Healing Architecture for Mobility Impaired Through Therapeutic Design by Mohd Hanif

Healing Architecture

ABOUT

Copyright ÂŠ 2019 Hanif Masridin The right of Hanif Masridin to be identified as the Author of the work has been asserted by her in accordance with the fulfillment of the requirement of MBES2176 Design Thesis Dissertation course.

First publication in Malaysia in 2019 by School of Architecture Publication. 1 Published by arrangement with Center of Studies for Architecture, Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Apart from an use permitted under Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, this publication may only be reproduced, stored, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, with prior to permission in writing of the publisher, or in a case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of license issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency.

For information contact: Mohd Hanif Bin Masridin MBE171012 Master of Architecture Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

School of Architecture Publication UTM Campus, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.

http://www/utm.my/

I declare that this dissertation entitled “Healing Architecture For Mobility Impaired Through Therapeutic Architecture” is the result of my own research except as cited an the references. The dissertation has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in the candidature of any other degree.

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: Mohd Hanif Bin Masridin :…………………………..

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT ABSTRAK TABLE OF CONTENT LIST OF FIGURE LIST OF TABLE CONTENT

Acknowledgement Bismillah Ar-Rahman Ar-Rahim, First and foremost, I would like to express my gratitude for Allah, The Most Gracious and The Most Merciful. It is within His Almighty blessing that I ever have the strength to take the challenge and finish my thesis successfully. I would like express my deep and sincere gratitude to my thesis supervisor, Dr. Alice Sabrina Ismail, Senior Lecturer and Researcher, Department of Architecture, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, for willingly to give this opportunity to me to conduct my research under her supervision and invaluable guidance throughout this research period. Her sincerity, vision, perspective and observation have deeply inspired me. She has guide me from the beginning, through several teaching and learning session, which I learn on how to conduct a comprehensive research. It was a great privilege

and the highest honor to work and study under her guidance and I am extremely grateful for what she had provided me with. I would also like to express my gratitude to my dissertation supervisor, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Syed Ahmad Iskandar bin Syed Ariffin for his guidance and advice and patience throughout the accomplishment of this thesis dissertation. I am also extending my gratefulness to my parent for their unending love, prayer, sacrifices and support for my education and preparing me for my future for without them, I would never be ever to dream this high. Not forgetting, special thanks to my colleague who have help me in my dire needs, for their advice and continuous support throughout the hardship while finishing this thesis. Finally, my thanks go to all people who have support me to complete the research and design work directly, or indirectly. There is no amount of thanks that could ever repay your deeds.

Abstract The existing facility for therapy rehabilitation in Malaysia today were mostly does not meet the expectation and requirement as they were design without any precedence study and research. Several research has been conducted worldwide to investigate and to prove the effectiveness of the healing architecture through the implementation of therapeutic design approach, but mostly none of the research are focusing on the implementation of the design approach for the mobility impaired community. This research aims to determine the effects of the therapeutic design approach towards mobility impaired community by analyzing which design approach are the most suitable and befitting to be used in the context of the study area which is Nusa Jaya, Johor Bahru. This research also aims to construct a theoretical design framework that will help any future designer to design a therapy facility using the implementation of therapeutic design approach.

The data were collected through analyzing of literature such as journals, articles and books that were utilize with the combination of the synthetization of case study. While, face-to-face unstructured interview were conducted in order to obtain the responses of the study group so that it can be applied into this research. From all the data that has been collected and in comparison towards the case study, a working and functional design framework were able to construct. The result indicate that the effect of therapeutic design approach was able to be manipulated into design so that it can use to improve the health of building occupants. On this basis, it is recommended that the design and construction of the future therapy facility to integrate the therapeutic design approach into their building design and space composition. Further research is needed to investigate further on more intricate and detail level of the research subject.

Abstrak Fasiliti terapi sedia ada di Malaysia pada masa kini dilihat tidak memenuhi kehendak dan keperluan pembinaan fasiliti terapi kerana kebanyakan fasiliti sedia ada dibina tanpa sebarang penyelidikan. Beberapa kajian telah pun dilaksanakan bagi menetukan tahap keberkesanan senibina perubatan melalui penerapan pendekatan senibina terapi. Namun begitu, kebanyakan daripada kajian yang telah dijalankan ini tidak memberi sebarang penekanan terhadap golongan orang kurang upaya fizikal. Kajian pada kali ini bertujuan untuk menentukan sama ada keberkesan pendekatan senibina terapi terhadap golongan kurang upaya fizikal dengan menganalisa pendekatan yang manakah mampu mendatangkan kesan yag terbaik terhadap golongan kurang upaya fizikal ini berdasarkan kepada konteks kajian iaitu Nusa Jaya, Johor Bahru. Kajian ini juga bertujuan kepada pembentukan secara teori rangka kerja senibina yang dijangka akan dapat menbantu para pereka untuk mereka bentuk fasiliti terapi berdasarkan kepada pendekatan senibina yang berkaitan. Segala maklumat dan data yang diperoleh adalah melalui analisa terhadap persuratan sedia ada sama ada jurnal, artikel ataupun buku yang dimanfaatkan melalui perbandingan terhadap kajian-kajian terhadulu. Sementara itu, beberapa temu ramah secara tidak berstruktur telah dijalankan bagi mendapatkan maklumat yang boleh diaplikasikan kedalam kajian ini. Daripada keseluruhan data yang telah dikumpulkan, sebuah rangka kerja senibina telah dapat di dirikan. Daripada kajian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahawa pendekatan senibina terapi ini adalah berkesan dan mempunyai kebolehan untuk membantu dalam prosedur rawatan pesakit. Dengan ini, adalah digalakkan agar fasiliti terapi secara keseluruhannya akan dapat menggunakan pendekatan senibina terapi ini dalam mereka bentuk fasiliti terapi mereka. Namun begitu, kajian selanjutnya diperlukan bagi mendapatkan keputusan kajian yang lebih mendalam.

CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEW

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK

TABLE OF CONTENT

vii

LIST OF FIGURE

LIST OF TABLE

xii

Introduction

Problem Statement

Research Aim

Research Question

Research Objective

Significance of Study

Research Methodology

Theoretical Framework

Scope of Work

Expected Finding

Conclusion

Introduction

Mobility Impaired Community

Statistic and Demographic Breakdown

Prosthesis as Alternative Solution

Therapeutic Design Approach

Analyzing the Approach of Existing Therapy Facility

Integrating Nature Into Architecture

Translating Therapeutic Design Approach Through

Biophilic Design

vii

Translating Therapeutic Design Approach Through Sensory Design

RESEARCH METHODOLODY

Research Gap

Site Analysis

Conclusion

Introduction

Research Paradigm

Research Methodology Framework

Research Procedure

Data Collection Procedure

Data Recording Procedure

Data Analysis Procedure

Conclusion

Introduction

Case Study 1 - PERKESO Rehabilitation Center, Malacca

Case Study 2 - St. Charles Medical Center, Bend, Oregon. USA

Conclusion

Introduction

Data Collection and Analysis

CASE STUDY

RESULT & DISCUSSION

Establishment of Relationship Between Mobility Impaired and Therapeutic Architecture

Benefits of Framing the View

91 91

Benefits of Pocket Garden

Benefits of Natural Material

Benefits of Lighting

Benefits of Ventilation

Therapeutic Design Approach â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Biophilic Design

viii

Therapeutic Design Approach â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Sensory Design

CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION

101

Impact of Color

101

Impact of Smell

102

Impact of Texture

103

Discussion

104

Conclusion

110

Introduction

114

Response to Objective

116

First Objective

117

Second Objective

119

Third Objective Limitation

120 121

Recommendation

123

REFFERENCES

127 131

APPENDICES

LIST OF FIGURE Figure 1.1: Accessibility is an issue for wheelchair user in both building usage and other amenities Figure 1.2: All design shall taken into consideration of people with special need Figure 1.3: Theoretical Research Framework Figure 2.1: Number of Registered People with Disabilities from 2010 until 2014

5 8 10 18

Figure 2.2: Percentage of registered PWDâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s by Category of

Figure 2.3: Percentage PWDâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s in Relation to its Cause

Figure 2.4: Step by step Procedure for Therapy for The Mobility

Figure 2.5: Integration of nature into architecture will create a sustainable living environment suitable for human Figure 2.6: Falling Water by Frank Lloyd Wright is The Example of Good Integration of Architecture into Nature Figure 2.7: The usage of natural materials inside the Falling Water Figure 2.8: Categorization of Biophilic Design into Organic & Vernacular Approach.

26 27 29

Figure 2.9: Sensory Design can be stimulate through the use of

Figure 2. 10: Location Plan of the Study Area

Figure 3.1: Research Methodological Framework

Figure 4.1: Main entrance of SOCSO Rehabilitation Center

Figure 4.2: Exterior Perspective of PERKESO Rehabilitation Center,

Figure 4.3: The Integration of Pocket Garden with Internal Spaces while Manipulating Light and Color Emulate a Positive Space

Figure 4.4: The Roof Plan of the Overall Facility and Services Provided by the Facility

Figure 4.5: The Ground Floor Plan of the main healthcare facility resembling a palm of the hand.

Figure 4.6: The First Floor Plan with the Erected Block Resembling the Fingers

Figure 4.7: Implementing the concepts of open corridor to provide natural ventilation and lighting for the building user.

Figure 4.8: The Facility Taking an Advantages of Different Level of Contour to Plan Its Interior Composition

Figure 4.9: Introduction to water element which will provide to serenity and also able to act as temperature controlling agent

Figure 4.10: Integration of the color element into the space design to help with the stimulation of patientâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s sense

Figure 4.11: The use of natural lighting to light up the interior space of the rehabilitation center

Figure 4.12: Exterior Perspective of St. Charles Medical Center, Bend, Oregon

Figure 4.13: Ground Floor Plan of St. Charles Medical Center, Bend, Oregon

Figure 4.14: First Floor Plan of St. Charles Medical Center, Bend, Oregon

Figure 4.15: Green space were part of the building space composition where it allow interaction from the user

Figure 4.16: The Use of Natural Material and Texture with The Manipulation of Color to Create a Soothing Interior

Figure 4.17: Framing the view on the infusion bay to give the sense of calmness

Figure 4.18: Taking advantages of the natural lighting as to provide light and heat to the building user

Figure 4.19: Therapeutic Element Plays a Major Role in Designing the Exterior of the Facility

Figure 4.20: Almost all of the facility inside the building were arranged and oriented towards the windows so that they will have access towards the xii vies while undergo

Figure 4.21: The facility is taking advantages from the view of the mountain range

Figure 5.1: Example of the Application of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Framing the Viewâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Figure 5.2: Integration of Pocket Garden in-between-space Can Act as a Stress Reliever Inside of a Building

Figure 5.3: The Use of Natural Material Such as Timber Can Emulate the Feeling of Being in Nature

Figure 5.4: Manipulation of Lighting in Design Can Create a Spiritual Feeling and Holistic Design Environment

Figure 5.5: Color Wheel of Emotional Psychology

100

Figure 5.6: Example of Designing a Space Using a Harmony Color Spectrum to Avoid Distraction to the User

101

xiii

xiv

LIST OF TABLE Table 2.1: Research gap of the study

Table 4.1: The Relationship Between the Building Program and its

Table 4.2: Architecture element of SOCSO rehabilitation center

Table 4.3: Analysis of therapeutic design approach of SOCSO

Table 4.4: Facilities provide by the St. Charles Medical Center

Table 4.5: Architecture approach that were used by architect in

Table 4.6: Therapeutic design approach that were utilize to enhance

Table 4.7: Summary of Analysis of Each Case Study in Relation to

Table 5.2: Theoretical Design Framework of Therapeutic Design

104

xvi

WHEN A FORM AND FUNCTION WORKS IN SEQUENCE

ONLY THEN A HOME COULD BE CREATED

CHAPTER

Introduction Problem Statement Research Aim Research Question Research Objective Significance of Study Research Methodology Theoretical Framework Scope of Work Expected Finding Conclusion

Introduction

he built environment has always been a part of the human civilization. Wherever and whenever we establish a settlement, we will build all

sort of structures that will create a built environment which is needed

for the society to function properly. Through time, these built environment has become part of larger ecosystem which not only reflecting the culture and identity of the people living in it, but in some way the built environment affecting their lifestyle. “We shape our building; thereafter, our building shape us.” – Winston Churchill. Looking at the current built environment that shaping our cityscape today, a structure that was built as block without taking into consideration the humanistic value that shape the psychological and physiological aspect of human being. G. Melis, E. Gelormino, et al. (2015) has mention that “there is a distinct effect on mental health resulting from certain physical factors (pollution, poor waste management and road traffic) regardless of psychosocial and socio -demographic components of the neighborhood that are perceived to be

positive. For instance, noise emanating from neighbors and lack of access to green open spaces showed an impact on mental well-being.”

