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UNIT-1 1.INTERNETDEFINITION: by the federal netvork counil (FNC) an October The definition of the intemet was formatted is a global system of networked computers 24, 1995. They simply definced as-"The internet tOgether with their users and data". Global means the people from all over the world can connect the information quickly and easily. to it. And can access
HISTORY
OF INTERNET/MILESTONES OF INTERNET:
Foundation:
the a the early 1960's American defensc department developed network to connect powerful computers for information exchange expecting nuclear attack. American defensc department 2. In 1969, the ARPA (Advaneed Rescarch Projects Agency)of is called as researchers used packet switching to connect few computers. This network ARPANET. This network later called the "INTERNET". the internet 3. In 1972.a program developed for e-mail uscd to send and receive messages over Network)that In 1979.a group of students and programmers started Uscenet(Users News 1.
In
4.
provides NEWS through network.
Commercial
use of Internet:
1980's companies used computers to construct their own internal networks. These networks used E-mail software that can be used to communicate with other companies. city university of 6. In 1981, BITNET (Because Its Time Network )is formed by connecting New York. Mailing lists are developed. and support 7. In 1983, the protocols TCP/IP were developed to route the messages properly variety of networking hardware and software. formed to connect 5 NSF 8. In 1985, NSFNET (National Science Foundation Netvork) was 5.
In
centers.
MORRIS. Intemet Relay the virus called "Internet Worm" created by ROBERT Chat (IRC) was also written in the same year. hosts on the internet 10. In 1989, NSF took over control of ARPANET, The number of
9.
In 1988,
exceeded 1,00,000.
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oftheInternet:
the NSF implemented privatization of internet using NETWORK ACCESS POINTS(NAPs)cach operated by a separate eompany that sell internet access through intermet services providers(ISP's).
.In199I
WWW (WORLS WIDE WEB) was created by "Tim Berner's Lee. WwW became available to the public. 13. In 1993. "MOSAIC" a graphical web browser was relcased. 12. In 1992,
4. In 1994,. another Web browser "Nctscape Navigator" was released by Netscape Communications. 5. In 1994, Internet Search Engine and directory called YAHOO" was developed by graduates students "DAVID FILE" and "JERRY YANG". T6. In 1995, the internet programming environment "JAVA" was released by "SUN MICRO SYSTEMS". 17. In 1995,
Microsoft develops its web browsers, Microsoft Internet Explorer. Internet courses offered in colleges. 18. Within 30 years the internet became one of the amazing technologies.Every year billions of dollars spent for the development of internet. Now the internet has become the world largest network.
2.
ADVANTAGES OF INTERNET
Internet is defined as a "The internet is a global system of networked computers together with their users and data". The advantages of lInternet are
. 2. 3.
4.
5.
Electronic Mail (E-Mail): E-Mail means sending and/or receiving messages instantly through It
internet. is an online correspondence system. Anyone who has an Email Account can send an Email to any other person who as an Email Account.Eg:raos@gmail.com. Download Facility: Any kind of information on any topic is available on the intermet. It is possible to download games, software, movies, songs etc., freely from the internet. Chatting; l is another advantage of the internet that allows two or more users to talk with each other using instant Messenger software. The chatting can be text based, voice based, video based or a combination of' all these. Online Banking: It is also known as Internet Banking-e-banking or virtual banking. It is an electronic payment system that enables customers of a bank to conduct a range of financial transactions like balance enquiry, fund transfer, etc. Onlinc ticketing: Using Internet tickets can be purchased for movies, travelling like railways; airlines etc. An online ticket is also called e-ticket or digital ticket.
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Online Shopping: Online shopping refers to buying or sclling products on the internet. Consumers can buy or sell a variety of products using online stores such as books, clothes.
toys, hardware, software, ctc.Eg: Flipkart.com, Amazon.com, OLx.com, ctc on variety of 7. Scarch Engine: The world wide web stores large amount of in formation many Topics in websites. Finding information from these sites is very difficult. A search Engine is a special wcbsite used to find information stored on various websites. Eg: Google, Yahoo ctc.
3. DISADVANTAGES OF INTERNET Internet is defined as a "The internet is together with their users and data".
a
global system ofnetworked computers
The Dis advantages of Internet are:
.
Internet Fraud: Internet fraud means that stealing personal information. conducting
fraudulent transactions over the internet etc. The following are some internet frauds: Purchase Fraud: It occurs when a criminal purchases a product by using a fake credit card. So the merchant does not receive money. Online auction fraud: This fraud occurs when a fraudster starts an auction of items on a website. He then accepts payment from auction winner. But he product is not delivered. Online retail fraud: This fraud occurs after recciving the payment cither the product is not delivered or damaged product is delivered. Phishing: t is an activity that collects confidential information such as passwords. credit cards details, account numbers, etc .It is done through messages or mails. 2. Denial of service(DOS): It is an attempt to make a computer resource unavailable to its Users. DOS mainly attack web servers of banks. Government organizations, credit card Payment gateways etc. 3. Spam Mail: Unauthorized users may send a large number of unwanted Email messages to a particular mail server to full its disk space. 4. Addiction to internet:People also get addicted to the internet. Some people spend most of their valuable in browsing the internet. Internet addiction has been known to be a major cause of obesity and sometime leads to various diseases. S. Malware Attacks: Malware(Malicious Software)is software designed with wrong ideas. It is particularly designed to gain access to a computer cither to disturb its operation or to collect important data from intuit includes Virus, worm,Trojan Horse etc.
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4.TOOLS OF INTERNET/www T0OLS It
provides documents
Internet means "NETWORK OF NETWORKS". links a large rom servers across the world for browsing the clients in any location. As internet number of autonomous systems. Internet provides many tools or services. Some of them are as follows:
wwwworld
wide web)
IRC(Internet Relay chat) FTP(File Transfer Protocol) Telnet Gopher WAP(wireless Application Protocol) VolP(Voice Over Internet Protocol)
.
E-mail: E-Mail means sending and/or receiving messages instantly through internet. lt is an online correspondence system. Anyone who has an Email Account can send an Email to any other person who as an Email Account.Eg:raos@gmail.com 2. WwW: It is a global information service for publishing information on the internet. It is a software application through which internet users can access global data in the form of web pages. These Webpages can be transferred through the Hyper Text Transfer 3.
4. 5.
6.
7.
8.
protocol (HTTP). IRC: This protocol is used to chat on the web. A user must require an IRC program for chatting. This program connects to an lRC server and allows the user to visit IRC channels.Ex: EFnet(ERIS FREE NETWORK),New net etc. FTP: The FTP is most commonly used Internet tool to transfer files from client's computer to web server. It provides security to the stored files and programs. Telnet: Telnet is a network protocol that allows a user on one computer to log intoo another computer. It is a tool that allows user to log into a remote system just as they are logging into a local system. Gopher: It is a protocol designed for searching and retrieving over the intermet. Gopher is one of the information search and retrieval tools of internet. Gopher Provides the user with tools to locate information on specific topics around the world WAP: WAP is a technical standard for accessing information on wireless devices like mobile phones. A WAP browser for mobile devices uses this protocol. It supports Internet services like e-mail, searching etc.
VolP:
It is a
group of technologies for the delivery of voice communications and multimedia sessions over internet. VolP is also known as IP TELEPHONY or INTERNET TELEPHONY.
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5. HOW INTERNET WORKS (or) working of Intcrnet the The internet is a global network of computcrs. Each computer connected to nnn.nnn.nnn.nnn in internet must have a unique nddress. Internet addresses are the form is known as an IP address (IP where nnn is a number between 0 to 255.This address must gain access from stands for lnternet Protocol).To connect to the intcrnct, the uscr
Internet Service Provider (ISP).
computers connected to the For, example, the picture below illustrates two another computer with IP address .first computer IP address1.2.3.4 and
internet between them. 5.6.7.8.The internet is represented as an abstract object
INTERNE
M FROM ISP
TO ISP
DIGITAL
DIGITAL SIGNAL
SIGNA-
MODEM
MODEM
COMPUTER
COMPUTER IP ADDRESS:
IP
1.2.3.4
we send the messages from one computer (1.2.3.4) If Through internet, it is transmitted as shown below:
ADDRESS:5.6.7.8
to another computer (5.6.7.8)
computer(IP:1.2.3.4)sends to The message which is in digital form on sender's modem(Modulator and Demodulator) The modem converts digital signals into analog signals
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Internet Service Provider (ISP) through analog signals modem sends entelephone lines. destination address and determines where send router examines r SP transmitted the message to receiver's computer modem trough nc the
to
to
the
S
it. Now
telepnone
modem on reeeiver's computer receives the analog signals. it converts analog message into digital signals the receiver's computer (IP:5.6.7.8) receives the original messages. Finally
The Then
On the Web, when you navigate through pages of information, this is commonly known as web browsing or web surting.
Explorer, Firefox, Neitscape, and There are four leading web browsers Safari, but there are many others browsers available. Web Browsers are software installed on your PC. To access the Web, you need a web browser, such as Netscape Navigator, Microsoft Internet Explorer or Mozilla Firefox. An average Web page actually requires the Web browser to request more than one file from the Web server and not just the HTML page, but also any images, style sheets, and other resources used in the web page. Each of these files including the main page needs a URL to identily each item. Then each item is sent by the Web server to the Web browser and Web browser collects all this information and displays them in the form of Web page.
6. WORLD WIDE WEB (WWW DEFINITION
AND INTRODUCTION:
for World Wide Web. A technical definition of the World Wide Web is all the resources and users on the lnternet that are using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol It is a (HTTP). wwW is a global information service for publishing information on the Internet. software application through which internet users can access global data in the form of web pages. (HTTP). These WebPages can be transferred through the Hyper Text Transfer protocol
wwW stands
The World Wide Web embodiment of human knowledge.
is
the universe of network-accessible information, an
information between simple terms, The World Wide Web is a way of exchanging collection of interactive multimedia a computers on the Internet, tying them together into vast resources. In
Internet and Web
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is
information. not the same thing: Web uses internet to pass over the
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SEMPST'
(ton
edu
com
es
unh
paulallen
mtghouse
colorado ee
roxy
maria
ktm
Berners Lee in 1989 at CERN in World Wide Web vas created by Timothy existence as a proposal by him, to alow researchers to Geneva. World Wide Web came into \Web. it at CERN. Eventually became World Wide work together effectively and eficiently evolution The following diagram briefly defines
wob
-Static
110 web
of World Wide Web:
pages
Brochurewarc publshnE ossty NoCommunities web
Social
2.0
Mecdia search user experlence
Keyword Rich
Tagsng
Web.o
ghly
Matbtlo
manttc
Snärah
web pages are Information on the WwW is published in the form of web pages. These page can be transferred created by HYPER TEXT MARK UP LANGUAGE (HTML).Each web (URL). The WWW contains huge by their corresponding UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATOR information in the form of webs sites. It has its impact in almost There had been a rapid development in field of web. So the future of'web every area such as education, research, technology, commerce, marketing ete. is almost unpredictable.
