatic signalling system, sophisticated track management, automated train operations are priority areas of the Indian to modernise railways in India. The government has plans to build and modernise 8000 railway stations using Wi-Fi and ultra modern techniques.

The Indian government is already working on High Speed Rail Corridor (HSRC), Urban Rapid Transit System and Metros. The investment in these modern techniques of Urban and railway is intended to use the advanced 5G telecommunications.

The Railways in India is working towards its modernisation to give passenger and freight transportation a different level. The use 5G technology would help Indian Railways to keep its passengers connected all the times. The use of 5G services would also provide a quantum leap forward in infotainment services such as multimedia passenger information systems and streaming services. The technology will also allow passengers to use app that integrate onboard video content that provides real-time situational awareness.

Hence, in totality it can be said that the use of 5G will be of huge benefit to the railways across the globe. Not only it will provide smartphone users with faster and more reliable connectivity on trains, but it will also help the transformation of the infrastructure that will support future generational developments too.

Power of Big Data and Data Analytics

Big data analytics examines large and different types of data to uncover hidden patterns, correlations and other insights.

So, big data analytics basically helps large companies to facilitate their growth and development. So this majorly involves applying various data mining algorithms on a given set of data which will then aid these organisations in making better decisions.

Big Data mostly is a buzzword used to describe a massive volume of both structured and unstructured data which is very large and complex to process using traditional data base and software technique.

Where does big data come from ?

There are mainly two sources of big data –

• Machine (Computer) Generated – Machine generated data includes Application Server Logs (websites, games, internet)

Sensor data – (weather, atmospheric science, astronomy, smart grids) Images/ Videos (traffic, security cameras, military surveillance)

• Human Generated – Human generated data includes Blogs/ Reviews/ Emails/ Pictures/ Scientific Research / Medical Records

• Social Graphs – Facebook, Linked-In, Contacts, Twitter

A variety of enormous data is being generated at an extremely fast pace in various sectors. Therefore, analysing big data has become extremely crucial and inevitable. Big data analytics is being adopted throughout the globe in order to gain numerous benefits from the data being produced.

So, few questions arises –

• As why we need big data analytics and why it has become so important

• What exactly is big data analytics • What are the different kind of tools which are required for big data analytics

• What are the various domains and cases of big data analytics

• What are the different trends which are prevalent in the field of big data analytics.

Why big data analytics

Big Data Analytics has become an important and relevant topic these days. As more and more number of organisation, firm and institutions are using big data analytics these days so it becomes worth knowing that what makes big data analytics so important?

The universe is said to have formed due the big bang explosion. Similarly data has also been growing exponentially which is leading to the explosion of data. This explosion of data simply can be termed as big data. It is estimate that we are creating about 2.5 quintillion bytes of data every day. One quintillion amounts to around 10 raised to the power of 18 bytes. So it can be imagined that what amount of data that we are creating every day and this data comes from various sources whether it is from social media from banking sectors from governments from various other institutions.

And this data is not in the same format. It comes various sources so it is in different formats. Therefore, it can be said that big data is not only limited to the volume or the enormous amount that is being generated but it relates to certain characteristics which exhibit as its peculiar properties.

We can state five different characteristic of big data –

• Volume – Volume is nothing but the huge amount of data that is being generated or the enormous amount of data being generated from various sectors like social media, banking sector, government departments etc.

• Variety - Variety is different formats of data coming in from various sources. So big data has three different formats. One is structured order. A Semi-structured order and then an unstructured order.

• Structured Data – Structured data is in the form of relational databases which comes in the form of tables which has rows and columns.

• Unstructured Data – Unstructured data is usually in the form of Audio files, video files, images etc. • Semi-structured Data – Semi-

structure data is in the form of JSON and XML files. So these are the basic formats and variety of data.

• Value – Value can be defined as deriving meaningful data from this entire collection of big data.

• Velocity – Velocity is the rate or speed at which the data is being generated.

• Veracity – Veracity is the inconsistencies and the uncertainties which are present in the data.

These five V’s of big data which keeps evolving as and when the data changes or grows over a period of time.

Need for Big Data Analytics

A basic question arises that why is there a need for Big Data Analytics? Why it is so important and how it helping a number of organisations all around the globe these days?

The various reasons can be stated as under: • Making smarter and more efficient organisations – Big Data and Analytics is making significant contribution in making organisations work smarter and with greater efficiency. Organisations are adopting big data and analytics to help them take faster decisions.

For example the crime department these days are taking help of big data analytics to anticipate and identify the criminal activity before it occurs. The process here involves analysing the entire big data technology to geolocate and analyse the historical patterns. The historical pattern then is mapped with sporting events, pea days, rainfalls, traffic flows and holidays etc. So, essentially what the crime department does is, it utilizes the data patterns, scientific analysis, technological tools to make their work easy and take faster and scientific decisions. Hence, by using big data and analytics the crime department these days are able to identify crime hotspots and take appropriate decisions accordingly.

