Lesson 10 Pronouns The use of personal pronouns in Greek is very similar to the English. They take the place of nouns and avoid monotony. Ex: V-PAI-1S T-ASM N-ASM CONJ V-PAI-1S T-ASM N-ASM βλεπω τον µαθητην και διδασκω τον µαθητην. I am seeing the disciple and I am teaching the disciple.
This sentence is much better stated : V-PAI-1S T-ASM N-ASM CONJ V-PAI-1S P-ASM βλεπω τον µαθητην και διδασκω αυτον. I am seeing the disciple and (I am) teaching him. The noun for which the pronouns stands is called the antecedent. (The antecedent of the above sentence is “disciple”.) A pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender and number; its case is determined by its use in the sentence. Ex: V-PAI-1S N-ASF CONJ V-PAI-1S PREP P-ASF εχω εκκλησιαν και µενη εν αυτη. I am having a church and I am remaining in it. “Church” is the antecedent of “it” - this means “it” must agree with “church” in gender and number. (The Greek form must be feminine to agree with church and not neuter as in English. Your literal translation would read, “...I am remaining in her.”)
Personal pronouns are not used in the nominative case as subjects of verbs unless there is emphasis placed upon them. (They are not needed because the subject is “taken care of” in the personal ending of the verb.) Emphasis is usually called out in contrast.
Ex: P-1NS V-PAI-1S P-2NS CONJ V-PAI-2S εγω λεγω συ δε γραφεις. I, I am speaking, you (but), you are writing. I myself am speaking, but you yourself are writing.
Notice how the pronoun is used here to express emphasis:
P-1NS P-1NS V-PAI-1S or αυτος εγω λεγω 1. myself I, I am saying. 2. I myself am saying.
P-1NS V-PAI-1S αυτος λεγω 1. myself I am saying. 2. I myself am saying.
P-2NS P-2NS V-PAI-2S or αυτος συ λεγεις 1. yourself you, you are saying. 2. You yourself are saying.
P-2NS V-PAI-2S αυτος λεγεις 1. yourself you are saying. 2. You yourself are saying.
The expression “my word” is literally translated “the word of me” from the Greek. Ex: T-NSM N-NSM P-1GS ο λογος µον 1. The word of me 2. My word
αυτος is seldom used in the nominative case. Its use in the nominative case is distinct from its function as a personal pronoun.
1. When used in the attributive position, whether in the nominative or otherwise, it is translated “same”. Thus ο αυτος αποστολος or ο αποστολος ο αυτος is translated - “the same apostle”. T-NSM P-NSM N-NSM ο αυτος αποστολος Τ−ΝSM N-NSM T-NSM P-NSM “the same apostle”: attributive ο αποστολος ο αυτος 2. When it is used in the predicate position, it is the intensive and should be translated “himself”. Thus αυτος ο αποστολος or ο αποστολος αυτος is translated - “the apostle himself”. The predicate use only occurs in the Nominative case. P-NSM T-NSM N-NSM αυτος ο αποστολος T-NSM N-NSM P-NSM ο αποστολος αυτος “ the apostle himself”: predicate The word “ειµι” is called a state of being or a “linking” verb because it joins two ideas together. It states “ this and that are the same.” Ex: Amy is (=) pretty. Therefore, the linking verbs do not have a voice. This verb requires a complement, rather than a object to complete its meaning (ex: both “Amy” and “pretty” are nominative).
Ex: T-NSM N-NSM V-PXI-3S N-NSM ο ανθρωπος εστιν αποστολος. The man hsi is being (an) apostle. αποστολος is the subject complement or a predicate nominative - the complement will agree with the subject in case and number. Singular ειµι ει εστι(ν)
I am (being) you are (being) he, she, it is (being)
Plural εσµεν εστε εισι(ν)
we are (being) you (pl.) are (being) they are (being)
Appendix to Lesson 10
First Person Singular εγω εµου / µου εµοι / µοι εµε / µε
P-1NS P-1GS P-1DS P-1AS
I o/f me tibw me me
Plural ηµεις ηµων ηµιν ηµας
P-1NP P-1GP P-1DP P-1AP
we o/f us tibw us us
Second Person Singular συ σου σοι σε
P-2NS P-2GS P-2DS P-2AS
you o/f you tibw you you
Plural υµεις υµων υµιν υµας
P-2NP P-2GP P-2DP P-2AP
you (all) o/f you (all) tibw you (all) you (all)
Third Person Masculine Singular αυτος P-NSM αυτου P-GSM αυτω P-DSM αυτον P-ASM
he o/f him/it tibw him/it him
Masculine Plural αυτοι P-NPM αυτων P-GPM αυτοις P-DPM αυτους P-APM
they o/f them tibw them them
Feminine Singular αυτη P-NSF she/it αυτης P-GSF o/f her/it αυτη P-DSF tibw her/it αυτην P-ASF her/it Feminine Plural αυται P-NPF they αυτων P-GPF o/f them αυταις P-DPF tibw them αυτας P-APF them Neuter Singular αυτο P-NSN it αυτου P-GSN o/f it αυτω P-DSN tibw it αυτο P-ASN it Neuter Plural αυτα P-NPN they αυτων P-GPN o/f them αυτοις P-DPN tibw them αυτα P-APN them
Notes: 1.
The post positive “δε δε” δε (but, moreover, and) cannot stand first in the sentence or clause. Its normal function is in second place, sometimes it appears in third place. Ex: T-NSM CONJ N-NSM V-PAI-3S PREP ...ο δε µαθητης καταβεινει προς 1. ...the (but) disciple hsi is (going down) ttwa the house. 2. ...but the disciple is going down to the house.
2.
T-DSM N-DSM τον οικον.
The negative particles (PRT-N) “ου, ου, ουκ”, ουχ” ουκ and “ουχ ουχ (no, not) is usually placed immediately in front of the word it negates. Ex: T-NSM N-NSM PRT-N V-PAI-3S PREP ο αποστολος ουκ αναβεινει προς 1. The apostle (not) hsi is (going up) ttwa the church. 2. The apostle is not going up to the church.
T-ASM N-ASM την εκκησιαν.