WORLD
WIDE WEB (WWW) TERMINOLOGY
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definition of the World Wide technical A Web. Protocol wwW stands for World Wide the Hypertext Transter using are that Internet the users on urces and
(HTTP).
W
IS
the most widely used part
are varlOus terms of the Internet. The following
used frequently on internet.
and Internet Service Provider is an organization that provides services for accessing oner and internet. It provides individuals and other companies to access the internet related services such as web site building and virtual hosting.
An using the
BROWSER:
A web browser simply called, browser, is a software application 1or It allows presenting and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. users to view or browse HTML documents on Www.
:
Uniform Resource Locator is the global web address of web page and other resources on the WWW. The URL is displayed in address bar of a browser. It contains two parts: The first part of the address indicates what protocol to use. The second part specifies the IP address, where the resource is located.
RLE
Ex: http://www.example.com/inex.html Protocol How
name
domain
file
where
what publishing information on the Internet. It is a software application through which internet users can access global data in the form of web pages. These WebPages can be transferred through the Hyper Text Transfer protocol (HTTP).
WwW: wwW
is a global information service for
HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol is the set of rules for transferring files (text, graphic, images, audio and video) on the Www. when a user opens their web browser, the user is indirectly making use of HTTP. HYPER TEXT: It is special text which contains links to other texts. It can include graphics, and video and sound .The hyper text pages text, are interconnected by hyperlinks, a by typically mouse click. activated
HTML: Hyper TEXT Markup
Language is used to create web pages nd web These web pages can be viewed applications. using any browser soltware.HTML contains tags to design pages. we
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TAGS: Tags are the instructions in HTML. The HTML tags tell the wcb
and organizc the veb pages. All the HTML lags must be cncloscd with i.c.,' and '> synmbols.
in a
browscr how to format pair of angular brackets
WEB PAGE:;A web page is a documcnt commonly written in HTML. It is accessible through internet using a web browser. Evcry wcb page is identified by a uniquc URL.
WEB SITE:
collection of web pages is called web sitc. Each web site has its own unique URL which can be reached through an internct connection. Each site is owned and managed by an individual or organization. A
8. WEB BROWSERS A Web browser, simply called browser, is a software application for retrieving, presenting and traversing information resources on the WWW. It allows users to view or browse HTML documents on WWW.An information resource is identi fied by a URL and may
be a web page, image, video or any other document.
The major web browser are Mozilla, Firefox, Google chrome, Internet explorer. operating and safari.
Internet Explorer is Internet Explorer (E) is a product from software giant Microsoft. This the most in 1995 along with Windows 95 commonly used browser in the universe. This was introduced launch and it has passed Netscape popularity in 1998.
Google Chrome on
its beta version was first released This web browser is developed by Google and chrome is known to be one of the most popular September 2, 2008 for Microsoft Windows. Today, than 50%. web browser with its global share of more
Mozilla
Firefoxx
Mozilla. new browser derived from Firefox on the Internet. to be the second most popular browser
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It
was relcased in 2004 and has grown
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Safari is a web browser developed by Apple Inc. and included in public beta in January 2003. Safari has very good support for
alari as a
TS released
Mac OS X. It was latest technologies
like XHTML, CSS2 etc.
Opera Opera is smaller and faster than most other browsers, yet it is full- featured. Fast, user-Triendly, with keyboard interface, multiple windows zoom functions, and more. Java and non Java-enabled versions available. Ideal for newcomers to the Internet, school children, hanalcap and as a front-end for CD-Rom and kiosks.
Konqueror Konqueror is an Open Source web browser with HTML 4.01 compliance, Supporting Java applets, JavaScript, CSS 1, CSS 2.1, as well as Netscape plug-in. This works as a file manager as well as it supports basic file management on local UNIX file systems, from Simple Cutcopy and paste operations to advanced remote and local network file browsing.
Lynx Lynx is a fully-featured World Wide Web browser for users on Unix, VMS(Vitual Memory System), and other platforms running cursor-addressable(. When something is addressable, it can be accessed and manipulated independently of its surroundings. For example, screen pixels and RAM (memory) are addressable.).
Components
of web browser:
The components of a browser may differ from one browser to another. But most of latest browsers have the folowing components.
Title
Bar: It shows the browser name, default web site name, maximize, minimize and
close buttons.
Tabs: Tab is a separate part in the browser window. Tabs are used to view various web sites in a Single browser .Each tab shows only one web site. Address Bar: it shows the web site address.
Document Area: lt shows the web page of the web site.
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SAMPLE GOOGLE CHROME BROWSER Address
Title
bar
***
**
Tabs
bar
Document Arca
***
Google *
9.
***
**
WEB SERVERS
A Web server is a conmputer that runs websites. Ii contains server sofiware that uses HTTP to serve HTML docunments, any associated files and scripts when requested by a client or web browser
The primary function of a web server is to store, process and deliver web pages to users. Pages delivered are most frequently HTML documents, which may include text, images. style sheets and scripts etc.
When anyone requests for a website by adding the URL or web address on a web browser's address bar,(like google,.com),the browser sends a request to the internet for viewing the Corresponding web page for that address. A Domain Name Service (DNS) converts this URL to
an
IP address (For example 216.58.196.195). which points toa web server.
Apart from HTTP, a web server also supports SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) and FTP (File Transfer Protocol) protocols for e-mailing and for file transfer and storage.
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Web Server Internet
WN Web pages &
Computer
Graphic files
A web server needs TCP/IP to work. A computer having a modem will have TCP/IP installed, an IP address 127.0.0.1 and a domain name of local host. If web server software is installed in such computer, then HTML pages can be accessed by those addresses. Such
computer acts as both client and server.
Types ofweb servers: server: Apache the most common web server available in the market. Apache is an open available today. Most of the web based source software that handles almost 70% of all web sites environment. It is mostly used in UNIX and applications use Apache as their delault web server It s
WIN32 systems.
.Personal Web Server (PWS):
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It is developed by Microsoft Corporation.lt can bc installed on Windows is very powerful for the devclopment of web sites 95, Windows 98 or Windows NT.PWS containing CGI(Common Gatewvay Interface).
IIS by Microsoft. It is
server: is also developed Internet Information Service or Internet Information Server windows operating built-in software that can be available in latest versions of
systems.
Lighttpd: that is distributed with The lighttpd, pronounced lighty is also a free web server server is fast, secure and consumes much the FreeBSD operating system. This open source web Mac OS X, Linux and Solaris operating less CPU power. Lighttpd can also run on Windows, systems.
Sun
Java System Web Server:
is suited for medium and large websites. Though This web server from Sun Micr ystems and Unix platforms. the server is free it is not open source. It however, runs on Windows, Linux required for The Sun Java System web server supports various languages, scripts and technologies ctc. Web 2.0 such as JSP, Java Servlets, PHP, Perl. Python, Ruby on Rails, ASP and Coldfusion
Jigsawv
Server
It Jigsaw (W3C's Server) comes from the World Wide Web Consortium. OS source and free and can run on various platforms like Linux. Unix, Windows. Mac BSD etc. Jigsaw has been written in Java and can run CGI scripts and PHP programs.
open X Frec
is
server is always Conclusion: Every Website sits on a computer known as a Web server. This
is given a unique connected to the internet. Every Web server that is connected to the Internet For example, address made up of a series of four numbers between 0 and 255 separated by periods. 68.178.157.132 or 68.122.35.127.
available in the market Apart from these Web Servers. there are other Web Servers also Web Logic and IBM1's but they are very expensive. Major ones are Netscape's iPlanet, Bea's WebSphere.
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UNIT-2 E-mail
1. INTRODUCTION: mechanism
1o
E-mail means "Electronie Mail".It is access information over the internet.
predominant an inexpensive and still the most
people on the Internet, allowing C-mail is one of the most commonly used services RAY TOMLINSON in 19/2.lt OSCnd messages to one or more recipients. Email was invented by form over a netWork. S dsystem used for creating, sending and storing textual data in digital Protocol (SMTP) Earlier. the email system was based on Simple Mail Transfer mechanism. a protocol uscd for sending emails from one server to another. Today' s email technologY uses the store-and-forward model. In this model, the user sends and receives information on their own computer terminal. Email contains attached files with documents, Images or videos. Because it is fast. flesible and reliable.
*ADVANTAGES OFEMAIL lt helps us manage our
contacts, send mails quickly, maintain our mail history, store the required information etc. Sending and receiving emails takes less time. Send the same message to any number of people. Speed: An e-mail is delivered instantly and anywhere across the globe.
Easy
to use:
Easy to prioritize: E-mails come with
a subject line; it is easy to
prioritize them and
ignore the unwanted ones.
Reliable and Secure: Constant efforts
are being taken to improve the security in
electronic mails.
Informal
and Conversational: The language used in emails is generally simple and thus, makes the process of communication informal. Automated e-mails: It is possible to send automated emails using special programs
like auto responders. The auto responders reply only to those messages with generalized pre-wrilen text messages
Environmental friendly: postal mails use paper as a medium to send letters. Electronic mail therefore, prevents a large number of trees from getting axed. It also saves the fuel need for transportation. Inexpensive: once we are online, cost of sending a message
is
very small or less.
Use of graphics: Colorful greetings cards and interesting pictures can be sent through e-mails.
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tool: Nowadays many individuals and companics
are using the c-mail
service to advertise their products, services, ctc. Data Storage: E-mail service providers offer their users with enough space for storage of data. AIso, the process of sorting and arranging mails, as per the subject is made casier for users.
DISADVANTAGES
OF EMAIL
Thedisadvantages of e-mailare Theses are computer programs which have the potential to harm a computer system. These programs copy themselves and further infect the computer. through them and The recipient needs to scan the mails, since, viruses are transmitted have the potential to harm computer systems.