Figure for wh

To divulge on the narration of the people with mobility impaired by focusing on wheelchair user and their relation to the

built environment in terms of accessibility and the impact of the built environment has on these group of peoples. People with mobility impaired is a group of people under the larger group of People with Disability (PWDs). The recent statistic from Department of Social Welfare under the management of Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development of Malaysia has shown an increase in number of people with disability annually. This statistic illustrated two possibility outcome which is firstly, the awareness among the people with disability has

steadily increase every year for them to voluntarily registered, or secondly, the number of people with disability has somehow increase annually. Among many other architectural approach and

theory,

therapeutic

design

considered to be one the architectural approach that helps build a relationship between built environment and human. By thinking the way to create the bridge, through architectural intervention it will not only

bridging

environment

human but

with

between

built built

environment with nature and also between human with nature.

e 1.1: Accessibility is an issue heelchair user in both building usage and other amenities Source: www.medium.com

Problem Statement The issue involving physically disable community among

Malaysian and their mobility is not receiving enough attention. There is no direct intervention from the government beside laying basic rule and regulation that may be ignored by those who supposed to implement it. Based on the article by Hazlina Falina and Safura Sabri (2017), stated that “In reality, the awareness among the management in providing access and amenities that is friendly towards people with disability is still low.” Being a member of people with the disability especially those who are afflicted with the mobility impaired and physical

disabilities,

will

not

only

effect

their

physiological aspect and daily activities but it will also affect their psychology and mental health. This will lead to more serious problem such as depression, stress and

losing the will to live. The psychological problem is considered to be a major vindication in comparison to the physiological where it will be the determining factor on the way of thinking for the people with disability. The negative stigma these group have to face is still consider to be very high even though it is proven that several group of people with disability were capable of doing the same amount of labor and activity compare to the normal person. This is back by Balal Idrees and Rehan Ilyas (2012), where they stated that, “disabled people have always been discriminated and stigmatized across cultures for thousands of years. Persons with physical disabilities do not face only physical problems

but in fact they have to face social and psychological problems in life.”

Research Aim This research is to establish the correlation between mobility impaired people

focusing on the wheelchair user and healing architecture through the implementation of therapeutic design and humanistic architecture.

Research Question The research question for this research are; i.

What are the effect of therapeutic design approach to the human behavior and mental health?

ii. Why does the therapeutic design approach is considered as the solution for the physically disable people and mobility impaired community? iii. How does architectural therapeutic design approach can contribute to the development of the physically disable people and mobility impaired community and their engagement to the society?

Research Objective This study investigates the correlation between healing built environment through therapeutic design approach and its ability to help physically disabled people and mobility impaired community to go through rehabilitation process. The objective for this research are; i.

To identify the outcome of therapeutic design approach and its effect towards physically disabled people and mobility impaired community.

ii. To analyze the therapeutic design approach and suitable design element that will contribute towards psychological and physiological behavior of physically disabled people and mobility impaired community. iii. To formulate a design guideline framework that highlights rehabilitation of

physically disabled people and mobility impaired community through architectural therapeutic design approach.

Figure 1.2: All design shall taken into consideration of people with special need Source: www.medium.com

Significance of Study Based

collection

the

and

analysis,

data

indicated that this research might able to contribute to the physically disabled

people

and

mobility

impaired community exclusively in the process of rehabilitation through facility that were design in the way of therapeutic design approach. This research might also contribute to the fortification of guidelines and regulation

architectural

requirement in designing structure and facility for the use of physically disabled

people

impaired community.

and

mobility

Research Methodology In order to conduct the research successfully, a viable data collection

mechanism is required in order to collect a validate information. The suitable method is mixed mode where both qualitative and quantitative method is considered. Generally, the data collection is being done through literature review, public survey and interview, and also site observation. Unstructured review has been conduct with several of the physically disabled people and mobility impaired community. The interview was conduct informally and the information was gathered and recorded during the interview session with data analysis being done on a later time. The more extensive data collection was done through literature review where collected journals, articles, reports and books were analyzed thoroughly. Direct observation has also been done through site visit and site study in order to collect information regarding the site location. By studying the demographic built-up of the region, the society composition, cultural and heritage value of

the site, the research was able to conduct gracefully.

Theoretical Framework ISSUE The existing therapy facility on the other part of the state does not posses the approach healthy built environment.

There is a lack of facility in the study area that provide therapy for the physically disabled people and mobility impaired community .

There are very small number of facility in Malaysia that are friendly towards physically disabled people and mobility impaired community .

IMPACT The built environment that will continuously be built in the future will still lacking in humanistic value and will negatively impact the people reside in it.

Facility and structure that were to built in the future will not be able to access by physically disabled people and mobility impaired community.

SOLUTION Contribute in framing a whole comprehensive guideline and requirement for physically disabled people and mobility impaired community in the future development.

â&#x20AC;˘Create awareness among public community towards the needs of people with disability in order to diminish the gap between society.

Figure 1.3: Theoretical Research Framework

The importance of providing an access towards people with disability especially the main target group of this study which is physically disabled people and mobility impaired community is to provide a mean of living and to decrease the

dependency of these group towards others as to fulfill their basic human right needs. This statement is supported by S. Narayanan (2018) where he stated “They (people with disability) explained that most of the employers were unfamiliar with and insensitive to, the needs of their workers with disabilities. The built environments in the workplaces were not disability-friendly, which in turn hindered the movement of employees with disabilities.” He then continues to state “Employment provides the opportunity to earn an income, forge social relationships, and establish social and political status and it is also important to disabled people.”

Scope of Work This research will focus on creating a design paradigm towards designing a built environment that will help in the development of individual physiology and psychology as well as to promote a balance healthy lifestyle and a positive mental health for the entirety of human society generally but in particular towards physically disabled people and mobility impaired community. In order to achieve the objective, this research will explore the therapeutic design approach in designing a building that will provide therapy services for the physically disabled people. This research will also explore the potential of the study area which is EDUCity, comprises universities and institutes of higher education, academia industry action and R&D centers, student accommodations, as well as recreational and sports facilities. Located in Nusajaya, Johor Bahru under the development of Iskandar Corridor Development.

Expected Findings The research prophesized a development of design framework regarding the

healing built environment where the correlation between therapeutic design approach and fulfilling the needs of physically disabled people. This therapeutic design approach will consist of several design elements that will help to develop the design theory based on the study on the social behavior theory of the targeted group while instigating the suitable architectural theory, thus constructing a working and functional architectural design framework. As what have been mentioned before, EDUCity is an educational hub of the South East Asia in which it will determined one part of the topography of the project which is educational institution. With the integration of the therapeutic design approach, this research is expected to explore further on the correlation between physically disabled people and mobility impaired community and EDUCity as the study area. By doing so the finding of this research will help providing a better understanding on the importance of helping people with

disability and by utilizing the method of therapeutic design approach it will not only help the development of physiology and psychology of the physically disabled people but it will provide them an option to make a better life.

Conclusion This research main concern is to draft a complete comprehensive guideline and framework on designing a facility by focusing on the physically disabled people and mobility impaired community while emphasize on their accessibility. In addition to that, this research will also explore the potential of the therapeutic design approach in creating and designing a more conducive healing built environment that will communicate with the user and assist them towards healthy living and lifestyle.

CHAPTER

Introduction Mobility Impaired Community Statistic and Demographic Breakdown Prosthesis as Alternative Solution1 Therapeutic Design Approach Analyzing the Approach of Existing Therapy Facility Integrating Nature Into Architecture Translating Therapeutic Design Approach Through Biophilic Design Translating Therapeutic Design Approach Through Sensory Design Research Gap Site Analysis Conclusion

Literature Review

his chapter on literature review will lay out essential information and emphasizing on relevant data collected from journals, articles and

books regarding the decision making on determining main targeted

group, architectural design approach and any additional information related to the research subject matter. All data that has been collected will be evaluated, analyze and synthesize in order to obtain the most pertinent data for the research. Literature review is a fundamental part of the research in order to ensure the right footing to determine the nature of the research as well as to gather all the significant theoretical data and knowledge. Open spaces showed an impact on mental well-being.â&#x20AC;? In addition to that, this chapter will be divided into two different section where the first section will be synthesizing and formulating the architectural strategy that are therapeutic design approach with the substantiation from the literature review and case study. The second section of this chapter will review the detail analysis that has been conducted on the study area of EDUCity, Nusajaya in

the architectural perspective. This section will dive deep into the demographic buildup of the study area, society and religious makeup, as well as the study of

weather and climate that will affect the design approach. This section will also discuss the relevant data collected from the literature review and case study such as the definition, statistical data, example of previous study, and etc.

Mobility Impaired Community Disability is one of the common but major problem facing by the world today. Because of that, the issue relating the disabled community often overlook by many. Disability is an umbrella term use to include every impairment which include cognitive, physical, intellectual, development and sensory impaired. This research will focus on specific targeted group which is physically disabled people especially those who are afflicted with mobility impaired. Stephen B. Fawcett, et al. (1994) has stated that “physical impairment refers to a broad range of disabilities which include orthopedic, neuromuscular, cardiovascular and pulmonary disorders. People with these disabilities often must rely upon assertive devices such as wheelchairs, crutches, canes, and artificial limbs to obtain mobility. The physical disability may either be congenital or a result of injury, muscular dystrophy, multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, amputation, heart disease, pulmonary disease or more. Some persons may have hidden (nonvisible) disabilities which include pulmonary disease, respiratory disorders, epilepsy and other limiting conditions.” Physical disability will usually result in mobility impairment, based on health and safety guideline publish by University of Edinburgh, mobility impairment can be defined as “inability of a person to use one or more of his/her extremities, or a lack of strength to walk, grasp, or lift objects. The use of a wheelchair, crutches, or a walker may be utilized to aid in mobility. Mobility impairment may be caused by a number of factors, such as disease, an accident, or a congenital disorder and may be the result from neuro-muscular and orthopedic impairments.”

Statistic & Demographic Breakdown Based on the statistic provided by Department of Social Welfare Malaysia,

every there is a steady increased in the number of registered people with disabilities. In comparison between 2010 and 2014, the number almost double up to 531,962 registered personnel. It is still in discussion either there are numbers that are still hesitate to registered due to lacking in exposure and information thus making the actual number of people with disabilities in Malaysia is up for a debate.

Figure 2.1: Number of Registered People with Disabilities from 2010 until 2014 Source: Laporan Statistik Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat, 2014

From the total numbers of people with disability that were registered as of 2014. About 33% from that were those whose classified themselves under physical disabilities. Which is the second percentage from the total number behind learning disabilities by 2%. While in comparison between the state in Malaysia, the number of registered people with disabilities in Johor is the highest with the total of 69,824. Making

Johor as the most ideal area for the facility for physical disability therapy center.

Figure 2.2: Percentage of registered PWDâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s by Category of Disabilities Source: Laporan Statistik Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat, 2014

In this research, the main group of people that were targeted as the focus

group is the those who are wheelchair user. With the other category of the mobility impaired group will also be considered as part of the study group this research will focus on how to provide a therapeutic service for this group through providing prosthesis therapy in hope that those in the wheelchair will find that they are not bound to the wheelchair for the rest of their lives and there is alternative solution provided for them.

Prosthetic as Alternative Solution Mobility impaired is the second of the biggest group of communities of people with disabilities, and most of them are consist of those who have lost their limbs in the trauma, or birth defects. R.A Oliveira, et al (2004), mention that â&#x20AC;&#x153;along with the growth in world population, there has been a marked increase in the number of individuals with physical disabilities. Technological advances and improved medical care have increased both the physical survival and functional capabilities of persons with disabilities.â&#x20AC;?

Figure 2.3: Percentage PWDâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s in Relation to its Cause Source: Jo-Pei Tan (www.researchgate.com), 2015

Most of these survivors and later on mobility impaired community were not only affecting their physical capabilities, but largely, this incidents and trauma will be

impacting their psychological and mental health. R.A Oliveira, et al (2004) also added â&#x20AC;&#x153;regardless of severity, an acquired disability is capable of disrupting normal life and altering the patient's perception of time, space and capacity for rational thought. Acquired disabilities alter the subject's psychodynamic balance by affecting their intrapsychic and interpersonal environments. The patient is confronted by a radically new and different set of conditions, which may dramatically alter previous family, professional and social roles.â&#x20AC;? Due to the immedicable changes in the perspective of their lives, most of them will have lost the will to live thus deteriorating their physiological and psychological health. Thus, this research is to offer an alternative solution as proposal for the mobility impaired community to offer a second chance in life through the use of prosthetic limb, then returning to their old life. But, using a prosthetic limb is not as easy as putting on the shoe, but required careful

guidance and observation with counselling through comprehensive therapeutic program and environments.

