K-mean Algorithm for Image Segmentation Using Neutrosophy

Page 1

. 0HDQ $OJRULWKP IRU ,PDJH 6HJPHQWDWLRQ 8VLQJ 1HXWURVRSK\ 1DGHHP $NKWDU 1LVKL $JDUZDO $UPLWD %XUMZDO 'HSDUWPHQW RI &RPSXWHU (QJLQHHULQJ $OLJDUK 0XVOLP 8QLYHUVLW\ $OLJDUK ,QGLD {nadeemaalakhtar,nishi.agarwal1400, aburjwal}@gmail.com

$EVWUDFW²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

.H\ZRUGV²6HJPHQWDWLRQ &OXVWHULQJ . PHDQV 1HXWURVRSKLF 6HW

, ,1752'8&7,21 ³,PDJH 6HJPHQWDWLRQ LV WKH SURFHVV RI SDUWLWLRQLQJ DQ LPDJH LQWR D VHW RI GLVWLQFW UHJLRQV WKDW DUH LQGHSHQGHQW RI HDFK RWKHU EXW KRPRJHQRXV DFFRUGLQJ WR VRPH FULWHULRQ WKDW DUH FRORU WH[WXUH RU LQWHQVLW\´ > @> @> @ ,Q ,PDJH $QDO\VLV LW SOD\V DQ LPSRUWDQW UROH > @ 6LQFH DOO RWKHU VWDJHV LQ ,PDJH DQDO\VLV GHSHQG XSRQ WKLV VWHS 0DMRU DUHDV ZKHUH LPDJH VHJPHQWDWLRQ LV DSSOLFDEOH LQFOXGHV ³1DYLJDWLRQ RI URERWV ILOWHULQJ RI QRLV\ LPDJHV /RFDWH REMHFWV OLNH URDGV DQG IRUHVWV LQ VDWHOOLWH LPDJHV )DFH 5HFRJQLWLRQ )LQJHU SULQW 5HFRJQLWLRQ 'LDJQRVLV LGHQWLILFDWLRQ FRQWHQW EDVHG LPDJH UHWULHYDO /RFDWH WXPRUV 0HDVXUH WLVVXH YROXPHV WDUJHW WUDFNLQJ &RPSXWHU JXLGHG VXUJHU\ HWF ³ > @> @ 7KHUH DUH GLIIHUHQW NLQGV RI ,PDJH 6HJPHQWDWLRQV VXFK DV ³3L[HO %DVHG 6HJPHQWDWLRQ (GJH %DVHG 6HJPHQWDWLRQ 5HJLRQ EDVHG 6HJPHQWDWLRQ 0RGHO %DVHG 6HJPHQWDWLRQ &RORXU ,PDJH 6HJPHQWDWLRQ *UD\ VFDOH ,PDJH 6HJPHQWDWLRQ 7H[W 6HJPHQWDWLRQ DQG 7KHRU\ %DVHG 6HJPHQWDWLRQ´ 7KHRU\ %DVHG 6HJPHQWDWLRQ IXUWKHU LQFOXGHV &OXVWHULQJ 7HFKQLTXHV DQG 1HXUDO 1HWZRUN EDVHG VHJPHQWDWLRQ > @> @> @ 2Q WKH EDVLV RI WKH IROORZLQJ WZR SURSHUWLHV LPDJH VHJPHQWDWLRQ DOJRULWKPV DUH FODVVLILHG > @> @> @