Viruses:
E-mails when used to send unsolicited messages and unwanted advertisements create nuisance and are termed as spam. Checking and deleting these unwanted mails can unnecessarily consume a lot of time.
Spam:
The act of breaking into computer security is termed as hacking. In this form of security breach, emails are intercepted by hackers.
Hacking:
One has to be careful while posting content through an email. typed in a hurry, the matter could be misinterpreted.
Misinterpretation:
If .Lengthy
mails: If the mail
is too long and not properly presented, the reader may lose
interest in reading it.
Not suitable for business: Since the content posted through-mails
is considered
informal, they are not suitable for business.
Crowded It
inbox: Over a period of time, the e-mail inbox may get crowded with mails.
becomes difficult for users to manage such a huge chunk of mails.
Need
to check the inbox regularly:
In
order to stay updated, one has to check his
e-mail account regularly.
Lack
the personal touch:
Email will never beat a hand written card or letter when it
comes to relationships.
2. HOW TO wORK WITH E-MAIL ACCOUNTS 'S DEGREE COLLEGE
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working follows the elient server approach. In this client or mail program and server is a device that manages cmans
:al pplication
is
the mailer i.e. the mail
USER-ID: system. Ihe userid syslcm uses and passwords together to grant access to the A userid must be eS you to the computer. Userids are typically some form of your name. uc nroughout the computer system. This allows the computer to distinguish between you and sOme other person. Different systems refer to a userid with different names.
uc
.Conputer
Login ID Usermame Userid Snce the userid identifies you to the computer, it also used to identify you to other computer Systems. The userid is made up ofthe person's initials and the digits of some personal identification
number.
USER
ID RULES:
User User User User
ids must be 7-14 characters
ids must contain at least one letter; numbers are allowed, but not required. ids cannot contain spaces ids cannot contain your Social Security Number, Tax Identification Number,
or Customer Access Number. special characters are allowed, such as( !.@#,S,%,^,&). No ofan underscore is allowed but not required. Use not use your password as your User ID. Do
PASSWORD: that a computer user password is a un spaced sequence of characters used to determine particular user. To prevent other people from requesting access lo a computer system is really that you are required to have a password. A password allows using your account through your userid, your userid. A password is typically somewhere you to access the computer system through on how the computer system is setup. between four and 16 characters, depending A
PASSWORD RULES on system setup. Passwords must be 7-14 characters depends and one number password cannot contain spaces. Passwords must include at least one letler Semicolons cannot be part of'a password Passwords are case-sensitive your password Do not use User-ID as
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if you forget your User
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ID or password. you can retricve them through the "User tD &
Password Help" link.
EMAIL ADDRESSES An email address identifies an email box to which email messages are delivered. Email addresses starts with the mail name of the person. followed by varíous address components. cnding with the "Top level" domain (ofien a country code). separated the by character Email are things addresses two @"at
sign").SYNTAN:user@domain The right hand part describes the domain name involved. and the left hand part refers to the user who belongs to that domain. An cmail address can be up to 255 characters long and can include the following characters Lowercase letters from a toZ. Digits The characters""_" and-"(full stop. underscore and hyphen) Spaces are not allowed in c-mail address. An cmail address often looks like: firstname.lastname@provider.domain
DOMAIN
NAME
A Domain name is a unique name that identifies a website. Each web site has a domain name that serves as an address, which is used to access that website.Domain names are used to identify one or more IP address. Domain names are used in URLs to identify particular
webpages.
,
For example in the URL http://www.vhoomail.com/index.html, the domain name is yahoomail.com. when you access a website. the domain name is actually translated to an IP address, hich defines the server where the website located. This translation is performed dynamically by a service called DNS (Domain Name Service). Every domain name has a suffix that identifies which TOP LEVEL DOMAIN (TLD) it belongs to. There are only a limited number of such domains.
For example:
gov-Government agencies edu-Educational institutions *org-nonprofit organizations .mil-Military services com-Commercial services net-Network Provider, Internet Service Provider
int-International
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E-MAIL INNER WORKING Store and Forward Method & central mail spool method)
3.
follows the client server approach. In this clicnt is the mailer i.e. the mai or mail program and server is a device that manages emails.
working Cail application
Following example will take you through the basic steps involved in sending and emails and will give you a better understanding of working of email system:
receiving
Suppose person A wants to send an email message to person B. select rerson A composes the messages using a mailer program i.e. mail client and then Send option. mail server. The message is routed to Simple Mail Transfer Protocol to person B's for person B. The mail server stores the email message on disk in an area designated The disk space area on mail server is called mail spool. With B's suppose person B is running a POP client and knows how to communicate mail server. email has arrived for B.As in It will periodically poll the POP server to check if any new email is forwarded over the this case, person B has sent an email for person B, so on person B's PC. network to B's PC. This is message is now stored Now,
representation of the steps discussed above: The following diagram gives pictorial Incomingemail
Running POP Client POP Link
network
Outgoingemail
dient
Mail spool with storage for
A's local
Person
A's
PC
ASma
storage
Person A
RSMTRA
emai Outgoing
ient
enai
5MTP Link
intoming
nelwork Email sent via SMTP
Person B's PC
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Email is based around the use of clectronic mailboxes. When an email is sent. the message is routcd from server to server, all thc way to the recipients email server. More preciscly. the message is sent to the mail server tasked with transporting emails (MTA, for Mail Transport Agent) to the recipients MTA. On the internet, MTAs communicate with one another using the protocol SMTP. and so are logically called SMTP SERVERS.
The recipients MTA then delivers the email to the ineoming mail scrver (called MDA, for Mail Delivery Agent), which stores the email as it waits for the user to accept it. Therc are two main protocols used for receiving email on an MDA:
INTERNET
MTA
MTA
z
MTP SERVER
ATEAIET
AN
POP/IMAP SERVER
MUA MTA
Email client
POP3
Email client
(POST OFFICE PROTOCOL):
Which is used for retrieving email and, in certain cases, leaving a copy of it on the server?
IMAP
(INTENET MESSAGE ACCESS PROTocoL!
Which is used for co-coordinating the status of emails (read, deleted, moved) across multiple email clients. With IMAP, a copy of every message is saved on the server, so that this synchronization task can be completed.
MTAs act as the post office, while MDAs act as mailboxes, which store messages until the recipients check the box. This means that it is not necessary for recipients to be connected
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Date
The Date tield indicates the date when the e-mail was sent.
ne
To To
ticld indicates the recipient's address i.c. to whom the e-mail
iIS
Sent.
Subjeet ne Subject field indicates the purpose of c-mail. It should be precise and to
the poln.
CC
CCstands for Carbon copy.
It includes those recipient addresses whom we want to Keep informed but not exactly the intended recipient.
BCC BCC stands for Black Carbon Copy. It is used when we do not want one or more of the recipients to know that someone else was copied on the message.
Greeting
Greeting is the opening the of actual message. Eg. Hi Sir or Hi Guys etc. It
Text
represents the actual content of the message.
Signature
This is the final part an of e-mail message. It includes Name of Sender, Address, Number. and Contact
5.
MESSAGE COMPOSITION
Composing
a NewEmail Message
To create and send a new email message:
.
Click Write Message.
2. Type the recipient's email address in the To box. Enter multiple addresses them with a comma. NOTE: by separating If the person is in your Address
Book, you can just start yping the email address (or the name you've entered as their "Display Name") of choices will appear. Just choose and a list the correct one from 3. In the CC box (carbon the list. copy) type the email addresses you want to email. (A recipient who is receive a copy of the CC'd is able to see and correspond the message.) with the other recipients of 4. In the BCC box (blind carbon copy) type the email addresses you want of the email. (The email addresses to receive a copy recipients of who are BCC'd will headers of the message.) not appear in the
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Type a brief description of the email message in the Subjcct box. For cxample. if you're sending out a recipe for oatmeal cookies, the subject might be "My oatmeal cookies recipe". 6. Type the body of the email message. 7. If you wish to add a signature to your cmail, select one from the Signature pulI-down menu. 8. If you wish to attach files to this messange, usc the Browsc buttons at the bottom of the page to choose files from your lhard drive. You can include up to three attachments with a message. 9 If you want to send your email message now, click Send. 10.Ifyou want to send your email message later, or work on it more at a later time. click Save as a draft and you'll be able to retrieve it from the Drafts folder later. 5.
Adding Color and Graphics to Messages To
activate color and graphics when composing a message, click the Color and Graphics link next to Write near the top of the page. The formatting toolbar will appear above the box where you enter your message body.
>Using the Address Book to Add Recipients .In
the To, CC, or BCC, box, start typing the recipient's email address (or the name you've listed as their "Display Name" in the Address Book).A list of choices will come up and you can click the correct one from the list.
Attaching
a File to an Email Message
To attach a file to an outgoing email message: I. In the Write window, there are three bOxes at the bottom where you can add attachments to your message. Click a Browse button. Select the file on your hard drive that you want to attach to the message. 4. Click Attach File. To remove an attached file, delete the file's path from the box next to the Browse button.
Sending the Email Message 10 Send an
email message, click the Send button in the Write window
6. FEATURES OFE-MAIL
WEB T1INOLOGUS
B. C'om V
SENESTLR
E-mail means "Electronic Mail" It is an inexpensive and still the most predominant mechanism to access information over the internet. E-mail has several features .The important features are given below:
Online/Ofline text drafting Spell eheck
Aachment
with e-mail messages
Send e-mail
alerts
.Deleting
a mail
Reply
to incoming mails Forwarding a mail Remove expired mails
Automated
response
The features of E-mail are:
Online/Offline text drafting: Messages can be composed by being online as well as offline. Online messages can be composed by clicking "compose' option.To ompose offline message,use composing tools like MS-outlook.
Spell
check It is always preferable to check the composed message for spelling mistakes before mail sending.
Attachment with e-mail messages The
feature
allows the sender to compose images,Audio,Video,documents etc.along with the text.
Send
a
message
with
e-mail The send utility of' an e-mail program send the composed message to the address that is specified at "To" field.
alerts If we are in offline and just logged in.E-mail program provides a message that we got new message in our inbox.lf we are in online, message arrival will be notified by a beep sound.