Amputation (Cause and Effect)

Treatment (Medical treatment for wound)

Therapy (During and after wound has heal)

Prosthetic Limb (Alternative solution for lost limb)

Psychotherapy

Physiotherapy

(During and after wound has heal)

Community Reintegration Figure 2.4: Step by step Procedure for Therapy for The Mobility Impaired Community

Source: Author, 2019

Therapeutic Design Approach Architecture has long been part of the human history, since the knowledge of

building a structure has been inherited by from one generation to another, and the need of human for shelter and place of dwelling. Architecture has since becoming part of the social construct and even becoming the symbol of status. The past two millennia have shown changes in the adaptation of architecture from one style to another due to various factor and reason and not until the early 19th century that the notion “less is more” becoming famous among architect and designer alike.

Parallel to the industrial revolution, building

becoming more technical with the famous master builder Le Corbusier famous quote “A house is a machine for living in.” This may cause along the line that building becoming more rigid, stiff, static, does not have identity and unresponsive to the needs of the society. The situation is then resulting in the emergence postmodernism movement to bring back important element that have been left out during the modernism era.

Robert Venturi has left an impression of what he expects to see emerging from the postmodernism movement, where he emphasized the language use in architecture to be a complex combination and also contradiction that involve both richness and ambiguity of modern approach while still maintaining the essence of the inherent art. He also adds that he loves to see the uncertainty of the problems exploitation while still preferring nature of the elements that possessed the identity of combination several elements or hybrid rather than a single identity. He concludes that “An architecture of complexity and contradiction must embody the difficult unity of inclusion rather than the easy unity of exclusion.”

That brings to the birth of therapeutic

design

approach as one of the post

modernism which

movement

are

identified

people-centric

building

design that will be backup by

evidence

approach

based

the

manufacturing of a healing built environment, in which its main objective is to incorporate

the

spatial

organization of the building systematically so that it can communicate people

with not

physiologically

the only

but

also

psychologically. The

application

and

interpretation of therapeutic architecture

has

evolved

greatly since its famous debut several decades ago. Johan Basson (2014) has defined

the

therapeutic

architecture as â&#x20AC;&#x153;a concept embodies the vision of welldesigned spaces

architectural that

healing

and

encourage

human

wellbeing.â&#x20AC;?

Through the application of this design approach, it does not mean that the building itself is inducing healing ability

towards

the

people

through

built

environment. But, the effect can be utilized through the implementation of design through spatial organization which will provide a principle bases for manipulating other natural factors such as colors, lights, smells, views and even privacy that will emulate a healing architectural facility that will promote

the

physiology

and

psychology healing of the building user. Johan Basson (2014) also specified

the needs of therapeutic architecture due to “the 21th century, with its rapid technological advancements and the fast

paced

science

architectural

evolution

combination focus

medical with

the

primarily

functionality and rationality has in many cases resulted in our inhumane ‘healing’

environments”.

With

the

practice of industry that we have today where most of the built environment were manufacture without taking into the consideration of the needs of human emotionally, it resulting in the Figure 2.5: Integration of nature into deterioration of the mental health of architecture will create a sustainable the society. living environment suitable for human dwelling 24 Source: Author, 2019

Analyzing The Approach of Existing Therapy Facility It is not until the last few decades that the therapy facility around the globe

really implementing the therapeutic approach into the design of their facility. Before that, the therapy facility has always enacting their facility similar to that off prison. Where every individual that undergo the therapy procedure will be separated into several isolated room away from the public attention in order to rehabilitate them. Johan Basson (2014) reported that the existing approach to the therapy facility not only ineffective but it also causing “the exact opposite is accomplished as the isolated institutional atmosphere only delays rehabilitation and consequently creates patients that come to be a replication of their environment. Rehabilitation facilities require organizational and security measures. However, the therapeutic effects of such an environment should outweigh any other concerns.” All of professional consultant consisting of an architect, a therapist and a sociologist have long arguing about the effectiveness of the therapeutic

approach in designing spatial organization in inducing the healing ability. These elements are important to the individuals that undergo therapy especially the long term cases that will spent most of their time in the facility and preparing them for the community reintegration in the future. Ulrich, R. S. (1984) also mentioned that “Past and present models of healing centers advocate the isolation of people from society with the intention of replacing the undesirable distractions associated with an urban lifestyle with the more desirable effects of a rural one, which is believed to increase the rate of healing.” Historically, people are associating rehabilitation and healing by escaping the urban built environment. We are looking forward for a holiday by leaving the city towards the countryside as a retreat and relaxation for physical and mental health. This will further prove our human desire to return as close towards

nature and as it is essential in providing healing environment especially to those who living in the urban environment and hectic of a city.

Figure 2.6: Falling Water by Frank Lloyd Wright is The Example of Good Integration of Architecture into Nature Source: www.laurelhighlands.org

Integrating Nature into Architecture There are several approach that can be taken in order to create a healing architectural environment through the application of the therapeutic

design,

which

almost all of the approaches will manipulate

the

use

natural

environment by integrating it with the

building

approaches

design. also

These

responded

directly to the basic function of human sense. This integration between natural

building

design

environment

and often

referred to Biophilic design. Figure 2.6 and 2.7 show an example of good biophilic design that was regarded as among the best.

Figure 2.7: The usage of natural materials inside the Falling Water mimic the nature without any finishes

Source: www.proremodeler.com, 2017

Translating Therapeutic Design Approach Through Biophilic Design Matthew T. Blair (2014), stated that â&#x20AC;&#x153;Biophilic design is a sustainable solution to the unfortunate design of the modern urban built environment.â&#x20AC;? This is due to the fact that in an urban setting, people and nature are becoming separate and losing contact between one another. Thus, this problem can be solved through the application of Biophilic design that will not only reconnecting human and nature but it will also induce additional effect of healthy therapeutic environment. Therapeutic design approach through Biophilic design can be categorized into two different type of strategy that can lead into many other architectural approach in which each and every one of the approach will integrating and establishing some kind of relationship with the natural environment. Organic approach or also known as Naturalistic design will utilize natural elements that exist surrounding the study area. It can be further breakdown into three different element of design with the first one is Direct element such as daylight, wind, rain, flora, fauna and ecosystems. This is the element that required designer to design in order to obtain the benefits from it. The second element of organic approach is Indirect element, where mostly this element will require input from human in order for us to benefit from it. Several example from this element is aquariums, potted plants, and water fountains. The third and the last organic approach element is Symbolic design, where the main focus of this element is make a symbolic portrayal of the natural environment. Mostly, this element will be presented

through medium such as graphic, statue or even faĂ§ade design.

Figure 2.8: Categorization of Biophilic Design into Organic & Vernacular Approach. Source: Matthew T. Blair (2014)

The second approach within the Biophilic design is Vernacular approach where it can be easily translated into location based design. In this approach the design of the building will directly reflect the image of the location of the building itself, it can either brings the image of culture, history, ecology, geographical context or combination from any of those elements. The collection of Organic and Vernacular approach under Biophilic design will then make up â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;The Six Elements of Biophilic Designâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;.

Translating Therapeutic Design Approach Through Sensory Design We live our life by translating everything we perceive surrounding us through our senses. For those who from the mobility impaired community, losing one of their senses will in all probability heighten the others sense, thus, this could be utilize as one of the design approach that can be taken. Sensory design approach would utilize an experiences through sensory manipulation of conduct, attitude and well-being. Usually, the sensory approach will incline to the focal point of targeting on how the occupant communicate with their surrounding through their stimuli in built environment. Through this strategy of design, the performance of building and its effects towards the occupants can be improve and indirectly affect for the healthier physiology and psychology. In the process of healing and recovery, our senses will play a huge role, apparently according to Yvonne Osei (2014), â&#x20AC;&#x153;due to the fact that sensory

information has the power to evoke a range of emotional responses, triggered by the use of specific colors and materials, can effect physiological responses in patients.â&#x20AC;? In addition to that, she also mentions that there are already several experiments that has been that where the result illustrates that by simply changing the material of spaces such as floor finish to timber, there will most likely be a positive response in lowering the anxiety and stress level of a patients. Spaces with multiple sense stimuli will more likely to have the potential to simulate a healthy built environment, thus, increasing the rate of healing and reducing the time they have to spent in care. Alvar Aalto, a famous architect once mentions that when he designing Paimo Sanatorium in Finland, he carefully designs the facility in accordance to the healing process by designing the facility as a healing instrument itself while integrating the design with the 5

senses manipulation.

Figure 2.9: Sensory Design can be stimulate through the use of color, texture or light. Source: www.morganlovell.co.uk

Table 2.1: Research gap of the study

Research Gap

Source: Author, 2019 References

Author

Summary

Gap in Literature

Psychotherapy with Physically Disabled Patients

R.A Oliveira, E.K Milliner, R. Page (2004)

Discussing about the impact of amputation, importance of psychotherapy towards the amputee. The problem with the therapy today and how to overcome it.

Medically focus article

Architecture as Therapy

Stephanie Liddicoat (2010)

Exploring how architecture might operate therapeutically. The architecture as tool of therapy, an architecturalization of psychoanalysis and cognitive behavioral therapy.

Brian Schaller (2012)

Study to create an environment that forms its own identity as a place where one goes to rebalance their imbalances.

Johan Basson (2014)

Discuss therapeutic architecture and the integration of addiction rehabilitation into the Cape Flats, Mitchells Plain. Introduces the concept of an integrated community rehabilitation and wellness center.

Discussing about the space created for drug addict rehabilitation only

Discuss about sensory design of therapeutic approach, and how its incorporation into architecture effects the experience of the user and help to create an optimal healing environment

The article only focus on tackling building design through sensory approach No discussion concerning communal engagement

Architectural Healing Environments

Exploring Therapeutic Architecture And The Integration Of Addiction Rehabilitation

Exploring Sensory Design in Therapeutic Architecture

Prosthetic Use and Functional and Social Outcome Following Major Lower Limb Amputation Healing Architecture: A Study On The Physical Aspects Of Healing Environment In Hospital Design Provision of Prosthetic Services Following Lower Limb Amputation in Malaysia

Yvonne Osei (2014)

T. Pohjolainen, H. Alaranta, M. Urkuinen

Srazali Aripin

Arifin N, Hasbollah HR, Hanafi MH, Ibrahim AH, W.A. Rahman, C. Aziz (2017)

Conducting experiment for 175 participant of various background with amputation to test the suitability of each person with the use of prosthesis, and to get a feedback from the participant on the effects of prosthesis. Explore the importance of physical built environment in the design of hospitals as a means to create a healing environment. Lighting will be one of the focus areas to be examined in the study of healing architecture Providing an insight on what is the status of patient in Malaysia that were inflicted with amputation, how the provision of prosthesis service in the country and to suggest way to improve it.

Only concentrate on the psychological effect of amputation The discussion on therapeutic architecture are too broad There is no focus target group The study focus on how environmental creation instead of space creation

Focusing on amputation of lower limb only

Design focus on facility like hospital only Therapy discussion does not include psychological aspect Study cannot determine the seriousness of the amputation problem Study only covers the numbers from recent years

Site Analysis This project will be located at the chosen site within the

Iskandar Development Region of Johor, which is the primary area of the southern development corridor of the west of Malaysia. This development corridor was subdivided into five smaller flagship parcel which comprises of different main area. Flagship A is composed of Johor Bahru City Center, flagship B is Nusajaya and its surrounding area, flagship C is make up of Western Gate Development which its main focus will be Tanjung Pelepas Port, flagship D is Eastern Gate Development with its focus area of Tanjung Langsat Port and lastly flagship E which covered the area of Senai – Skudai with its goal to be the hub for agriculture. The selected site is located at flagship parcel B of Nusajaya in which most the project stationed here will act

as a ‘catalyst’ projects in which is it expected to drive the economy

and

population

growth

the

Iskandar

Development Region. The state government has projected a steady increased of population of Nusajaya and it is expected by 2025, the number will jump up to half millions of total populations. Within the selected parcel, precisely the selected site was residing within the Educity which are an area intended to be international hub for education within South East Asia. It comprises of several international university and institute of higher education, several others academic-based industry, top notch research and development centers, healthcare center, student village and accommodation, as well as sport and recreational facilities, making it as the

first city of its kind in the whole Asia.

Figure 2. 10: Location Plan of the Study Area Source: Author, 2019

Site Study The site is located inside the area of EDUCity of Nusajaya where the main

typology of building here is an education related typology. Specifically, the site is situated in between SMK Medini and EDUCity Sport Complex. While on the right side of the study area is the student village and further on the left side is a residential area. Figure 2.4 will indicate a location of the selected site figuratively. Due to the fact that EDUCity is a new development area and this area is an educational based facility, the is not much development happening surrounding the study area as of now. During the study visit to the site, most of the facility were in the beginning phase of construction with more expected to start later. However, as a whole the site possesses a good quality in term of public amenities, the site is within the route of public transportation. The location is also considered strategic due to the fact that it located within the residential area and student village. The available amenities will most likely able to promote walk-ability as the overall theme for the development area is a city within a garden. Nevertheless, there are still some lacking that it need to overcome as the number of available public transportation is quite low due the low rate of passenger on the new area. Even though the area were designed to be walkable, the area is to wide which make it seemingly possible for mobility impaired community benefit all of the available amenities. Even if the development area is quite anew, some of the amenities provided within the study area is already broken and required maintenance. One things that is hard to miss is, there is no unified architectural language that represent the area where all the facility that already construct were using individual and exclusive architectural language.

