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3 Practical woodwork Working Safely
Those involved in the making of products have a responsibility to use safe working techniques in order to avoid harm to themselves or to others. Using tools and equipment • tools and equipment should be stored so that sharp edges and blades are protected • power tools should be isolated from electrical supply • operators should be fully trained in the use of tools and equipment • personal protective equipment should be used • all guards and other protective devices should be in place at all times when the equipment is in use Materials, chemicals, finishes and solvents • materials must be stored so that sharp edges and ends cannot cause harm • gloves should be used when handling materials with sharp edges • all chemicals, finishes and solvents should be stored correctly in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions • some materials may need special storage away from other substances Flammable and toxic substances • when using toxic or flammable substances, personal protective equipment should be used • care should be taken to avoid excess contact with toxic substances • turn off naked flames when flammable substances are used
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3 Practical woodwork Trees The living cycle within a tree
The structure of Wood
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3 Practical woodwork Materials
You will be making your project out of natural wood. There are two main types of natural wood; hardwood and softwood. You will be working mainly with softwood called pine although you will also receive a small strip of hardwood to form the design on your lid.
Man-made board comes in many different forms. The base of your project will be constructed using plywood. Plywood is made by slicing wood into thin layers and then re-gluing all the layers back together like a sandwich. This technique is called laminating and makes the man-made board very strong and suitable for forming large flat surfaces.
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3 Practical woodwork Characteristics of Pine and how to identify it
Look around your house and try to identify and list five objects that are made out of pine or include some pine in them. 1.____________________________ 2.____________________________ 3.____________________________ 4.____________________________ 5.____________________________
Characteristics of Mahogany and how to identify it Look around your house and try to identify and list five objects that are made out of Mahogany or include some mahogany in them. 1.____________________________ 2.____________________________ 3.____________________________ 4.____________________________ 5.____________________________
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3 Practical woodwork
The Environment – Using Resources
Thinking about the environment when designing products is becoming more and more important. The storage receptacle is made out of timber, which is what we call a renewable resource. Using the internet, family or friends or books from the school library, find out the following. What is a renewable resource and why are these better for the environment? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Give an example of a renewable resource. ___________________________________________________________________ What is a finite (non-renewable) resource? ___________________________________________________________________
Give an example of a finite resource. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
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3 Practical woodwork Adhesives
Adhesives are used to join materials by glueing. Different types of adhesives are used for different materials - for example, if a product is going to be used outside, then a waterproof adhesive should be used. The main types of adhesive are PVA (polyvinyl acetate), synthetic resin, epoxy resin, contact adhesive and acrylic cement. Uses of adhesives Adhesive Uses PVA (polyvinyl acetate) General purpose woodwork glue. Some PVA adhesives are water resistant.
Synthetic resin
A strong water-resistant glue for woodwork. It needs to be mixed up immediately before use.
Epoxy resin
For joining metals and plastics. It is waterproof but must be mixed up immediately before use.
Contact adhesive
For joining polystyrene and fabrics. Also useful for fixing plastic laminates to a wooden base.
Acrylic cement For the joining of acrylic and some other types of plastics. The adhesive "melts" the surface of the plastic and fuses it together
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3 Practical woodwork
Health and Safety Risk Assessment – Sanding machine
All students are instructed in the safe use of the sanding machine before they are allowed to use it. You must sign to say that you know how to use the sanding machine.
Guard
Sanding belt
On/Off Switches
Table Motor
You have been shown how to use a Belt Sander correctly and safely. State 2 risk assessments that you must carry out before using a Belt Sander machine. 1. ________________________________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________________________________
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3 Practical woodwork Step by Step guide - How to cut a lap joint
1.
Measure the width of the lap joint.
2.
Use the Try Square and a pencil to mark the width of the lap joint.
3.
Use the Try Square and a pencil to continue the line around the material.
4. Set the Marking Gauge to half the thickness of the material, hold the material in a bench vice and score a line with the Marking Gauge across the end grain of the material. Repeat this process on the two sides. 5.