Deleting
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A received message can be deleted by selecting it and clicking delete option. The delcted messages are stored in trash older which acts as recycle bin in operating
system.
to incoming mails
Reply
Using, this fcature
vwe
can send reply to currcnt recciver messages address.
a mail
Forwarding
This feature helps us to read direct
Remove
a
received message to another address.
expired mails This feature helps us to delete a message aulomatically in case is older than a certain number of days say 30.60,90.
Automated
it
has been read and
response
This feature generates automatic reply to the received messages.It is useful when a user is in vacation.
7.
PROTOCOLS
A protocol is a
set of rules that govern how computers can communicate
The protocol defines:
The
way addresses are assigned to machines. formats in which they will pass the data.
The
amount of data which can be sent at
The
a
time.
There are two protocols are used to communicate across the internet. They are Internet protocol (IP) and Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). IP refers to the method in which data is delivered between hardware devices over the world wide web. Information is eonveyed between two hosts: The source and the destination host. The data must be transmitted over a number of networks. It is also called as a
communication protocol. lt provides all the requirements to transmit and receive data across multiple networks.TCP is made up of layers, with cach layer providing certain functionality. The
TCP
architecture of TCP/IP is as follows:
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Application layer
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UDP
TCP
V
SEM ESTER
J
IP
ARPANET
LAN
Application laver: This layer provides applications the ability to access the services of the Other layerS and defines the protocols that applications used to exchange the data.
*TELNET:
It is a
terminal protocol and it is used for logging on remotely to network
hosts.
FTP: *SMTP:
It is used for
interactive file transfer
(SIMPLE MAIL TRANSFER PROTOCOL): It is used for transfer of mail messages and attachments. (DOMAIN NAME SERVICE): It is used to resolve a host name to an IP address. DNS:
Transport laver: It
provides the way for sending and receiving data in the form of packets, between communicating systems. The transport layer is responsible for providing the application layer with datagram communication services.
TCP: t provides a one-to-one, reliable communication service. *UDP: (USER DATAGRAM PROTOCOL): It is used when the amount of data tobe transferred is small ,when the overhead of establishing a TCP connection is not desired.
Internet aver: This layer handles the movement of packets over the internet. It contains Internet protocol. Il is used to find out the network and computer address. The IP is responsible for addressing. packaging and routing functions.
Physical laver: Normally the device drivers of the link layer are available in the operating system and the corresponding interface is available in the computer. These two can handle all the hardware details o physical interfacing with the help of cables. It is also called as Data Link Layer or network interface layer.
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HTTP (HYPER TEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL)
The HTTP is an application -level protocol for distributed, collaborative. hypermedia information systems. This is the foundation for data communication for the Www, since 1990. HTTP is a TCP/IP based communication protocol. that is used to deliver data (HTML files. image files, query results, etc.) on the WWW. It provides a standardized way for computers to communicate with cach other. HTTP specilication specifies how client's request data will be constructed and sent to the server, and how the servers respond to these requests.
HTTP is called a stateless protocol. Because cach command independently,without any knowledge of the commands that came before it.
is
executed
Basic Features: There are three basic features that make HTTP a simple but powerful protocol
HTTP
IS CONNECTIONLESS: The HTTP client i.c. a browser initiates an HTTP request and after a request is made, the client disconnects from the server and waits for a response. The server processes the request and re-establishes the connection with the client to send a response back. HTTP IS MEDIA INDEPENDENT: It means, any type of data can be sent by HTTP as long as both the client and the server know how to handle the data content. HTTP IS STATELESS: The server and client are aware of each other only during a current request. A fterwards, both of them forget about each other. Due to this nature of the protocol, neither the client nor the browser can retain information between different requests across the web pages.
The following are the steps involved while communicating with HTTP. They are:
Make a connection Request a document (Browser request) Response to a request (server responds) Closing a connection.
RAO'SDEGREE
Connection setup: Initially browser opens
a standard TCP connection to the server either by using a port which is free.
default port 80 or any other Ex: http://www.some.server.com:8080
Browser
request:
Once the TCP connection is established ,the browser requests a given document using its URL. This request will be in the following format: The browser can send a variety of other commands like post, head and put. Post command is used to send form data to the server. FHead command is used to get only page header information. Put command is used to transmit a data file to the server.
Server COLLEGE
request
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Web server automatically responds to the request made by the browser. This response contains requested information along with: content type. Location and set cookie(a file which holds browsing related inlormation). The server will also generate some response codes which are shown in the folowing 1able:
Response code 200-299 300-399 400-499 500-599
Closing
Meaning -successful
page
***
has moved client errors server errors
connection:
Alier data transmission client and server can both teminate the connection. If the browser requests a new document, a new connection has to be established i.e., each time when a browser requests a new document a new connection should be made.
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1. INTRODUCTION TO HTML: HTML
stands for HYPER TEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE. It is derived from SGML ( Sandard Generalised Markup Language), is developed by "TIM BERNER'S LEE" in It 1990. called also Document as It designed language, Tag based language. can HTML code be written in any text editors like NOTEPAD, WORDPAD. EDIT-PLUS etc. HTML can be executed in any browsers like Mozilla, Firefox.Safari etc. HTML is a platform independent language. HTMI is not a case sensitive. pages are designed by using HTML, those are called as "WEB PAGES". The HTML web pages are static web pages.
HTML
code written in between two angular brackets. Those are called as TAGS. That's why it is a tag based language. is a keyword, There are two types Tag oftags are available in HTML.Those are opening tags and closed tags. Opening tags are represented as----< Closing tags are represented as----- < |----------------
Features of HTML: HTML has several features. The most important features are given below:
HTML
used to create tables. HTML is used to create LISTS. HTML is used to create Hyperlinks. HTML is used to create different form elements. HTML is useto create Frames in HTML. *It help us to create multiple web pages in a single web page. It is used to add GRAPHICS and easily add IMAGES in a webpage. TYPES OF TAGS IN HTML: There are three types of general tags in HTML. Those are Container tags NON-Container tags Special entities is
Container tags: The tags which contains both opening and elosing tags
Ex <html... <head. <body.
'S DEGREE COLLEGE
'**********
./html>
*****
..../head>>
../body>
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Non-Container tagS: The tags which contains only opening but not closing tags. Ex:Shr>-Horizontal ruler tag <br>----- Break laag
Special entities: The entities are used for some special
&(ampersand) symbol.
purposes only, which are enclosed with
EX: &l.. Less than &gt... Greater than &nbsp.. NON breakable space.
2. Explain HTML document structure? HTML stands for "HYPER TEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE". It is mostly widely used to create web pages. Hyper text means web pages are linked together. The link available in a web page is called a Hyper Text.
Markup
language means,generally HTML is s simply markup text document with tags than tell either web browser, how to structure is to display.
STRUCTURE HTML document contains two parts, namely HEAD part and BODY part.
Svntax:
-comments--> <html>
head.
******
<body>. </html> In
.</head>
/body>
above structuree,
<html> tags encloses the complete document structure. <head> tag represents header.<body> tag represents the document body. <-comments-- > are used to describe the programs such a purpose name ,date and author details of the document are placed. Comments ignored by the web browser. Head part contains the information like document name, address, logos etc. Head part contains a tag known as <title> tag.lt defines the title of the webpage.Body part contains the information like running matter, and keeps the other HTML tags like <hl>,<p>,<table> etc.
Ex:
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Com
VSBMSTVR
program-sample <html> <head> Rao's Degree college</head><br> <body>Best corporate degree college in Nellore district</body>
</html
Output: C
OFki
Euhtm}Mrsthm
Rao's Degree college Best corporate degree college in Nellore district
seeren NOTE:
ATTRIBUTE: Attribute means, provide additional information for a particular tag. The general form of attribute is as follows:
Ex:
Attribute "value" align="center" Color "red".
3. Explain HTML tags? stands for "HYPER TEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE". t is mostly widely used to create web pages. HTML document contains number of tags. Some of them are: HTML
Heading tag
Paragraph tag
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WEB TIINOLAMGIES Break tag
Non-breakable space Title tag
Heading
Tags:
different sizes for your use can You heading. a with Any document starts <h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <n4> headings. HTML has six levels of headings, which use the elements line before and one ine one adds browser heading, any <h6>, While displaying hs, and after that heading. All
heading tags are container tagBS. .</h2>
******************************
hs>...
Default size
/h3>
**sss
../h4>
<h4
</h5>
<h5.. <h6
Minimum size
..</h6>
*******
Paragraph
Maximum size
/h1>
<h:
taq:E
structure your text into different paragraphs. Each between an opening <p> and a closing </p> tag
The sp> tag offers a way to
paragraph of text should go
in
Break tag:
Whenever you use the <br> element, anything following it starts from the next line. This tag is an example of an empty element, where you do not need opening and closing tags, as there is nothing to go in between them.
Non
breakable space
space between the texts. You should use a nonbreaking space entity &nabs instead ofa normal space. Every entity is enclosed with an Ampersand (&) symbol. By
Title
O'S DEGREE
using this entity.
It
gives
a
tag: The title tag is required in all HTML documents. And it defines Title in browser displays a title for the page in search engine results. Not use more than one title
tool bar. It tag in an HTML document. It is
represented as <title>,../title>.It
is a
container tag and it contains a
opening and closing tags.
Syntax:
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WEB TECHNOLOGIES 13.
'om VSEMESTER
<html>
<head>
<title>.. s/head> <body>.
</html>
.
/title> /body>
Ex: <html>
<head> <title>HTMLtags</title> <h1 align="center"> Rao'sDegreeCollege
</h1
<head> <body> <h2 align="center">lt is old institute in Nellore</h2> <p align="center"> Established in 1984</p><br> <p align="center"> courses are:</p><br> &nbsp &nbsp &nbsp &nbsp B.Sc<br &nbsp &nbsp &nbsp &nbsp B.Com<br> &nbsp &nbsp &nbsp &nbsp BCA<br &nbsp &nbsp &nbsp &nbsp B.Sc Ls<br> &nbsp &nbsp &nbsp &nbsp BBA<br <body></html>
Output:
A0'S DEGREE COLLEGE
Ruo'sDegreel ollege It h old iovtitute io Nellore
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IES
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4. Explain FONT tag in HTML? friendly and Fonts play a very important role in making a website more user ncreasing content readability. Font face and color depends entirely on the computer and Drowser that is being used to view your page but you can use HTML <font> tag to add styie, size, and color to the text on your website. too The font tag is having three attributes called size, color, and face
customize your fonts. In above font tag, three attributes are used. The size attribute specifies the the font. The color attribute specifies the color of the font. The face attribute Specifies the style of the font. Now the general form of font tag is as follows.