• Optimize Business Operations by analysing customer behaviour –Amazon can be cited as the best example for optimizing business operations by analysing customer behaviour. So, what Amazon does is, it uses the clickstream data of its customers. So Amazon uses our clickstream data and historical purchase data of more than 300 million customers who have signed up with Amazon. The company then analyzes each and every user’s data viz; How the user are clicking on different products, How are they navigating through the site and other behavioural patterns. So, basically they show each user customized results on customized web pages. So, after analysing all these clicks of every visitor on their website they are able to better understand their site navigation behaviour, the paths that people are taking to buying their products and service and what else a customer looked on while buying that product and also the paths that led a customer to leave their page so this information basically helps Amazon to improve their customer experience and hence expand their customer base.

• Cost Reduction – Big data technologies like Hadoop and cloud-based analytics reduces the cost significantly for storage of big data because if one purchases huge servers, stores and machinery for storing big data then it costs a lot. While by using Big Data technologies like Hadoop the cost is reduced significantly. What Hadoop generally does is, it stores big data in a distributed fashion so that a user can process it parallel. So, by using commodity hardware the cost is curtailed to a significant extent. The healthcare departments can be cited as an example which is using big data analytics to curb their costs. By using new data tools that sync automatic alerts when patients are due for their immunization or lab work is helping doctors and physicians to reduce the hospitalizations which ultimately helps in reducing the costs. The patients these days have started using the new sensor devices at their homes. These new sensor devices deliver constant streams of data that can be monitored and analysed in real time so they help the patients avoid hospitalizations by self managing their conditions. Again for hospitalized patients physicians can use predictive analytics to optimize outcomes and then reduce the readmissions. So, by using big data analytics the healthcare along with the patients are able to reduce their cost significantly.

• Next Generation Products – Big data analytics is making significant contribution in generation of greater number of high tech products. These high tech products are basically designed to see that how customers needs can be satisfied and how these new generation products can be used for the benefit of customers. Few examples can be cited as an explanation. Google Self Driving Car is one of the technologies that is increasingly popular these days. What Google Self Driving Car does is, it makes millions of calculations on every trip that helps the car decide when and where to turn, whether to slow down or speed up and when to change lanes. So, the same decision a human driver is making behind the wheel and Google Self Driving Car is also doing that with the help of Big Data Analytics. Another example of a self driving car is the Toyota Prius which is fitted with cameras, GPS, powerful computers and sensors to safely drive on the road without the intervention of human beings. So, this is how big data analytics is contributing in making such

high tech products which in the long run would make our life easier. Netflix is another example. The channel launched the season of its TV show House of Cards based on the user reviews, ratings and viewership. The House of Cards for two seasons costed Netflix about 100 million dollars. Netflix committed House of Cards

without watching a single episode. The streaming service was able to take such a big risk monetarily based on big data analytics. By analysing the viewer data the company was able to determine that the fans of the original house of cards which aired in the UK. So, basically Netfilx analysed everything. Which show its viewers watched and liked the most, when did they pause or turn off. Each and every analysis was done by Netflix and on the basis of those analysis Netflix was able to raise its subscribers by 10 percent annually.

A smart Yoga Mat is another popular example in this section. In a smart yoga mat there are sensors embedded in the mat which is capable of providing feedback on the yoga practitioner’s postures. It also guides the practitioner through an at home practice and scores the practice as well. So, when a practitioner takes his first move on the yoga mat, it takes the practitioner through a series of movements to calibrate his body shape, size and personal limitation. This personal profile of the practitioner is then stored in the smart mat app which helps smart mat detect when a practitioner is out of alignment or balance. So, over a period of time the smart mat will automatically evolve with updated data as the practitioner improves his yoga practice.

Stages in Big Data Analytics

The various stages that are involved in this procedure of epic data analytics are as under –

• Identifying Problem – What is the problem that is required to be solved is the most important and initial step involved in various stages of Big Data Analytics.

• Designing Data Requirement – After identifying the problem it is require to be decided that what kind of data is required for analysing the particular problem identified so designing data requirements is the second step of the process. • Pre- Processing Data – Pre-processing stage is basically the step where data cleaning and some sort of processing is done.

• Performing analytics over Data – After the processing is done the process data is analysed in this stage using various methods.

• Visualising Data – This is the final stage of the big data analytics in which we visualize the data using tools like tab below, angularjs. • Prescriptive Analysis – Prescriptive Analytics uses optimization and

Types of Big Data Analytics

There are four basic types of Big Data Analytics –

• Descriptive Analytics – Descriptive Analytics generally answers ‘What has happened’. It does by using data aggregation in data mining technique to provide insight into the past and then it answers what is happening now based on the incoming data. So, as the name suggests Descriptive Analytics describes or it summarizes the raw data and it makes it something which is interpretable by humans. e.g Google Analytics Tool. Netflix.

