high rise buildig by mhamadmilhem

Types of Structural Systems in High Rise Buildings -SHEAR WALL SYSTEM

-BRACED FRAMES SYSTEM

SHEAR WALL SYSTEM • Shear wall, In building construction, a rigid vertical diaphragm capable of transferring lateral forces from exterior walls, floors, and roofs to the ground foundation in a direction parallel to their planes. Examples are the reinforced-concrete wall or vertical truss. Lateral forces caused by wind, earthquake, and uneven settlement loads, in addition to the weight of structure and occupants, create powerful twisting (torsional) forces. These forces can literally tear (shear) a building apart. Reinforcing a frame by attaching or placing a rigid wall inside it maintains the shape of the frame and prevents rotation at the joints. Shear walls are especially important in high-rise buildings subject to lateral wind and seismic forces.

SHEAR WALL SYSTEM

Shear walls behaviour depends upon

• material used • wall thickness

• wall length • wall positioning in building frame also.

SHEAR WALL SYSTEM • Shear walls are especially important in high-rise buildings. • In residential buildings, shear walls are external form a box which provides all of the lateral support for the building.

• Resist : Lateral loads , Seismic loads , Vertical Forces(gravity) • Rigid vertical diaphragm transfers the loads into Foundations

SHEAR WALL SYSTEM

Advantages

• Thinner walls. • Light weight. • Fast construction time.

• Fast performance • Enough well distributed reinforcements. • Cost effectiveness • Minimized damages to structural and Non structural elements.

SHEAR WALL SYSTEM Applications • Shear walls are not only designed to resist gravity / vertical loads but designed for lateral loads of earthquakes / wind. • walls are structurally integrated with roofs / floors (diaphragms)

• Walls have to resist the uplift forces caused by the pull of the wind. • Walls have to resist the shear forces that try to push the walls over.

• Resist : Lateral loads , Seismic loads , Vertical Forces(gravity) • Rigid vertical diaphragm transfers the loads into Foundations

SHEAR WALL SYSTEM Design (a)The thickness of the shear wall should not be less than 150mm to avoid unusually thin sections. (b) The minimum reinforcement in the longitudinal and transverse directions in the plan of the wall should be taken as 0.0025 times the gross area in each direction. Uniform distribution this helps in controlling the width of inclined cracks that are caused due to shear. (c)if the wall thickness exceeds 200mm, the reinforcement should be provide in two layers.

Braced frames BRACED-FRAME STRUCTURAL SYSTEM • This structural system refers to cantilevered vertical trusses that resist laterals, loads primarily diagonal members together with girders, and forms the web of the vertical truss. This is more used in steel construction and is suitable for multistorey building in the low to mid-height range. This kind of system is also efficient and economical for enhancing the lateral stiffness and resistance of a rigid-frame system. One remarkable advantage of a braced-frame is that it can be repetitive up to the height of the building and is economical in design and fabrication. Unfortunately, there is also the possibility of obstructing internal planning, as well as affecting the location of doors and windows.

Braced frames

-It is preferable to locate bracing at or near the extremities of the structure, in order to resist any torsional effects

Vertical bracing. Bracing in vertical planes (between lines of columns) provides load paths to transfer horizontal forces to ground level and provide lateral stability. Horizontal bracing. At each floor level, bracing in a horizontal plane, generally provided by floor plate action, provides a load path to transfer the horizontal forces (mainly from the perimeter columns, due to wind) to the planes of vertical bracing. Braced steel frame – Trinity Square, Gateshead (Image courtesy of William Hare Ltd).

Braced frames • Vertical bracing

-In a braced , the planes of vertical bracing are usually provided by diagonal bracing between two lines of columns - when crossed diagonals are used and it is assumed that only the tensile diagonals provide resistance -The vertical bracing must be designed to resist the forces due to the following: • Wind loads • Equivalent horizontal forces, representing the effect of initial imperfections • Second order effects due to sway (if the frame is sensitive to second order effects). vertical bracing in a multi-storey building

Braced frames Bracing efficiency Storey height

Bracing width

Angle from horizontal

Ratio of maximum deflection (compared to bracing at 34°)

26°

0.9

1.5h

34°

1.0

45°

1.5

0.75h

53°

2.2

0.5h

63°

4.5

Cantilever truss

Braced frames • Horizontal bracing • A horizontal bracing system is needed at each floor level, to transfer horizontal forces to the planes of vertical bracing that provide resistance to horizontal forces. Usually, the floor system will be sufficient to act as a diaphragm without the need for additional steel bracing. At roof level, bracing, often known as a wind girder, may be required to carry the horizontal forces at the top of the columns, if there is no diaphragm. See figure on the right.