Size of
Syntax: <font size="value" color="color name/hexadecimal coding" face="font style">.... S/font> *************.
EX <html>
<heads <h1 align="center"> Font tag</h1>
</head> <body> <h2 align="center"> <font face="Calibri" color="red" size="6"> Raos students </font><br> <font face="Bahnschrift Light" color="blue" size="4">Sixth semester</font><br>> <font face="Times New Roman" color="magenta"
size="6">Fourth semester</font><br> sfont face="Gautami (Headings CS)" color="green" size="S"> Font tag displays different colo, styles and sizes</font> </h2> </body> </htmi>
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Y1B TCUNOLOGIICS
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Output:
Font tug Raos students Sh
T'ont tag
Se
nemester
l'ourth lisplav
seniester talor,
diflerent
st
les nd
sirr
arct
5.
Explain Base font tag in HTML?
The <basefont> element is supposed to set a default font size, color, and typeface for any parts of the document that are not otherwise contained within a <font> tag. You can use the <font> elements to override the <basefont> settings. The <basefont> tag also takes color, size and face attributes. This tag is supported Internet Explorer browser only .This tag is used n HEAD part of the HTML document. and it applies the color,size and face for the whole document. The size attribute specifies the size of the font. The color attribute specifies the color of the font. The face attribute specifies the style of the font. Now the general form of font tag is as follows.
Syntax:
<basefont size="value" color="color name/hexadecimal coding" face"font style">
Ex: <html> shead>
basefont color="red" size="|" /head
facc="arial">
sbody> <h1>Basefont tag deimo</h1> <h2>Bcom fifth sem</h2> <h3> web technologies</h3>
</body> </html>
A0'SDEGREE COLLEGE
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WEB T11XOLMGES Resul:
3. 'om
V
SEMESTE
Basefont 1ag demo Bcom fifth sem web technologics
6.Explain HTML colors: n
we can specify a dircct color name or background color to the text. The general sYntax: color="color name" o display other than primary colors, use hexadecimal coding. It is a Each hexadecimal can preceded combination of sixteen digits|0 23456789ABCDEF]. by #(hash)sign. In HTML. hexadecimal coding is represented as "#6digits". 1IML
Torm is:
I
Syntax: color"Hexadecimal coding"
color-#6digits" Example
color="#|12233*"
color=#aabbcc" color=#ee5577" attribute, it specifies a background color to the total document. This attribute is used in body section. Other than font tag. Use a special attribute called "style". The style attribute setting the style of an HTML document.The general form is as follows: In HTML
we use "bgcolor"
Svntax: Shuml element style="property:value; property:value,.
Ex: <hl style="align:center;color:green">
Ex:
<himl> <head> <hl align="center">Colors Example</h1></head> <body bgcolor="yellow"> <hl style="color:red"> lam red/h|> <h2 style="background-color:pink"> am pink</h2> <hl style="color:#44dd55">| am grey</h1> <h2 style="background-color:blue"> I am Blue</h2> <hl style="color:green"> I am Green</h2> <h2 style="background-color:#bb5599"> | am magenta</h2> I
</h1>
</body </html>
Output:
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(om V
SEMESTER
Colors Exnmple
Iam
ret
I am pinkENER
I
PE
nm Green
7.Explain Textformatting tagsin HTML? The text in an HTML document may be an altered in number of ways. formatting tags the look and style of the text can be changed.
By
using text
The following tags are used to set various formatting features to the text. Some of the formatting tags are:
Bold
tag: This tag is used to make the text in Bold face.
It is
represented
as <b>. It
is a
container
tag. Bold tag-
Italic
<b>--...------</b>, tag: This tag is used to make the text in Italic face.
It is
represented as
<i>, It is a
container
tag. Italic tag-
*Underline tag: This tag is used to set underline to the text. It is represented as <u>. it is a container tag.
Underline tag-> 1--------</u> is This used set to the text as subscript.(base/suffix).it is represented as <sub» tag Subscript tag: It is a container tag. Subscript tag- <sub> -</sub» Superscript tag: this tag is used to set the text as superscript. (power/prefix). It is represented as Sup>, It is a container tag. /sup> Superscript tag- <sup>. Typewriter tag: This tag is used to display the text as typewriter output. It is represented as <tt. It is a container tag. Typewriter tag-> <tt>.... /tt> EX
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3.
WEB 'TIUNOLOOGlES
om
SEMESTER
<html>
<head> <h1 align= "center"> Satya technologies</h1>
ch2 align="center"> Hyderabad</h2>
</heads
size="20%" width="30%"> <hr align="center" color="grccn" <body bgcolor="magenta"> <h2 align="center"s
<b>cu> Courses are:</u></b> Java<br> &nbsp &nbsp &nbsp &nbsp &nbsp &nbsp &nbsp &nbsp 8&nbsp Python<br>cbr &nbsp &nbsp &nbsp &nbsp &nbsp si><u> Batches are: </u></j> Merit<br> &nbsp &nbsp &nbsp &nbsp &nbsp &nbsp &nbsp &nbsp
&nbsp &nbsp &nbsp Dull<br><br> Water formula is: H<sub»2</sub>0<br><br> X<sup>3</sup>+2XY+Y<sup>3</sup><br><br> Math formula is: Type writer otput is:<tt> Text formatting tags</tt> </h2> <Body>
</html> Output:
Sntmrechnologles ITYderibad
CoursesinRHJayn
2on Balehies
Watcr
arEMerit Dul
formutai1,0
Mathfomualsr
2YY
Type wrltoOfputtierKE fOmatng tag
Seartn
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WEB TCUNOLXES 13.
(om
V
SEMEST'V
8. Explain HTML lists? St is a collection of elements, which is having types of lists in HTML. They are: Ordered list Unordered list. Nested list.
Ordered
a
particular order, There are three
list:
ordered list is a list of clements, which is having a particular sequence. Html tag we can create a ordered list by using a tag known as <ol>. It is a container tog, along with this use a sub item list tag known as <li>( list item tag). Syntax: sols In
An
<li>--.. <li>
</li>
</li>
<li>..-</li> </ol> wants other than digits default <ol > tag displays digits only. But the user called, "type". alphabets, and roman numbers. We use a special attribute Svntax:
i.e,
By
TYPE=" A/a/1/"'>
<ol
<li> <li
-</li> --**---</li>
<II>----------
</II>
/ols sequence. In which is having without any elements, list is a of list An Unordered <ul>. It is a container tag, along with list by using a tag known as unordered a Html we can create tag). list tag known as <li>( list item
Unordered
list:
this tag use a sub item
Syntax: <ul>
<li>---.
</li>
<li>--.</li> <li>---------</li>
</ul
than disc only. But the user wants other symbols disc tag displays "type". special attribute called,
default <ul circle, use a symbols i.e, square, Syntax: TYPE="square/circle"> :
By
<ul
OLL
GH
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WICB'TIIINOTOGUCS
3. ComV SIOMISTCR
<li> ------</|i> <lis......</|>
<li>....---------
</||>
</ols
Nestedlist:
A
we can presen list contains another list is known as Nested lIst. By using this teature ent
list and sublist on the web page. Syntax: <ol> a
<li>..S/||>
<li> <ul>
<li>.../li> <li./li> ******
**************'**"
</ul> </li> ************'***""******"********* ******"*********°'*************
</ol>
E <Html>
<Head> color="red">HTML <h1 align="center" style="background-color: pink"><font Lists</font></h1> </head> <hr> <body bgcolor="yellow">
<font color="green"> <h1>
<b><u>Inventor:</u></b> Charles Babbage<br> ci>cu>parts :</u></i><ul type="square"> <li>lnput Device</li> <li>CPU
<ol type="A"> <li>ALU</li> <li>CU</li>>
<li>MU</li </ol>
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/li cliseutput Device</li>
/ul> </font></h1></body></html> Output:
TII.ist
Inventoi harles
IBnbbage
1Device
Input
CPU A. ALU B. CU
C.MU
Output
Device
seares
9. Explain Character tags in HTML2 applied to an individual character types of character tags in HTML. They are: The tag
is
is
known as "character tags". There are two
Logical character tags Physical character tags. Logical
character tags:
it is formatted. This tag describes how the text is being used not necessarily, how
Some of the logical character tags are: Citation tag: This tag is used to make the text is a container tag.
in
italic face.
It is
represented as <cite>.
cite>---Italic
<cite>..
it> tag: This tag is used to display the text with aline through as <del>. It is a container tag.
Delete Insert
It is a
del>,-----strike <del... is tag: This tag used to display the text with underline. container tag. <ins>.....
Emphasize tag: This tag is a
It is a
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It is
It is
represented
represented as <ins>.
Ins>------- underlined is
used to display the in italic face.
It is
represented as <em>.
It
container tag.
Strong .
It
--9ltalic <em>,....../em>.-tag: This tag is used to make the text
in
strong face. Its represented as <strong>
container tag8.
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WEDTXUNOLOXilES
13.
strong Physicol charocter tog This tag cont rols how
Bold tag.
tag: This tag
is
strong>
Com V SEMESTER
Bold
the characters are fornmatted. some of the physical character tags are
used to make the text in Bold face. It is represented as <b>.
Bold tag->
<b>...
*Italic tag: This tag is used to make the tag
</b>, text in ltalic face. It is represented as <i>.
t
is
a containa.
It is a
container talic tag-> <i>.. -</i> Underline tag: This tag is used to set underline to the text. It is tag. represented as <u>, it is a container
Underline tag> <u>..--.. Subscript tag: This tag is used to set It is a
</u>
the text as subscript.(base/suffix).lt
container tag.
is represented as <sub»
Subscript tag<sub>. sub» Superseript tag: this tag is used to set the text as superscript.(power/prefix). <sup>. It is a container
tag. Superscript tag-
Big tag: This tag is used to tag
Big
<sup>-
It is
represented as
</sup>
make the text in bold
tag <big>..
face. It is represented as <big>. It is a container
big>
Strike
tag: This tag is used to display the text a container tag. with a line through it. It is represented as <s>. it is Strike tag-><S>....