Conclusion All the applicable data and information that connected to the mobility impaired

community and the development of their physical and mental health has been highlighted in this chapter. As a whole, this chapter are conversing about the statistical data and information regarding the mobility impaired community exclusively, and people with disability generally, and why it is crucial to focus on the development of the mobility impaired in both physiological and psychological. This chapter also illustrate the reason on why Johor Bahru is the most prominent place to pick as a study area. Additionally, this chapter also point out the real situation and the approach of the currently operational therapeutic facility that are available today. The purpose of this research is to propose a solution so that these therapeutic facilities can be improve in terms of building design and space composition so that it can benefits the patient. In terms of approach of the design, this chapter will outline a therapeutic design approach as a prominent solution that can help

in designing the future therapeutic center. The therapeutic design approach will be further clarify in this chapter where it will be categorized into two different approach with the same objective as to achieve a responsive and healthy built environment. The first category of the approach will be biophilic approach where it will emphasize on the integration of nature into architecture, and the second category will highlight the approach of sensory design where it will manipulate the five sense to create responsive environment. On the next chapter, the methodology of data collection in parallel to the research requirement will be outline and further discuss.

CHAPTER

Introduction Research Paradigm Research Methodology Framework Research Procedure Data Collection Procedure Data Recording Procedure Data Analysis Procedure Conclusion

Research Methodology

his chapter will outline a systematic research method in order to conduct this research to achieve a favorable outcome which is fulfilling

the research aim and objective. A thorough step by step paradigm will

be outline to ensure the research will be well organized and efficiently structure. Based on the research aim and objective, the research methodology that will be well-suited is qualitative analysis where this analysis is based on explorative research where we will be observing and investigating multiple sources and analyzing each of the collected information before considering to provide a solution. This methodology is utilized in order to achieve a better understanding on the motive, purpose, opinion, justification and vindication of the research. It will also provide a different take on the issue and in doing so it will help in providing a solution to the problem or to develop a working hypothesis. This chapter will also help to validate the architectural approach and theories that were obtain through analyzing and synthesizing literature review. This validated architectural approach and theories will act as a guiding principle in

synthesizing the collected data as to manufacture a workable findings and solutions.

Research Paradigm To conduct a research, a researcher need to have a set of conduct that

overview the whole research process, this set of conduct usually will be call research paradigm.

Describe by Kuhn (1962), research paradigm can be

defined as â&#x20AC;&#x153;the set of common beliefs and agreements shared between scientists about how problems should be understood and addressedâ&#x20AC;?. Usually, research paradigm will be divided into three separate categories, Ontology, discussing about the reality of the research. Epistemology, revolve around on how some information can came to be, and lastly, Methodology, where it will be use as a method to obtain that information. The application of ontology and epistemology will generate a holistic perspective of how information is perceive and we can relate ourselves in manipulating this information and the methodology that were used to manufacture the research.

Research Methodology Framework This research is carry out in a structural process of a system that were constructed with the goal to fulfill the research aim and objectives through a methodology framework. This research methodology framework will govern on how all the relevant data that has been collected will be utilize and implement throughout the research by oversee all the possible outcome. The data collection sources that were employ throughout the research is by focusing on utilizing primary and secondary data as a main source and reference. Due to the qualitative analysis methodology, the sources that will be harness will consist of specific research tool such as on-site observation and an unstructured interview with the targeted community. All the relevant data that has been collected in this research will be scrutinize and compare further with the case studies on chapter 4. Subsequent to that, an extensive and comprehensive examination will be conducted on the analysis, findings,

suggestion and recommendation and thoroughly interpret in the impending chapter.

Problem Statement Existing therapy facility were not built based on the physiology and psychology needs of the patient, where most of them were built to resemble prison-like operation where patient was isolated in each different room and separated from outside world.

Research Aim To establish the correlation between mobility impaired people focusing on the wheelchair user and healing architecture through the implementation of therapeutic design

Research Question 1

Research Question 2

Research Question 3

What are the effect of therapeutic design approach to the human behavior and mental health?

Why does the physically disable people and mobility impaired community need to consider to undertake therapeutic design approach?

How does architectural therapeutic design approach can contribute to the development of the physically disable people and mobility impaired community and their engagement to the society?

Research Objective 1

Research Objective 2

Research Objective 3

To identify the outcome of therapeutic design approach and its effect towards physically disabled people and mobility impaired community.

To analyze the therapeutic design approach and suitable design element that will contribute towards psychological and physiological behavior of physically disabled people and mobility impaired community.

To formulate a design guideline framework that highlights rehabilitation of physically disabled people and mobility impaired community through architectural therapeutic design approach.

Data Collection 1

Data Collection 2

Data Collection 3

Case study

Site observation + interview

Literature review

PERKESO Rehabilitation Center St. Charles Medical Center, Community Hospital of Monterrey Peninsula

Data Analysis Method

Finding & Conclusion Figure 3.1: Research Methodological Framework. Source: Author, 2019

Research Procedure This research will undergo a process in which the data analysis and synthesis,

data recording and data collection method will be outline as a systematic research procedure. All the procedure will be organized as a hierarchal process and to be explicate thoroughly in this section afterwards. All the primary data collected (site observation, focus study group interview) are collected around the study area of EDUCity, Nusajaya, with the unstructured interview is conducted on several site. In accordance to that, the data will be supported by secondary data that are to be collected through literature review and case study.

Data Collection Procedure i. On-Site Observation Due to the nature of this research, personal observation is essential in determining the state, condition and identity of the study area. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Observation is

used in the social sciences as a method for collecting data about people, processes, and cultures. Observation, particularly participant observation, has been the hallmark of much of the research conducted in anthropological and sociological studies and is a typical methodological approach of ethnography. It is also a tool used regularly to collect data by teacher researchers in their classrooms, by social workers in community settings, and by psychologists recording human behavior,â&#x20AC;? as stated by Barbara Kawulich (2012). EDUCity, Nusajaya of Johor were given as a study area to be observe thoroughly. The observation method that were chosen for the observation process for this research is naturalistic observation. Naturalistic observation can be defined as observation which consist of nonparticipant and the process is taking place in natural day-to-day setting. With this approach, the research was able to be conducted spontaneously and unprompted where all the subject

matter is behaving in their natural behavior in their natural surroundings. All

significance aspect of the study area was observed and analyzed thoroughly so that the architectural identity can be comprehended and utilized accordingly. ii. Interview To get a better understanding on the issue facing by the physically disabled people and mobility impaired community several face-to-face interview were conducted. This interview was orchestrated in order to obtain a real life experience and difficulties facing by this community from the first-person perspective. McNamara, C. (1999) stated that â&#x20AC;&#x153;Interviews are particularly useful for getting the story behind a participantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s experiences. The interviewer can pursue in-depth information around the topic. Interviews may be useful as follow-up to certain respondents to questionnaires, e.g., to further investigate their responses.â&#x20AC;? Beside from that, interview can be conducted as a method for qualitative research in which it dives deep into more personal level between interviewer and the respondent, thus making it more effective ways to collect data compared to other method such as questionnaire. This is due to the fact that the interview session between the interviewer and the respondent is carry out directly. The responses from the respondent will be much easier to understand and more natural as the respondent will feel more comfortable to convey their thought on the study as an opinion, personal thought or as an impression. The interviews session was organized among several of the physically disabled people and mobility impaired community who are willing to contribute and partake in this research. These selected personal from the community are chosen from among those who have been using wheelchair and also from the people who is using prosthetic limbs and those who are interest in using it.

iii. Case Study Zaidah Zainal (2007), stated that “Case study research, through reports of past studies, allows the exploration and understanding of complex issues. It can be

considered a robust research method particularly when a holistic, in-depth investigation is required. Recognized as a tool in many social science studies, the role of case study method in research becomes more prominent when issues with regard to education, sociology and community based problems were raised. One of the reasons for the recognition of case study as a research method is that researchers were becoming more concerned about the limitations of quantitative methods in providing holistic and in-depth explanations of the social and behavioral problems in question.” In this research, multiple case study is considered to be the most effective as this method will look into several source of evidence and into their analysis to synthesize their advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, Zaidah Zainal (2007) also describe that “the detailed qualitative accounts often produced in case studies not only help to explore or describe the data in real-life

environment, but also help to explain the complexities of real life situations which may not be captured through experimental or survey research. A case study of reading strategies used by an individual subject, for instance, can give access to not only the numerical information concerning the strategies used, but also the reasons for strategy use, and how the strategies are used in relation to other strategies.”

Data Recording Procedure Data recording procedure were initiated in accordance to the several

systematic stages. The first and main stages are analysis of literature review, where all the books, journals, articles and excerpt related to the research will be collected and analyze thoroughly one-by one so that the relevant and useful information and knowledge can be synthesize. The research then proceeds to second stage where all the data that has been collected from the first stage were laid down in comparison to the selected case studies. All the case studies were chosen from the same building topography which possess is therapeutic value and approach. At least four different case studies were chosen from different location and community which then would be analyze thoroughly and will be further discuss on more detail in chapter 4. The third and last stages is where several face to face unstructured interview were done with several individuals from targeted research group. This stages is

to get a first point experiences and gathering thoughts and opinions on the research subject in relative to the information that has been collected in stages 1 and 2 respectively.

Data Analysis Procedure After all the data and required information has been collected and recorded on

the earlier stages, the data that were collected will be documented in either soft copy or hard copy to ease the process of analysis that will be conduct later. This process will rely heavily on the application of the systematic information usually in the combination of statistical data and logical thinking. Shepard, (2002) stated that data analysis is â&#x20AC;&#x153;An essential component of ensuring data integrity is the accurate and appropriate analysis of research findings. Improper statistical analyses distort scientific findings, mislead casual readers.â&#x20AC;? During the research were conducted, there will also be a time where ongoing data were process non-stop due to the insufficient information thus resulting simultaneous data collection and analysis. The analysis that were conducted in order to extract the relevant information regarding the therapeutic design approach with the proof of it to function effectively in relation to answering the objective 1. Then, further analysis will be conducted into determining suitable design element that will contribute to the development of physiological and

psychological health of the target study group in order to fulfill the objective 2. To actualize the objective 3, a synthetization of the collected data from the objective 1 and 2 will be further discus and explained thoroughly in chapter 5.

Conclusion The research methodology that have been chosen and clarified in this chapter

will be use to achieved reliable and accurate data and information that are essential to this research. The selected methodology also viewed as the best stepping stone to achieved the research objectives and research aim that has been outline. A step-by-step research methodology and course of action has been describe and explain thoroughly in this chapter. The next chapter will have discussed in detail about analyzing and synthesizing of the related data and information from case studies.

CHAPTER

Introduction Case Study 1 - PERKESO Rehabilitation Center, Malacca Case Study 2 - St. Charles Medical Center, Bend, Oregon. USA Case Study 3 - Community Hospital of Monterey Peninsula, USA Conclusion

Analysis of Case Study

ollowing a methodical research through analyzing literature review, study area observation and face-to-face interview, it is empirical to explore an existing example of the research topic where we could probe and examine the case study to break it down in order to identify any weakness that we should overcome or strength that we can extract and improve upon. According to Zaidah Zainal (2007), â&#x20AC;&#x153;Case study method enables a researcher to closely examine the data within a specific context. In most cases, a case study method selects a small geographical area or a very limited number of individuals as the subjects of study. Case studies, in their true essence, explore and investigate contemporary real-life phenomenon through detailed contextual analysis of a limited number of events or conditions.â&#x20AC;? In order to identify the suitable and effective architectural for physically disabled people and mobility impaired community, various strategies can be achieved through formulating a framework in designing a facility by applying the therapeutic approach in order to help boosting the healing process. In relation to this research, several case study that are implementing the same approach through the design and space organization have been carefully chosen to be dissect as to determining which element that be synthesize and utilize into the research.

Case Study 1 : SOCSO Rehabilitation Center, Melaka Name: SOCSO Rehabilitation Center

Client: Social Security Organization Malaysia Architect: Anuar Aziz Architect Location: Melaka

Figure 4.1: Main entrance of SOCSO Rehabilitation Center

Source: www.arte-axis.com

Case Study 1 : SOCSO Rehabilitation Center, Melaka PERKESO Rehabilitation Center is a project

that were initiated since 2008 while it was proposed and discussed many years before that. The main purpose for this rehabilitation center to be constructed is based on the positive attribute of providing those with the PERKESO insurance holder and workers to undergo

physiology

and

vocational

rehabilitation so that they can return to their old life.