• Predictive Analysis – Predictive Analytics basically uses statistical models and focus techniques to understand the future and answer the question ‘what could happen’. So, Predictive Analytics predicts and we are able to understand through predictive analytics that what are the probable future outcomes. It therefore provides companies with actionable insights based on the data. So, through sensors and other machine generated data companies can identify when a malfunction is likely to occur. Hence, the company can pre-emptively order parts and make repairs etc. to avoid downtime and losses. Aviation Industry is the example using and relying on this type of analytics.

simulation algorithms to advise on the possible outcomes and answer the question ‘What should be done’. It generally allows the users to prescribe a number of different possible actions and then guide them towards a solution. So, prescriptive analytics in a nutshell can be stated to be the type which provides advice regarding a product or a service. e.g Google Self Driving Car

• Diagnostic Analysis – Diagnostic Analytics is used to determine the question ‘Why something happened in the past’. It is characterized by techniques like drill down, data discovery, data mining and correlations. Diagnostic analytics takes a deeper look at the data to understand the root cause of the event. It is helpful in data mining what kind of factors and events contributed to a particular outcome so mostly it uses probabilities,

likelihoods and the distribution of data for the analysis. So, for example in a time series data of sales the diagnostic analytics shall help us to understand why the sales of a company has decreased or increased for a particular year and so on. Examples of diagnostic analytics can be a social media marketing campaign. Hence, diagnostic analytics can be used to assess the number of posts, mentions, followers, fans, pageviews, reviews etc. It helps to analyse the failure and success of the campaign at the fundamental level.

Tools used in Big data Analytics Some of the common tools used for big data analytics are –• Hadoop

• Apache Pick

• Apache HBase

• Apache Spark

• Talend

• Splunk

• Hive

• Kafka

Big Data Analytics revolutionizing various Domains Below listed are some of the domains which are increasingly using the big data analytics –

• Healthcare – Healthcare sector is using Big Data Analytics to reduce costs, predict epidemics, avoid preventable diseases and then improve the quality of life in general. One of the most widespread application of big data in health care is Electronic Health Records (EHRs). Telecom – Telecom Industry is one of the most significant contributors of Big Data. It basically analyses all our call data records in real time and then it identifies fraudulent behaviour and acts on them immediately.

• Insurance – Insurance companies use Big Data Analytics for Risk assessment, fraud detection, marketing, customer insights, customer experiences and much more.

• Government – Governments across the world are also adopting the big data analytics. Indian Government for example used big data analytics to get an estimate of the trade in the country so the economists use central sales tax and voices for trade between two states to estimate the extent to which the states were trading between each other.

• Finance – Banks and Financial services use analytics to differentiate fraudulent interactions from legitimate business transactions. So, by applying analytics and machine learning bank and financial institutions are able to define the normal activity of a user or a customer based on their history and then distinguish it from the unusual behaviour indicating fraud. On the basis of which immediate actions like blocking the irregular transactions etc. is taken.

• Automobile – Many automobile companies are utilizing big data analytics. A prominent example is Rolls Royce. Rolls Royce embrace big data by fitting hundreds of sensors ito its engines and propulsion systems and these sensors basically recall every tiny detail about the operation of the engines and propulsion systems. Any change in data in the realtime is reported to the engineers who then take needful actions.

• Education – Big data analytics is being adopted very slowly and gradually in education field. But it is very necessary that big data analytics is utilized in this field because it would help both teachers and students.

• Retail – Retail includes both ecommerce and in stores and it is widely using big data analytics to optimize its business strategies.

Future & Market of Big Data Analysis

Some of the successful case studies of Big Data Analytics are that of Starbucks, Procter & Gamble. Both P&G and Starbucks used big data analytics for optimizing their products and cater to their customers more effectively and efficiently. Hence, it could be summarized that big data analytics would be the future of business and trade across the globe.

The use of data analytics in proficient manner would help the companies increase their sales and marketing. Big Data Analytics has a whopping growing market revenue. The market revenue of big data is expected to grow by 103 billion U.S dollars by 2027 from present 42 billion U.S Dollars.

Recent facts and statistics by Forbes and McKinsey analytic survey state that analytics and big data have fundamentally changed business practices in their sales and marketing functions. The enterprise executives across the globe also agree that companies that does not embrace big data in near future will lose their competitive position and could face extinction. These facts reveal that how important big data and analytics is and how it is going to change the face of the world.

Scope of Big Data Analysis in India

Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data shall play a crucial role in paving the next level of growth in India. The Indian Economy is going through a sea of transformational changes in terms of technology and its adoption. Projects like Digital India, e-governance, smart cities and several other initiatives are destined to make India a technology centric economy. Hence,

the big data analytics shall play a crucial and determining roe in growth and development of the nation. The big data market in India is expected to grow at a CAGR of 26 percent reaching approximately 16 billion U.S dollars by 2025 from present 02 billion U.S dollars. India’s growth in terms of data analytics would also be significant as the fourth largest economy of the world presently would contribute to 32 percent share of the global market of big data analytics by 2025. The IoT market in India shows a similar growth trajectory and is forecasted to reach 25 Billion U.S dollars by 2022 accounting for roughly 6 percent of the global market. India is currently among the top 10 countries in Big Data Analytics market and already has around 1000 data analytics firms which is witnessing a significant rise and is expected to grow exponentially in future.