/s>
Ex: <Himl>
Head <hl align="center">character
</head
tags</h1>
<hr>
<Body <hl align="center"><font
color="#dd6633">
i> web lechnology</i><br>
<Cite>web technology<lcite><br> cb>HTML</b><br> Strong>HTML</strong></br> Sem> BCA</em></br>
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U>web programming<hu><br
.Sins>Web programming</ins><br del> Rao's college</del><br> $>Rao's college</s><br> hssub>2</sub>O<br> NESup>2</sup>+y<sup>2</sup>,
/font></h1></body></html> Output:
Character Tags web rechnologr wed technology
Nch prgaming
Weh
programung
Re'cuil
h.
10. Explain HTML images? The design and appearance of a web page is very attractive by using images. In html images are defined with a non container tag known as "img" tag. It represented as <img This tag along with a special attribute known as "src(source)".The value of this attribute is "URL"( uniform resource locator).
.
Syntax: <img src="url"> The image tag contains number of attributes. Some of them are: and width: This attribute defines the height and width of a image in pixels. The general Height form is: simg src="url" height="value in pixels" width="value in pixels">
Alt:
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This attribute defines the alternate text to the image. The general form is; <img src="url" alt="alternate text">
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attribute defines the border of the image. We can specify border thickness of pixels using this attribute. The general form is: img src= "url" border="value in pixels">
*Border:
This
in terms
to right or using this attribute the image moves from one side to another side 1,e., left right to left. The general form is: cimg src="url" style="float:left/right">
Float:
By
using this attribute to add a background image on a web page.But, specify the background-image property on the body section. The general form is: <body style="background-image:url('image address')">
Background-image:
By
Syntax: border="value in pixels" cimg src="url" height="value in pixels" width="value in pixels"
style="float:left/right"> Example: <Html> <Head> </head>
<body style="background-image:url('flower1.jpg'"> <h1 align="center"> <font colour="blue"> Image example
</font> </h1> <img src="flower2.jpg" height="100" width="50" Border="value" style="float: right"> </body>
/html> Output:
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WEB TECHNOLOGIES
C
OFFm
B. (om
V
SEMESTCR
teenthtn
Activate Windows
P
Serch
11.Explain HTML entities? The reserved characters must be replaced with character entities. The characters that are not present as HTML elements use entities. The advantage of using an entity name is easy to remember. The disadvantage of using an entity name is browsers may not support all entity names, but the support browsers number is good. Some of the HTML entities are: RESULT DESCRIPTION ENTITY NAME Less than &lt Greater than &gt & Ampersand 8amp Double quotations &quot Single quotation &apos, Non Empty space breakable space &nbsp cent &cent
yen
&yen &copy
Copy
&reg
Registered trade mark
Ex: <html> <Head HTML Entities </head>
<Body hl align="center">&l HTMIL<br>
B. Com V
WEB TEC1IINOLMGIES &gt HTMI<br> &quot HTMIL<br>
&apos; 1TMI<br> &copy HTMI<hr> &reg HTMIL<br> &yen HTML<br> &cent HTML<br> &amp HTMIL
</hl> </body>
/htm
Output:
HTML Entities <
HTML
HTML "HTML 'HTL HTML HTML ¥IITML cHTML &HTML
SEMESTER
WEB TECIHNOLOGIES B. C'om V
SEMESTER
UNIT-4 1.
Expain Horizontal
Ruler (1R lag) tag in 1TML2 ruler tag is used to separate the content in an ITML. document. It contains number ol attribules. those
ontal <hr>. is a non pCScnted as contuiner tag. are color,sizc, align and width. ATTRIBUTE VALUE 2 Align IN
Lef/center/right
DESCRIPTION
specifies the alignment of the Hrtag Color name/ Hexadecimal | It specifies the color of the
Color
coding
Size
It
HRtag
Value in percentages
It
specifies the height of the
tag HR
Width
Value in percentages
It specifies the width of the HR tag
Syntax: hr
colorcolor
name" align="lef/center/right" size="valuc in percentage width=" value in percentage">
Example: html> head> shl align"center">Rao's degree college</h1></head> hr color="red" size="30%" width="30%" align="center>
<body> shl align="right"> web technology</hl> hr color"#cc66ff" size="30%" width="30%" align="right"> <hl align="right"> Horizontal ruler tag</h 1> hr color="#dd77bb" size="30%" width="30%" align="left" <hl align="left">lt contains number of attributes </hl>
/body></html>
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Outpul: Rue's
degree
college
web
technology
lorizoutnl
tng
of uttrlhutes
nunmbur
It vontuins
ruler
Explain TABLES in HTML? How do you create tables in HTML? Table is a collection of rows and columns. Using tables we can present the data in row wise and column vise. Using tables to provide an information in an organised way The following tags are used to create tables in an HTML document. 2.
tag
Table Table
row tag
Table
data tag able heading tag
Caption
Table
tag
tag: It is a
primary tag. This tag is used to create tables in a webpage.It is represented as stable>. It is a container tag. It contains following attributes: This attribute specifies the border of the table. Border: This attribute specifies the bordercolor of the table Bordercolor: This attribute specifies the alignment of the table Align: This attribute specifies the background-color of the table Bgcolor: Cellpadding: This attribute provides the space between the ell econtent and the table cell. . Cellspacing: This attribute provides the space between the two cells in a table.
The general form is: Stable border="value" bordercolor="colorname/coding" align="left/center/tight Bgcolor="colorname/coding" cellpadding="value" cellspacing="value"> ****''*****
Table
/table>
row tag: This tag is used to set a row on the table. It is represented as <tr>, lt is a container tag. It contains bgcolor attribute. Svntax: <tr bgcolor"colorname">
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Table data tag: This tag is used to storc data on the particular row of a table. It as std>. It is a container tag. It contains two special attributes, those are and COLSPAN. The rowspan attribute defines the space between two or rowS and colspan attribute defines the space bctwecn two or more coloumns in a
cd wOrAN
OT
table.
nAN
Table
Std align="center/lef/right rowspan="valuc" colspan"value
Headingtag: tag is used to create a heading for the row in represented as <th>. It is a container tag.
his
Syntax: th align="left/center/right>...
Caption
a
table
.t
is
./th>
tag:
This tag is used to create a small headings for the table. represented as <caption>. It is a container tag. Syntax: <caption>... ./caption> ******.*******
It is
**********
Svntax: Structure of a TABLE: <Caption> -/caption> <Table> <tr>
<th>...</th> th>...</th> **************
************.*
</tr>
tr> std>../td> td.../td> *********** **************
</tr>
<tr <td>...</td> <td>./td> ***********"
******°**
</tr> Str>
<td>....</td> <td../hd> **********
"***************
</tr>
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<Html> <Head></head>
Table</caption></h 1> <Body> align="eenter"><caption>Student bordercolor="red" align="center" border="4" <lable bgcolor="#f14466"> cellspacing="5" bgcolor="yellow"> Str sth>snos/Ah> Sth>sname</th>
hl
cellpadding="10"
<th>marks</Ah> <Ir>
<id>101</td> <Id> suresh</hd> <td>99</td> </tr>
tr> <Id>102</td> <td>tirupal</td> <td>100</td> </tr> Str> <td>103</td> <td> Gopi</hd> <Id>98</td>
</r>
/table> </body> </huml>
Output: Sudet
*
"Tnble
***
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3. NESTED TABLESIN HTML: Nested table is a table. It consists of a table inside another table.. By using nested tables, the web page provides visually interesting and how the potential ol introducing errors depend on its
nesting nalure. Nested table always placed between the table data tag.. The below CXmpie create a table inside another four tables. Each table consist of rows and
coloumns.
Ex
html> <head> <hl align="center">Nested Tables</h1></hcad> <body> <table border="4" bordercolor="red" align="center">
tr>
<td align"center"> First Row</td> <td>
<table border="8" bordercolor="blue" align="center">
tr> <td>First Row</td> </tr>
str> <td>Second Row</td> </tr>
/table> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>
table border="6" bordercolor="green" align="center"> <tr>
td> Sul>
<li> Merits/li> <li> Dullk/li> <li>Average</li> </ul>
td> </tr> </table> </td> Std>
<table border="8" bordercolor"yellow" align="center">
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<d> B.Sc & BCA students</td>
s/> </hable>
s/td> </r> </table> </body> </html>
Output: C
t.minestegtbles
hmi
Nested Tables Fust Row
Frt Row
Seccnd Row
Mert Dul
Aterage
**
BCA students
****
4.
Explain Hyperlinks in HTML?
one of the most important feature in HTML. Using Hyperlinks we can establish a link betweenWebPages or websites.. Generally huge information in a single lengthy webpage is not an efficient way, because lengthy webpage will take longer time to get downloads. To reduce the downloading time of the webpage, the information should be distributed among multiple webpages, rather than a single webpage. Hyperlinks can be created using a tag known as Anchor tag. It is represented as <a>. It is a container tag. It is
W
TIXIINOLOGI1OS
'om
VSEM1STE
Syntax:
a href"url"> **********
In above syntax the nttribute "href" means "1IYPERREFERENCE".
It
specifies
the address of the webpage. The value 'url' means Uniform Resource Iocator
*Iypes oflhyperlinks:
.
There are four types of hyperlinks in HTMI. They are 1. Intemal Hyperlinks 2. External Hyperlinks 3. Image Hyperlinks 4. Mailto Hyperlinks INTERNAL IHYPERLINKS It crentes a link from one position to another position with in the same webpage. Here we create sourcc and target.
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Syntax: At source: Altarget:
sa hres-"#linkname'"> display 1text </a> Sa name="linkname"> display text </a>
EXTERNAL
It
HYPERLINKS:& creates a link between different webpages or websites
Syntax: <a href="url">diplay text </a>
IMAGE webpage that
HYPERLINKS: creates a image hyperlink. When we click on image,
It is
it will
open the
associated with the image.