Figure 4.2: Exterior Perspective of PERKESO Rehabilitation Center, Malacca, Malaysia Source: www. architizer.com

Building Program This rehabilitation center provides conducive healing program to those who are

afflicted with physical disabilities where it excels in providing physiotherapy, occupational therapy, hydrotherapy, speech impairment therapy and vocational training and healing that will help the people to return to their work. Generally, this rehabilitation facility is the first of its kind that introduce an integration between the program of therapeutic vocational rehabilitation, medical institute with an allied health institute. Located at Mukim Durian Tunggal, Melaka, this space composition of this facility were design to form several cluster that were connected to one another to ease the circulation of the pedestrian and wheelchair user.

Figure 4.3: The Integration of Pocket Garden with Internal Spaces while Manipulating Light and Color Emulate a Positive Space Source: www. architizer.com

For those who are afflicted with the mobility impaired, a buggy was prepared to

help with their movement. When this project was planned, the main objective that they want to achieve is to be ranked as the best planned rehabilitation facility comparable to the international standards. The segregation of spaces of this facility were mainly divided through physical division. Every block that were erected will sustain its own program among the same cluster. Each block in each cluster of space is supplementing one another in terms of the program each cluster will supplement others cluster thus creating a whole ecosystem of program within the facility itself. Table 4.1 will illustrate the relation between the program and the purpose of each one of them.

Facilities Speech Therapy

Program/Description Speech impairment therapy

Explanation Help those who afflicted with speech difficulties ei-

ther they were born with it or due to traumatic experiences. Hydrotherapy

Arthritis and related rheumatic

Using water as a medium of treatment, it can be used to treat several illness but mostly use to treat arthritis and other related rheumatic conditions.

Gymnasium

Physical exercise

This facility is to provide intense physical training for the patient to test their physical capabilities while undergo rehabilitation and thera-

py. Physiotherapy

Treatment on physical injuries

The process of treatment of the patient through physical interaction and medium such as exercise, body massage or heat treatment.

Assessment Clinic

Assess patient health level

This facility will assess the condition of the patient prior to admitting to the facility, while undergo treatment and after completing their treatment to make sure that the patient is healthy.

Table 4.1: The Relationship Between the Building Program and its Function Source: Author, 2019

Architectural Element This PERKESO rehabilitation center utilizing the element of nature in their

design with the implementation of nature friendly construction technology. This facility was design with the therapeutic approach as the main architectural language with the integration of high-tech devices and information technology. Several of the green technology approach that can be analyze is the use of the glazed mirror as the window that can filter out heat with high efficiency in which about 60% of the heat from direct sunlight will be reflected. The provision of water catchment system that able to channel rain water directly from the roof to underground water reservoir. This center also utilizing solar panel as the mean to light up the streetlights surrounding the center. To minimize the use of energy, the air-conditioning system will be using a centralize system with the gas that were use are free from chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) emission. Even the lighting fixture that were install is using T%-type LED where in total of 30% of the electrical consumption can be deducted.

Figure 4.4: The Roof Plan of the Overall Facility and Services Provided by the Facility

Source: www.arte-axis.com

With the focus of the main target group of user is people with disabilities and their caretakers, the main ideation for the space planning and composition were focusing on the ease of the circulation and the movement of the

wheelchair user and mobility impaired to achieved universal design idea ‘access for all’ concept by introducing ‘primary spine’ as walkway connecting one cluster to another. As to accommodate to the wheelchair user, several nodes or “pausing point’ were created along the pathway as a resting place. The building and spaces were clustered together based on their function of building program. Meanwhile, the main healthcare building utilizing the concept of ‘The Healing Hand’ where big enormous centralize block that will act as palm of the hand on the ground floor level while several other block will extrude out of the main block giving the illusion of the finger. Figure 4.5 and 4.6 will illustrate the realization of the concept.

Figure 4.5: The Ground Floor Plan of the main healthcare facility resembling a palm of the hand. Source: www.arte-axis.com

The ground level is consisting of the main entrance to the block and its dropoff, from the entrance, the user will be divided into two different group of patient where the first group is those who undergo industrial rehab and the

second group is those who want to get prosthetic at prosthetic workshop. 61

For the first floor level of the facility, they were mainly focusing on treatment and rehabilitation where they provide several type of treatment to the specific type of patient. Each of the treatment were located inside of each of the

individual block with shared circulation space as indicated in figure 4.6.

Figure 4.6: The First Floor Plan with the Erected Block Resembling the Fingers Source: www.arte-axis.com

After that, the user will be directed towards healing facility where canteen, main rehab block and hostel are organized in circular fashion with musolla being the main pivotal point. Then, moving further on the facility, the medical that were inspired from the concept of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;healing handâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; is situated where all the main facilities and the living quarters creating the shape of the palm. Surrounding the facility itself, shaded calming garden were provided as one of the mean for therapy. Integrating soft and hard scape will create a very strong

architectural language that will hold all program together. 62

Architecture Elements Building Zoning

Description Centralize Concept

Explanation Spaces were designing and arranged according to the proce-

dural treatment that need to be taken by the patient following the correct program that has been outline. Internal Planning

Building Circulation

The interior circulation is using centralize space configuration to control the flow and movement of the patients.

Natural Element

Several nodes and green pocket were integrated into the design of the building interior.

Building Spaces

Space were configure according to the specific task that the spac-

es need to base on its function and the equipment that were External Planning

Linear configuration

used. From the concept of spine, the block of building were arranged in linear formation along the

Form

From the concept of

main circulation road. The block were arranged accord-

Healing Hands

ing to the shape of hand

Table 4.2: Architecture element of SOCSO rehabilitation center Source: Author, 2019

Therapeutic Design Element Looking on the perspective of architectural concept approach, the placement of

the building is taking into consideration so that minimal amount of changes that required to be implemented during the construction process while preserving and enhancing if necessary. To increase the legibility of each cluster for easy identification, each building from each cluster were given a unique architectural language with all the cluster will be given an emphasize on â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;green design approachâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. A special treatment was to be given to the building orientation, maximizing the use of natural ventilation and lighting and shading panels. This approach that took a different route from the conventional hospital and focusing more to create corporate environment is mean to speed up the healing process.

Figure 4.7: Implementing the concepts of open corridor to provide natural ventilation and lighting for the building user. Source: www. arte-axis.com

Figure 4.9: Introduction to water element which will provide to serenity and also able to act as temperature controlling agent Source: www. arte-axis.com

Figure 4.8: The Facility Taking an Advantages of Different Level of Contour to Plan Its Interior Composition Source: www. architizer.com

Therapeutic Design

Description

Approach Biophilic Design

Element Pocket Integration

Act as a node for the patient to

stop and rest during their commute through the facility.

View Framing

Provide the feeling of closeness to the nature and providing a boost to the recovery for the patient.

Lighting

The faรงade of the building mostly consist of large windows with shading devices to allow lighting to penetrate the building.

Sensory Design

Color

Utilization of color will help to stimulate the patient senses.

Table 4.3: Analysis of therapeutic design approach of SOCSO Rehabilitation Center (Source: Author, 2019)

Figure 4.10: Integration of the color element into the space design to help with the stimulation of patientâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s sense Source: www. arte-axis.com

Figure 4.11: The use of natural lighting to light up the interior space of the rehabilitation center 68 Source: www. arte-axis.com

Case Study 2: St. Charles Medical Center, Outpatient Project: St. Charles Medical Center, Outpatient Cancer Center and Radiation

Client: St. Charles Foundation Architect: ZGF Architects Location: Oregon, USA

t Cancer Center and Radiation

Figure 4.12: Exterior Perspective of St. Charles Medical Center, Bend, Oregon

Source: Pete Eckert (2015)

Case Study 2: St. Charles Medical Center, Outpatient St. Charles Medical Center started its operation back in 1974, over the years,

several new wings and building were added due to the expanding healthcare services provided. The latest addition to the healthcare compound is the Outpatient Cancer Center and Radiation block design by ZGF Architects. The new facility takes up to 16,000 square foot which consist of two story building. The most significance design approach taken by the architect in terms of architectural language is the material used as finishes. Most of the selected material used are from the local area which will reflect natural setting and identity of the town itself, where most the town folk are familiar with adventures and outdoor sports as their main recreational activity.

Building Program The architect responsible for designing this facility to facilitate the need of the

user, it is even boasted as the true manifestation of user-centric design. In just short amount of time, it successfully becoming the most prominent rehabilitation center for oncology services. This is all due to the fact that the ideation and space planning of this facility were thought thoroughly by putting the needs of the patient first. Figure 4.13 will explain the ground floor plan of St. Charles Medical Center in detail. The space planning and organization of this facility were design to convey the feeling of comfort among its resident. In the center of the first floor is the open area that function as nurses and staff offices and work area, the central space is then outline by resident examination room where each of the rooms is facing floor to ceiling with glass curtain wall which will provide them with view and natural lighting. If during the treatment session is in progress, and the resident himself or any of their family members need to take a break, they can just walk outside along the therapeutic garden that equipped with relaxing water feature and â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;floatingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; pavers. 71

t Cancer Center and Radiation

Figure 4.13: Ground Floor Plan of St. Charles Medical Center, Bend, Oregon Source: foundation.stcharleshealthcare.org

Figure 4.14: First Floor Plan of St. Charles Medical Center, Bend, Oregon Source: www.foundation.stcharleshealthcare.org

Meanwhile, on the level two of the facility as indicated by figure 4.14, most of the space that were design are private infusion chamber, where all the cancer patient I will undergo an infusion treatment. The whole level 2 was design with

an open corridor to provide the patient with the view, thus helping them to recover much faster.

Figure 4.15: Green space were part of the building space composition where it allow interaction from the user Source: www.pae-engineers.com

Facilities Examination room

Program/Description Medical Oncology examination

Explanation

procedure

examination of the

Spaces where the

health level of the patient to be checked first before any further treatment. Radiation treatment room

Radiation Oncology treatment

One of the main

procedure

treatment to combat the spread of the cancer cell.

Infusion Bay

Infusion treatment session

A spaces where the patient will be revitalize after a long day of treatment.

Careteam station

Nurses and caretaker working

The working station

station

where the caretakers

are on lookout for any emergency. Multi-Function Conference Room for any events

This is where any social gathering events will be held

Oncology Physician Office

Working spaces for the oncolo-

Working spaces

gy experts and doctors.

where the doctors and expert will spend most of their free time resting.

Laboratory

Medicine and treatment

Places for medicine and treatment to be carry out and tested

Table 4.4: Facilities provide by the St. Charles Medical Center (Source: Author, 2019)

Architecture Element Being the only extensive cancer rehabilitation center in the district, there are

some of their patient that are willing to travel up to 300 miles just so that they can receive extensive treatment from the center. Upon admitting to the rehabilitation services, the patient might check in to the living quarters provided within the facility up 6 weeks long. With the building orientation were design to face the southwest direction, the facility was able to maximize the view and gain an amazing perspective toward the snowy mountain side. To make the building visually integrate into the surrounding environments, the architects utilizing faรงade material that imitate wood-like texture and image. These clad were assemble from the natural material that consist of mineral oil and rice husk with the addition of lightweight cement fiberboards that were color in elusive light grey.

Figure 4.16: The Use of Natural Material and Texture with The Manipulation of Color to Create a Soothing Interior Environment Source: Pete Eckert (2015)

Figure 4.17: Framing the view on the infusion bay to give the sense of calmness Source: www10.aeccafe.com (2016)

Figure 4.18: Taking advantages of the natural lighting as to provide light and heat to the building user Source: www10.aeccafe.com (2016)

Architecture

Description Elements Building Zon- Zoning approach ing

Explanation The building was built inside one whole big

singular block of building where the spaces inside were divided into three different category of spaces, Examination, Treatment, and Rehabilitation

Internal Plan-

Building Circulation

ning

Most of the building utilizing linear and clear circulation with addition staircases and elevator for vertical circulation.

Natural Element

The building is located in a natural setting where it was surround with greeneries with the concept of garden.

Building Spaces

Building configuration and orientation were based on several factors such as maximizing the view and obtaining as much sunlight as

they could. External Plan- Building Landscape

The nature surrounding the facility were

ning

thought to be therapeutic elements where the patient is encouraged to walk and utilizing the garden as part of the therapeutic treatment.

Form

Materials

Most of the building faรงade and construction material are consist of natural material obtain from the nearby site.

Table 4.5: Architecture approach that were used by architect in designing St. Charles Medical Center (Source: Author, 2019)

Therapeutic Design Approach

Figure 4.19: Therapeutic Element Plays a Major Role in Designing the Exterior of the Facility Source: Pete Eckert (2015)

As a treatment, therapeutic and a rehabilitation center, St. Charles Medical Center were designed to act as a catalyst in promoting a healthy environment and help in boosting the physical and mental health of the patient. This facility

fully utilizes its location and the surrounding area in which most of the material obtain as to construct it were obtained from the nearby site and almost all of its consist of natural materials.

