The impact of social and cultural factors on spatial organisation patterns of Delo Type House Form by mewada neel

The impact of social and cultural factors on spatial organisation patterns of

Delo type House form Case of Fedra village, Ahmedabad dist.

Neel Mewada IU1343000014 Guided by : Paresh Gandhi Stephen

The impact of social and cultural factors on spatial organisation patterns of Delo House form : Case of Fedra Village, Ahmedabad dist. Presented to the Institute of Design, Environment and Architecture, Indus University In partial fulfillment of the Requirement for the degree of Bachelors of Architecture By: Mewada Neel Rajeshkumar Thesis guides: Paresh Gandhi Stephen G.

August 2018

Rancharda, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382115

Approval of successful completion of B. Arch Thesis The following Bachelor of Architecture Thesis is hereby approved as credible work on the approved subject carried out and presented in a manner sufficiently satisfactorily to warrant its acceptance as a prerequisite to the Bachelor in Architecture for which it has been submitted. It is also to be understood that by this approval, the undersigned does not necessarily endorse and approve any statement made, opinion expressed or conclusion drawn therein, but approves the study only for the purpose for which it has been submitted and satisfies him to the requirement laid down by the thesis committee in July 2018.

Thesis Title: The impact of social and cultural factors on spatial organisation patterns of Delo House form : Case of Fedra Village, Ahmedabad dist.

Name and Signature of Student:

Name and Signature of HOD:

Neel Mewada

Bhanupratap Sharma

Name and Signature of Thesis Guides:

Paresh Gandhi

Stephen G.

Rancharda, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382115

Delo House Form

The

completion

possible

this

thesis

without

following

this

opportunity

take

would

people. to

not

would

thank

them.

I would firstly like to thank my guides Paresh

Gandhi and Stephen G. For their time and guidance. Mangesh

Belsare

for

understanding

and

resolving my doubts at different phases of my thesis.

I would like to thank my family for supporting

me,

thanks

giving

my me

architectural to

fruitful

studies

father

for

knowledge

and

motivating

inspiring about

and

architecture.

I am grateful to my friend Divyarajsinh Rana for

accompanying me during site visit and introducing me to the village and his family for providing permission to document their village and allowing me to stay at their house in Fedra.

thankful

Dushyantsinh

Zala,

Adwait Limaye and Jainish Suthar for helping me out

with

measuring

and

documenting

the

village.

To Rishi Shah, Ruchesha Thaker, Manaswi Shah and Yash Vora for being a helping hand throughout the thesis.

Last but not the least my friends Punit Panchal, Poojan

Shah, Parth Champaneri, Priyanshi Shah, Jhanvi Thakar, Hani Momin, Nemi Shah for making this long journey memorable.

Delo House Form

III Delo House Form

Abstract

Traditional house form Illustrate dwellers lifestyle

and their necessity, a place which gives them shelter and security for a basic physical function of life. Also, Traditional house form expresses the totality of the relationship between man and society. House form is a comprehensive collection of certain significant aspects or factors such as socio-cultural, Space usage, response to climate, materials, elements, aesthetics etc. From passage of time people needs and requirements changes but some factors and elements remain constant, this study is laid to understand of this constants and additionally to understand the interrelationship between the community and its cultural influence on the house form.

Settlement of Fedra is characterized by consistency

over a long period of time and a strong integration of the built environment with the patterns of life. Settlements are eclectic clusters on communities, Family being social high and wealthy status in the settlements required more privacy, safety and they want the more introvert life inside the house, so to balance their environment and to shape the introvert family they need introvert planning of the dwelling. Subsequently, internal spaces of the house become more important. This compact planning the house and the street becomes very close to each other so they close the house from the outside and open it inside. In the creation of the interior spaces, the exterior spaces and its relation to the interior. To understand the relation between the interior spaces and exterior spaces, the spatial origination of the dwelling as per the introvert planning and cultural factors. This study analyses the house form of the different community in the same region (Fedra, Ahmedabad) and different typology as based on the social and culture factors, the lifestyle of dwellers, and response to climate. Delo House Form

Delo House Form

Acknowledgment Abstract Chapter – 1

1.1 Introduction 1.2 Aim 1.3 Objective

1.4 Research question

1.5 Methodology

1.6 Scope and limitation

Chapter – 2

2.1 Background of study

2.2 Socio cultural parameters of a built form

2.3 Define a space

2.4 Organization of space

Chapter – 3

3.1 Settlement 3.2 Location 3.3 Community

3.4 Spatial arrangement and built form

3.5 The spatial organization of house form

3.6 Base drawing

3.6.1 House - 1 Drawings

3.6.2 House - 2 Drawings

3.6.3 House - 3 Drawings

3.6.4 House -4 Drawings 60

Chapter - 4 4.1 Analysis

4.1.1 Concept of space

4.1.2 Organisation of spaces : Delo House

4.1.3 Spatial organisation and space use : House - 1

4.1.4 Spatial organisation and space use : House - 2

4.1.5 Spatial organisation and space use : House - 3

4.1.6 Spatial organisation and space use : House - 4

Chapter – 5

108

Comparative table Conclusion Glossary Bibliography References

Delo House Form

Chapter â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1 1.1

Introduction 1.2 Aim 1.3 Objective 1.4 Research question 1.5 Methodology 1.6 Scope and limitation

Delo House Form Chapter - 1

1.1 Introduction

In domestic architecture, Very early time house was

not just shelter for man, Function was much more important than the physical factors. More important in the house is the way of life of people who are going to live in that shelter - to create an environment which best suited to them. In the creation of the house both physical and socio-culture factors need to be considered, but later need to consider the primary stress, identifying the character of the culture from which they belong to, a way of gaining its values led to the dwelling responses of both the factors. In architecture creating the space is inadequate without knowing about the user, going into the depth considering the human response to that space, and further, consider the function of that space. Same with the domestic architecture, that one needs to identify the user of that space, their character of culture, their way of gaining a livelihood these are the things which helps to shape the space for the house. So the interest of study inclined towards the house form, which provides the shelter to the man, which reflects the culture of man from which he belongs to. ‘The house is an institution, not just a structure created for a complex set of purpose. Because building a house is a cultural phenomenon. It’s Form and Organization are greatly influence by the cultural milieu to which it belongs to.’ -Ammos Rapoport, House form and culture Tradition- ‘It is the collection of many people over many generations as well as the collaboration between makers and users of the buildings and other artefacts’ - Ammos Rapoport, House form and culture

So the dissertation is focused on the traditional house

form, because tradition has, on the one hand, a dimension of timelessness and universality, being the ‘selected wisdom’ of people throughout the ages and on the other a character of local and geographical specificity. It fuses universal principles of art, Architecture, and city – building with geographical, cultural and historical particularities.

Delo House Form

not

concerned

with

undiscerning

agglomeration of the whole global heritage of the past times, but with the careful selection of the best, the most beautiful and the most effective of mankind’s achievements. The word ‘Tradition’ itself derives from the Latin word ‘tradere’ which means continuing and handing over. House form manifests the balance between physical and social space. This dissertation is to understand the influence of the socio-cultural factors on the spatial organization of the traditional house form, which only focus on the traditional house from of Fedra village in Ahmedabad district.

Delo House Form Introduction

1.2 Aim To investigate the impact of social and cultural factors on spatial organization of delo type house form in Fedra village.

1.3 Objective 1. To identify the social and cultural factors which reflects the character of the spaces in the house form. 2. To Identify the evolution of spaces of the house form. 3. To study the specific parameters which reflects the nature of spaces in the individual houses.

1.4 Research Question 1. What are the impact of social and cultural factor on the spatial organisation of houseform? 2. What is space and organisation of space? 3. How the human activities shapes the spaces from inside as well as outside? 4. How the dweller change the house form depending upon their need?

1.5 Methodology Documentation is done by measuring and hand drawn the delo houses, photographic documentation and sketches. The study is done by: 1. Underlining the dominant spatial organisation features of the house form, namely: family divisions, use of the space, organisation of space, movement, organisation of time, social interaction, privacy and security, to demonstrate its influence on the organisation , orientation, inside-outside relation, social spaces. 2. Understanding the influence of social and cultural factors on previously identified features of spatial organisation in the house form.

Delo House Form

1.6 Scope and limitation

Fedra village there are various types of house forms,

but this dissertation will analyze only Delo types of house forms, and understand the Social and cultural factors that affect the spatial organization of various Delo house.