c 978-1-4799-3080-7/14/$31.00 2014 IEEE

'LVFRQWLQXLW\ ,Q GLVFRQWLQXLW\ DQ LPDJH LV SDUWLWLRQHG ZKHQ D VKDUS FKDQJH LQ WKH LQWHQVLW\ LV HQFRXQWHUHG ([DPSOHV RI DOJRULWKPV EDVHG RQ WKLV WHFKQLTXH LQFOXGH HGJH ERXQGDU\ GHWHFWLRQ WHFKQLTXHV 6LPLODULW\ +RPRJHQHLW\ ,Q VLPLODULW\ DQ LPDJH LV SDUWLWLRQHG RQ WKH EDVLV RI FHUWDLQ SUHGHILQHG FULWHULD ZKLFK PD\ EH FRORU VL]H HWF ([DPSOHV RI DOJRULWKPV EDVHG RQ WKLV WHFKQLTXH LQFOXGH WKUHVKROG UHJLRQ JURZLQJ VSOLWWLQJ PHUJLQJ HWF ³&OXVWHULQJ WHFKQLTXH LV EDVHG RQ WKH FRQFHSW RI 6LPLODULW\ &OXVWHULQJ LV GHILQHG DV WKH SDUWLWLRQLQJ RI D GDWD VHW LQWR VXEVHWV RU FOXVWHUV VR WKDW WKH GDWD LQ HDFK FOXVWHU VKDUH VRPH FRPPRQ FKDUDFWHULVWLF EH LWV VL]H FRORXU RU WH[WXUH HWF ´ > @> @ $ FOXVWHULQJ PHWKRG LV FRQVLGHUHG DV JRRG LI LW SURGXFHV FOXVWHUV WKDW DUH RI KLJK TXDOLW\ DQG KDYH FRPPRQ WUDLWV ZLWKLQ WKH VDPH FOXVWHU L H ³KLJK LQWUD FODVV VLPLODULW\´ DQG WKDW KDYH GLIIHUHQW WUDLWV DV FRPSDUHG WR WKH REMHFWV RI RWKHU FOXVWHUV L H ³ORZ LQWHU FODVV VLPLODULW\´> @> @ 2QH RI WKH ZLGHO\ NQRZQ &OXVWHULQJ PHWKRGV LV . PHDQV &OXVWHULQJ > @ ³. PHDQV FOXVWHULQJ LV DQ XQVXSHUYLVHG FOXVWHULQJ DOJRULWKP WKDW SDUWLWLRQV WKH SL[HOV LQWR JURXSV FOXVWHUV +HUH . LV D SRVLWLYH LQWHJHU QXPEHU WKDW GHQRWHV WKH QXPEHU RI FOXVWHUV 6RPH FULWHULRQ FDQ EH XVHG WR GHWHUPLQH WKH YDOXH RI . RU LW FDQ EH DQ LQSXW E\ WKH XVHU . PHDQV DOJRULWKP LV LWHUDWLYH LQ QDWXUH´ > @> @ 7KLV PHWKRG LV SRSXODU IRU LPDJH VHJPHQWDWLRQ EHFDXVH LW LV VLPSOH WR LPSOHPHQW DOVR LW LV DEOH WR FOXVWHU KXJH GDWD SRLQWV YHU\ TXLFNO\ > @> @ 7KH SURSRVHG PHWKRG XVHV . PHDQV &OXVWHULQJ $SSURDFK DORQJ ZLWK 1HXWURVRSK\ ³1HXWURVRSK\ LV D EUDQFK RI SKLORVRSK\ WKDW VWXGLHV WKH RULJLQ QDWXUH VFRSH RI QHXWUDOLWLHV DQG WKHLU LQWHUDFWLRQV ZLWK GLIIHUHQW LGHDWLRQDO VSHFWUD´ > @> @> @> @> @ ³1HXWURVRSKLF 6HW LV D JHQHUDOL]DWLRQ RI IX]]\ VHWV HVSHFLDOO\ ,QWXLWLRQLVWLF )X]]\ 6HW ³> @> @> @ ,Q )X]]\ 6HW HDFK HOHPHQW KDG D GHJUHH RI PHPEHUVKLS :KLOH LQ ,QWXLWLRQLVWLF )X]]\ 6HW EHVLGHV WKH GHJUHH RI PHPEHUVKLS HDFK HOHPHQW DOVR KDG D GHJUHH RI QRQ PHPEHUVKLS > @ 7KH 1HXWURVRSKLF 6HW DQG ,QWXLWLRQLVWLF )X]]\ 6HW GLIIHUV ZLWK HDFK RWKHU LQ WKH VHQVH WKDW WKH IRUPHU RQH LQFOXGHV RQH PRUH FRPSRQHQW L H 1HXWUDO SDUW EHVLGHV WKH WUXWK DQG IDOVHKRRG FRPSRQHQWV WKDW¶V ZK\ WKH QDPH ³1HXWURVRSKLF´ > @ 7KH QRWLRQ RI WKH 1HXWURVRSKLF VHW FDQ EH XQGHUVWRRG ZLWK WKH KHOS RI DQ H[DPSOH ³$ FORXG FDQ EH FRQVLGHUHG D

2417


1HXWURVRSKLF VHW VLQFH LWV ERUGHUV DUH XQFHUWDLQ (DFK ZDWHU GURS EHORQJV WR WKH FORXG ZLWK D 1HXWURVRSKLF SUREDELOLW\ $OVR DURXQG WKH FORXG WKHUH DUH VRPH VFDWWHUHG ZDWHU GURSV DERXW ZKLFK ZH FDQQRW FRQFOXGH ZKHWKHU WKH\ EHORQJ WR FORXG RU QRW L H WKH\ KDYH LQGHWHUPLQDF\ > @ +HQFH D FORXG FRPHV XQGHU WKH FDWHJRU\ RI 1HXWURVRSKLF VHW VLQFH LWV HOHPHQWV L H ZDWHU GURSV KDYH D GHJUHH RI PHPEHUVKLS QRQ PHPEHUVKLS DQG GHJUHH RI LQGHWHUPLQDF\┬┤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

сИ║┬Н╟б ┬ОсИ╗ р╡М

роФсИ║рнй╟б╟брнксИ╗ роФр▒гр▒Чр▒о

сИ║┬Н╟б ┬ОсИ╗ р╡М ═│ р╡Ж сИ║┬Н╟б ┬ОсИ╗ :KHUH ┬ЬсИ║┬Н╟б ┬ОсИ╗ LV WKH LQWHQVLW\ YDOXH RI WKH SL[HO N O ┬Ь N O LV WKH ORFDO PHDQ YDOXH RI ] N O $QG ┬│╔БсИ║┬Н╟б ┬ОсИ╗ LV WKH DEVROXWH YDOXH RI WKH GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ LQWHQVLW\ ] N O DQG LWV ORFDO PHDQ YDOXH тАл ▌ЦтАмN O ┬┤ % &RPSDULQJ 1HXWURVRSKLF ,PDJH ZLWK 7KUHVKROG ,I ZH GLUHFWO\ IHG WKH LQSXW LPDJH WR WKH . 0HDQV DOJRULWKP WKHQ WKH FOXVWHUV REWDLQHG DUH QRW FOHDU 7KHUH LV DQ XQFHUWDLQW\ LQ WKH DVVLJQPHQW RI SL[HOV DV D SL[HO PD\ EHORQJ WR PRUH WKDQ RQH FOXVWHU )RU VXFK SL[HOV LQGHWHUPLQDF\ YDOXH LV JHQHUDOO\ JUHDWHU :H KDYH VHW D WKUHVKROG YDOXH = DQG FRPSDUH WKH LQGHWHUPLQDF\ YDOXH , RI HDFK SL[HO ZLWK WKDW ,I D SL[HO┬╢V , YDOXH LV JUHDWHU WKDQ WKH WKUHVKROG LW LPSOLHV WKDW WKH SL[HO PD\ EHORQJ WR PRUH WKDQ RQH FOXVWHU KHQFH ZH FKDQJH LWV LQWHQVLW\ RQ WKH EDVLV RI LWV WUXWK YDOXH 7KLV ZLOO QRZ UHPRYH XQFHUWDLQW\ RI SL[HO L H DIWHU . 0HDQV FOXVWHULQJ LW ZLOO EH DVVLJQHG WR RQO\ RQH FOXVWHU 7KLV SDSHU XVHV WKH WKUHVKROG YDOXH = DQG LV GHWHUPLQHG H[SHULPHQWDOO\ > @ 7KH RSHUDWLRQ LV DV IROORZV ▄╢ тАл ▄лтАмр╡П ▄╝ ▄╢ сИ║▌З╟б ▌ИсИ╗ р╡М р╡Ь ▄╢рпн тАл ▄лтАмр╡Т ▄╝

,, 1(8752623+,& 6(7 /HW 8 EH D XQLYHUVH RI GLVFRXUVH DQG 0 EH LWV VXEVHW > @> @ (DFK HOHPHQW [ ┬Ц┬К┬Г┬Ц ┬Д┬З┬О┬С┬Р┬Й┬Х ┬Ц┬С 8 SRVVHVV ┬│D GHJUHH RI PHPEHUVKLS LQGHWHUPLQDF\ DQG QRQ PHPEHUVKLS LQ 0┬┤ $Q HOHPHQW [ LQ 0 KDYLQJ WKH GHJUHH RI PHPEHUVKLS 7 WKH GHJUHH RI LQGHWHUPLQDF\ , DQG WKH GHJUHH RI QRQ рм╡ ╧Грнкрм╛рн╢╚Арм╢ ▄╢ сИ║▌З╟б ▌ИсИ╗ ▄╢рпн сИ║▌З╟б ▌ИсИ╗ р╡М ╧Грнйрм╛рн╢╚Арм╢ PHPEHUVKLS ) LV UHSUHVHQWHG E\ [ 7 , ) рн╢тАл рн╢╫ЫтАмрнЯрнАрнйрм┐рн╢╚Арм╢ рнарнАрнкрм┐рн╢╚Арм╢ 0 LV WHUPHG DV 1HXWURVRSKLF VHW DQG 7 , DQG ) DUH :KHUH ▄╢ сИ║▌З╟б ▌ИсИ╗ LV WKH QHZ LQWHQVLW\ YDOXH RI WKH SL[HO N O LWV 1HXWURVRSKLF FRPSRQHQWV )RU H J /HW = EH D ▄╢ сИ║▌З╟б ▌ИсИ╗ LV WKH QHZ ORFDO PHDQ YDOXH RI SL[HO N O рпн 1HXWURVRSKLF VHW DQG [ EH LWV HOHPHQW KDYLQJ GHJUHH RI PHPEHUVKLS LQ = WKH GHJUHH RI LQGHWHUPLQDF\ LQ = DQG WKH GHJUHH RI QRQ PHPEHUVKLS LQ = WKHQ LW LV & $SSO\ . 0HDQ $OJRULWKP RQ WKH 0RGLILHG 1HXWURVRSKLF UHSUHVHQWHG DV [ > @ ,PDJH ┬│7KH . 0HDQV $OJRULWKP LV DV IROORZV $W WKH EHJLQQLQJ ,,, 3 52326(' $/*25,7+0 WKH QXPEHU RI FOXVWHUV LV LQLWLDOL]HG DQG FHQWURLG RI HDFK FOXVWHU LV FKRVHQ DUELWUDULO\ 7KH QH[W VWHS LV WR FRPSXWH WKH $ 7UDQVIRUP LQSXW LPDJH LQWR 1HXWURVRSKLF 'RPDLQ ┬│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┬┤> @> @> @> @ ┬│7KH 3L[HO 3 N O LQ LPDJH GRPDLQ LV WUDQVIRUPHG LQWR WKH ZKROH SURFHGXUH LV UHSHDWHG IRU QHZ FHQWURLG YDOXHV 7KLV 1HXWURVRSKLF GRPDLQ DV 316 N O ^7 N O , N O ) N O ` ZKHUH SURFHVV LV UHSHDWHG DJDLQ DQG DJDLQ XQWLO WKHUH DUH QR PRUH QHZ DVVLJQPHQWV L H WKH SL[HOV EHFRPH VWDEOH LQ D VLQJOH 7 N O , N O ) N O ZKLFK DUH GHILQHG DV┬┤> @> @> @> @ FOXVWHU┬┤> @> @> @ рм╡ рнйрм╛рн╢╚Арм╢ рнкрм╛рн╢╚Арм╢ ┬Ьр┤дсИ║┬Н╟б ┬ОсИ╗ р╡М ╧ГрнЯрнАрнйрм┐рн╢╚Арм╢ ╧ГрнарнАрнкрм┐рн╢╚Арм╢ ┬ЬсИ║┬Г╟б ┬ДсИ╗ 7KH IORZ FKDUW RI WKH GLVFXVVHG DOJRULWKP LV VKRZQ LQ )LJ рн╢тАлрн╢╫ЫтАм ╔БсИ║┬Н╟б ┬ОсИ╗ р╡М ┬Г┬Д┬ХсИ╛тАл▌ЦтАмсИ║┬Н╟б ┬ОсИ╗ р╡Ж р┤д┬ЬсИ║┬Н╟б ┬ОсИ╗сИ┐ рн╕р┤дсИ║рнй╟брнксИ╗

сИ║┬Н╟б ┬ОсИ╗ р╡М рпн╥з

2418

р│Шр│Мр│г

2014 International Conference on Advances in Computing,Communications and Informatics (ICACCI)


)LJ D

)LJ E

)LJ F

)LJ )ORZ &KDUW RI 3URSRVHG $OJRULWKP

7KH SURSRVHG DOJRULWKP LV DV IROORZV 6WHS &RQYHUW WKH LPDJH LQ 1HXWURVRSKLF 'RPDLQ 6WHS &RPSDUH HDFK SL[HO RI 1HXWURVRSKLF ,PDJH ZLWK WKUHVKROG DQG LI ,QGHWHUPLQDF\ LV IRXQG WR EH JUHDWHU WKDQ WKH WKUHVKROG WKHQ PRGLI\ SL[HO¶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

)LJ G

)LJ H

)LJ I

)LJ J

)LJ DQ H[DPSOH WR LOOXVWUDWH SURSRVHG DOJRULWKP D 2ULJLQDO ,PDJH E G DQG I WKUHH FOXVWHUV REWDLQHG IURP . PHDQV 0HWKRG F H DQG J WKUHH FOXVWHUV REWDLQHG XVLQJ 3URSRVHG $OJRULWKP

2014 International Conference on Advances in Computing,Communications and Informatics (ICACCI)

2419


ZHOO DV VRPH GRWV WKDW OLHV LQVLGH WKH FLUFOH LQ WKH RULJLQDO LPDJH 7KHVH GRWV VKRXOG QRW EH SUHVHQW LQ WKLV FOXVWHU DV WKH\ DUH SDUW RI RWKHU FOXVWHU 6LPLODUO\ &OXVWHU )LJ G

DQG &OXVWHU )LJ I

FRQWDLQ VRPH SRUWLRQ RI RWKHU FOXVWHUV 7KLV UHVXOW LV KLJKO\ XQGHVLUDEOH DV FOXVWHU VKRXOG FRQWDLQ VLQJOH REMHFW

)LJ D

)LJ D

)LJ E

)LJ F

)LJ E

)LJ F

)LJ G

)LJ H

)LJ G

)LJ I

)LJ J

)LJ DQRWKHU H[DPSOH WR LOOXVWUDWH SURSRVHG DOJRULWKP D 2ULJLQDO ,PDJH E G DQG I WKUHH FOXVWHUV REWDLQHG IURP . PHDQV 0HWKRG F H DQG J WKUHH FOXVWHUV REWDLQHG XVLQJ 3URSRVHG $OJRULWKP

$V LW FDQ EH VHHQ WKDW DOO WKH WKUHH FOXVWHUV REWDLQHG IURP FRQYHQWLRQDO . PHDQV PHWKRG FRQWDLQV VRPH SDUW RI DQRWKHU FOXVWHUV DORQJ ZLWK WKHLU RZQ )RU H[DPSOH LQ )LJ E FOXVWHU FRQVLVWV RI D UHFWDQJOH LQQHU UHFWDQJOH RI RULJLQDO LPDJH DV

2420

)LJ H

)LJ I

)LJ J

)LJ DQRWKHU H[DPSOH WR LOOXVWUDWH SURSRVHG DOJRULWKP D 2ULJLQDO ,PDJH E G DQG I WKUHH FOXVWHUV REWDLQHG IURP . PHDQV 0HWKRG F H DQG J WKUHH FOXVWHUV REWDLQHG XVLQJ 3URSRVHG $OJRULWKP

2014 International Conference on Advances in Computing,Communications and Informatics (ICACCI)


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

> @ 0V &KLQNL&KDQGKRN 0UV 6RQL&KDWXUYHGL 'U $ $.KXUVKLG ³$Q $SSURDFK WR ,PDJH 6HJPHQWDWLRQ XVLQJ . PHDQV &OXVWHULQJ $OJRULWKP´ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI ,QIRUPDWLRQ 7HFKQRORJ\ ,-,7 9ROXPH ± ,VVXH ± $XJXVW > @ $EGXONDGLU6HQJXU <DQKXL*XR ³&RORU WH[WXUH LPDJH VHJPHQWDWLRQ EDVHG RQ QHXWURVRSKLF VHW DQG ZDYHOHW WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ´ &RPSXWHU 9LVLRQ DQG ,PDJH 8QGHUVWDQGLQJ ±

9 & 21&/86,21 ,PDJH VHJPHQWDWLRQ LV D QHFHVVDU\ VWHS LQ DQDO\VLV RI LPDJH ,W LV LPSRUWDQW WR REWDLQ KLJK TXDOLW\ VHJPHQWV DQG LQ WKDW FKRLFH RI DOJRULWKP SOD\V DQ LPSRUWDQW UROH 7KH FOXVWHUV REWDLQHG IURP . PHDQV &OXVWHULQJ DUH LPSURSHU DV WKHUH LV D GRXEOH DVVLJQPHQW RI SL[HOV 2QH FOXVWHU FRQWDLQV SDUWV RI RWKHU FOXVWHUV ZKLFK LV XQGHVLUDEOH 7KLV SDSHU LQWURGXFHV D QRYHO DOJRULWKP RI ,PDJH VHJPHQWDWLRQ ZKLFK PRGLILHV H[LVWLQJ . PHDQV FOXVWHULQJ XVLQJ 1HXWURVRSKLF DSSURDFK WR UHPRYH WKH XQFHUWDLQW\ LQ WKH DVVLJQPHQW RI SL[HOV E\ FKDQJLQJ WKH LQWHQVLW\ RI WKH SL[HO LQ VXFK D PDQQHU WKDW LW JHWV DVVLJQHG WR RQO\ RQH FOXVWHU DQG WKXV PDNLQJ LPDJH VXLWDEOH IRU VHJPHQWDWLRQ $ QXPEHU RI H[SHULPHQWV ZHUH FRQGXFWHG DJDLQVW GLIIHUHQW LPDJHV 7KH TXDOLW\ RI FOXVWHUV DQG WKH FOXVWHUV REWDLQHG DUH ILQH DQG VPRRWK DV KDV EHHQ SURYHG E\ WKH SURSRVHG DOJRULWKPV 5 ()(5(1&(6 > @

6KLOSD .DPGL 5 . .ULVKQD ³,PDJH 6HJPHQWDWLRQ DQG 5HJLRQ *URZLQJ $OJRULWKP´ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI &RPSXWHU 7HFKQRORJ\ DQG (OHFWURQLFV (QJLQHHULQJ 9RO ,VVXH > @ 0LQJ =DQJ /LQJ =KDQJ + ' &KHQJ ³$ 1HXWURVRSKLF DSSURDFK WR ,PDJH 6HJPHQWDWLRQ %DVHG 2Q :DWHUVKHG 0HWKRG´ 6LJQDO 3URFHVVLQJ ± > @ ) 6PDUDQGDFKH ³$ 8QLI\LQJ )LHOG LQ /RJLFV 1HXWURVRSKLF /RJLF 1HXWURVRSK\ 1HXWURVRSKLF 6HW 1HXWURVRSKLF 3UREDELOLW\ DQG 6WDWLVWLFV´ $PHULFDQ 5HVHDUFK 3UHVV 1HZ <RUN > @ )ORUHQWLQH 6PDUDQGDFKH ³1HXWURVRSKLF 6HW ± $ *HQHUDOL]DWLRQ RI WKH ,QWXLWLRQLVWLF )X]]\ 6HW´ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 1HZ 0H[LFR *DOOXS 10 86$ > @ <DQKXL *XR + ' &KHQJ ³1HZ QHXWURVRSKLF DSSURDFK WR LPDJH VHJPHQWDWLRQ´ 3DWWHUQ 5HFRJQLWLRQ ± > @ -D\ $FKDU\D 6RKLO *DGKL\D .DSLO5DYL\D ³6HJPHQWDWLRQ 7HFKQLTXHV )RU ,PDJH $QDO\VLV $ 5HYLHZ´ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO 2I &RPSXWHU 6FLHQFH $QG 0DQDJHPHQW 5HVHDUFK 9RO ,VVXH -DQXDU\ > @ $OL 5LGKR %DUDNEDK DQG <DVXVKL .L\RNL ³$ 1HZ $SSURDFK IRU ,PDJH 6HJPHQWDWLRQ XVLQJ 3LOODU .PHDQV $OJRULWKP´ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI ,QIRUPDWLRQ DQG &RPPXQLFDWLRQ (QJLQHHULQJ > @ +XL =KDQJ -DVRQ ( )ULWWV 6DOO\ $ *ROGPDQ ³,PDJH 6HJPHQWDWLRQ HYDOXDWLRQ $ VXUYH\ RI XQVXSHUYLVHG PHWKRGV´ &RPSXWHU 9LVLRQ DQG ,PDJH 8QGHUVWDQGLQJ ± > @ .ULVKQD .DQW 6LQJK $NDQVKD 6LQJK ³$ 6WXG\ 2I ,PDJH 6HJPHQWDWLRQ $OJRULWKPV )RU 'LIIHUHQW 7\SHV 2I ,PDJHV´ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI &RPSXWHU 6FLHQFH ,VVXHV 9RO ,VVXH 6HSWHPEHU > @ 5DMHVKZDU 'DVV 3UL\DQND 6ZDSQD 'HYL ³,PDJH 6HJPHQWDWLRQ 7HFKQLTXHV´ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI (OHFWURQLFV &RPPXQLFDWLRQ 7HFKQRORJ\ 9RO ,VVXH -DQ 0DUFK > @ + ' &KHQJ <DQKXL*XR $QG <LQJWDR =KDQJ ³$ 1RYHO ,PDJH 6HJPHQWDWLRQ $SSURDFK %DVHG 2Q 1HXWURVRSKLF 6HW $QG ,PSURYHG )X]]\ & 0HDQV $OJRULWKP´ 1HZ 0DWKHPDWLFV DQG 1DWXUDO &RPSXWDWLRQ 9RO 1R B

2014 International Conference on Advances in Computing,Communications and Informatics (ICACCI)

2421


Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.