Archive of the City by Michael.D.G

Archive of the City

MArch Architectural Thesis Michael David Grieve

Thanks and Acknowledgements; Rooms & Cities MArch Studio Unit Helen O’Connor, Lorens Holm and Cameron Mcewan Rooms & Cities Unit Tutors 2012-13 The site model of Central Dundee used in some images was originally constructed by Cameron Mcewan in 2010 and modified for this project in 2013 Nick O’Neill Reiach and Hall Architects Information regarding the Dundee Civic Offices and how it was designed in relation to the city Iain Ferguson Scotland’s People Centre Manager Access into the General Register House Research Rooms Ian Flett and Martin Allan City Archivists, Dundee City Archives Information about the current archives, why they are unsuitable and how they might be improved

Contents

Introduction

1. Register House

2. Archive In The City

3. Archive Of The City

4. Dundee: Moving The Archives

Conclusion

Postscript: Rooms And Cities

List of References Bibliography Illustration Credits

31 36 38 1. Adam Dome Interior, General Register House

2. General Register House, Figure Ground Plan

Abstract This thesis proposes an analogous reading of the city and the archive. The city is studied as a constantly accumulating repository of knowledge and information, an object associated with collective memory. This information is the common ground between citizens and the foundation of our coexistence with others in the public sphere. The aim of this thesis is to explore these parallel ideas of cities and archives through urban spaces to store, access and exchange information.

Archive of the City and the Public Space of Knowledge The thesis is structured by first understanding the state archive as an institution in the city which originates in Ancient Athens where it had a powerful relationship with the agora. The place to exchange information and make transactions was interconnected with the place of records which described the law. Public records today also constitute our collective memory and common destiny. The complexities of the city and ever accumulating collections require organisation for them to be useful in informing the next stage of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s growth. The buildings and institutions which organise them and make them available face interesting spatial challenges, this is explored through several buildings which organise large collections of information. Aldo Rossi and Lewis Mumford have both written about the city as a repository of information. Aldo Rossi analyses it as an artefact, its physical form is a record of time and events. Patrick Geddes also argues that the city in general is a source of information about society and urban life which should be understood on global and local scales. These ideas about cities are placed alongside analysis of the condition of archives, a subject written on extensively by Jacques Derrida. This leads to thinking about the archive beyond a role of preservation. It can be re-read as a site for the production of knowledge based on participation and interaction of citizens who themselves are a source of local knowledge. The project which runs alongside these analyses uses architecture to comment on the public space of the city. It explores how the layers of information readable in the contemporary city such as manipulation of civic space and the significance of the newly relocated council offices, can inform a design proposal. It also investigates how a building might structure relationships between citizens and information in a way which allows for the production of knowledge through research and debate. These key themes of the project are set out in the first section of the thesis, a study of General Register House in Edinburgh.

3. Information & Order: General Register House 3

1. Register House General Register House was the first purpose built archive building in the British Isles when it was completed in 1787. Architect Robert Adam described his work as “a proper repository” bringing together collections of public records previously stored in scattered arrangements and unsuitable conditions.1 The collections are written records of Scotland’s network of cities: a repository of information on a national scale. At the centre of the building is the Adam Dome: a research room for studying public records. The rotunda form is enclosed by a dome with an oculus as the solitary source of natural light. There are eight entrances; four on the ground and four which open onto a continuous balcony. Entablatures and recesses create a series of datums in the space, an illusion of order which belies the nature of record-keeping. As a specific study Register House provides interesting spatial relationships on the organisation of the city and the information produced by the city on several scales from a room of documents to the public space in front of the building. The records within the Adam Dome bring together a mass of information about the city, its occupants and the wider region, compressing the written records of a country in one location. The public records store the history of many aspects of human existence; births, marriages, deaths, landownership, church parishes, council registers and records of laws by which citizens are governed. “Cities are places that must rely on written records. It is through writing that they must tally their goods, put down the laws which govern the community and establish title to property which is extremely important because in the final analysis a city rests on the construction of ownership” 2

Spiro Kostof, The City Shaped

The maintenance of landownership and law besides other things help to establish the degree of order needed for a gathering of people to function productively. The earliest, most consistent records of cities are concerned with land – a finite resource but a key way of profiting from the city. In addition records represent the right of citizens to marry, hold property and create law.3 Therefore records of landownership were crucial to the organisation of the city and the organisation of archives related to its development.4 The circular plan results in a spatial quality defined by a continuous wall of information wrapping and enclosing the space at the heart of the building. The ever changing and increasing volume of information stretches beyond the limits of human memory and necessitates its preservation in written format. The ordered shelves and systematic arrangement of records within the room is in contrast and an attempt to make sense of the chaotic and random happenings of the world on the other side the wall. The architecture embodies a sense of order manifested in the ideal geometry of the plan and unified enclosure of the dome. This expression is linked to the arrangement of the records within the space and their legibility and usefulness as a source of collective memory. Within this space all citizens are recorded regardless of status, in equal format in terms of system and physical space. No prominence is given to any particular record. It seems worth noting that other reasons may exist for the form. With dampness being the main enemy of archives in the 18th century, heated under-crofts beneath the stone floor of a circular room allowed an even distribution of heat to all documents.5 4. Adam Dome Plan & Section 0