Delo House Form Introduction

Delo House Form

Chapter â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2

2.1 Background of study 2.2 Socio cultural parameters of a built form 2.3 Defining a space 2.4 Organisation of space

Delo House Form

2.1 Background of study

The essence of architectural expression comes

from the material values and spiritual idea of the people. The evocativeness in architecture is intrinsically related to, and in fact, emerges out of the pragmatics of purpose. The exigent task is to translate it into built reality, the specific purpose in relation to general human sensibilities within a cultural context. The significant value of the architectural expression lies in the recognition of the roots from which the

Fig 2.1 Conical houses of Alberobello

needs originated. This is because “the needs for the building are not simply utilitarian but are based on the interpretation of man’s relation with natural and spiritual phenomena.”1 House is a physical expression of the culture. It Fulfill the basic need of Shelter for the man, form of the house is taken by different constraints, which varies through people behavior and the responses to the particular place, and this both changes from place to place Because of the change in the physical environment as well as differences in social, cultural, ritual, economy and physical factors. By passage of

Fig 2.2 Bodgir of traditional house of hydrabad sind Pakistan

time, there is a change in the people behavior and responses which influence the house form, but there are some elements and constraints remaining constant traditionally. Traditional house form is a consequent of the various determinates such as climate, geographical features and historical background which the self-conscious translation into the physical form of ‘culture’, its needs and its value (Example showed in the images). It is implicitly accepted that there is a link between house form and behavior of users. The understanding of the behavioral patterns including desire, beliefs is essential to an understanding of a house form which is the physical expression of this patterns. “Physical settings only provides possibilities not imperatives and it is man-not site or climate that decides.”2

Delo House Form

Fig 2.3 Marsh dwelling of Iraq

The built environment is more a matter of latent

than manifest function. It is largely affected by images and ideals. Man’s responses are based on the meaning of environment holds for him. Hence it becomes important to study such meanings. Only when a form emerges and proceeds from such recognition of purpose does it achieve significance. “Every culture has its own expressive system and the physical environment is said to be a mirror of culture. It is therefore, necessary to talk about physical environment of culture rather than only in building, space, technology or economy.”

Fig 2.4 Bhunga House form , Kuchchh

- Maruin olsen, the process of social organization, p -4-9.

“A house is a human fact, and even with the most severe physical constraints and limited technology man has built in ways so diverse that they can be attributed only to choice, which involves cultural values.” - Maruin olsen, the process of social organization, p -4-9.

Traditional house form has given data of climate,

material availability, and construction techniques, but the most governing factor which forms the house, shapes the spaces and their relations are daily life of the people. The

Fig 2.5 Igloo , Eskimos

environment of the house form reflects the many socioculture factors, including religious beliefs, family and clan structures, social organization and way of gaining a livelihood.

Fig 2.6 Yokuts settlements

Delo House Form

2.2 Socio cultural parameters of a built form

The essential part of any culture is to be found in the pattern embodied in the social tradition of a group, that is, the knowledge, ideas, beliefs, values, standards and the settlement prevalent in the group. The overt part of the culture is to be found in the actual behavior of the group, usually in its customs and institution. Therefore, the essential part of the culture seems to be an appreciation of values with reference to life conditions. Hence culture can be studied from two closely related viewpoints:

- To study the observations on their way of life, their

manner of doing things

- To study the beliefs, values, principles, religious

connotations Society, community, and culture are the three major aspects of group life interdependent on each other. The built environment is important to affirm the social identity. Built form examined along with the dimension of values and patterns, the definition of age and sex roles, relationships, social hierarchy, and symbol is seen to make the environment more congruent with the socio-cultural environment. Meaning gains in importance when it is realized that the concept of the function goes beyond that the purely utilitarian or manifest function. Meaning is central to an understanding of how environments work. Hence meaning, perceptual as well as associational is not something apart from function but in fact, critical so that a notion of a group identity is established through cognitive ideas.

Delo House Form

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Given a certain climate, the availability of certain materials, the constraints and capabilities of a certain given level of technology, what finally decides the form of a dwelling and moulds the spaces and their relation is the vision people have of ideal life. The environment sought reflects the socio cultural forces including religious beliefs, family and clan structure, social organization, way of life and social relation between individualsâ&#x20AC;? - Ammos Rapoport, House form and culture,p: 47

House form is shaped by the many determents such

as basic needs, individuals, family, community, climate geography, etc. But this determinates categorized into two part:

1.Socio-cultur factors

2.Physical factors

A form of dwellings changes depends upon

the different attitudes and response to the physical environment. These responses change from place to place because of the change in the interplay of social, cultural, ritual, economic and physical factors. Socio-cultural factors have a prime importance in relating manâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s way of life to the environment.

Delo House Form

2.3 Defining a space

Space is a comprehensive collection of things, a sort

of an envelope. It is a hollow between the ceilings, ground, and wall. Man creates the hollow through their basic need, daily life activity which reflect his culture from which he belongs to. Walls have two sides, space is defined from both sides of the walls interior and exterior. One of the fundamental points to distinguish the types of space is that they can be either closed which is introverted, introverted spaces are enclosed from the outside and them open-up towards inside. And the other is open which an extrovert is, these spaces are clearly connected to the outside of the spaces, it has an enclosure but it helps the user to connect

Fig 2.7 Three of ceilling, wall and roof creates the hollow in between, which calles space

with the outside world.

The degree of the enclosure does not only depends

on the quantity and the size of the opening. When we wish to create a space which tends to open to the exterior, we are trying to make it less explicit. There is, therefore, a direct relationship between notions of explicit and implicit space and the degree of opening or closure. The relationship between the elements, boundaries, and planes which do not have the character themselves but it used to define the limits of the territory of the space or the house form.

Fig 2.8 Wall express the nature of man from both the sides interior and exterior.

Spatial relationship determines the degree to

which spaces are autonomous or linked to other spaces. Which define two basic types: Spatial juxtaposition, spatial interpenetration4. Spatial juxtaposition creates the enclosed space which has intact corners. Gives the notion of privacy and exclusion from other spaces. The connection of the neighboring spaces given by the door, window and narrow passages in a wall. Spatial interpenetration gives the flow of the moment, continuity from one space to another space. The notions of space are made physically manifest in architecture through the different elements that constitute the basic parts of the manmade built environment.

13 Delo House Form

Fig 2.9 Nature of enclosure express the space which is introvert and extrovert.

2.4 Organization of space

Like the spider with its web, so every subject weaves relationships between itself and particular properties of objects; the many strands are then woven together and final form the basis of the subject’s very existence.

Planning and design on all scales – from regions to furniture groupings - can be seen as the organization of space for different purposes and according to different rules , which reflect the activities ,values , and purposes of the individuals or groups doing the organizing. At the same time, space organization also reflects ideal images, representing the congruence (or, in case where the system ceases to work, the lack of congruence) between physical space and social space.It is of interest to note that one can describe a great variety of “types” of space. This variety and the fact that different groups, whether cultures or subcultures such as designers and the lay public, “see” and evaluates space differently make any definition of space difficult. Intuitively, however, space is the three dimensional extension of the world around us, the intervals, distances, and relationships between people and people, people and things, things and things. Space organization is, then, the way in which these separations (and linkages) occur and is central in understanding, analysing, and comparing built environments.

Organization

space

majorly

depends

upon

the users how they use that space, as per their daily life style. Sometimes the spaces are arranged as per the time

Fig 2.10 Juxaposition spaces

organization of time, in that how user use that space what are the spaces they use majorly, How they going to use that spaces. In the organization of the spaces, movement plays the major role. Movement inside the house for the user or for the visitor. It depends upon the family who lives in the house form.

In traditional society, culture is a direct reflection

of its people, one is not alone, but part of continuity. They create some common factors which shape their house form and spatial organization of that house form quite unique to a particular community, which reflect their culture which they belong to. People have their own time to do daily activities,

Fig 2.11 Interpenetration spaces

the built environment itself reflect the organization of time of the particular people or society. “The organization of time and space are both aspects of the general questions one can ask about human activities- who does what, including or excluding whom, when and where – they are the when and where. The who does what with whom is the organization of

communication.”

Environments

also

reflect

the

communication spaces inside the house periphery. Privacy also considers in this kind of interaction spaces which plays a major role for women in India.Spatial organisation itself express the meaning , meaning is express through signs, materials, colours, forms, sizes, furnishings, landscaping, maintenance, and the like as we have already seen- and by people themselves.

Delo House Form

15 Delo House Form

Chapter â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 3 3.1 Settlement 3.2 Location 3.3 Community 3.4 Spatial arrangement and built form 3.5 The spatial organization of house form 3.6 Base drawing 3.6.1 House - 1 Drawings 3.6.2 House - 2 Drawings 3.6.3 House - 3 Drawings 3.6.4 House -4 Drawings

Delo House Form

3.1 Settlement

Utmost, In Gujarat, there is a lifestyle of community

that the settlement pattern and individual dwellerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s need reflect into a house plan which forms the pattern. In Gujarat, there are many types of settlements pattern. From this categorization, if we talk about Saurashtra settlement pattern (fig 3.1) then it has a self-contained dwelling unit with the individual front yard enclosed with a wall (fig 3.2), entered through a single gateway, they locally call it DELO and this kind of settlement pattern is called Delo

Fig 3.1 Saurashtra settlement pattern

type. Because of this enclosed elevated and sturdy wall, the family inside the Delo is isolated from the neighbor family. They kept cattle in the particular dwelling so the settlement pattern is formed according to the activity of the community. A street example is showed in the photograph of Fedra village.

Fig 3.2 Showing the fortification for the privarcy from the neighbour.

Fig 3.3 View of the Fedra village street

Fig 3.4 Representing the nature of the street in Fedra village

17 Delo House Form

3.2 Location Fedra is a small village near Dholera in Dhandhuka Taluka, Ahmedabad district in Indian state of Gujarat. Fedra longitude and latitude is 22.454°N 72.161°E. Fedra village is 82.1 km away from Ahmedabad city. This has less rainfall and hot climate.