There are two types of horizontal bracing system that are used in multistorey braced frames: • Diaphragms • Discrete triangulated bracing. Horizontal bracing (in the roof) in a single storey building

Braced frames • Horizontal diaphragms - All floor solutions involving permanent formwork such as metal decking fixed by through-deck stud welding to the beams - Floor systems involving precast concrete planks require proper consideration to ensure adequate transfer of forces if they are to act as a diaphragm - Connection to the steelwork may be achieved by one of two methods: • Enclose the slabs by a steel frame (on shelf angles, or specially provided constraint) and fill the gap with concrete. • Provide ties between the topping over the planks and an in-situ topping to the steelwork (known as an 'edge strip'). Provide the steel beam with some form of shear connectors to transfer forces between the in-situ edge strip and the steelwork.

ARCHITECTURE DESIGN 6 Yousif ahmad Mohammed milhem Homam bsool

Mechanical system

Mechanical system Topic: A discussion on mechanical building system and design practice in tall building(skyscraper) Thesis : There are many factors that will affect on design skyscraper not just climate Study cases : High-rise residential building –skyscraper

Mechanical system Definition Manages power to accomplish a task that involves forces and movement That includes 4 elements : 1-plumbing 2-elevators 3- escalators 4-heating and air-conditioning systems.

Main Purpose 1-Thermal comfort 2- Maintain good indoor air quality 3- Provides services such as circulation options , Sewage, and fire protection 4- A quality and high-performance building

Mechanical system Services It comprises, amongst other things, pumps and filters for the efficient passage of fluids and air through the building. The mechanical system provides : water, heating, cooling and ventilation to meet the interior conditioning and service requirements for the building occupants.

Mechanical System services in a building:

• HVAC (heating, ventilating, air conditioning) • Plumbing (pipes, sewer, fixtures, water, etc.) • Elevators • Fire response systems (sprinklers)

HVAC system Definition: HVAC refers to the three disciplines of Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning. A fourth discipline, Controls determine how HVAC systems operate.

The use of high performance HVAC equipment: can result in considerable energy, emissions, and cost savings (10%–40%). Whole building design coupled with an "extended comfort zone" can produce much greater savings (40%–70%). Extended comfort includes employing concepts such as providing warmer

High-performance HVAC: high-performance HVAC can provide increased user thermal comfort, and contribute to improved indoor environmental quality (IEQ).

HVAC Integration Of The Building Envelope

HVAC system

HVAC Goals

Temperature controlling

Air circulation

Air filtration

Integrating mechanical systems with design To achieve a high-performance design, it is very important to integrate the mechanical systems with the building envelope lighting system, and other equipment: So the integration will create a good chance to:  Greater comfort  Lower first costs  Easier equipment maintenance  Lower operating cost

Integrating Mechanical system with design The interactions between systems may be obvious or they may be subtle. Some of the ways in which high performance can be achieved through integrated design are: Selection of light-colored finishes Under-floor air distribution Attention to the radiant temperature of surfaces Supply air temperature Using a central heating and chilled water plant

PLUMBING SYSTEM this figure show the flow of water in a model high rise building It starts with water from the top of the roof that show two tanks so water will flow direct to the mechanical floors and be supplied to the floors by with same amount of water each floor

Mechanical floors A mechanical floor is a floor in a high rise building that provides space for building systems. An extremely tall building may have multiple mechanical floors to accommodate all of its needs Mechanical floors can also include storage of supplies that might be needed by maintenance personnel the mechanical floor can be tricky to integrate into building design. Natural light is not needed on this floor, but ventilation certainly is, and the installation of fans, and other ventilation options can mar the outward appearance of the building

PASSIVE CHILLED BEAM A chilled beam is a type of radiation/convection HVAC system (as is an alternative design known as "chilled ceiling") designed to heat and cool large buildings. Pipes of water are passed through a "beam" (a heat exchanger) either integrated into standard suspended ceiling systems

ACTIVE CHILLED BEAM Active chilled beams improve on the passive version by incorporating an air duct and nozzle blowers that provide ventilation air, which helps draw the warm room air up through the heat exchange coils

Mechanical system Why What How and Because Why

Health Safety Fit for purpose (meet comfort or process expectations) Economic viability (financial expectations, time) Effectiveness (Operations and Maintenance, energy efficiency, sustainability

what Movement of air, water etc under the effects of gravity and powered delivery systems, subject to understood principles of heat transfer, fluid mechanics and solid mechanics

ENVELOPE CONSIDERATIONS Heat losses, Heat Gains and Solar Loads • Thermal resistance Thermal breaks • High Performance Glazing Air Leakage and Ventilation Effected by air tightness of the envelope and the pressure difference from inside to outside the building Pressure difference is influenced by: Wind Building system pressurization Stack effect

ENVELOPE CONSIDERATIONS Stack Effect: Stack effect is the movement of air into and out of buildings that is driven by the buoyancy that occurs due to a difference in indoor-to-outdoor air density resulting from temperature and moisture differences.

