Lesson 28 More Pronouns 1. The relative pronoun, ος: who, which, that, what. The Parsing Code is R followed by case, gender & number. The relative pronoun is used to relate one substantive to another. It agrees with its antecedent in gender and number. Case is determined by its function in its clause. Compare the case function of the relative pronoun in these sentences: (1) T-NSM N-NSM R-NSM V-AAI-3S T-ASM N-ASM V-PXI-3S ADV ο ανθρωπος ος ειδε
τον
κυριον
εστιν
N-NSM
νυν αποστολος.
Literal: The man who/which/that/what hsi saw the Lord hsi is now apostle. Idiomatic: The man who saw the Lord is now [an] apostle. (2)
T-NSM N-NSM R-ASM V-AAI-2S V-AAI-3S PREP T-GSF N-GSF ο ανθρωπος ον ειδε εξηθεν εκ της πολεως. Literal: The man who/which/that/what you saw hsi went out of from within the city. Idiomatic: The man whom you saw went out of from within the city.
Frequently a relative pronoun is so closely related to its antecedent that it is attracted to the case of its antecedent, i.e., it takes the case form of the antecedent even though it retains its own case function. R-NSM PRT V-AAS-3S PREP T-GSN N-GSN R-GSN P-1NS V-FAI-1S P-DSM ος αν πιη εκ του υδατος ου εγω δωσω αυτω...
Literal: Whoever hsi drinks out of from within the water which I I will give to/in/by/with him… Idiomatic: Whoever drinks of the water which I will give him… The relative ου is grammatically the direct object of δώσω, and it is expected to be in the accusative case. It has been attracted to the case form of its antecedent. This is an example of the use of the conditional relative -- one of the uses of the third class conditional sentence. The relative with αν or εαν and the subjunctive is used to express clauses which in English would be expressed by these words: whoever, whichever, whatever, whenever, wherever, etc. Frequently the antecedent of a relative pronoun is not expressed. R-NSM ος
PRT V-PAI-3S ουκ εστιν
PREP PREP P-2GP V-PAI-3S καθ’ υπερ υµεν εστιν.
Literal: Who no/not hsi is against for you hsi is. Idiomatic: He who is not against [you] is for you.
2. The interrogative pronoun, τις, τι: who, what. The Parsing Code is I followed by case, gender & number This may be used to introduce direct or indirect questions. (1) I-NSM P-2NS τις ει; Literal: Who you? Idiomatic: Who [are] you?
I-NSN V-PAI-3S τι λεγει; Literal: What he is saying? Idiomatic: What is he saying?
(2) PRT-N I-NSN P-1NS V-PAI-1S CONJ I-NSN P-2NS ου τι εγω θελω, αλλα τι συ. Literal: Not what I I wish, but what you. Idiomatic: Not what I myself wish, but what you [wish]. (3) V-PAI-1S P-2AS I-NSM V-PAI-2S οιδα σε τις ει. Literal: I know you who you are. Idiomatic: I know who you are.
3. The indefinite pronoun, τις, τι; someone, somebody, something, a certain one, a certain thing, anyone. The Parsing Code is X followed by case, gender & number. (1) COND PRT-N X-NSM V-APS-3S εαν µη τις γεννηθη Literal: If not anyone his was born … Idiomatic: Except anyone was born… (2) PREP T-ASF N-ASF V-AAI-3S X-NSM εις την εκκλησιαν εισνλθε τις. Literal: Into from without the church hsi came certain man. Idiomatic: Into from without the church came a certain man. OR A certain man came into from without the church. 4. The indefinite relative pronoun, οστις: who (who is of such nature that). The Parsing Code is R followed by case, gender & number. This pronoun is so named because it is a combination of the relative ος and the indefinite τις. In form it appears only in the nominative case in the New Testament: singular οστις, ητις, οτι, and plural οιτισες, αιτινες, ατινα. The function is qualitative in nature. It is usually translated by the simple "who," but its meaning is far more than that. The expression "who is of such nature" is a good translation of the idea. Always look for the qualitative idea in this word.
See Romans 1:25: R-NPM V-AAI-3P T-ASF N-ASF T-GSM N-GSM οιτινες µετηλλαξαν την αληθειαν του θεου ... Literal: Who were of such nature that they exchanged the truth of/from the God … Idiomatic: Who were of such nature that they exchanged the truth of God… 5. The reciprocal pronoun αλληλων: each other/one another. The Parsing Code is C followed by case, gender & number. This appears in only 3 case forms in the New Testament αλληλους αλληλοις, αλληλους. In function it represents an interchange of action between the members of a plural subject. (1) V-PAS-1P C-APM αγαπωµεν αλληλους. Let us love one another. (2)
V-API-3P PREP T-DSF N-DSF P-GSM PREP C-APM εξεκαυθσαν εν τη οπεξει αυτων εις αλληλους. Literal: They burned in/on/by the lust of/from them for one another. Idiomatic: They burned in their lust for one another. 6. The reflexive pronoun. The Parsing Code is
F followed by person, case, gender & number.
First person: myself, ourselves Second person: yourself, yourselves Third person: himself, herself, itself, themselves This is different from the intensive use of the personal pronoun used in the nominative case. P-NSM P-1SM V-PAI-2S αυτος εγω λεγω I, myself, am saying The function of the reflexive pronoun is regular in every way. It expresses the action of the subject upon itself. (1) PRT-N CONJ F-3APM V-PAI-1P ου γαρ εαυτους κηπυσσοµεν. Literal: No/not for ourselves we are preaching. Idiomatic: For we are not preaching ourselves. (2) V-PAI-1S D-NPN PREP F-1GSM λεγω ταυτα περι εµαυτου. Literal: I am saying these things about/concerning myself. Idiomatic: I am saying these things about myself.
7. The possessive pronouns (adjectives). The Parsing Code is S followed by case, gender & number. First Person: My, Our Second Person: Your Third Person: His, Her Its, Their 8. The negative pronouns (or adjectives). No one. The Parsing Code is the parsing code for an adjective with an N on the end. ουδεις: no one - usually with indicative mood. µηδεις: no one - usually with mood other than indicative. The following illustrations introduce the function of this pronoun: (1) A-NSM-N ουδεις
V-PAI-3S PREP T-ASM N-ASM COND PRT-N PREP P-1AS ερχεται προς τον παρερα ει µη δι’ εµου.
Literal: No one hsi is coming to the father if not through me. Idiomatic: No one is coming to the father except through me. (2) A-ASM-N V-PAM-3S P-2AP µηδεις πλανατω υµας. Literal: No one let hhi deceive you all. Idiomatic: Let no one deceive you (pl).