Demographic information:

The village is home to 2947 people, among them

1543 are male and 1404 are female. 84% of the whole

Fig 3.5 Map of india

population are from general caste, 16% are from schedule caste. Child (aged under 6 years) population of Fedra village is 13%, among them 53% are boys and 47% are girls. There are 504 households in the village and an average 6 persons live in every family.

Land use

Fedra have many types of institutional buildings

which provide education such as Anaganvadi, School till

Fig 3.6 Map of Gujarat showing the map ahmedabad

secondary high school. They have community spaces in front of the two temple Ram mandir and Shiv Mandir. Fedra village include post office and Panchayat office also to help with the problems of the any community.

Primary School Secondary School Aganvadi Post Oﬃce Doctor

Fig 3.8 Land use map Fig 3.7 Located Fedra from Ahmedabad

Delo House Form

Street pattern in Fedra: Street are made as per the usage of the particular community in every part of Fedra, Rajputs and Bharvad keep cattles in their dwelling so the street width broader then the other communtiy.

3.3 Community: Fedra is village of Hindu communities, majority of the community in fedra is rajputs and bharvads. Rajputs are also economically higher than other communities so they settled in the centre of the village and harijans and Kodis are settled in the periphery of the village. Community play and important role for the overall organization of the settlement.

Rajput Rajput: Vaniya (Jain) Suthar Bharavad Vaghari Kumbhar Kodi Harijans

Fig 3.9 Community plan

19 Delo House Form

Delo House Form

3.4 Spatial arrangement and built form

In the traditional house form, religion, climate,

economy and the way of life are so integrated that it becomes difficult to separate them as distinguishable entities. The spatial arrangement of the settlement, as well as house form, are the reflection of the way of life and the meaning of the livelihood of people who are part of that organization. Fedra village does not stand in isolation, it has been connected to the other villages around it (gauf, pachham, pipali, etc.), they all in the Bhal region. Bhal

Fig 3.10 Event happen in the Chauk of the settlement

region settlements are influenced by the Saurashtra settlement patterns. The settlement is the reflecting the rural identity as they have narrow streets from the beginning of the village (after the main road). In the firstly comes the chauk (Chatri) which define the most interaction space in the settlement, permanent shops of the village is situated around it. In every house form of the settlement put the interaction elements outside the house for the interaction for the man, a woman always interacts inside the house. Those elements called Otla. In the fedra village, there is a main delo which a baithak inside it, which situated virtually in the center of the settlement. This is the delo house which roughly 150 years old. Which had around 150 members in the family. In the entrance it has a baithak years ago it was used for the all kind of discussion like events in the village, festival, marriage of any son, issues in the village, most interaction space for elders, they sit there for the entire day.

21 Delo House Form

Fig 3.11 Sketch showing the fortification around the house from outside.

Selected houses for documentation

Cluster Plan of Fedra Village Proportionate sketch

Delo House Form

Evolution of the house form:

The settlement is situated near the main road, as

well as around the vast expanse of the chickpeas fields. The fields around fedra are used for the cultivation and center part of the village is for the domestic use. Principle occupation of the man is farming and herding. A group of herders would form a collective, while individual families would actually tend and own each group of animals. The family and its personal herd formed the sub-unit within the collective settlement and each dwelling was designed to accommodate the two functions. Since the dry climate permitted herds to be stable in the open, all that was required was an enclosure, and the individual ‘ dwelling – cum- enclosure’ or DELO became the standard unit of the settlement pattern. This was in sharp contrast to the agriculture community pattern where the basic unit was a group of families settled around a common space. A row of DELOs would form a linear arrangement since that was convenient for the daily movement of the herd, and this pattern was repeated even by agricultural families who also maintained cattle.

Once formed, the DELO tradition was repeated

even in towns although the family might have changed its occupation to trading or administration. Each Delo was thus a self – contained an autonomous unit, so the family lives in delo is in isolation from its immediate neighbors. As the occupation being of periodic farming and cattle herding adults were away from homes partially and the yard and dwelling were largely used and watched over by the women, children and the elderly. An absence of adults led to the fortification of the unit for protection of both cattle’s and women. Each delo unit belongs to one single family.

23 Delo House Form

Fig 3.12 Representing the evolution of Delo the house form.

Over the period of time, the family has expanded

and the family structure has changed, occupation, lifestyle, needs of people have changed which has led to some changes for adaptability of this dwelling unit. The typical delo house consisted of two adjacent orda with an open veranda, called an osari, in front. They made storage in the upper part of the dwelling to make the lower space cooler, they called that space MEDI or RAJOTHIYU.

Delo House Form

3.5 The spatial organization of house form:

The spatial relation between spaces is influenced

by the socio-cultural factors including religious beliefs, social organization, economy and social spaces. The spatial organization is the reflection of the attitudes of users, how they arrange the spaces inside the house. Their relationship with each other and inside-outside relation.

The fortification around the house form demonstrates

the family inside is more introvert. Fortification acts as a buffer between inside and outside. It allows them to close the house from all sides, and open up towards inside. It acts as a strong transitional element from the outside to inside. It satisfies the women inside the house from the outside members of the community, it also allows them to have interaction inside the house safely from outside movement. It serves as a pause for a person to visit the house. The main door of the house which calls Delo is placed majorly in the indirect position from the dwelling part.

The following space is Fadiya (After the fortified

wall), Fadiya is the open space which fortified from all the sides, which is a solid brick wall. Level of the Faidya lower than the other spaces of the house to distinguish from other spaces. But it also serves as the entrance area. It also acts as the most interaction and lives space of the house major daily activities happens in the Fadiya. The fortified wall, Delo, and Fadiya are semipermeable layers sifting through the visitorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s admittance to the various depth of the house. Fadiya contains the Gamal where they kept the cows inside which always kept in the semi-open space, for the air circulation and one can keep an eye on them all the time from the house. A toilet is also kept in the Fadiya so everyone can use it in the house.

25 Delo House Form

The next space in the house after Fadiya is Osari, Which is semi-open space. It acts as a transitional space between the Fadiya and Ordo. This space is raised little bit from the Fadiya, to show the difference between the two spaces. This space is to receive people of the same level. It also acts as a social space which for the interaction space for the women.

Fig 3.13,3.14 and 3.15 Proportionate Drawing of the existing Delo houses of Fedra village.

Delo House Form

3.6 Base Drawings :

27 Delo House Form

3.6.1 House - 1 Drawings

Kayubha Ranaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s House

Delo House Form

F’

6 C

C’ D

D’

3 2

3 6

6 6

5 G

4 H’

5 2 2 3

A’

E’

G’

B’

Legend 1. Deli 2. Osari 3. Ordo 4. Fadiyu 5. KItchen 6. Toilet

29 Delo House Form

0 500 1500

4000

Ground Floor Plan

I’

F’

C’ D

D’

I’

5 G H’

A’

E’

G’

B’

Legend 1. Ordo 2. Rajothiyu 3. Agashi 4. Terrace 5. Storeroom 6. Kitchen

0 500 1500

4000

First Floor Plan Delo House Form

31 Delo House Form

Sections of Kayubha Ranaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s House

0 0.5

Street

1.5

Ordo

Osari

Rasodu

Fadiyu

Store

Fadiyu

Rasodu

Fadiyu

Osari

Ordo

Section II'

Old Gamal

Section FF'

Section EE'

Street

6 6 H’

4 4

2 3 A’ H

E’

G’

0 0.5

3.5 M

1.5

B’

Jethubha Rana’s House Ground Floor Plan

Legend

1. Deli 2. Osari 3. Ordo 4. Fadiyu 5. KItchen 6. Toilet 7.Rajothiyu 8. Medi

7 7 A’

E’

G’

B’

0 0.5

1.5

3.5 M

Jethubha Rana’s House First Floor Plan Delo House Form

33 Delo House Form

Sections of Kayubha Ranaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s House

0 0.5

1.5

3.5 M

Delo Otla

Fadiya

Balcony

Deli

Section AA'

Section BB'

Otla

Delo House Form

Sections of Kayubha Ranaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s House

0 0.5

1.5

3.5 M

Fadiyu

Osari

Ordo

Section HH'

Section GG'

Street

F’

6 5 C

2 3

C’ D

D’

3 6

5 7

0 0.5

1.5

3.5 M

Main dwelling Ground Floor Plan Legend 1. Deli 2. Osari 3. Ordo 4. Fadiyu 5. KItchen 6. Toilet 7. Room for arjunbhai’s house

35 Delo House Form

F’

C’ D

D’

0 0.5

1.5

3.5 M

Main Dwelling First Floor Plan Legend 1. Medi 2. Store 3. Osari

Delo House Form

Fadiyu

Rasodu

Ordo

Osari

Fadiyu

Osari

Section DD'

Section CC'

I’

0 0.5

I’

3.5 M

1.5

Legend

Arjunbhai’s House Ground Floor Plan

37 Delo House Form

1. Osari 2. Ordo 3. Fadiyu 4. KItchen 5. Toilet 6. medi 7. Store

First Floor Plan

Fig 3.16 View of street in front of main entrance

Fig 3.17 View of the Deli.(Baithak)

Fig 3.18 Delo - Main entrance representing the ornamentation and scale .

Fig 3.19 View of the osari of the main dwelling.

Fig 3.20 Fortification of the jethubhaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s house.

Fig 3.22 Top view of the house.