Syntax: <a href"imagc.html> <img src="url">diplay text <la> MAILTO HYPERLINK: It is special type of hyperlink It contains c-mail address Syntax: <a href="mailto:xyz@gmail.com">Email address</a>
Example program for Internal Hyperlins: <html>
head>
hl align="center">lnternal Hyperlinks</hl>
/head>
color="grecn"> <hr align="center" size="20%" width="30%"
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<body> <h3 align="center"> <a href="#courses">Courses<la><br> <a href-"#batches">Batches</a><br>
<br><br> <a name="courses"></a>
<b><u courses offered</u></b> sol type="A"> <li>cloud eomputing</li> <li>python</li> </ol> <br><br> Sa name="batches"></a> ci>cu> batches are</u></i> ul type="'square">
<li-batchA</li> <li>batchB</li> /ul> </h3>
/body> </html>
Outpul:
Internal Ilyperlinks Coune Jaiches
courss offered A. cloud computiug Pytbon
ealcheior batchA
belcbu
2015
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IES
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program for External Hyperlinks:
xample
Save as Externallink.html <html>
shead hl align="center">External Hyperlinks</hl> </head> Shr align="center" sizc="20%" width="30%" color="red">
<body bgcolor="yellow"> chl align="center"> sa href="course.html>courses</a><br> a href "batch.html">batches</a><br>
<hl> </body> </htm
Save as course.htm html> head> hl align="center">External Hyperlinks</h1> </head> hr align="center" size="20%" width="30%" color="red"> sbody bgcolor"pink"> <hl align="center"> <b><u> Courses Offered</u></b><br> sol type="A"> <li>Java</li> <li>Python</li> <li> Dot net</li> <li>Ajax</lP
<li>RMI<li> </ol> </h1> </body>
/html>
Save
as batch.html
<html>
<head shl align="center">External Hypcrlinks</h> DEGREE COLLEGE
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head> <hr align="center" sizc-"20%"
width"304" color"red">
hody bgcolor"violet> <hl align "center">
iu
Baiches are</u>j>chr ul type-"circle">
<ti BatchA<li> <liBatehB<li> <li BatchC<li> BatchD<i> li>BatchE</i> /ul>
i
/h1> </body> </html>
Output: **
External
I1yperlluks
Course
Rntche
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* Extermal Ilyperlink
Etrmallyperdak
Courses Ofemd A. Java
BatehA
B.Pytbon
BatcbB
C. Dot net
DatchC
D.jar
BatcbD
E RII
BatchE
5. Explain FRAMES in HTML? A frame allows the programmers to divide the browser windowv into
multiple sections. Each section acting independently to each other. The following tags are used to create frames in H'TML. They are <frameset> and <frame>
tag:
Frameset
collection of frames in the browser window is known as Frameset. This tag determines how the sereen will be divided into various frames either vertically or horizontally. It is a container tag. This tag contains number of attributes. They are: A
DESCRIPTION
VALUE
ATTRIBUTE Rows
%(percentage)
Cols
%(percentage)
Border
Value(in pixels)
Bordercolor
Colorname/Hexadecimal
It specifies how many rows are to be contained in the
|
frameset
coding Framespacing
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Value(in pixels)
specifies how many coloumns are to be contained in the frameset. It specifies the border width around theframe It specifies the bordr color It
|
for the frame It
specifies the between the frames
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Frame iag:
It is a non-container tap This tag defines the dimensions of the trame. number of attributes. They are contains This is a tag iranme frameset along with lag. Each
ATTRIBUTE Name
VALUE Any name
It
DESCRIPTION specifies the name of the
Same. Src
Marginheight
url
Valuc in pixcls
specifies the URL for the document to combined with It
in a frame. It specifies the number
of|
use as top or bottom margins with in a
pixels to
frame. Marginwidth
Value in pixels
It specifies the number
of or pixels to use as left right
a
Scrolling
Yes/no
margins wvith in frame. It specifies the scrollbars are provided with in a frame.
Srntax: <frameset rows=%.%" cols="%.%" border="value" bordercolor="colorname/coding" framespacing="value">
frame name="anyname" src="url" marginheight=*"value*" marginwidth="value" scrolling="yes/no"> frame name="anyname" src="url" marginheight="value" marginwidth="value" scrolling="yes/no"> sframe name="anyname" src="url" marginheight="value" marginwidth="value" scrolling="yes/no">
</framesel Example program: Save as frame.html <html> <frameset rows="30%o,70%" border"20" bordercolor="red" framespacing="20"> <frame name="a" sre="head.huml" border="20"
bordercolor="red"> sframeset cols="40%,60%"> sframe name="b" sre="link.huml" borde="20" bordercolor="green"> <frame name="c" src="matter.html" border="20" bordercolor="pink">
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|
f'EBT
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/frameset> Kframeset> </html>
EGREE cOLLEGE
Saveas head.html
<html> <head></head> <body> <hl align="center">Satya Technologies</hl1> sh2 align="center">Hyderabad</h2> </body> </html>
Save as matter.htm <html> <head></head> <body>
<hl>it
is old Institute in Hyderabad.
It has many computer courses like
</body </html
c,c++Java,Python ,Dotnet etc.</hl>
Saveas link.html <html> <head> <head
body sa href-"fees.html"> fees</a><br> <a href"course.html">course<la> </body> </html>
Saveas fees.htm
<html> <head></head> <body <b><u> Fees Details:</u></b> Sul> <li>5000</li> <li>6000</li> </ul>
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</body>
s/html>
Save as coursc.html <html>
<head s/head> sbody si>cu> Courses Offered</i></b><br> Sul type="circle">
<li>Python</li> <li> cloud computing</li> </ul> </body>
/html>
Outpul: e
himi
haehtm
re
Satya Technologies Hyderabad
It
is old Institute in Hyderabad. It has many computer courses like e,c++,Java,Python ,Dotnet etc.
Seuren 200202I
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WEB TECHNOLOGIES
Ale
B. Com V
SEMESTER
****
Satya Technologies Ilyderabad
It is old Institute in Hyderabnd. It has many computer courses like c,c++,Jnva,Python .Dotnet etc.
Sern
SelE
e
Satya Technologies Hyderabad
It is old Institute in IIyderabad. It has many computer courses like c.c++.Java,Python ,Dotnet etc.
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B.
WIEB TEIINOLOGIES
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SEMESTER
or Explain Web elements form Explain FORMS in HTML or Explain Forms in HTML? interactions to a website. IfW
.
of run server, tnat ailows to rorms are used to add an elcment your administrator of program running on th torms check with the system use directed to the is 1 input user fills the form. The to gatner ne inrormation used is submit Scripl alter the cases a particular control called in most STYer. websile. in HTML. and send it to the proper designation on your to create forms used are 1ollowing tags
ne
Form
tag. tag.
Input
FORM
TAG:
INPUT
TAG:
such as textbox, tag contains interface elements nis combobox and textarea. buttons, check box, action buttons,
This tag defines must be along with in the form tag.
a form
passwora ield,
radio
to enter input. This control for the user
tag
are used in input tag: The following attributes control It specifies the type of the form Type: the form control Name: lt specifies the name of form control Size: It specifies the size of the form control the Value: It specifies the value of
Svniax: <form>
type" name="name" input type="form element
value="value" size="size">>
-******
</form> The form elements are:
Textbox:rectangular shaped It is a
the field in which the user can enter
name= input type="textbox
text. The general form
is:
any name" value="any value" size="any size">
field: is: the invisible characters. The general form display to used is element This name=any name" value="any value" size="any size> <input type="password"
Password
Radio
buttons:
which only one can be selected at a time, also called as group of buttons, from forced, currently selected or deleted. The general form is: that means pushing button value" size="any size"> <input type="radio" name="any name" value="any It is
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WEB TECIINOLOGIES 3. (om
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Checkbox: represcnted by an icon , that the user can select or deselect by using checkbox, the user can casily spevily all preferences. ne g
pu
pes "checkbox"
name="any namc" value="any value"
s1Ze= any
By
size>
Combobox: uscd to specify the list of items from the list.The following tags are rementthe iscombobox clement.They are ssclect> and <option>. The general form Create is:
select name="any name" valuc="any value" size=" any size
option>.. optionP. ****
./option>
********
**
option> **********
*******************
***************************
</select>.
Action
buttons(SUBMIT AND RESET):
When the user clicks "submit" button, the value that have been enclosed one form into the program that process the form> The general form is Sinput type"submit" name='any name" value="submit" size="anysize"> The reset button is used to allow the user to clear all the inputs that they have for Entered into the forms. The general form is: type="reset" name="any name' value="any value" size=""any size>
input
Textarea:
This element defines the form controls, for the user to0 enter multiline input tet. general form This element contains two special attributes, those are "rows" and "cols". The IS
textarea name="any name" rows="value" cols="value"> </textarea>
NOTE
The form elements combobox and textarea are container tags. Remaining all form controls are non-container.
Ex: <htm Shead
<hl align="center">Rao's Degree College</h l> <h2 align="center">Nellore</h2
</head>
hr align"center" size="20%"
width="30%6" color="red">
<body bgcolor="blue"> <form>
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<input lype textoOX &nbsp &nbsp &nbsp &nbsp Ener name &nbsp &nbsp name="tbl "><br><br> name="tb2"><br><br lypc="Iextbox" <input name Father's Enter type="password"><br><br <input &nbsp &nbsp passivord Enter &nbsp &nbsp nosp Male name="r|"> type="radio" Female<br<Dr Select gender <input name="2"> type="radio" <input nbsp &nbsp &nbsptype="checkbox" namc="cbl°> Singing sclect hobbies<input
sp align="center">
&nbsp &nbsp &nbsp &nbsp &nbsp &nbsp dancing<br><br? Sinput type="checkbox" namc="cb2" > Select Qualification <select> <option>sse</option> <option>Inter</option> option> degree</option>
option>pg</option> /select><br><br> cols="20"> Describe ur self <iextarea name="ta" rows="20"
/textarea><br><br>
&nbsp &nbsp &nbsp &nbsp Sinput type="submit" value="Submit"> &nbsp &nbsp <input type="reset" value="Reset">
</form> </body></html>
Output:
Rnos Degree College Nellore
Enter Fathera AnE
uler
pasuw
elct geney sekertbobneE
r
elect ualadicatiod
P
Femak
ale s
Seare
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WIEB TEIINOLOGIES
=
B. Com V
SEM ESTER
UNIT-V 1.
Writ a short note on CSS (CASCADING STYLE SHEET) OR SYNTAX FOR CSS?
means "cascading style shcet". Generally HTMIL SS is used for designing the WebPages. But it is a poor page formatting, We use CSS it is used to improve the page tormatting. A Style sheet can be simply a sct instructions, that can be applied a piece oftext. here are thrce mechanisms by which we can of apply own styles to our HTM. document. The style can be defined witlh in basic HTML. Styles can be defined in head scction and can be applied to cntire document. Styles can be defined in external files called *Linking style sheets". Which can be used in any document by including the style sheet through a "URL". T
CSS syntax has two parts namely SELECTOR and DECLARATION. Syntax: selector declaration declaration; ***********S
...