Figure 4.20: Almost all of the facility inside the building were arranged and oriented towards the windows so that they will have access towards the vies while undergo treatment. Source: www10.aeccafe.com (2016)

Figure 4.21: The facility is taking advantages from the view of the mountain range

Source: www10.aeccafe.com (2016)

Therapeutic De-

Description

sign Approach Biophilic Design

sign Element Landscape

Act as a node for the patient to stop and rest during their commute through the facility.

View Framing

Provide the feeling of closeness to the nature and providing a boost to the recovery for the patient.

Lighting

The faรงade of the building mostly consist of large windows with shading devices to allow lighting to penetrate the building.

Natural Material The material used in constructing the facility were obtain from the nearby site and retaining Ventilation

Most of the building spaces were design to be open spaces with natural ventilation so that the air were easily ventilated.

Sensory Design

Color

Utilization of color will help to stimulate the

patient senses. Texture

The manipulation of texture to stimulate the sense of the patient through the physical contact

Table 4.6: Therapeutic design approach that were utilize to enhance the building function (Source: Author, 2019)

Conclusion For this chapter, it can be concluded that with the right implementation of the

approach, the comprehensive therapeutic environment can be created and benefits the building occupant. All the data regarding the analysis and synthesize of each of the selected case study in related to the research question and research objective will be summarize and compile on the table below. All the result, synthesize and discussion on the research finding will be explained thoroughly in the next chapter. No .

Case Study

Items

Re-

Obj. 1

Obj. 2

Obj. 3

Integration of natural elePERKESO Reha-

ment into design

bilitation Center,

Nature friendly construc-

Malacca, Malay-

tion technology

sia

Introduce a conducive green ecosystem to the occupant

Natural materials for conSt. Charles Medical Center, Outpatient Cancer Center and Radiation, Bend, Oregon, USA

struction and finishes Utilizing faรงade material that imitate texture and image Integration of natural element into design

Table 4.7: Summary of Analysis of Each Case Study in Relation to the Research Objectives (Source: Author, 2019)

CHAPTER

Introduction Data Collection and Analysis Establishment of Relationship Between Mobility Impaired and Therapeutic Architecture Therapeutic Design Approach â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Biophilic Design Benefits of Framing the View Benefits of Pocket Garden Benefits of Natural Material Benefits of Lighting Benefits of Ventilation Therapeutic Design Approach â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Sensory Design Impact of Color Impact of Smell Impact of Texture Discussion Conclusion

Result & Discussion

n this chapter, all the accumulated data and findings that were collected from the previous procedure will be synthesized and presented. The relevant data will be analyzed and evaluated so

that it will align to the goal of this research and the research objectives can be actualized. The aim of this research is to establish the correlation between mobility impaired people focusing on the wheelchair user and healing architecture through the implementation of therapeutic design and humanistic architecture. This research will also help in drafting a working comprehensive design framework that will outline all the architectural element required in implementing therapeutic design approach in designing a facility for physically disable people and mobility impaired community to ensure their future by helping to ease the burden and providing alternatives solution to their disability.

Data Collection and Analysis The types of data that have been conducted will be divided into two types, primary and secondary data. All the primary data were to be collected through direct observation of the study area which is EDUCity, Nusajaya and face-toface unstructured interview with the selected respondent. The observation of the study area is to determine the identity of the place in terms of demographic population, religious and society make up and site condition related to the climate, internal-external elements, public amenities and the architectural identity of the area. While the interview was conducted by interviewing a respondent from the physically disable people and mobility impaired community emphasizing on those who have been using wheelchair and those who interested in using prosthetic limb.

Establishment of Relationship Between Mobility Impaired and Therapeutic Design Approach As been establish in the previous chapter, those who are afflicted with physical disabilities due to accidents or traumatic experiences later in their life, not only will affected them physiologically and thus losing ability to move, this unfortunate event will affect them in much greater scale psychologically thus reducing or deteriorating their mental health. This statement was agreed by Anamika S. (2016) when the author also state that â&#x20AC;&#x153;due to the role limitation and the need for adjustment to the changed lifestyle options. The individual undergoing amputation may be at risk of developing depressive disorder due to multiple factors such as feelings of loss, self-stigma, and difficulty in coping up with the impairment.â&#x20AC;?

The best solution for this issue of coping with physical disabilities and amputation is to undergo therapy in which either physiotherapy or psychotherapy or both to ensure maximum healing capabilities can be

accomplish. Thus, a carefully design medium where the therapy process can happen should aligned to the needs and requirement of these special group of people in order to encourage the recovery and sped up the healing process of their physical and mental health. Table 5. 1 will listed out the element of design that should be taken into consideration when designing a therapy health facility. NO.

THERAPEUTIC DESIGN ELEMENT

Biophilic design

1(a)

Framing the view

1(b)

Pocket Garden

1(c)

Natural Material

1(d)

Lighting

1(e)

Ventilation

Sensory Design 2(a)

Texture

2(b)

Color

2(c)

Smell Table 5.1: Categorization of Therapeutic Design Approach (Source: Author, 2019)

When designing for mobility impaired community, there are also several rules and regulations that are needs to be follow. Usually, every country will have their own standards and technical design guideline that outlining basic do’s and

don’ts that must be follow to ensure the safety of the mobility impaired community when they step inside any building. However, this research purpose is not to overwrite the existing technical guidelines but rather outlining additional therapeutic design approach that will help in promoting the physical and mental health of building user with the integration of the existing Malaysian standards.

Therapeutic Design Approach – Biophilic DeThe theory that makes up the principle of biophilic architecture is commonly translated as an approach to introducing all occupants inside of a building to the natural environment in a way such as establishing a connection between indoor and outdoor or bringing the outdoor inside with the implementation of pocket green. As what have been establish before Johan Basson (2014) clarify

that “Nature’s inherent beauty has the ability to promote stress relief, improve moods and even induce mental restoration.”

Benefits of Framing the View The easiest method to establish a connection between outdoor and indoor is by providing a window that will provide view from the patient room. An experiment has done by Ulrich, R. S. (1984) to test whether the availability of windows in a patient room will influence the healing rate of the patient or not. The result from the experiment has indicate that the patient that were place inside the room with access to window were able to recovered faster and check out of the hospital much quicker in comparison to those that does not have access to window. Brian Schaller (2012), reaffirm the result of the experiment by stating “elements in nature emulate qualities of calmness and serenity that are necessary for a healing environment. Studies have shown that simple

changes like a view to a green landscape becomes a mental focusing tool of distraction allowing recovery to manifest quickly.”

Figure 5.1: Example of the Application of ‘Framing the View’ Source: ERICWESTON PHOTO

From the approach of providing window for the patient, Ulrich, R. S. (1984) also establishing a new ideation of ‘framing a view’. This concept will enforce the specific patient to specific element of the nature such as water elements, mountain range or flower garden in which each of the elements can induce a specific type of therapeutic effect to the patient. The application for the therapeutic approach will create a space that can provide soothe and comfort to the patient by simulating an impression and perception towards the environment that will help in healing process, where the patient will perceive

that they are free roaming the outside world rather than being enclosed within the immanent institutional closure.

Benefits of Pocket Garden V. I. Lohr (2010) has outline an advantages of having indoor garden or pocket

garden where the benefits of interior plants were divided into three category of advantages. The first category will be Improvement in Indoor Air Quality, where there are four elements that were listed out where they will contribute to the improvement of indoor air quality. Several experiment were already carried out to evaluate the effect of interior plant and the most prominent one is when â&#x20AC;&#x153;The U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration funded early studies on using plants to clean the air in space stations. The studies showed that many common foliage plants reduced levels of some interior pollutants, including formaldehyde and carbon monoxide, from small, sealed test chambers,â&#x20AC;? add V. I. Lohr (2010). Thus, having an indoor garden will greatly improve the indoor air quality in terms of less air pollutant, raise the relative humidity of the space, and reducing particulate matter in the air.

The second category is described as human well-being where the writer

discusses about the relative positive feeling booster and stress reduction. For this category, several interviews and experiment has been referred to V. I. Lohr (2010) stated “When foliage plants were in the room, people reported feeling more attentive than did people in the room without plants.” Several other observation has been made by observing several subject within an orchestrated confine space and have come to conclusion that “People felt significantly more “carefree or playful” and more “friendly or affectionate” in the room with interior plants than in the room with or without decorative objects.” Figure 5.2: Integration of Pocket Garden in-between-space Can Act as a Stress Reliever Inside of a Building Source: www.studiomas.co.za

Figure 5.3: The Use of Natural Material Such as Timber Can Emulate the Feeling of Being in Nature Source: blaine@blaineharrington.com

The third and last category is health improvement, this category will discuss on the possibility of the effect of having interior plant on general discomfort and pain reduction. V. I. Lohr (2010) describe the experiment as “Subjects were

tested in a room with one of three treatments: control, added colorful non-plant objects, or added plants. The room with plants was significantly more interesting, comfortable, and ornate than the control room, but the room with plants was not more interesting, colorful, or attractive than the room with colorful objects. Thus, both the plants and the non-plant objects rooms were similar in their potential to provide visual distractions to help one concentrate on something other than discomfort.” This indicates that plant will not only help in providing medicinal properties and decorative value, but it will also help in providing tolerance to pain and stress.

Benefits of Natural Material Commonly the most advantages aspect of using applicable natural and local

materials is the need for transporting the materials can be reduced to none. Mostly these natural material will possess low environmental impact thus, creating healthy environment both indoor and outdoor. Additionally, natural materials are usually bio-degradable, and can be disposed or renew without emitting any negative impact such as excessive carbon dioxide emissions or radioactive radiation. Nevertheless, by manipulating these natural materials as a construction element, several research that has been conducted indicates that there are still room for improvement that can be done to enhancing these materials as a construction material to boost their property. For example, J. Fernandes et al, (2014) demonstrated that there is “possibility of improving the thermal resistance of rammed earth walls, in order to comply with the Portuguese regulations for thermal performance, without changing their environmental

characteristics, by adding a mixture of granulated cork.”

Benefits of Lighting Usually, a space will be design to have an adequate

lighting so that the person that using the space will be able to conduct any visual task without straining effect. Over the years, there are many methods that were produced to achieved satisfied condition depending on certain situation. The light that were brought in must be appropriate to the purpose of the space and must be balance so that it will suffice and not too intense and causing reflection and glare. According to Anjali J. (2006), “light impact human health

and

performance

four

mechanisms;

enabling performance of visual task, controlling the body circadian system, affecting the mood and perception, and facilitating direct absorption for

critical chemical reaction within the body.” This statement is supported by Ulrich (2004) when he mentioned that “climate and sunlight influences length of hospital stay as well as sleep-wake patterns among hospitalized patients.” This is due to the fact that natural sunlight was said to have health-boosting capabilities and should be included and utilize in the strategy and planning of a healthcare facility. Benedetti et al (2001), also written that “patients exposed to an amplified concentration of natural sunlight perceive less stress, require less medication and even experience less pain. Sunlight can also be perceived as a form of psychological motivation in its utilization in the creation of a healthy, therapeutic

environment.”

Figu

ure 5.4: Manipulation of Lighting in Design Can Create a Spiritual Feeling and Holistic Design Environment Source: Nathan Dearsley

Benefits of Ventilation Aside from natural lighting, natural ventilation also plays a big role in

manufacturing healthy environment. Usually, what define air ventilation is that the process in which stale air in a space were intentionally replaced with new and clean air, normally outdoor air. This process can be done by either manually, mechanically or a hybrid system that combine both manual and mechanical. As reported by P. Wargocki (2013), “ventilation requirement can be estimated based on the emission rates of pollutants, so that the pollutants occurring indoors are at levels without concern for human health and comfort.” This can be achieved by providing a functioning cross ventilation system on the spaces provided with at least two different opening were provided at two different side of the room. Further detail application of the natural ventilation can also be integrated into the design by studying the direction of the wind and the movement to maximize the movement of the air alongside the building and into

the intended spaces. It is also needs to be taken into consideration that the source of the air should be free of any pollutant that will indirectly effect the building occupant. Any sources of particulate matters especially those from the outdoor traffic should be reviewed and tested before proceeding into design phase. P. Wargocki (2013) also stated that “air quality from outdoor traffic, was associated with reduced cardiovascular and respiratory hospitalizations, as well as mortality among the elderly.” Nature is not only categorized as the landscaping and greenery that are surrounding us, but the definition of nature is in much larger scope which also include natural lighting and natural ventilation as one of the therapeutic elements that can be utilize in the design approach. Aside from that, the therapeutic effect can also be induced to the patient by introducing their sense

to stimulant such as smells, sounds and colors. Thus making sensory design as part of the therapeutic design approach that can be utilize and implement. 99

Therapeutic Design Approach â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Sensory Design

Impact of Color Apart from all the element listed above, several other factors can also be manipulated to simulate therapeutic effects through the stimulation of our senses. In this context, architecture can be described as a tailor of our sensual experiences of spaces. Our senses can easily be stimulated to the inputs that were implemented and included in the building design.