10m

5. Public Rooms, General Register House 5

The overall plan of the building demonstrates further levels of order, the central room structures the spaces around it by linking together an outer layer of archivists offices. The public research rooms work in a spatial sequence along an axis of symmetry leading from the street edge to the second dome, built a century after the first when the original building had become saturated with records. This repetition of the rotunda continues the order of the axis set out in Adam’s original design. The public rooms are set apart spatially from the public space of the city, inside a controlled institution and accessible only by permission from the National Archives of Scotland. The exterior form of the dome and symmetrical facade create a separate fixed visual order addressing the city with continuity and permanence.6 The building also orders the public space of the city. It sits prominently at a convergence of major routes into Edinburgh visually terminating the axis of North Bridge, an infrastructural project also by Robert Adam, intended to connect the Old and New Towns. The full grandeur of the design was never realised and the formal axis eventually clashes with the pre-existing fabric of the city. Further significance is added by positioning the building on a plinth, and setting it back from the line of Georgian city blocks which form the wall of Princes Street, interrupting an otherwise consistent edge. This creates a concourse in front of the building which emphasises the presence of the information and provides a much needed widening of the circulation space at this juncture of streets. “We require just a little order to protect us from chaos. We are highly predisposed to recognise order and attach significance to it. We feel secure when there is some kind of order that we recognise, and at the same time we discount everything else as being beside the point.” 7

Deleuze & Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia

The words “archive” and “architecture” share the prefix “archi” which has its root in “arkhe”, the Ancient Greek word which means to rule or have authority, the architect being the chief builder and the archive the residence of the chief magistrate. The combination of these institutions in Register House give order, physically and socially to the city. Register House is a collective institution in the city and the city is the pre-eminent collective institution.8 By gathering and organising information of such magnitude, Register House is a microcosm of what Aldo Rossi refers to as “the collective house of the city” and connects all citizens in the past and future simultaneously.9

6. General Register House & North Bridge 6

2. Archive In The City This section explores the institution of the state archive within the city and understanding its origins in Ancient Athens. The theme of organisation is developed from Register House as a building which organises the city both by collecting the physical records and by its presence in the public space of the city, the place of public speech and discussion. Several buildings both historical and contemporary have been selected to illustrate these ideas. The word “archive” is widely used today, any collection of information in any media may be called an archive, therefore it seems important to first consolidate the meaning of the term. It is often understood as both a building containing information and the collection of information itself.10 As mentioned previously the origins are in the ancient Greek word “arkheion” meaning a building or place occupied by the city’s head magistrate, “the archon.”11 The archon or “archai” were responsible for the protection of the historical records.12 A further development of the word, “archeia” would later come to mean both the building and information within. The archive therefore became a place from where social order was given and the archon was a person who commanded.13 The first known building for this purpose was the “Metroon” in ancient Athens. It housed the state archive of public records from the fourth century BC onwards.14

7. Section (North to South) through the General Register House: Robert Adam 1771

In “Archive Fever” Jacques Derrida distils the conditions which brought the original state archive – the Metroon – into being. The records which speak the law needed a guardian to recall and impose it. They also needed a physical space to inhabit. The intersection of place and law – topology and nomology – are essential for the existence of the archive.15

8. Section Through the Tabularium, Ancient Roman Forum

The importance of the location of this institution in the city is evident in the plan of the Athenian agora. The agora was a typological open space found at the centre of the polis. The word “agora” comes from the verb “agorazein”, meaning to congregate, to buy, to talk or to deal.16 In the cities of ancient Greece the place to store information about the city and its people was strongly linked and visible within the place to meet and exchange verbal information. The records inside the Metroon were a physical trace of the everyday exchanges of the polis. The Metroon was not the only institution linked to the agora, the space was enclosed by other buildings linked to the governing of urban life. The “Bouleuterion”, council house and “Tholos”, house of the city’s standard weights and measurements were situated along its edge.17 Before the purpose built Metroon the Bouleterion was the first building to hold an archive until the collection outgrew the space.18 As the word agorazein implies, governmental activities were only part of the space, there were also commercial elements in the form of long colonnaded Stoas.19 Ultimately the agora served as the political space of discussion and decision making for the public and was inclusive of public life.20 The Metroon was linked to this environment as the way to record those decisions which were made by common agreement and gathering together of people in the agora.21 There are similarities between the Metroon and the “Tabularium” – the state records office in ancient Rome. The name comes from the contents of bronze tablets on which records were inscribed.22 Spatially there is a continuity between these buildings. The colonnaded frontage is an element shared by both as is the positioning on the edge of the major political space of the city in proximity to other institutions. As Aureli notes however there is a marked difference between the principles of the agora and the forum. The polis was a community of people from the same region but political discussions excluded outsiders.23