Fig 3.21 Arjunbhaiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s House.

Delo House Form

39 Delo House Form

3.6.2 House - 2 Drawings

Rana Bharavadâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s House

Delo House Form

c’ D

5 3

A’

2 1

D’

Legend 1. Fadiyu 2. Osari 3. Ordo 4. Koid 5. KItchen 6. Gamal 7. Toilet

41 Delo House Form

0 0.5 1.5

Ground Floor Plan Key Plan of Rana Bharavad’s House

B’

c’

A’

B’

D’

Legend 1. Osari 2. Ordo 3. Koid 4. Koid 5. Koid

0 0.5 1.5

First Floor Plan Delo House Form

Ordo

Osari

Fadiyu

Gamal

Section AA'

Delo

Section BB'

Fig 3.23 The delo Main entrance of the house

Fig 3.24 View from the outside of the house.

0 0.5 1.5

43 Delo House Form

Fig 3.25 Blank wall from the outside of the hosue

Fadiyu

Kitchen

Section BB'

Section DD'

Fig 3.26 View of the gamal

Fig 3.27 View of Faiya.

0 0.5 1.5

Fig 3.28 Inside the ordo they organise the kitchen materials.

Delo House Form

45 Delo House Form

3.6.3 House - 3 Drawings

Muljibhai Mistryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s House

Delo House Form

D’

8 5

3 A

A’

4 9

5 3

C’

A’

Legend

1. Deli 2. Osari 3. Ordo 4. Fadiyu 5. KItchen 6. Toilet 7. Store 8. Pooja room 9. Parking 10. Khadki Delo House Form

0 500 1500 3000

5000

Ground Floor Plan

Key Plan of Muljibhai Mistry’s House

1 2

Legend 1. Ordo 2. Agashi 0 0.5 1.5

First Floor Plan Delo House Form

Store

Osari

Delo

Fadiyu

Street

Section AA'

Section BB'

Fadiyu

Osari

Section CC'

Fadiyu

Osari

Ordo

Section DD'

Sections of Muljibhai Mistryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s House

49 Delo House Form

0 0.5 1.5

Fig 3.29 Semi open space of the Delo

Fig 3.30 Tree helps to create the social interection space in the fadiya.

Fig 3.31 Old Dwelling of suthar house

Fig 3.32 Semi closed space on upper floor

Fig 3.33 View of the ordo , which showing the opening inside the it, on the upper floor.

Fig 3.34 view of the pooja room.

Fig 3.35 Inside view of the broken house.

Fig 3.36 Faidyu of the house

Fig 3.37 View of the osari ground floor.

Fig 3.38 Inside view the ordo on the lower floor.

Delo House Form

51 Delo House Form

3.6.4 House - 4 Drawings

Anirudhsinh Zalaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s House

Delo House Form

B’

A 2

1 A’

Legend 1. Fadiyu 2. Osari 3. Elder Brother's Ordo 4. Store for Kitchen 5. Younger Brother's Ordo 6. Koid 7. Koid

53 Delo House Form

8. Kitchen 9. Pooja Room 10. Gamaal 11. Paniyaru 12. Kitchen 13. Toilet

Ground Floor Plan 0

0.5

1.5

Key Plan of Avirudsinh zala’s House

Aâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Terrace Floor Plan 0

0.5

1.5

Delo House Form

55 Delo House Form

0.5

1.5

Younger Brother’s Kitchen

Ordo

Pooja Room

Osari

Fadiyu

Delo

Street

Section AA'

Section BB'

Elder Brother’s Kitchen

Delo House Form

0.5

1.5

Elevation - North

Elevation - East

Fig 3.39 View of the osari

Fig 3.6.3.1 Sketch of the paniyaru

57 Delo House Form

Fig 3.40 View of the Fadiya

Fig 3.6.4.2 Showing the fortification around the house

Delo House Form

59 Delo House Form

Chapter â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 4 4.1 Analysis 4.1.1 Concept of space 4.1.2 Organisation of spaces : Delo House 4.1.3 Spatial organisation and space use : House - 1 4.1.4 Spatial organisation and space use : House - 2 4.1.5 Spatial organisation and space use : House - 3 4.1.6 Spatial organisation and space use : House - 4

Delo House Form

4.1 Analysis

61 Delo House Form

4.1.1 Spatial organisation and space use : Kayubha Ranaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s House

House of the head of the village, It is situated on

the top part of the Fedra. The house is connected to the two streets on both North - South sides, so the house have two access. Delo of the house is on the south side, one enters through the delo and paused to the Baithak area. Years ago the Baithak is used for the panchayat meetings, marriage discussion, events, any kind of fights in village, or issues are solve here. All the heads of the village sits for entire day to solve all this issues. Unmoving the Baithak is used for the entire village. Higher caste people can sit in the Baithak outside or inside. But this space is use for the men, women cannot sit and interact in the Baithak. This is the reason they have two entries, when men are sitting in the Baithak area women use the khadaki to access or go out from the house. Deli of the house is acts as a social space in the house for the interaction with villagers. Social space

Fig 4.1 showing the diffentiation of spaces (open and semi - open) and movement

of the house is oriented and with huge scale towards the street to emphasise the important space of the village. The house have strong connection to the outside which connect through the balcony of the house form the Jethubhaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s house, and main deli which use as a Baithak area. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s create the connection to the outside area. People to see and interact with other.

Fig 4.3 Section of the baithak area which use for the socialisation of the villagers, but only men can use this space

Fig 4.2 Diagram showing the main entrance of the house Delo House Form

Fig 4.4 Showing the main entrance of delo House

Fig 4.6 Diagram showing the Second entrance of the house- Khadki

Fig 4.5 Showing the elements on the outside of the delo house

Deli of the house is a semi-open space which is closed from the outside with the prodigious door which is called delo of the house, act as a primary access to the house. which reflects the hierarchy and status of the family.

Fig 4.7 Representing the nature of khadki in this sketch.

63 Delo House Form

Deli Fadiyu Ordo Osari Kitchen

Delo House Form

Khadki of the Jethubha’s house is oriented in such a way that it no visible from the outside, and also fortified form all the side. Open space created as same as all the Delo houses have. Families inside the house modified their own houses as nobody from outside have visual connection inside the house. From the street side Jethubha’s house have a window on street side. It’s have a two opening side

Fig 4.8 Showing the boundary wall of the Jethubha’s House with khadki.

so the when family member need a privacy as well as wind so they can closed the lower window in the house.

Fig 4.9 Khadki from inside

Fig 4.11 Through the built form and boundary wall define a sapce for fadiya.

Fig 4.10 Fadiya allows to sit on otla and interect in the open space

Fig 4.12 Showing the movement created to enter in the jethubha’s house because of the boundary wall.

65 Delo House Form

In the sequence, Janaksinh’s house was a agriculture storage , they modified it in their living space which fulfill their requirment. They have the Jaali which assist them for their protection, its provide the strong transitional space , which acts as a thershold between the outside and inside the house. But one can see inside who is inside the delo, so they a green curtain so they can close it in the afternoon for the privacy reason.

Fig 4.13 Showing the movement created to enter in the Janaksinh’s house because of the Jali in the entrance.

Fig 4.15 Sketch shows the element they use in the entrance of the household of Janaksinh.

Fig 4.14 Janaksinh’s house from outside.

Main dwelling have one more house which seperate their habitate space from other, they created their own delo inside their own the delo house. In the sequance it is last and it has a open space from the entrance Which provide some light inside the house which entrily enclosed from the outside.

Fig 4.16 Showing the movement created to enter in the Indrasinh’s house because of the Jali in the entrance. Delo House Form

Family 1

Family 2

Family 3

Family 4

Fig 4.17 Above diagram and the photograph shows the division of the main dwelling into 4 patrs which reflects through the color and the fortification around the house.

Main Dwelling of the house is totally divided into four brothers which shows their own way of living through creating their own enviroment inside the house. They Built their own spaces with considering their own daily needs. one family creat the entire house enclosed from all the side, divide the house in the same number of spaces. They manifest their own territory of the the house through colors and strong transitional elements. which is visible in the photograph.

67 Delo House Form

(1) Deli: In the entrance of the house the element to interact with others, otla. Which provides villagers to sit and communicate with others. Inside the house also the main Baithak area is there to sit and have the communication or conversation about the village issues, and panchayat meeting. This is the most interacting space for the village. They called it deli, people live in that house called â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Deliwalaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;.

Fig 4.18 Location of the Baithak Or Deli space.

Fig 4.19 Enlarge the plan of the Baithak Area.

Fig 4.20 Sketch of the baithak space showing the activities in the space

Fig 4.21 and 4.22 View of the Baithak Area from Inside. Delo House Form

(2) Fadiya: Open space of the house which is divided into three parts acording to the division of the family. Major daily activities happens in the fadiya. In the morning the space use for the washing and drying the cloths and in the evening this space become the social space for the womens of the entire house, because this space enclosed from all the sides through built form and walls in a such way that it is shaded in the evening time. They use the elements which helps them to socialise in the particular maner. In jethubhaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s house they provide otla to sit and chat in the fadiya. in the fadiya they have belive to put a Tulsi in the front corner as a religious symbol.

Fig 4.24 Highlighted the element which is important in the fadiya

Fig 4.26 Khat play and important role in social interaction.