Pencil along the scored lines to make them easier to see.
6.
Clamp the material to the bench, as shown, so that the line to be cut is visible.
7.
Using the clamped material as a guide cut to the correct depth with a Tenon Saw.
8. Use a Wooden Mallet and a Bevel Edged Chisel to remove the waste wood. Hint: Remember to have the bevelled edge of the chisel facing the floor for this operation. 9. Use the flat side of the chisel to clean up the joint carefully.
10. Your lap joint should now fit together as shown.
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3 Practical woodwork Health and Safety Risk Assessment – Pillar Drill
All students are instructed in the safe use of the pillar drill before they are allowed to use. You must sign to say that you know how to use the pillar drill. On/Off Switch
Operating Handle
Chuck
Drill bit
Guard
Height Adjustment
Table
You have been shown how to use a pillar drill correctly and safely. State 3 risk assessments that you must carry out each time before using a pillar drill. 1. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 2. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 3. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________
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3 Practical woodwork
Preparation before applying a Finish
Glue Spots Glue spots are not easy to see in raw wood. The easiest way to spot them is to wet the wood. Because wet wood looks different, usually darker, and because glue forms a liquid barrier preventing the wood beneath it from wetting, the glue spots should show up a lighter color. Remove the glue by scraping, cutting, sanding. Rewet the surface afterward to make sure you removed all the glue, then let the wood dry completely. Sanding Sand diagonally to the grain. Start with a rough sandpaper and work down to a fine sandpaper. With each new size, reverse direction and sand in the opposite diagonal from before. By switching direction, the wood will tell you when it is time to stop; as soon as scratches in the former direction are all gone, you are ready to move to the next grit. Repeat until all pencil lines are removed and the wood is smooth to touch.
Raising the Grain In order to achieve a smooth finish you must firstly raise the grain on the woods surface. After sanding, wet the wood thoroughly with clean water, The wood surface will be saturated but there should be no standing water or puddles left. Let it dry. When the wood is completely dry, it will feel furry. That's because sanding leaves the ends of wood fibers shredded, and water makes them stand up. Cut back the raised grain fibers by sanding lightly with fine grit paper. Sand only enough to smooth the raised fibers. You are now ready to apply a finish.
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3 Practical woodwork Applying a Finish - Varnishing
Good brush handling technique is essentially the same for all finishes. Solvent and waterbased finishes should be applied quickly in one direction with one or two swipes per row, then left alone. Four steps to achieving a good finish.
1. Start the brush stroke just off the end of the board to prevent drips on the adjacent side.
2. As the stroke continues, deflect the bristles more so they continue to feed finish onto the wood.
3. Lift up and end the stroke gently to avoid flicking finish on nearby pieces.
4. Now go back and pick up the area you missed at the start of the stroke, brushing lightly in the other direction.
Cleaning the brush As soon as you are done, unload the brush by scraping it across the edge of the container, then immediately wash it thoroughly in warm water and soap. Rinse well until all the soap is out.
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3 Practical woodwork
Tools used during the manufacturing of your project
Why is accurate marking out necessary when making things? _______________________________________________________________
Label each of the tools shown below with there correct name (hint: the glossary of terms might help you). State what material they are used on and exactly what they are used for.
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1.
3 Practical woodwork Project Evaluation
Describe four things that you have learnt during this project.
a. _____________________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________________ c. _____________________________________________________________ d. _____________________________________________________________ 3. If you could make this project again, what alterations would you make and why? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 4. Which part of this project did you have the most difficulty with? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 5. Explain, in some detail, whether or not you enjoyed working on this project. _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 5.
If you were to change the way in which you worked what would you change (e.g. behaviour, concentration, care etc).
_____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
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3 Practical woodwork Outdoor Table Assessment
Name:
Class:
Mark achieved for this project
Target mark for next project
Teacher’s comment on overall manufacturing skills shown on the completion of this project.
Teacher’s comment on conduct and attitude throughout this unit of work.
Your targets for future improvement. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ Parent/Guardian Signature
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