Particular concern in tall buildings

Electrical system

Definition Electrical System: a facility composed of one or more pieces of equipment connected to or part of a structure and designed to provide a service such as heat or electricity or water or sewage disposal Modern electrical design The demands placed on the power supply of a modern skyscraper are constantly increasing. A high level of safety, flexibility throughout the entire life cycle, the integration of renewable energies and low costs are common demands nowadays that already have to be taken into consideration during the planning of a high rise building.

Electrical system overview Electricity does not exist as a natural resource and it is therefore necessary to generate it. Generating energy means transforming into “electricity” the power obtained from primary sources. This transformation occurs in power plants. The electricity system consists of three phases: • Generation. • Transmission • Distribution of electricity

Summery Mechanical system --main topic --definition --main purpose --mechanical services --HVAC system --HVAC integration with building enveloped --integration mechanical system with building --main elements ---plumbing ---mechanical floors --passive chilled beam --active chilled beam --enveloped consideration's Electrical system --definition --overview

Old work 2/3/2021

Strategies for Integrated Design of Sustainable skyscraper In sustainable skyscraper especially an integrated process is necessary because of their scale and the fact that green design affects so many different elements of a building, such as day alighting, which in turn concerns siting, orientation, building form, facade design, floor tofloor heights, interior finishes, electric lighting controls, and cooling loads, among other things. Green or vegetated roofs, with their impact on storm water runoff, building structure, building form, thermal insulation, and plantings, are another example where integration must be considered

Integration and Sustainability three types of integration: physical integration, visual integration, and performance integration Physical integration

is fundamentally about how components and systems share space, that is, how they fit together. The floor-ceiling section of many buildings, for example, is subdivided into separate zones for lighting, ducts, and structure to support the floor above. These segregated volumes prevent “interference” between systems by providing adequate space for each system

Remote

Touching

Connected

Unified

systems do not touch and may be located at some distance from each other. Systems touch but are not permanently connected.

systems interpenetrate and occupy the same space.

more than one system is unified in the same element or material.

Example Integration and Sustainability Visual integration

involves development of visual harmony among the many parts of a building and their agreement with the intended visual effects of design. This may include exposed and formally expressive components of a building that combine to create its image. The Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank Building in Hong Kong is an example where the visual expression of the physical systems and components of a building to create a powerful visual and aesthetic result.

Exposed

Hidden

Shanghai Bank Building The bridges that span between the masts define double-height reception areas that break down the scale of the building both visually and socially. A unique system of movement through the building combines high-speed lifts to the reception spaces with escalators beyond, reflecting village-like clusters of office floors.

Integration and Sustainability Performance integration has to do with “shared functions” in which a load-bearing wall, for instance, is both envelope and structure, so it uniﬁes two functions into one element. It also involves “shared mandates” - meshing or overlapping functions of two components without actually combining the pieces In a direct-gain passive solar heating system, for example, the ﬂoor of the sunlit space can share the thermal work of the envelope and the mechanical heating systems by providing thermal mass and storage

Case Study: architecture implementation in Shanghai Tower The tower is a multi-functional building. It includes nine different functional zones with 7 structural systems and more than 30 electrical, mechanical, and intelligent subsystems. It is a complicated structure that requires a large number of specialists and professions in different disciplines to come together

BIM technology has proven lately valuable efficiency in the systematization of different construction projects mainly in collaboration, coordination, and sharing data Shanghai’s Tower Construction & Development decided to employ this technology in operating the design, structure, and construction processes of the tower Shanghai Tower’s Geometry The flowing spiraling form of the tower was generated from a rounded triangular plan

Case Study: architecture implementation in Shanghai Tower Gensler Company designed the tower according to three main components that are parametrically modified and twisted: 1. Horizontal Profile: It is shaped as an equilateral triangle with smooth edges derived from two tangential curves. There are two variables that shaped the profile: The radius of the large circle and its location to the center of the equilateral triangle. 2. Vertical Profile: It is modeled by tapering the ground horizontal profile with the upper one, which resulted a right circular cone. The taper operation supported the function of the building. The wide lower profile afforded wide spans for the market and offices, the slender upper plans provided short spans for the hotel 3. Rate of Twist: It is a linear rotation operation from the base to the top. This process used different rotation angles to find out the best angle for the design