69 Delo House Form

Fig 4.23 Location of the fadiya in the house

Fig 4.25 Through section it representing the activities in the fadiya

Fig 4.27 Faidya space of the main dwelling

Fig 4.28 Fadiya is amjorly use for parking

Sketch of the cultural events.

Fig 4.29 Putting the semi open space in between the closed and open, its keep all the spaces in relation to eachother.

Arjunbhaiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s house is on turning part of the fadiya so the less part of the fadiya they get, but

still they socialise in the front of their house by put the khat near the fadiya so in the evening just putting up the khat and its become the interaction space.

some time the fadiya front of the main dwelling use as a parking space for the pariticular

families. In the any function, marrige,etc. they use this to gather of the entire family and children to play. also in front of the main dwelling family members of the particular family creats their own plinths and steps to show their territory of fadiya also.so the major role of this space to provide a circulation to the every house and creat the enviroment of the diffrent activity in the diffrent time of the day. Even sometime villagers use as a path to pass from one street to other. Delo House Form

(3) Osari: In this enormous house every division of the family create their own semi-open space which they call osari, the osari is the multi purpose and informal space. It is the place where women chat and do their daily chores, elder relax.The osari connects to the kitchen. The paniyaru , a small pedestal to keep water is a major feature of the osari. The osari one of the purpose to recive the guest. To interect they use the use to keep the elements in the osari to convert spaces in the evening into the informal space for the womens, where they socialise in the informal, but private space in their own house.on the upper flor of the main dwelling they have similairly provide the semi open space which infrequently use in this period of time. but in the early time it was only use by the women which have a 500 mm parapet for the

Fig 4.31 Locate the all osari in the house.

privacy of the women. This space in the night , in summer they use to sleep here.

Fig 4.32 Enlarge the plan of the Jethubhaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Osari which have a Hichaki in the osari.

Fig 4.33 Section shows that the oasri provide the access to the MEDI.

Fig 4.34 Photograph of the osari.

71 Delo House Form

Fig 4.36 Ordo is in relation to the osari.

Fig 4.35 Enlarge the plan of the Janaksinhâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Osari which have a Hichaki in the osari.

Fig 4.37 Photograph of the osari.

Jethubhaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s house in the osari its reflects the nature of connecting all the space with each other. they cover the osari with the iron-jali for the protection, because they infrequently come to live here, in the osari they provide HICHAKO for the visitor to sit and interect in the osari. and also they have 900 mm higher wall to cut the vision from the fadiya when women is sitting in the osari. Also in this house osari provides the connection to the Medi. Arjunbhaiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s house have osari which is covered from all the side which only use to for women to for their daily chores and tp recive the guest from outside. they dont have any open space, they cover the house entrace from the iron jali to reflect the territory but dont cut the visual connection from the outside and to get the light.

Delo House Form

Fig 4.38 Enlarge the plan of the Main Dwelling Osari which have a Hichaki in the osari.

in the main dwelling , osari is the space for the women and children. This space is use for the most of the gathers of the all the family members of the entire house in this osari or in the fadiya. they celebrate functions, marragies, all the things which entertain them is occurs here. this space is more require space. Fig 4.39 Photograph of the osari.

Fig 4.40 Photograph of the osari.

73 Delo House Form

Fig 4.41 Photograph of the osari.

4) Ordo:

The ordo in the jethubha’s house , as discuss above they infrequently come to fedra so majorly ordo is use as a storage, but whenever the come to fedra usally the space use to living and sleeping . In jethubha’s house the ordo is place in the front, Window of the ordo facing the street but the nature of opening towards street have two division, which changes the nature of space when open the upper part or the lower part.in the night time window is totally closed but in the morning its open to get some wind and light. majorly they open only upper part of the window for the women privacy.

Fig 4.42 Locate the all ordo in the house.

Fig 4.43 Orientation of the ordo in Jethubha’s house.

Fig 4.44 View from the inside of the ordo

Fig 4.45 Nature of window in Jethubha’s House . Delo House Form

Arjunbhai’s house th ordo is the use as a same process as others. But in this household the nature of openings is diffrent. it has window on the upeer level because the househols was use for the agriculture storage s they provide the window on the upper part. Because of that reasone the ordo of arjunbhai;s house become more darker then other spaces in the house. That consideration of the darkness of the house considering the space use in the night to use as aeating space and the sleeping space.

Fig 4.47 Orientation of the ordo in Janaksinh’s house.

Fig 4.48 View from the inside of the ordo of Janaksinh’s House.

75 Delo House Form

Fig 4.46 Position of window in Janaksinh’s House .

Fig 4.49 Orientation of the ordo in Main Dwelling.

Fig 4.50 View from the inside of the ordo of Main Dwelling

Fig 4.52 Orientation of the ordo in Indrasinhâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s house.

Fig 4.51 View from the inside of the ordo of Main Dwelling

Delo House Form

5) Kitchen: The kitchen of the every houshold inside the delo house is in the front and every houshold provide the nature of space for the fadiya in the diffrent way . In the entire Delo house there are five kitchens they all have diffrent orientation of the openings. In jethubha’s house they have one door from osari and one from the fadiya so the can arrange a function or any celebration they can use the kitchen without disturbing the inside spaces. window of the house is oriented towards the khadki for women to see who is coming in the house. Fig 4.53 Location of the kitchens in the house.

Fig 4.54 VIew of the kitchenfrom outside, showing the opening orientation towards fadiya. Jethubha’s House

Fig 4.57 Diagram showing the positioning of opening because of the visual connection towards open space for the privacy of women. Jethubha’s House Fig 4.55 VIew of the kitchen from outside, showing the opening orientation towards fadiya.

Fig 4.58 Diagram showing the positioning of opening because of the visual connection towards open space for the privacy of women.Janaksinh’s House Delo House Form

Fig 4.56 VIew of the kitchen from Inside, showing the opening orientation towards fadiya.

Arjunbhai’s house as discuss above the house situated in turning of the house so the kitchen is situated in the front side, it has two opening towards the fadiya on the corner side. so women can always connected to the fadiya. SImilarly every house have the opening towards in fadiya , they put the opening in such a way that women always can see while cooking in the kitchen. its always put in front or besides of the stove.

Fig 4.59 Diagram showing the positioning of opening because of the visual connection towards open space for the privacy of women.Ashwinsinh’s House.

Fig 4.62 VIew of the kitchen from Inside, showing the opening orientation towards fadiya.

Fig 4.60 Diagram showing the positioning of opening because of the visual connection towards open space for the privacy of women.Main Dwelling first house.

Fig 4.63 VIew of the kitchen from Out, showing the opening orientation towards fadiya.

Fig 4.61 Diagram showing the positioning of opening because of the visual connection towards open space for the privacy of women.Indrasinh’s House.

Fig 4.64 VIew of the kitchen from Outside, showing the opening orientation toeards the outside. Delo House Form

Inferences

As per the observations the house is divided into three different built forms.

These built forms along with different elements are organized in a way to control the movement of an individual entering the house. The main entrance to house is through a DELO which is emphasized by its ornamentation and scale. As soon as one enters there are raised plinths on both the sides, which is a BAITHAK of the house. This semi open space with raised plinth defines the circulation and gives DELO a social character for interactions with outsiders.

As the overall house is divided amongst different families, to define their

territory and to restrict the entry in Jethubha’s house as well as Indrasinh’s house they have constructed higher boundary wall with one small KHADKI (Entrance Opening). This gesture expresses the introvert life of the people living there. Organization of the built forms in the house is such that it generates easy movement with indirect entry to the dwellings. This spatial arrangement of the built forms helps in protecting the spaces from evening sun allowing the morning sun in the FADIYA (Open Space) to support the activities taking place throughout the day. The ORDO (Closed Space) spaces are oriented towards the FADIYA with an OSARI (Semi-Open Space) in-between acting as a transitional space between open and closed spaces of the house. This open to semi-open to close relationship helps in creating a constant relationship between family domain and FADIYA. Opening sizes and its orientation in the RASODU and ORDO are such that it visually connects to the FADIYA to cater the concern of privacy as well as to have a constant watch on children’s playing outside. Thus FADIYA becomes a core space of the house.

Organization of elements and spaces in house expresses the purpose of

house to shelter and supports the activities taking place within.

79 Delo House Form

4.1.2 Spatial organisation and space use : Rana Bharavad House of Bhravad is situated on the primary street of Fedra. Only one side of the House facing primary street, thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s back of the house. It has no window placed on the street side on the ground floor. No elements on the street. It has only one entry from outside of the house which gives the notion of privacy of the house. When u enter in the house u first enter in the semi open space, which they call delo. Which part of the parking area for them, they park trackter and bikes in the delo. In that semi open area there is a door which led them to the baithak area. Those guest which come to meet

Fig 4.65 showing the diffentiation of spaces (open and semi - open) and movement

the house members. After that you enter in the open space which is the core space of the house. After entring in the house is you first see the gamal. Then it makes u see the main dwelling part of the house. In this house the fadiya is enclosed by the main dwelling and Gamal.Which help them to shade the faidya from both the side.

Fig 4.66 Diagram showing the relation between inside and outside,

Fig 4.68 Windows on the outside of the house.

Fig 4.67 Showing the main entrance of the Delo house. Delo House Form

From the outside the house facing the backside to the Kitchen

street, which reflects the attitude of introvert life of the people inside the house. Dwelling part of the house is orientated towards east, because this people donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t interact

Fadiyu

in the public space majorly the interaction happens only in the fadiya or baithak, and thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s only happen in the evening

Koid

the space in the centre. All orda kitchen and gamal facing children playing in the fadiya and cows in the gamal. The

Cattle Yard

Storage

time. House is centralised with the fadiya, to emphasise towards the faidya so from anywhere one can see the

Ordo Osari

Ordo

Fig 4.69 Orientation of the house form

emphasis the central huge open space by orienting all the spaces towards the fadiya.

Fig 4.70 Orientation of the main dwelling

Fig 4.71 View of the fadiya Fig 4.70 showing the relation between spaces.

Fig 4.72 View of the osari

Fig 4.73 View of the osari on teh upper floor

81 Delo House Form

Delo Bethak Fadiyu Ordo Osari Kitchen Koid Gamal

Ground Floor Plan

Ordo Koid

Spatila organisation of the Rana Bharavadâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Delo House.

First Floor Plan

Delo House Form

1) Fadiya: In this house the fadiya is enclosed by the main dwelling and Gamal. Which help them to shade the faidya from both the side. All orda kitchen and gamal facing towards the faidya so from anywhere one can see the children playing in the fadiya and cows in the gamal. The emphasis the central huge open space by orienting all the spaces towards the fadiya. Fadiya is use to receive the guest, same with baithak room. . Fadiya creates the environment to interact with neighbours, relatives or anyone from the village of same caste. So that they put khat always in the fadiya, if anyone

Fig 4.74 Location of the fadiya

come to meet or talk they directly sit on the khat. in the evening time.

Fig 4.75 View of the fadiya

Fig 4.77 Position of the khat in the morning

83 Delo House Form

Fig 4.76 Position of the khat in the evening

2) Osari: Osari act as a transition to the frist floor and family domain in the ground floor. it is raised for one step to distinguish from the fadiya. Kitchen has a floor of mud because the still cook on the â&#x20AC;&#x153;Chulaâ&#x20AC;?. And this space is located in the front so the women is connected to the fadiya and she can keep an eye on them. From the osari one can excess to the first floor where only the one room is to sleep for the younger brother and his wife. It has sloping roof on the first floor part.

Fig 4.78 Location of the osari in the house

Fig 4.80 VIew of the osari

Fig 4.79 Showing relation between the fadiya and osari

3) Baithak Room: In the ground floor first comes the Baithak area which provides the most important space for head of the house, because most of the meeting in the men, like election meeting, important conversation meeting with Bharavad, or village community meeting. This important meeting happen then they closed the main door to make the house as a private space, and open the door from the delo side. So the people can come and talk in the Baithak area and then live from that side only so family member will not disturb.

Fig 4.81 Location of the baithak

Delo House Form

Fig 4.82 Defining a movement for the baithak area

4) Kitchen: Kitchen has a floor of mud because the still cook on the â&#x20AC;&#x153;Chulaâ&#x20AC;?. And this space is located in the front so the women is connected to the fadiya and she can keep an eye on them. Kitchen have a lower window , because when women cooking on the chula so the window is on the eye level. The kitchen is only use to cook the food for lunch and dinner, but the tea make in the osari, they provide the electric stove to make tea in the osari for the morning and evening time. Fig 4.83 Location of the kitchen in the house

Fig 4.85 Kitchen inside view.

85 Delo House Form

Fig 4.84 Diagram showing the purpose of the kitchen window

5) Gamal: Gamal they have 14 cows and 1 horse in the house. They kept that in the semi open space in the fadiya. In the morning time they take out all the animals and man clean that gamal in the morning and put more chara in the particular space where they can eat that.

Fig 4.86 Location of the Gamal in the house

6) Ordo: After last room on the ground floor is to sleep for women in the evening. So they can use it after the lunch time. Another Room beside that is store the kitchen food which only use for that, this is the only which provides the excess to the first floor. At last the in the centre is used to store the Cowâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Food, the space they call it KOID, cowâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s food store in the three rooms in the entire house. One is on the ground floor, other two is on the first floor. Fig 4.87 Location of the Ordo in the house

Fig 4.88 Interior view of the ordo

Fig 4.89 Interior view of the ordo

Delo House Form

Inferences

In the house of Bharvad the high blank walls of the dwelling faces the main

street connecting the entrance of the house, this depicts the introvert lifestyle of the user. The orientation of the built forms in the house is such that it creates an indirect entrance to the dwelling. To separate the main dwelling spaces of the house there is a direct door provided from the semi-open delo space connecting to the front room of the dwelling. This room acts as a BAITHAK (Living Room) of the house to entertain the visitors coming to the house, doing this helps in maintaining the privacy of the user and also controls and separates the movement of visitor and user in the house. Here also as seen in the other case studies the ORDO space is oriented towards the FADIYA with an OSARI acting as a transitional space in-between. As per the observation Bharvad family socializes in the FADIYA, the orientation of the dwelling space in the house is such that it shades the FADIYA in evening time to support the activities taking place at that particular time. The activities in the FADIYA space changes from morning to evening, it gives the different characters to the space at different timings of the day and the furniture like Khatlo contributes in this change. Thus FADIYU becomes the core space of the house.

Here in the kitchen space of the house it is observed that woman cooks on

â&#x20AC;&#x153;CHULHAâ&#x20AC;? sitting on the floor. To visually connect the woman to FADIYA and to have a constant watch on the house there is a small window provided at an eye level of a woman sitting inside the kitchen space. The window size and positioning also helps in maintaining the privacy of a woman in the space as the person standing in FADIYA will not be able to look inside the kitchen space.

87 Delo House Form

4.1.2 Spatial organisation and space use : Moljibhai Mistryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s House The house have very evaluate from last 30 years. Which helps to understand the organisation their spaces right now. The house have the two entries, which intentionally set many years ago to separate the occupation and dwelling part. Right now itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s only use for the excess to the house. The house main entry is from the north side which occurs in the dead end of the street. In fadiya they provided the tree in the centre to create the most domestic space of the house. It attracts people in the centre itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s also use to receive the visitors from outside right now they just use the half of the house as per their need. All other part of the house they use to store the wood and other raw material. And corner part of the house in fadiya is use as a parking in the house. Main entrance of the house use as parking , and it is a semi-open space where park their vehicle. The house main dwelling

Fig 4.90 showing the diffentiation of spaces (open and semi - open) and movement

is oriented in toward the east facing, the house is facing tree because of that the nhouse is always shaded from all the sides and create the space to do all the daily activities. Which create the environment of domestic space for them.

Fig 4.92 Main door emphasis the identity of main entrance through the scale of the Delo

Fig 4.91 Diagram showing the main entrance of the house Delo House Form

Fig 4.93 Diagram showing the Khadki of the house, which was only use by the Customer.

Fig 4.94 Diagram showing the Khadki of the house, which was only use by the Customer.

Fig 4.95 Diagram showing the movement Khadki of the house, which was only use by the Customer.

Back side of the house have a door too, but now this is only use to access to the household from back side. the house is also fortified from all the side to get the privacy from the outside world. right now they dont use the more then half of the part of the house, and in the further time as in interview inform that they are going divide the entire land in to the five part for the five brothers, in the similar squre foot the house going to contain more new houses of the same family members.

89 Delo House Form

Legend Delo Fadiyu Ordo

Ground Floor Plan

Osari Kitchen Pooja Store Toilet

Spatila organisation of the Muljibhai Mistryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Delo House.

First Floor Plan Delo House Form

1) Fadiya: In this period of time the fadiya is use the all parts of the house and for the entire it is an active space , where suresh bhai always work in the fadiya and the in the farm. Right now the main occupancy of this house is farming but sometimes in they take a work for carpentary. but still they use the faiya to do that. in the morning time the entire house fadiya use for the major household activities, and that is done by the women of the house. also the fadiya is use for the children to play and suresh bhai to work. Fig 4.96 Position of the Fadiyu in the house.

Fig 4.97 View of the Tree in the fadiya

Fig 4.98 Postioning tree in the fadiya to create the social space for family.

2) Osari: Osari , the space for the women in this house the osari use by each and every person similarly they donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have belife to put the headscarf in front of the elders. THe space use by women in the day time for the women to chat and do their chores . in the evening to serve the chai in the osari. the space use to entertain the guest which they know about. and in the summer they use to sleep in the fadiya or osari. Fig 4.99 Position of the Osari in the house.

91 Delo House Form

Fig 4.100 Osari view showing the activities in the day time

Fig 4.101 THree seperate paniyaru in the osari

Fig 4.102 Osari view showing the activities in the day time

Delo House Form

3) Ordo: In this house the ordo is multi purpose space in this period of time , they settle the kitchen inside the ordo, because of the broken house. But they provide the kitchen in front of the window where they can see outside and in front side of the ordo. Other way the major role of the ordo is to chat for family members and the space where people sleep.they dont have any opening on the back side of the house on ground floor, but on the first floor the ordo have a opening which is multipurpose, it has a to way opening it is raised from the ordo floor. when its open from both the side from the upper part and the lower part its become the balcony to stand only.

Fig 4.106 Organisation of ordo after osari(Semi-open space), Relate the closed space with the fadiya

Fig 4.103 Position of the Ordo in the house.

Fig 4.104 Inside view of the ordo with the open window, which act as a balcony when its open.

Fig 4.105 Inside view of the ordo Which shows the niche in the house use for pooja.

Fig 4.107 Winndow opening on the first floor of house.

93 Delo House Form

4) Poooja Room: On the back side of the house they constuct the pooja room this room is use for the prayer and to store the agricultural storage .

Fig 4.108 Position of the Pooja in the house.

Fig 4.109 Outside view of the pooja room

Delo House Form

Inferences

The work space and dwelling space in the house are separated by dividing

overall house into two parts with two different entrances. This creates separate access points for costumers and family members coming to the house. The entrance to the main dwelling space is emphasized by its large scale, which reflects the economic status of the family. The roof on the DELO (Main Entrance) defines a semi-open space which is used as a two wheeler parking area; this space further opens into the FADIYA (Open Space). The Neem tree in the FADIYA acts as a core open space of the house by providing shade under it, to support the activity of social interaction between the family members as well as with the guests coming to the house. ORDO of the house is oriented towards the FADIYA with an OSARI in between acting as a transitional space between the open and close space of the house. Also the broken built form which was an original dwelling space of the house follows the same gesture emphasizing the importance of the FADIYA in the house.

The Osari of the dwelling with a staircase in the centre provides a vertical

connection to the first floor of the built form. The first floor has two horizontal divisions namely: ORDO and RAJOTHIYU. ORDO is the space used for day to day activities while RAJOTHIYU is the storage area of the dwelling. RAJOTHIYU has two access point one from the ORDO and another from the OSARI on first floor, the access from the OSARI helps in easy storage of goods brought from outside and remains close throughout the year while the inside access is permanent for easy handling of goods as per day to day need. The family division in the house is seen by the gesture of individual PANIYARA created for individual family in the OSARI space of the dwelling.

The concern of privacy is evidently seen in the dwelling as the ORDO on

ground floor is devoid of any windows on the back wall while there are windows provided on the first floor ORDO. These windows are full length till skirting of the floor with a railing below and four shutters. When one opens the upper two shutters it acts as a window in the space but when the below two shutters are opened it gives the same element a character of balcony. Thus the opening type is such that it can provide two different characters to the same element as per the need and to support the activity taking place inside the space. Also the fortification of the house from sides with walls higher than human height contributes in maintaining privacy in the house and defines its territory.

95 Delo House Form

4.1.4 Spatial organisation and space use : Anirudsinh Zala’s House Anirudsinh’s house have a streets on two sides of the house. The house is fortified from those two side to decrease the visual connection from the outside. Family have beliefs to worn a headscarf by a women in the front of the men who are elder to them, so the fortification helps them to openly walk in the house. That fortification enclosed wall have one opening (Delo) which provide the excess to the house, act as a Threshold between outside and inside.

Fig 4.110 showing the diffentiation of spaces (open and semi - open) and movement

Fig 4.112 THe house have a second entry which helps to store the herd’s Food

Fig 4.113 Fortification on the two side of the house.

Fig 4.111 Fortification cutoff the visual connection of the house form

Fig 4.114 Photograph of the delo

Delo House Form

Dwelling is oriented towards east, Ugamanu. Orientation

Kitchen

of the main dwelling is east facing so in the morning time they can use the sun to dry their clothes and in the evening

Ordo Osari

Ordo

they can interact in the Fadiya, because in the evening

Fadiyu

the Fadiya space is shaded from the sun. Houseâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s all the spaces are oriented towards Fadiya. Because they can

Cattle Yard

Storage

always connected to the Fadiya, from anywhere in the

Koid

house. Spaces are arranged in the juxtaposition manner, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s enclosed from all the sides and but the lesser openings

Fig 4.115 Diagram of the house show the orientation of the spaces

gives the expression of privacy inside the ordo. It is enclosed from all the sides, it has only one opening which connect the osari of the house. Fadiya is plays a major role in the house which connects all the spaces which each other. Orientation of the Delo, when one enter in the house its directly can see the main dwelling and kitchen, because the family members can see who is coming from the delo.

Fig 4.116 showing the diffentiation of spaces (open and semi - open)

Fig 4.117 Sketch shows the express the connection to the fadiya.

Fig 4.120 Sketch of the kitchen window

Fig 4.118 Level diffrence in the plinth gives the expression to the diffrent space.

Fig 4.121 Sketch showing the visual connection of ordi with the fadiya.

97 Delo House Form

Fig 4.119 Photograph of the osari to show the connection between osri and fadiya.

Fadiyu Ordo Osari Kitchen Koid Gamal

Attitude of spatial organisation Day time

Attitude of spatial organisation Night time

Ordo

Fadiyu

Osari

Fadiyu Delo House Form

Two families are occupying the house, the house is having two kitchens and two ordas to sleep. House is not physically divided it has temporary division in the house. In this house families are believe that women have worn the headscarf because they can’t show they face to the elder brother. So all the time they can’t worn the headscarf when they are inside the house. So they hang the Saree as a function of curtain in the osari so they sit without headscarf in the house. Family divisions are created through color. They maintain their own part in the house. Division through color and dividing the osari through saree is showing the primacies of the one family in the house. Both have the same agriculture storage.

Younger Brother’s Wife Domain

99 Delo House Form

Elder Brother’s Domain Younger Brother’s Domain

Tha photograph is showing the osari with a saree which divides the entire osari in two part to hide their face from the elder brother, that’s how she can work in the osari.

Fig 4.122 Photo From the Osari to window

In the morning the curtain still cover the area when the elder brother is in the house but when he left they remove this curtain so they can clean the osari easily. so when the elder brother , or people elder to the younger brother in the house curtain is their in the position to create the private space for the younger brother’s wife.

Fig 4.123 Photograph of the house to show the family division

In the moring when elder brother get ready , he leave. Now the time of leaving the elder brother saree removed from the beam and they fold it and kept it on the beam only. so they can reuse it when he come back in the after noon.

In the afternoon when it’s a lunch time elder brother come back from the work. again the younger brother’s wife put the saree back because now she have to work in osari while elder brother is in the house.so saree is again in the position to divide the spaces.

Delo House Form

100

1) Fadiya: After enter in the house one directly enters in the open space which largely connect all spaces of the house. Which gives attitude to express the most domestic and important space of the house. Fadiya in the morning time used for the washing clothes for that provide the space in the North east corner of the house near the water-tank. And women clean the Fadiya and the Gamal in the morning time, when the cows are left out from the house. So in the morning time the in Fadiya children of the Elder Brotherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s wife and

Fig 4.124 Location of the fadiya

Younger Brotherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Wife getting ready for the school and cows are left from the and going come back , the women have cook also so all this activities they can see while cooking in the kitchen. So from the kitchen they always connected to the spaces around them. Eating, they in the morning and night time they eat in the orda only. For that starting they provide the basin in the fadiya, so as per the Indian tradition where they can clean they hand before

Fig 4.125 view of the fadiya.

eating and after eating.

Fig 4.126 COnstruct the steps in the fadiya and location of the khat in the morning

101

Fig 4.129 Sketch showing the activities of fadiya Delo House Form

Fig 4.127 Position of the khat in the evening time for the social interection

Fig 4.128 Social interection in the fadiya

2) Osari: In the Osari they do the routine activities for cooking, and cleaning their hairs all this in the morning. Sometime osari also acts as an interacting space in the house. Which majorly have meetings on tea time and after that also so neighbourhood people and other people from village come to visit the house.This space also use to recive the guest, and entertain them.also the space consider to be the

Fig 4.130 Position of the osari in the house.

interaction space for the women to chat in the space.

Fig 4.131 View of the osari

fig 4.132 Sketch of Paniyaru sketch.

Fig 4.133 Social interection in the osari

Fig 4.134 Activities in the osari Delo House Form

102

3) Kitchen: Kitchen is placed in the front side of the fadiya, it has window at the eye level which can allowed women to take care of their children and cows, and always while working in the kitchen they can see who is coming from the Delo. So from the kitchen they always connected to the spaces around them. Cooking in the kitchen 2 times in the morning and night time. Cutting a sabji and cleaning the vessels

Fig 4.135 Location of the Kitchen

happens in the oasri and fadiya. Orientation of the Delo, when one enter in the house its directly can see the main dwelling and kitchen, because the family members can see who is coming from the delo.

Fig 4.136 Kitchen view

Fig 4.137 Diagram showing the positioning of opening in the kitchen because of the visual connection towards open space for the privacy of women inside the house

4) Gamal:

they have 2 cows in the gamal, in the morning they open the delo so the cows can go out alone and walk in the village come back to house again. in that period of time women clean up the gamal and fill the food for cow.

Fig 4.138 Location of the gamal

103 Delo House Form

4) Ordo: Orda part is not majorly use in the morning time. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s only use for the changing their clothes and pooja time. Ordo is majorly use in the night time for sleeping and eating.