HTML element
EX
hl
{poperty l:valuel; property2:value2..
text-align: center; color
red...
.
n above syntax, selector consists of HTML element. Declaration consists of property and value. In css two or more declarations, they are separated by semicolon(:). Property and values are separated by colon (:) symbol.
Advantages of CSS: saves time: We can write CSS code once and then reuse the same code CSS
in multiple times, to create nunmber of web pages frequently and easily. Page load faster: Just write once css rule of a HTML tag and it applies all appearances of the webpage, that's why the webpage reducing the downloading time. *Easy maintenance: By using css simple changes can be done and also update the web pages automatically. Global web standards: lt is good ideas to start using css in all HTML web pages, to make them all features are supported in all browsers.
Disadvantages of CSS Bowser compatibility:
AO'S DEGREE COLLEGE
1.
The two main browsers IE and Netscape navigator having various levels of complaints with the style sheets. That means some style sheet features are supported and some are not.
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WEBTEIINOLOXIS 2.
EXplain
IB.
(om
V
SEM ESTER
Css comes in different levels. Those are css I. css2 and css3. Th. On resulted in confusion among developers and eb browsers. One type of css should be enough.
different properties and values in CSS?
CSS meanscaseading style sheet". Generally HTML is used for desi esignin a poor page formatting. We use CSS it is used to improve the r page
the WebPages. But it is formatting. In
the webpage. Thosc arc:
CSS there are number of properties and values which are used to fom rmat
Properties related to font. Properties related totext. Properties related to colors. *Properties related to boxes/borders.
PROPERTIES
he
RELATED TO FONTS
properties which are used for the fonts are given below: is used to change the different types of fonts, to the text. The general form is: Syntax: font-family: family name Ex: font-family: times new roman
*Font-lamily: This property
Font-style:
This property is used to change the style of the font. The general fom Syntax: font-style: normal/italic
is:
Ex: font-style: italic
Font-weight:
This property is used to set font weight to the text. The general form
Syntax: font-weight: bold/lighter/normal
is:
Ex: font-weight: bold
Font-size:
This property is used to set size of the font. The general form is: Syntax: font-size: small/medium/large Ex: font-size: medium
PROPERTIES
RELATED TO TEXT:
The properties which are used for the Text are given below, Text-dccoration: This property is used to decorate the text. The general form is: Syntax: text-decoration: underlined/overlined Ex: text-decoration: underlined
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Text-align:
This property is used to alignment ofthe text. The general Syntax: text-align: lefUcenter/right form Ex: text-align:right
Text-transtorm:
This The gencral form is: property is used to transform the text Syntax: text-transform: lowercase/uppercase Ex: text-transfom:uppercase
is:
in to lower and upper cHses.
>PROPERTIESRELATED
TO COLORS: properties which are uscd for the COLORS are given below *Color: This property is uscd to sct colors to the text. The general form Syntax: color: color name/ hexadecimal coding Ex: color red (or) #dd6644 The
is:
Backgroundcolor: This property is used to set background-color to the text. The general form is: Syntax: background-color: color name/coding Ex: background-color: green or #aa88ffT
Background-image:
This property is used to set background-image for the whole document. The general form is: Syntax: background-image:url Ex: background-image: sunset.jpeg
PROPERTIES RELATED TO BOXES/BORDERS The properties which are used for the boxes/borders are given below. *Border-style: This property is used to set the border style to the text: The general form is: Syntax: border-style: dotted/doubled/solid/none Ex: border-style: dotted
This property is used to set border-color to the text. The general form is: Syntax: border-color: color name/ coding Ex: border-color: pink
*Border-color:
Border-width: Thisproperty is used to set border-width to the text. The general
form is:
Syntax: border-width: thin/thick/medium. Ex: border-width: thick
3. Explain different CSS styles in HTML? Or Different types CSS styles in
HTML?
. Generally HTMIL is used for CSS means "cascading style sheet designing the WebPages. But it is a poor page formatting. We use CsS t Is used to improve the page formatting. There are three types of CSS styles in ITML.. They are: Inline style sheets. RAO'S DEGREE COLLEGE
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Embedded style sheets. External linking style sheets. lement 1. NLINE STYLE SHEETS: are applied to a specilic line of the tag or individual elon. Se
Sl ies an HTMI of'an HTML ddocument. of In
vhich
inline style sheet using "style"
can be applied to an individual as a attribute that
clement of HTML like <p>,<hl>, <table>etc.
Syntax: shtmltag style="property1:valucl; **************** property2:valuc2; property3: value3:.... Ex: <hl style="text-align:center;color:red" Ex: <huml> head>
<hl align="center"> Inline Style Sheets</h1> </head> <body> SemiBold;font-style:italic; <hl style="font-family:Bahnschrift font-weight:bold;font-size:large;text-align:center; color:magenta;background-color:yellow"> Web Technologies</hl> style="text-align:center,text-transform:uppercase <hI text-decoration:underline;border-style:dotted; border-color:violet"> B.Sc/BCA students<h1> style="color:red;background-color:pink"> <hl cascading style sheets</h1> <hl style="border-color:blue;border-style:dotted, border-width:thick;text-align:center"> Advanced HTML</h1>
/body>/html> Output:
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WGB TEINOLOGIES 13.
(om
SEMESTER
Inline Style Sheet
BSC/RCASTUDENTS
cascading style sheets
3 **********************
*******
***
ssys.
***
******""":.
0Vnnced 11TA1. ******'*****
*************************
**
**ee*enq
2. EMBEDDED STYLE SHEETS: Ebeddedmeans combined.
These are the styles which can be applied to entire document. Here we use "STYLE: as a tag and it is placed in HEAD section of the HTM
document.
Syntax: selector
declaration;
declaration ;... ***************S
HTML element {poperty1:valuel; property2:value2:.
EX:
h1
text-align:center; color
red.n
**********S
Program:£ <html>
<head style> hl text-align:center;color:red;font-weight:bold} h2 text-decoration:underline;text-transform:uppercase:background color:#44dd77} P{border-style:dotted;border-color:#77dd33} s/style>
/head <body> <h1> Embedded Styleshect</hl> <h2>second style sheet</h2> Sp> CSS types in DHTMIL</p> <hl>web technologics</h1> <p> Rao's Degree College </p> <h2>Create smart people</h2> </body> </html>
Output: RAO'S DEGREE COLLEGE
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I3.
WER TEXIINOLMGlES
mdlerd S
om VSEMESTER
Sty leshert
DHT
np
web
technologic
Ceirg* Dr SREATE SMARTPEOPLE
LINKING STYLE SHEET: 3. EXTERNAL required properties Styles can also be defined in multiple documents,
in an extemal
HTML file extension.CSS. The stylesheets can be accessed by linking to the desired using link tag with "rel(relation)" attribute. follows: The general form of external linking style sheet is as file with
Sinta:
<link rel="stylesheet"
hrefurl>
The above syntax is placed in HEAD section only.
Ex: Save as extXSS.CSS ul
ul{color:red;background-color:pink} em{border-style:dotted;border-color:blue} li em color:green; background-color:#ffaa77} hl {text-align:centertext-transform:uppercase
Saveas extess.html <html>
<head <link rel="stylesheet" href="extcss.css"> </head> <body> <hl> shopping list for <em>Monday<lem> /h> <ul> <li>Milk</li>
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ICB TIECUNOLO(lOS
.Con
VSEM ISTE
<li>Bread
Sul <li>White Brend</li> <li>Wheat Brend</li> </lul>
/li> <li>Rice</i> <li>Potatoes with <enm>Mushrooms</em></ <Aul>
</body>
/html>
Output:
SHOPPING LIST FOR WONDA Mak
Bees
Ereal
Pecad a Rae
eath
4. How to define
your own styles in CSS (or) CLASSES IN CSS?
is uscd for designing the CSS means "cascading style sheet Generally HTML use CSS it is used to improve the page formatting. WebPages. But it is a p0or page formatting. We
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B.omVSEMESTER
WEBTiXINOLAMGUS Classes:
properties to the content ot a HTML t venerally using selectors, we can assign common ustng a procedure called a set of declarations in different 1ags at different places, by
tuse
classes"
:
Srntax selector.classnametuserdefined)
EX:h1
Snar
declaration
...
***************sse
poperty1:valuel; property2: valuez:.
HTML element
raos
The above syntax
declaration
I
text-align:center; color
is placed in HEAD section
oa
red;
only along with style lag
2: <selector class="classname">display text</selector> The bove syntax2 is placed in body section only.
Program: chtml>
head
style>
hl .bsc{font-size:large;color:red;text-align:right} p.bscl {text-decoration:underline;text-transform:uppercase} h2 .css{border-style:dotted;border-color:#44dd88;border-width:thick} /style> </head> <body> <hl class="bse">web technology</h1> sp class "bsel">stylel</p><br> <hl class="bsc">style2</h1> h2 class="css">style3</h2> in ess</p> p class="bsc|">classes
</body /himl>
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WEB TECIINOLOGIES
B. Com
VSEMESTE
Outpu
2 Anonymous classes:
to many different elements Sometimcs we want to apply a piece of formatting this use a special procedure called within a same webpage, but not the entire webpage. To achieve "anonymous classes".
Syntax 1:
declaration;
.classname
declaration
,..s
nnssesesane f|
user desined{ poperty1:valuel; property2:value2:..
,
EX:
.
bcom
text-align:center; color
The above syntax is placed in HEAD section only
Syntar 2:
<selector class="elassname">display text</selector The bove syntax2 is placed in body section only
Program: <html>
B. Com V
WEB TEXINOLOGIES
SEMISTER
head> style> bsc{font-size:large;color:red;text-align:right .DsCI{text-decoration:underline;text-transform:uppercase border-style:dotted;border-color:#44dd88;border-wIdth:thickj CSS
</stylc> s/head> <body> shl class="bsc">web technology</h1> Sp class "bsc">stylel</p><br> <hl class="bsc| ">style2</h1> sh2 class="bscl ">style3</h2> p class="css">ananymous classes</p </body> </html>
Output:
STYLE2 SIYLES wanvnar
Pwh
a
hr
5. What is a Tag? Write in detail semantic and syntactic or character tags in
HTML?
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