Figure 5.5: Color Wheel of Emotional Psychology Source: Hokuma Karimova, www.positivepsychologyprogram.com

100

In psychology, it has been approved that the existing color palette that we have today, will have different effect on different aspect of life. Usually, this color spectrum will produce an outcome that will directly affect human behavior

psychologically in terms of moods and also emotions. Ghamari H. and Amor C. (2016), emphasize that “The role of color is important not only because it influences aesthetic and technical aspects of human-made environments, but also it affects human beings psychologically.” Sarah E. Babin (2013) has stated that “the color palette must be balanced. This means that there can be no surplus of color, nor can a range of neutrals take over the spectrum. More cool tones, such as a range of blues and greens, should be introduced to the space and balanced with natural elements. The combination of these natural tones and cool colors can make a space appear clean and controlled. As many researchers have found, these hues help to create a calm and comfortable environment for patients.”

Figure 5.6: Example of Designing a Space Using a Harmony Color Spectrum to Avoid Distraction to the User Source: www.sainsponsel.com

101

In the therapeutic facility, in accordance with the use of color wheel of emotional psychology, it is beneficial for the patient if the designer were to implement the use of color which related to blue and green with the integration

of several natural elements to maximize the therapeutic effect of the spaces thus increasing the functionality of the facility.

Impact of Smell Although smells do not actively contribute to the health improvement, it can still trigger certain chemicals in the body that will affect the health of a person. The presence of unpleasant smells and bad odor can effect different people on different level due to people having different reaction to certain chemicals. Based from the article publish by Department of Health of New York, â&#x20AC;&#x153;Exposure to odors could result in health effects ranging from none, to mild discomfort, to more serious symptoms. Strong odors may cause some people to feel a burning sensation that leads to coughing, wheezing or other breathing

problems. People who smell strong odors may get headaches or feel dizzy or nauseous. If an odor lasts a long time or keeps occurring, it also could affect mood, anxiety and stress level.â&#x20AC;? While, with the presence of pleasant smell, it will positively affect the health on the different degree. For example, it is indicated several plants such as Sandalwood, Patchouli, Jasmine and Frankincense can stimulate a chemical that can promote confidence.

102

Impact of Texture Lastly, one other design element that can be implement into therapeutic design

approach is through the implementation of texture for the building materials. Mostly the application for texture will play a large part in furnishing and casework and wall façade. Sheila Semrou (2015) stated that “it’s beneficial to select resilient products for other reasons. Wood-look sheet vinyl has been popular for many years. Some of the best have a subtle surface texture, which provides aesthetic and functional benefits. The embossed texture adds to the slip-resistance by preventing shoes from hydroplaning in the event of liquid spills.” This will also provide a good grip for those who are using wheelchair thus, reducing the probability to slip. She also added that “Carpet is a good flooring choice as well. It provides excellent traction, no glare and no risk of slipping, and the fear of falling is reduced. Carpet benefits staff, too, by helping to minimize foot fatigue. It also reduces and absorbs ambient noise, another reason why carpet is specified

often for corridors and hallways.” The texture and materials that were use can be utilize and benefits the user on variety sort of range of benefits. Proper materials choice, will stimulate the user senses and simulate the feeling of belonging thus creating a sustainable comfortable environment.

103

Discussion After the required elements of therapeutic design approach has been

identified, and example of case study on how such elements were used in real - life application, were studied and synthesize, then a set of theoretical framework can be established on how a comprehensive and prominent therapy facility can be constructed using all the appropriate and suitable data. Table 5.2 will illustrate theoretical design framework that explain the strategies in implementing the required approach in constructing therapy facility. THERAPEUTIC NO.

DESIGN ELE-

STRATEGY OF DESIGN

MENT 1.

Biophilic de-

Bringing the nature into the building or bringing

sign

the building into the nature. The easiest way to bridging the people confine in a

building is by providing an opening throughout the building faรงade, especially in a space where the patient will have to spent most of their time. For example, the ward, therapy room, and activity room. The opening can be either in form of balcony where 1

Framing the

(a)

view

they can step into and spending some time enjoying the view, it can also in form of window that can be close and open freely. The first two option should be considered as the best approach as it will not only provide a view outside of their confine space, but it will also provide access to natural air ventilation and lighting. Whilst, the last option is to provide an inoperable glass window where it still

functions as to provide exterior view to the patient.

104

The view that were provided should be the view of the nature where it will induce a stress reduction sensation among the patient. Thus building place-

ment and orientation should be considered when planning process takes places. The nature can also be the view of man-made garden and green pocket inside a limited space of a facility. If there is availability of spaces inside of the building, a pocket garden, or a green pocket should also be consider to be integrated into the design. Pocket green can be as small as a few square meter of plantation to a whole courtyard. Some of the researcher believe that the approach of the pocket green is much better compare to just having the view due to physical interaction of the patient with the nature itself. Thus stressing that it is

important for the patient to have a physical access 1 (b)

to the nature where they can make an interaction Pocket Garden

with the nature to help in the process of healing and therapy. Pocket garden should provide a walk path that will encourage the people to walk around and experiences the element that has been provided. Amenities such as park benches, and water fountain is seen as a welcoming and point of interest to attract people towards the pocket garden. In terms of construction detail, when installing a

planter inside of the building, several cautious approach should be taken seriously,

105

an efficient water circulation system should be considered to avoid damaging the building structure, the use of water proofing membrane that will help to

prevent unwanted water to seep into the building. The type of plant that should be chosen also need a deep understanding from the designer as the chosen plant must be able to survive indoor, the plant also must not grow excessively in terms of the height of the building and also in terms of the root due to the fact, some trees root will overgrown and affecting the building structure. Naturally, human being has a really strong connection to the nature, either we are aware of it or not. Usually when we go for a retreat, the destination that will occur to us is to explore the nature.

study has been conducted and as stated in the previous chapter that when a patient was put inside a space that they were familiar as to a home the, the rated of healing of the patient will be shortened. 1 (c)

Natural Material

Therefore, the use of natural material such as timber is as importance in the therapeutic design approach where it can promote the health boosting effect in terms of psychology healing. Difference use of material will induce different effect of emulated sensation where it can benefit different group of people. For example, the use of timber can emulate the feeling of home-ness thus it will trigger a sense of familiarity.

106

But, using this combination of different material will require certain amount of care and maintenance, thus will increase the cost of operation. Even

though, when the application of combination of the natural material were use, it will create a sustainable healthy environment which not only benefit the building user but also reduce its impact on the surrounding area. Manipulation of lighting in designing a building has long been utilized especially in the construction of those religious building, in these building the architect will emulate a sense of holistic. From this approach, the architect able to create a space with a sense of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;divineâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; where it will help in producing a space with sense of calmness

This approach can be adapted and utilize in the designing a therapeutic facility where the application 1 (d)

of lighting effect will increase stimulate a sense of Lighting

calmness and serenity as well as tranquility through the manipulation of the light. An approach such as skylight or sky well, or integration of patterned wall or decorative windows will help to emulate the feeling of peacefulness that can be feel in the religious houses. Relating to that, the manipulation of natural lighting to brighten the room naturally will also benefit the building user where it will provide a sufficient amount of light in to the space while evading exces-

sive glare and unwanted heat from the sun.

107

The use of sun shading device such as louvers, light shelf and building orientation will provide the required effect for the optimization of the natural

lighting.

A healthy space is a space that have a good ventilation, as a research that was included in this chapter before, the indoor air quality is deteriorating when the space in enclosed and does not have access to the outside naturally or mechanically. Most of the researcher has concluded that enclosed space will have the higher percentage of bad air quality where it can contribute to the negative effect of health. This will affect the mobility impaired community the most as they will have a difficulty to move from space to another thus reducing their 1 (e)

Ventilation

likeness to open a window to allow air ventilation. With a good air ventilation and circulation, the indoor air quality can be regulated accordingly to ensure the level of safety for indoor air can be achieve. When exposed to the good indoor air quality, these patient will most likely to make a better recovery as it will improve both physical and mental health of the patient. Good indoor air quality can be achieve naturally by providing the space with opening such as windows, or mechanically through the use of air conditioner, air regulator of even an exhaust fan.

108

Sensory De-

sign

A design approach that emphasize on the interaction of the patient with their surrounding environment. The use of texture was famously integrated into the design of a facility of people with disability. In a way, when people is losing one of their senses, the other senses will heighten. By utilizing this, an interactive and conducive environment can be created where the patient can interact directly with the building through their sense. The use of texture will

2 (a)

make them familiar with their surrounding Texture The use of different texture on different places inside of the building can provide the patient with the sense of direction. There will able to associate certain texture to certain places thus bringing the

sense of security and self-aware. Several texture that can be utilized is wood texture to be use on wall and as a floor finish and stone texture that can also be use as wall and floor finish. The utilization of color in a space design can also help to create a space that can stimulate a feeling that can affect the mood, behavior and emotion. The use of different color combination can result in 2 (b)

different effects that will indirectly influence the paColor

tient. The effect of color can be obtain through the use of finishes such as paint and through the manipulation

of lighting and decorative glass or the use of natural materials with their natural color.

109

Smell will definitely effect the comfortability and the mood of the patient. If a patient were exposed to the unpleasant smell this negatively affect their

mood and behavior thus resulting in longer admis2 (c)

sion period. Smell Nevertheless, exposure to certain type of smells can be utilize to improve the patient mood and behavior. Smell such as lavender can induce calmness thus, emphasized on the provision of pocket garden. Table 5.2: Theoretical Design Framework of Therapeutic Design Approach Source: Author, 2019

Conclusion The data and the information that has been synthesize throughout the earlier

chapter was utilize and use to create a theoretical design framework that can help in manufacturing a functioning therapy facility that can help in boosting the health of the patient in just in term of the program offer by such facility but also through implementation of passive therapeutic design approach through the implementation of biophilic design and sensory design. The result obtained through this research was consider a good attempt in fulfilling the research objective that has been outline in the previous chapter. Objective 1 was achieved as the effect of therapeutic design approach has identified, while objective 2 was successfully achieved as the analyzing on which of the therapeutic design approach are suitable and susceptible to be use in the study context. And lastly, the third objective was fulfilled in this chapter by providing the theoretical design framework of therapeutic design approach. The next chapter will be discussing in detail on how the objective are achieve,

the limitation that were facing throughout conducting this research and recommendation on how to improve the result of this research. 110

CHAPTER

Introduction Response to Objective First Objective Second Objective Third Objective Limitation Recommendation

113

Conclusion & Recommendation

s prescribe in the chapter 1 the problem statement has stated the difficulty facing by people with disability especially those of mobility

impaired

community.

Public

perception

and

stigma,

social

treatment, and psychological health deficiency will become the main problem that they will have to face once they are afflicted with mobility impaired. Thus, this research is to achieve the objective that has been outlined also in chapter 1, by identifying the outcome of the therapeutic design and its effect towards mobility impaired community, the base research framework and the scope of the study can be outlined and to avoid the research to run of course. Then, by analyzing the therapeutic design approach, suitable design element can be decided through the implementation of the therapeutic design approach towards psychological and physiological development of the study group. Lastly, after the relevant framework had been identified and applicable data has been analyzed. In chapter 2, the data that were obtained from the collected journals, articles and books regarding therapeutic design approach were sieved and

discussed in details approaches that has been studied by previous researchers by proposing a new framework that will help in expanding the design guideline

114

framework that highlights rehabilitation of physically disabled people and mobility

impaired

community

through

architectural

therapeutic

design

approach. This also can be achieved by looking through several dozen

literature reviews and determining which area of the research are not explored thoroughly. This chapter will also examine the existing relationship between mobility impaired community and the existing therapeutic center and to understand the should and shouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be included in the design. Then, to understand and decide which element are related to the therapeutic design and which design approach can translate the therapeutic design as a whole. Subsequently, chapter 3 were discussing on the methodology which was utilized as the approach in completing this research. A relevant and functional research method were identified thoroughly and outlined with much detail to emulated the whole process in which this research was conducted so that all the objective in chapter 1 was achieved. Predominantly, this research is conducted through the method of literature review, case study and interview. Thereafter, three case studies were chosen as a main true-to-live model of

functioning therapeutic rehabilitation center where all three were analyzed thoroughly in chapter 4. Out of the three, two case study were taken from outside of Malaysia in order to understand how therapeutic therapy and rehabilitation facility work in different setting of society and environment. While, one case study was chosen from the Malaysia context in order to learn how the local therapeutic rehabilitation facility were erected and its effect towards the target user. Each of these selected case study was evaluated by their application of the therapeutic design approach based on the element that were analyze in the chapter 2 and their relation to the research objective. Essentially, in chapter 5, all the data collected from chapter 2 and chapter 4 were accumulated and analyzed so that only the relevant information regarding therapeutic design approach that were suitable to the context of the research were synthesized. With the data obtained from the synthetization procedure, all

the data were composed as theoretical design guideline framework that highlights rehabilitation of physically disabled people and 115

mobility impaired community through architectural therapeutic design approach as to fulfilled the third research objective. In this chapter, the research aim and research objective that were outlined in

chapter 1 of this thesis will be determined either it was successfully achieved or not. While conducting this research, there were some limitation occur that might have obstructed the research continuity. Thus, recommendation for further research were will be proposed and examined. As this research were inter-connected to the Design Thesis, almost all of the solution provided within this thesis are already applied to assist the Design Thesis Project. Appendix B will illustrate the application of the design guideline framework as a final product of the Design Thesis.