Fig 4.139 Location of the ordo

Delo House Form

104

Inferences

The house is enclosed with boundary wall of 3m height to break the visual

connection from the street maintaining the privacy of the family. The entrance door to the house is kept at the end of the street which generates an indirect entry and movement of an individual entering the house. The boundary wall contains few openings towards the road this is for a concern of territory defining that nothing can be constructed on the other side of the wall. The Delo of the house directly opens into FADIYA acting as a pause point before entering the dwelling. The dwelling is facing towards east orienting the ORDO and OSARI towards FADIYA. It provides shade to the FADIYA from harsh evening sun to support activity of having social interactions in the space.

Windows of the kitchen are positioned at an eye level of women cooking

on the stove opening towards the FADIYA. This helps women to have a watch on their childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s playing in FADIYA as well as on their cattleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s and also keep an eye on anyone entering the house. ORDO of the house has small windows on the back wall which provides the ventilation to the space. Due to small windows the space remains dark throughout the day giving it a nature of most private space of the house. The house is divided amongst two brothers with their own kitchen and ORDO, there is no physical division in the house but the spaces and territory is defined by a curtain in between the OSARI. This curtain creates a temporary wall catering the concern of privacy of an individual family in the house.

105 Delo House Form

Delo House Form

106

107 Delo House Form

Chapter â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 5 Comparative table Conclusion

Delo House Form

108

Comparative table Kayubha Ranaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s House

Rana Bharavadâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s House

These built forms along with different elements are

The orientation of the built forms in the house

organized in a way to control the movement of an

is such that it creates an indirect entrance to

individual entering the house.

the dwelling.

From the entrance there are raised plinths on both

For the of the privacy of the family they created

the sides, which is a BAITHAK of the house. This semi open space with raised plinth defines the circulation and gives DELO a social character for interactions with outsiders.

The main entrance to house is through a DELO which is emphasized by its ornamentation and scale.

the direct circulation by providing a door in the semi- open Delo space connecting to the front Baithak Room.

In the house of Bharvad the high blank walls of the dwelling faces the main street connecting the entrance of the house, this depicts the introvert lifestyle of the user.

109 Delo House Form

Muljibhai Mistryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s House

Anirudsinh Zalaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s House

The work space and dwelling space in the house

The entrance door to the house is kept at the

are separated by dividing overall house into two

end of the street which generates an indirect

parts with two different entrances. This creates

entry and movement of an individual entering

separate access points for costumers and family

the house.

members coming to the house.

The roof on the DELO defines a semi-open space which is used as a two wheeler parking area; this space further opens into the FADIYA.Which further emphaisse with the tree.

The house is enclosed with boundary wall of 3m height to break the visual connection from the street maintaining the privacy of the family. The boundary wall contains few openings towards the road this is for a concern of territory defining that nothing can be constructed on the other side of the wall.

The entrance to the main dwelling space is emphasized by its large scale, which reflects the economic status of the family.

Delo House Form

110

Kayubha Rana’s House

Rana Bharavad’s House

Organisation of the BAITHAK and SLEEPING As the overall house is divided amongst different

area in such a way that it distinguish the family

families.

domain and punblic domain, by providing the koid in between the to core space.

Also social interection occurs in bharavad house so this osari acts as a transition space to distinguish the family domain from the semi to define their territory and to restrict the entry in Jethubha’s house as well as Indrasinh’s house they have constructed higher boundary wall with one small KHADKI, and other families define the same with color in their parts of the main dwelling. This gesture expresses the introvert life of the people living there. Organization of the built forms in the house is such that it generates easy movement with indirect entry to the dwellings.

111 Delo House Form

private area.

Anirudsinh Zalaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s House

The house is divided amongst two brothers with their own kitchen and ORDO, there is no phys-ical division in the house but the spaces and territory is defined by a curtain in between the OSARI. This curtain creates a temporary wall catering the concern of privacy of an individual family in the house.

Through the diffrent color on the house form they define their territory in the house.

Curtain changes its position in the particular and when a elder brother is in the house. Delo House Form

112

Kayubha Ranaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s House

Rana Bharavadâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s House

Open space of the house is apears by the two built form one is main dwelling and other is every open space are divide and created in such a

semiopen space which is gamal.

way that each family use the open for and add their own association changes.

Fadiya is the most social space of the house, where every interection happens in the evening, because of that they changes the position of the khat in the evening time.

every open space are divide and created in such a way that each family use the open for and add their own association changes. every open space are

In the morning, cows come out in the fadiya so

divide and created in such a way that each family

family members can clean the gamal.

use the open for and add their own association changes.

113 Delo House Form

Muljibhai Mistryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s House

Anirudsinh Zalaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s House

The roof on the DELO defines a semi-open space

which is used as a two wheeler parking area;

this space further opens into the FADIYA.Which

further emphaisse with the tree.

The roof on the DELO defines a semi-open space which is used as a two wheeler parking area; The Neem tree in the FADIYA acts as a core open space of the house by providing shade under it, to

this space further opens into the FADIYA.Which further emphaisse with the tree.

support the activity of social interaction between the family members as well as with the guests coming to the house.

Delo House Form

114

Kayubha Ranaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s House

The ORDO spaces are oriented towards the FADIYA with an OSARI in-between acting as a transitional

Rana Bharavadâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s House

Opening on the first floor it act as a partially standing balcong when its totally open.

space between open and closed spaces of the house.

Opening in the each orda, they maintain the privacy

Orientation of the ordo create the relation

concern with the detail of the opening in the ordo.

between the open and close spaces.

115 Delo House Form

Muljibhai Mistryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s House

Anirudsinh Zalaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s House

This open to semi-open to close relationship helps in creating a constant relationship between family domain and FADIYA. In the first floor ordo it act as partially architect world.

Delo House Form

116

Kayubha Rana’s House

Rana Bharavad’s House

Osari in this main dwelling act as a ost interection

Osari is a strong transitional elements which

space inside the house.

contains paniyaru kitchen and all spaces in the house.

Jethubha’s house osari use to recieve the guest from outside.

117 Delo House Form

Muljibhai Mistryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s House

Anirudsinh Zalaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s House

Osari shapes the diffrent activites in diffrent time.

Paniyaru in the osari. gives the idea to seprate them.

Osari have raised plinth and acts as a transitional space in between the ordo and fadiya.

Delo House Form

118

Conclusion The house is not just a shelter for human, it’s a reflection of one’s way of life. House is shaped with keeping in mind one’s basic needs, a way of gaining a livelihood and cultural beliefs of the user group. House form is a product of the physical and socio-cultural factors, physical factors varies through place and only provides the possibility of developing forms, while socio-cultural factors provides a character to the built form. Space is an envelope which is made through the elements like plinth, ceiling, roof, walls, etc. These elements contributes in shaping the spatial organization of the house form and helps in fulfilling the user’s requirements by manisfesting the nature of spaces in the house. As seen in Fedra houses they enclosed the built forms through the walls which reflects the introvert lifestyle of the people residing there. This walls also defines the territory of the house. The organization of this elements, shapes the spaces which fulfills the daily requirements of the user and supports the day to day activities within the space. The space expresses the meaning of house form, through the use of colours, forms, scales and furniture arrangements in the space.

The Delo houses are evolved as per the basic need of the people in the

house. As per the definition of the delo house, it is a shelter for a human to protect his/her family, children and herds and maintian the privacy of the family by fortifying the house form. The strong notion of privacy is a requirement of fedra village people, manifested in the dwelling by its introvert nature and clear separation from the public domain. The concern of privacy and security of the family leads to fortification around the house form, this fortifying gesture along with the orientation of the built form in DELO controls the movement of an individual in the house which is conveyed in the houses documented. Family divisions inside the house form is reflected through the boundary wall has seen in the Kayubha’s Delo House, or by colour on the wall or through a curtain defining the family’s territory which is reflected in the Anirudsinh’s Delo House. In Fedra village, family status and hierarchy is reflected through emphasizing the scale and ornamentation of the Delo (Main Door). The organization and orientation of the spaces in DELO is such that it emphasizes the heart of the house which is FADIYA. Has seen in the case studies, FADIYU is a most active space of the house with all the major activities taking place throughout the day. Kitchen in every house has a window which is placed at an eye level of women cooking in the space and open’s up towards the fadiya to have a constant watch on children’s playing in FADIYA as well as to have a constant look on people entering the house for security purpose.

119 Delo House Form

In every delo house the internal organization of space changes with time, as seen in Anirudhsinhâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s house that by just providing a khat inside the fadiya changes the character and activity in the space at various timings throughout the day. Elements inside the spaces are influenced by the social interactions, daily need and cultural beliefs of the user group, as evident in the case studies . Thus spatial organization of the delo house is a physical manifestation of the way of life of a family, social ideas concerning about the spatial relationship, family structure, demarcation of the domains, privacy, social interaction and territorial control.

Delo House Form

120

References

fig 1.1 - Pinterest. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://in.pinterest.com/pin/456341374713406698/ fig 1.2 - Pinterest . (n.d.). Retrieved from https://in.pinterest.com/pin/572731277595432313/ fig 1.3 - The Canadian Encyclopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/ en/article/architectural-history-early-first-nations/ fig 1.4 - Wiktionary. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fedara fig 1.5 - ZMEscience. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.zmescience.com/other/feature-post/mesopotamian-venice-lost-floating-homes-iraq/ fig 1.6 - ZMEscience. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.zmescience.com/other/feature-post/mesopotamian-venice-lost-floating-homes-iraq/

121 Delo House Form

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