Wind energy in Curaรงao Durable Energy Conference Curaรงao Margo Guda Manager & Senior Scientist, Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia Curaรงao, March 30, 2012
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
Short historical overview • • • • •
Water pumping Enthusiasts and hobbyists UNA and FAPE Kodela Wind farms: Tera Kora and Playa Kano a
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
Wind energy in Curaçao: past barriers • • • •
No wind resource assessment No policy No support No financial incentives
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
Wind energy in Curaçao: suc cesses Wind resource assessment Development of local expertise Wind farm development Success builds success: from Tera Kora to Playa Kanoa • Wind farm expansion (context: worldwi de and regional developmens) • • • •
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
Curaçao in the Caribbean c ontext • Curaçao, Barbados, Guadeloupe and Marti nique • Jamaica • Aruba, Republica Dominicana, Bonaire • Puerto Rico, Cuba • US Virgin Islands • Grenada, St Vincent, Nevis • Suriname, Trinidad & Tobago • Guyana, Panama? 6/28/19
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
Wind Energy Basics How to harvest wind energy Wind Energy Output = Wind Resource x Power Curve
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Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
wind resource:
Global wind systems Local effects Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
description of the wind resourc e: variability in time Variability in space Vertical profiles Annual distributions of wind speed Wind direction and its variation turbulence
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
Wind characteristics Power in the wind Depends on air density Capture area Cube of wind speed
1 3 P = ď ˛A v 2 6/28/19
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
The Betz Maximum The theoretical maximum rotor efficiency is reached fo r:
1 z = 3
v2 z = v1
And has a value of 16/27. This is better known as the Betz Maximum: Cp = 16/27 = 0.593
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Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
Wind resource assessment Establish values for the most important wi nd regime variables: Average wind speed and direction Distribution of observed/observable aver ages Description of variability
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Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
Wind resource Wind resources: a global view
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Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
Wind resource Global wind resource map
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Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
Country wind map
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
A snapshot of a wind regime Examples of variation:
WINDSPEED (m/s)
10.00
10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00 2.00
• diurnal variation • Seasonal variation • Annual distribution of wind speeds • turbulence intensity (not shown) FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF WINDSPEEDS Airport site 01 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617181920212223
8.00
TIME OF DAY (hours)
6.00
airport
ave=6.11
4.00 2.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617181920212223
TIME OF DAY (hours) <v>at 10m
Longtermaveragemonthly windspeed (1964-1991)
Tera Kora
Parera
0.15 relative frequency
10
windspeed (m/s)
WINDSPEED (m/s)
ANNUALIZED DIURNAL VARIATION:WINDSPEED Airport site 01
MONTHLY DIURNAL VARIATION:WINDSPEED Annual average
9 8 7 6
0.1 0.05 0
5 4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
3
windspeed bin (m/s)
2 jan
feb
mar
apr
may
jun
average monthly windspeed
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jul
aug
sep
period average
oct
nov
dec
distribution at 10m
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
calculated
WINDSPEED (m/s)
A snapshot of a wind regime long term windspeed data airport annual average 7.80 7.60 7.40 7.20 7.00
avg spd
6.80
regression
6.60 6.40 6.20 6.00 19
64
19
66
19
68
19
70
19
72
19
74
19
76
19
78
19
80
19
82
19
84
19
86
19
88
19
90
19
92
year
Inter-annual variation at reference site 6/28/19
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
Calculating energy yield Wind resource x turbine power curve Energy calculation equation �
E =T� P (v) f (v)dv
Weibull frequency distribution 0 Ideal wind
k v k -1 v k f ( v ) = ( ) exp( ( ) ) turbine power curve c c c 1 A(c ph ) max v 3 (0 �v �vr ) 2 1 P(v) = A(c ph ) max v 3 (0 �v �vout ) 2 P (v) =
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Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
Weibull distributions of different sha pes
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Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
Energy yield calculation Power curve 0.3
Wind regime Power output (kW)
0.25
2500
7m/s, k=4
1500 1000 500 0 0
5
10
15
20
wind speed in m/s
25
A n n u a l e n e rg y o u tp u t (k W h )
hours per year
2000
0.27 kW, 1.7m
0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 0
5
10
15
wind speed in m/s 30
977 kWh Annual energy 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
wind speed in m/s
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20
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
25
30
35
Energy yield calculation Power curve 0.3
Wind regime Power output (kW)
0.25
2500
7m/s, k=2
1500 1000 500 0 0
5
10
15
20
wind speed in m/s
25
A n n u a l e n e rg y o u tp u t (k W h )
hours per year
2000
0.27 kW, 1.7m
0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 0
5
10
15
wind speed in m/s
30
933 kWh Annual energy 350 300 250 200 150 100 50
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20
0 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia wind speed in m/s
25
30
35
Energy yield calculation Power curve 0.3 0.25
2500
Power output (kW)
Wind regime 7m/s, k=5.5
1500 1000 500 0 0
5
10
15
20
wind speed in m/s
25
A n n u a l e n e rg y o u tp u t (k W h )
hours per year
2000
0.27 kW, 1.7m
0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 0
5
10
15
wind speed in m/s
30
981 kWh Annual energy 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0
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20
0
5
10
15
20
wind speed in m/s
25
30
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
25
30
35
Energy yield calculation Power curve
Wind regime
1.4
2500
7m/s, k=2
1500 1000 500 0 0
5
10
15
20
wind speed in m/s
25
A n n u a l e n e rg y o u tp u t (k W h )
hours per year
2000
Power output (kW)
1.2
1.0 kW, 2.5m
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0
30
0
5
10
15
wind speed in m/s
3694 kWh Annual energy 350 300 250 200 150 100 50
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20
0 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia wind speed in m/s
25
30
35
Energy yield calculation Power curve
Wind regime 2500
1.4 1.2
1500 1000 500 0 0
5
10
15
20
wind speed in m/s
25
30
A n n u a l e n e rg y o u tp u t (k W h )
hours per year
2000
Power output (kW)
7m/s, k=4
1.0 kW, 2.5m
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0
5
10
15
wind speed in m/s
Annual energy 3477 kWh 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0
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20
0
5
10
15
20
wind speed in m/s
25
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
30
25
30
35
Energy yield calculation Wind regime 2500
Power curve 1.4
7m/s, k=5.5
1.2 Power output (kW)
1500 1000 500 0 0
5
10
15
20
wind speed in m/s
25
30
A n n u a l e n e rg y o u tp u t (k W h )
hours per year
2000
1.0 kW, 2.5m
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0
5
10
15
wind speed in m/s
3328 kWh Annual energy 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0
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20
0
5
10
15
20
wind speed in m/s
25
30
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
25
30
35
Effects of going higher Influence of topograp hy and geography Vertical wind profile Geostrophic and surface winds Terrain roughness and top ography Buildings Trees Hill tops and ridges
Thermal influences
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Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
u z v(z) =*ln ď Ť z0
Factors influencing wind regimes Topographical and g eographical influence s Terrain roughness and top ography Buildings Trees Hill tops and ridges
Thermal influences
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Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
Types of wind systems HAWT and VAWT
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
Types of wind systems Upwind or downwind
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
Grid-connected system
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
Wind energy in Curaçao: new possibil ties • Small scale wind energy applications • The new energy policy
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
Wind energy in Curaçao: looking ahe ad • Wind farms: larger than ever • Your own wind turbine…? • Community scale wind energy?
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
Thank you Remember: the sun will still shine and the wind will still blow when the oil runs out â&#x20AC;Ś
(free from Oliver Headleyâ&#x20AC; ) 6/28/19
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia