V - __ Verb
P
__
Tense
__ - __
Voice
Present
Active
Time: Present Kind: Linear Ex: John is eating.
The subject is doing the action. Ex: The boy is kicking the ball.
A
Mood
Passive * Imperfect
I
Time: Past Kind: Linear Ex: John was eating.
P
Aorist
A
Time: Past (if indicative) or Present (if not indicative) Kind: Punctiliar Ex: John ate. or If John eats‌
M
The subject acts in such a way so as to participate in the results of the action. Ex: They taught themselves Jan and no other sings. They were helping eachother.
F
Perfect
R
Time & Kind: Completed linear action in the past with continuous results in the present Ex: John has eaten with the result that he is full.
E
Either
X
I S
The action is actually happening. Ex: They are teaching.
Appears with Being Verbs, which are neither active nor passive. Ex: James was a pastor.
* Passive & middle appear in the same form when the verb is present or imperfect tense. You can use either depending on context.
The action is possible. Ex: They are teaching. Or If they teach‌
1st Person
1 2 3
Optative
O
Either Middle or Passive (When the voice is especially vague, E is written.)
[No Voice]
Number
Indicative
Subjunctive
Future Time: Future Kind: Linear or Punctiliar Ex: John will eat. Or John will be eating.
Person
Passive: The subject is being acted upon. Ex: The ball is being kicked (by the boy).
Middle *
__
The action is possible & hoped for Ex: Oh that they would teach!
Imperative
M
A direct request or command. Examples: Father, forgive them. Zaccheus, come down.
The one(s) speaking. Examples: I am talking. We are talking.
2nd Person The one(s) spoken to. Examples: You are hearing.
3rd Person The one(s) spoken about. Example: Mike is eavesdropping.
Singular How many? Just one. Example: Liz carries a purse.
Plural More than one. Example: They carry purses.
S P