Raffles City Hangzhou Raffles City is a sustainable urban hub for living, working and leisure located

in this case strategies to create sustainable, healthy cities that offer a high quality of life, while addressing future needs for greater efficiency and density in cities in times of rapid urbanization and growth. The building is designed with a carefully considered mix of programmers - like those found in a good city - that bring together a wide range of users. Besides working and living at Raffles City

Landscape Reflecting the movement in the river, the tower design features a wavelike motion. These concentric waves increase in their dynamism, starting calmly at the base and building up more vigorously along the vertical axis

Raffles City Hangzhou Articulation The design of the tower and podium facades interplay contrasting textures Clad in a shimmering scale-like skin of aluminums tiles

towers feature an outer layer of rotated, vertical solar shading fins, placed a top the curtain wall system

podium facades reflect the building’s activity and landscape to offer pixelated perspectives

Raffles City Hangzhou Interior Situated at the center of the retail spine, a spectacular atrium forms the organizational and visual focus of the podium interior. The atrium is designed as a spiral of overlapping layers, creating seamless connectivity and extensive sightlines between the spaces.

Sustainability An inclusive approach to sustainability is integral to design philosophy. The incorporation of natural ventilation, solar gain and day lighting principles tailored to the local context, efficient structure and the ways in which materials are employed all work in concordance with one another to lower the energy and material demands of the building

Raffles City Hangzhou

Design Analyses of Sustainable Solar Skyscraper in Cold & Dry Climate Materials and Methods structural and solar details of the architectural plan are studied, and the results achieved would manifest considering the climatic conditions, site and other restrictions and necessities in the form of designing a sustainable solar skyscraper Site Location The selected site located in cold and dry climate of Urmia in WestAzarbaijan Concept and Architectural Design This skyscraper building designed to be compact and dense to catch maximum solar radiation in cold winter, also utilizing the effective natural ventilation 47 for cooling in summer. While integrated solar water heaters and photovoltaic panels (PV) with buildings, provide considerable energy for heating and electricity

Photovoltaics cells Photovoltaics: can be used to achieve greater energy self-sufficiency. An assessment of the energetic environmental options for the 60story mixed use residential towers

Installation of PV Cells in Façade:

Design Goals To create such a complex the following goals are considered in the first step: •Reunion and rehabilitation of central part of Urmia by designing affordable solar skyscraper in a sustainable humane habitat •Creating pleasant spaces for different groups of people to bring comfortably to the homeowners •Evolving a sustainable solar community with improving neighborhood relations and neighborhood centers in a vertical city •Application of passive/active solar architecture principles for the whole to take maximum advantageous of free source of solar energy

Major system in which sustainability can be implemented

Influences of physical system with function and components

Structural Systems buildings exceeded 40 stories in height, new innovative structures had to be developed. In the first reticulated frame buildings in Chicago designed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, wind as a force acting on the building could not be represented analytically. Masonry was used on its exterior to stabilize the building as whole, and the interior was resolved by using a metal frame of posts and beams. In their design of the Masonic Temple of 1892 in Chicago Another example used a rigid framework located in the first bay perpendicular to the façade of the Old Colony Building of 1894 in Chicago. These methods were also used in the construction of the Woolworth Building built in1913 and the Empire State Building of 1931 in New York So there is anew structural system (tectonic order) the visual expression of the building structure and its intentional integration with other major systems Vertical pipelines and ducts occasionally run through floors resulting in perforations. contain the service systems. Conventionally, the interstitial space between floor and ceiling layers normally carries the horizontal distribution of HVAC, electrical, and lighting services.

Structural Systems so the design of structural systems for skyscrapers was done in a conventional way by fastening together beams and columns to create a stiff structural grid for resisting wind forces so Fazlur Khan was the ﬁrst structural engineer to question this approach and to tackle the entire issue of structural systems for tall buildings by devising a whole range of structural systems framed tubes

The stiff tube was achieved through closely spaced columns connected by deep spandrel beams which are firmly joined together to make the stiff exterior shell. Depending on the structure

braced tube which carry lateral loads by axial actions of the perimeter columns and bracings, are very efficient structural systems for tall buildings

mixed steel-concrete systems

use concrete's compressive strength alongside steel's resistance to tension, and when tied together this results in a highly efficient and lightweight unit

super frames

Structural Systems framed tubes

Structural Systems mixed steel-concrete systems

Mechanical Systems In skyscraper horizontal distribution of mechanical networks is not the main issue or even the only one at the level of structure. Other factors linked to the technical aspects of the heating, ventilating, and airconditioning (HVAC) systems include centralization of the equipment on mechanical ﬂoors and adequate placement of the vertical service columns, which require integrated solutions

Systems