Response to Objective As what has been sated previously in this chapter, the aim of this research is to explore the therapeutic design approach as to benefiting the mobility

impaired community in order to provide them with alternative solution and reintegrate them back into the society. This research was also succeeded in analyzing the effect of therapeutic on human by exploring the existing therapeutic facility and observing the operation of the said facility.

The

forthcoming section of this chapter will be discussed in short the summation of the result of this research in relation to the research question outlined as followed: i. What are the effect of therapeutic design approach to the human behavior and mental health? ii. Why does the physically disable people and mobility impaired community need to consider to undertake therapeutic design approach? iii. How does architectural therapeutic design approach can contribute to the development of the physically disable people and mobility impaired

community and their engagement to the society? 116

First Objective - Effect of Therapeutic Design Approach to The Human Behavior and Mental By analyzing several therapeutic rehabilitation facility as a reference, it is come to the conclusion that the design and space configuration of the said therapeutic facility is not up to the required standard that can boost the health of the patients and reduce the treatment period. An experiment has been conducted by observing two different patients with almost identical symptoms and required treatment but one of the patient were put inside a room with access to the views and windows, while the other one were put into a room without any access to the views and windows. As expected, the patient that were put inside the room with access to view and window were able to recover much faster compare to the other one who does not have access to view. Several others studies have indicated the effect therapeutic design approach that has been proven to be able to produce an effect that will help in boosting the health of the patient, table 6.1 will illustrated each elements of the design approach that has been studied and proven to indirectly provide health boosting effects. All the data that were collected and recorded for this purposes were obtain through the means of literature reviews and synthesizing case study. In the needs of fulfilling this objective, positively amount evidence have been collected throughout the research period that indicates the overwhelmingly positive effect of the therapeutic design approach through the application of biophilic design and sensory design. However, there is also bunch of evidence indicating that several of the existing facility were no design up to the expected quality and standards.

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No.

Therapeutic Design Element

Biophilic design

1(a)

Framing the view

1(b)

Pocket Garden

1(c)

Natural Material

1(d)

Lighting

1(e)

Ventilation

Sensory Design 2(a)

Texture

2(b)

Color

2(c)

Smell

Table 6.1: Categorization of Therapeutic Design Approach Source: Author, 2019

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Second Objective â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Therapeutic Design Approach as an Alternative Solution When a physically disabled people and mobility impaired community afflicted with the impairment, it will not only effect the physical capabilities, but mostly they will be affected with derailed psychological and mental health. This is due to the facts that the way they were treated was not encouraging and fit. Most likely, they will lose their previous jobs with the difficulty of finding a new one, unable to do something that they love while previously they were able to do it, limitation to their movement to do basic everyday things and etc. All of this treatment and input obtain by them will accumulated and resulting in deteriorating mental health. Therefore, the people with disability and mobility impaired community should be taken into consideration to undergo therapy session in which they will be guide to undergo a healing process in which they will develop healthy psychological and physiological aspect of their life. As what has been extracted from several literature reviews, firstly they will undergo a screening test, where their physiological and psychological health will be evaluated and determined to be on which level and what treatment that will serve them the most. The data of screening test will be process and the result will be use to outlined the best program that the patient should undergo. Most likely, in the event for mobility impaired community, they will undergo both physiotherapy and psychotherapy respectively where the physiotherapy will provide them with an option to go for prosthetic limbs. They will be trained and guide along the way so that they will be able to use the prosthetic limbs as natural as they can. While, psychotherapy will prepare them mentally and improving their psychological health through several therapy sessions. Thereby, these therapeutic sessions will not only serve as stepping stone in

improving the health of the patient physiologically and psychologically, but also 119

to serve as catalyst in integrating them back into the society. To achieve that particular objective, the whole therapeutic operation required a suitable facility to accommodate the patient with healthy good environment. This is where the

role of therapeutic design approach should be applied. Through therapeutic design approach, a facility with was intended for the target group can be erected. This facility will help through design to provide a healthy sustainable environment with the implementation of several design elements that can make a space livable be able to stimulate the patient senses, thus improving their health capabilities.

Third Objective â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Formulation of a Design Guideline Framework That Highlights Rehabilitation of Physically Disabled People

and Mobility Impaired Community From the data that has been collected from chapter 2 and analysis that has been done in chapter 4, synthetization of the selected element of design to understand the requirement for more conducive therapeutic design approach can be achieve. The data collected from chapter 2 has been sieve through several times to ensure the legitimacy of the data collected so that it will respond positively to the research scope and objective. While, the case study was use to understand the working element of design in practice but at the same time, to overcome the problematic element that will affect the building negatively. It is targeted that all the collected data and synthetization process will help in manufacturing more comprehensive design guideline framework in facilitating a therapeutic facility as shown in table 6.2.

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limitation While conducting this experiment, there are several obstruction and obstacle

that limit the output of this thesis dissertation. All the limitation and the obstacle will be elaborated as following:

1) Time constraint Even though this thesis was a continuation from one of the previous semester pre-thesis, but the time provided to finish this dissertation is far too short while handling this dissertation and design project. A full concentration cannot be given on either one of them due to the fact that both of the subject is required a full semester to be focus on individually. Additionally, a required concentration need to be given to the other subject due to the reason of the additional credits that were taken on the same semester. Due to the limit of time, there are several things that were skip while doing this research such as, the study on the proposed selected site is on a certain important perspective only while the other element of the site was study on the surface only. At the same time, the research cannot be further improved on the deeper level due to the commitment on the other subject.

2) Limited Budget In conducting this research, several elements of the procedure were limited to the fact of having a no fund and grant specifically for conducting this research. While, looking for source materials in terms of literature review, most of the papers and journals were unobtainable due to the reasons that it required certain payment or subscription services. And most of the required books are not available in the university library thus making the data collection process of much more difficult.

In the meantime, the lack of funds also effecting the availability of research on site and conducting travel from one place to another in terms of visiting existing 121

case study within the nation and visiting several target group for interview session. This is then affecting the depth of the research which limiting the amount of data that can be collected.

3) Justification of application of propose design approach into real life application While all the proposed solution is seemingly able to provide a solution to the mobility impaired community through the application therapeutic design, this is all just a theoretical approach and not yet being tested on field. Even though the case study has shown an approach that has been taken, but it was on a different context and setting, thus several micro elements should also play a major role in determining the success of the proposed design solution in the context of the study area. Whilst taking the context of Malaysia for the general location of the study area,

the mentality of the society and the acceptance of the society towards the same approach may be different. The material that were used in the case study may not be available in the context of study area thus resulting in substitution of the raw materials in which without further research and real life application, the same effect of therapeutic healthy environment may not be achieve.

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Recommendation To ensure the relevance of this research and the application of the data that

has been collected and synthesize here, another more details and intricate research were require so that all the data that has been missed on this research could be consider to be taken as additional information where it might steer the research into different direction. Comprehensive reading and investigation should be taken in the earlier stage of the research so that all the required data can be collected and put into the correct perspective. Even though the time and budget were limited and constraint, a good management of both of the aspect might help in process of the research and set the research on the right track. A further investigation should be done in confirming the aspect of the theoretical therapeutic design approach in both biophilic design and sensory design so that the chosen approach could be implemented and utilize by those who in the fields. It is also recommended that all the finding in this research to be tested in a real life application, so that a firm and

resolute conclusion can be extracted and to be practice and apply in the construction of the future project of therapy facility.

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REFFERENCES

References Allen C. Abend, R.A. (2011), “Plannings and Designing for Students with Disabilities”. Amar-Singh Hss (2008). “Meeting the Needs of Children with Disability in Malaysia”. Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almsaad (2006). “Biophilic Architecture, The Concept of Healthy Sustainable Architecture”. Anamika S. (2016), “Psychological Effects of Amputation: A review of Studies from India”. Anjali Joseph (2006), “The Impact of Light on Outcomes in Healthcare Settings”. Barbara Kawulich (2012), “Collecting Data Through Observation”. Barry Edginton (2010), “Architecture as Therapy: A Case Study in the Phenomenology of Design”. Beatrice A. Wright (2011). “Physical Disability – A Psychological Approach”. Benedetti, et al (2001), “Morning Sunlight Reduces Length of Hospitalizations in Bipolar Depression.” Brian Schaller (2012), “Architectural Healing Environments”. Ghamari H. and Amor C. (2016), “The Role of Color in Healthcare Environments, Emergent Bodies of Evidence-based Design Approach”. Giula Melis, Elena Gelormo, Giula Marra, Elisa Ferracin, Giuseppe Costa (2015). “The Effect of the Urban Built Environment on Mental Health: A

Cohort Study in a Large Northern Italy City”.

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Gurmit Kaur, Tan Peck Leong, Jamaliah Mohd Yusof, Dharshan Singh (2014). “Perception of People with Disability in Creating Sustainable Public Policy”. Hazlina Falina, Safura Ahmad Sabri (2017). “Penyediaan Fasiliti Orang Kurang Upaya (OKU) Di Institusi Pengajian Tinggi Di Lembah Kalng : Satu Kajian Kes”. Jabatan Pembangunan Orang Kurang Upaya (JPOKU), Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat. “Senarai Kemudahan dan Keistimewaan Bagi Orang Kurang Upaya”. J. Fernandes, R. Mateus & L. Bragança (2014), “The potential of vernacular materials to the sustainable building design”. Jens Christoffersen (2011), “The Importance of Light to Health and WellBeing”. Joarder, A., Price, A., Mourshed,M. (2009), “SystematicStudy of the Therapeutic Impact of Daylight Associated with Clinical Recovery”. Johan Basson (2014), “Adaptive Healing Exploring Therapeutic Architecture and The Integration of Addiction Rehabilitation into The Cape Flats, Mitchells Plain”. Jo-Pei Tan (2015), “Exploring The Physical, Social and Care Needs and Experiences of Established Amputees”. Khaled Dewidar (2016), “Effect of Applying Therapeutic Architecture on the Healing of Drug Addicts”. Matthew T. Blair (2014), “Enhancing Human Health and Recovery Through Biophilic Design”.

McNamara, C. (1999), “General Guidelines for Conducting Interviews, Authenticity Consulting”.

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R.A Oliveira, E.K Milliner, R. Page (2004), “American Journal of Psychotherapy - Psychotherapy with Physically Disabled Patients”.

Richard Mazuch, Rona Stephen (2005). “Creating Healing Environments; Humanistic Architecture and Therapeutic Design”. Sarah E. Babin (2013), “Color Theory: The Effect of Color in Medical Environments”. Selvi Narayanan (2018), “A Study On Challenges Faced by Disabled People at Workplace in Malaysia”. Sheila Semrou (2015), “Natural Elements for Health Care Interiors”. Stephen B. Fawcett, et al. (1994), “A Contextual-Behavioral Model of Empowerment: Case Studies Involving People with Physical Disabilities”. Stephanie Liddicoat (2010), “Architecture as Therapy”.

Ulrich, R. S. (1984), “View through a window may influence recovery from surgery.” P. Wargocki (2013),” The Effects of Ventilation in Homes on Health”. V. I. Lohr (2010), “What Are the Benefits of Plants Indoors and Why Do We Respond Positively to Them?”. Yvonne Osei (2014), “Exploring Sensory Design in Therapeutic Architecture”. Zaidah Zainal (2007), “Case Study as a Research Method”

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APPENDICES

Appendices Appendix

Page

Ground Floor Level

134

First Floor Level

135

Second Floor Level

136

Basement Level

137

North-East Elevation

138

North-West Elevation

138

South-West Elevation

139

South-East Elevation

139

Section X—X’

140

Section Y—Y’

140

Isometric View

141

Exploded Isometric

142

Presentation Board 1

143

Presentation Board 2

145

Presentation Board 3

147

Presentation Board 4

149

133

134

Ground Floor Level

135

First Floor Level

136

Second Floor Level

137

Basement Level

138

North-West Elevation

North-East Elevation

139

South-East Elevation

South-West Elevation

140

Section Y—Y’

Section X—X’

141

Isometric View

Exploded Isometric 142

Presentation Board 1

143

144

Presentation Board 2

145

146

Presentation Board 3

147

148

Presentation Board 4

149

150

Master of Architecture Faculty of Built Environment & Surveying

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia School of Architecture Publication