The condition of citizenship or “civitas” in ancient Rome on the other hand was a gathering of people from multiple backgrounds who choose to co-exist under the same laws.24 The state archive is a constant presence in these two urban spaces, representing the shared destiny of a collection of people alongside the very practical requirement of the city to store and classify the information which ensures the order of the public space is maintained. Just as the forum or agora condensed the full spectrum of urban activity into a single urban space the state archive compresses the records of that activity into a building. The relationship of the agora with the written record of the city also includes the space itself as a place of display, in early agorae the laws of the city were made public by carving them in stone. Such displays also took place in Roman forums where election posters, wills and adoptions could all be read.25 There is a parallel between the Tabularium and the present day Rome Municipal Registry. The registry occupies part of Michelangelo’s Piazza del Campidoglio which was constructed directly on top of the site of the Tabularium. The enclosure of the square is completed by the “Senatorium”, town council and the Capitoline Museum. The loggia of this building displays a list of Rome’s newly married couples – a small sample of the information stored by the repository which is public for a fleeting moment before being succeeded by the next wave of accumulating data.

9. Plan of the Metroon 10. Plan of the Tabularium (Plans are shown at the scale 1:1000)

The colonnade in Italy was linked to the recording of the city through writing, traditionally being the place where important documents were signed and marriages and funerals took place.26 In addition Vitruvius mentions that the arrangement of the forum – elongated from the squarer agora to accommodate gladiatorial events – should be surrounded by wide colonnaded spaces.27 It was this association with the forum which made classical architects continue to use the colonnaded ground floor portico to design civic space.28 The display of information in the public spaces of the city also leads to exploring how a collection of information is organised within a building. Archives, libraries and museums collectively are a type of institution whose job is to preserve memory and culture.29 The Metroon and Tabularium both formed the edge of the civic spaces of the city and in the case of the agora and loggia space in the Rome registry they make an interesting point of interface between information and the public realm. In Register House information is arranged by a wall that encloses a space with a degree of separation from the city and one in which the archivist is an authoritative figure. It also suffers from the limitations of architectural organisation and is now reliant like many archives on off-site storage.

The problem of space for expanding collections was explicitly tackled by OMA in the project for Seattle Public Library. Traditional stacked floors are replaced by a “Book Spiral”: a continuous ramp of negligible gradient which allows subjects and categories to expand and contract as necessary, without ever disrupting the cataloging system.30 In addition to this innovative curatorial concept, the spaces surrounding the collection are free from the threat of being subsumed by its expansion and become trading floors dedicated to exchanging and accessing knowledge. “These rooms are not inventions. They are familiar urban forms - the atrium, the agora, the office tower, the souk, the market square gathered and wrapped in a single skin” 31 In an article for Domus in 2004 Richard Stadler wrote that the principle of urban spaces like the agora, have been brought into the institution and help to form the relationship between citizens and a collection of information. The “Living Room”, accessed directly from the street is a new civic space for Seattle, free to enter and used to read, meet or relax.32 The “Mixing Chamber” is a space in which to access cumulative human intelligence through a variety of information sources, not just books.33 The librarians are liberated to engage with the visitors instead of spending time searching through illegible systems.34

11. Photograph of Seattle Library Book Spiral 12. Diagram of the Book Spiral

The idea of space organising information is explored by Jorge Luis Borges in his short story “The Library of Babel” in which architecture is a means of structuring the universe and everything contained within it. Books are ordered by endlessly repeating hexagonal spaces. The logic of this organisation then affects the inhabitants and the way they search for and interpret the information. “The universe (which others call the library) is composed of an indefinite and perhaps infinite number of hexagonal galleries, with vast air shafts between, surrounded by very low railings. From any of the hexagons one can see, interminably, the upper and lower floors. The distribution of the galleries is invariable. Twenty shelves, five long shelves per side, cover all the sides except two; their height, which is the distance from floor to ceiling, scarcely exceeds that of a normal bookcase.” 36

Jorge Luis Borges, The Library of Babel

“True democracy - based on the informed consent of the governed - cannot exist without full free and public access to knowledge” 35

Deborah Jacobs, Seattle Librarian

Borges emphasises in his writing our understanding of the world through information and language. It is a reminder that humanity is engaged in a constant search for new knowledge, often through vast quantities of information. Besides these literary spaces there are many examples of large repositories of knowledge being organised by architecture. To reference one more, the National Library of France in Paris by Dominique Perrault both organises information and structures the urban space around it. There are parallels with the Seattle Library’s occupation of a whole city block. Four L-shaped towers serve the dual purpose of storing the collection of written material and enclosing a central garden courtyard around which public spaces are arranged.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;These urban landmarks develop and enhance the idea of the book, with a random kind of use of the towers, the occupation of which is like an accumulation of learning, of knowledge that is never complete and of a slow but ongoing process of sedimentation.â&#x20AC;?37

Dominique Perrault

The organisational principles are of adaptability and of an anticipation that in future the collection will grow, gradually filling the towers.38 The project is described by Perrault as part-temple and partsupermarket, designed to prioritise user interaction and to contribute to the public space of the city.39

Storage

The archive and other building types which contain large volumes of information organise the collective memory and cumulative knowledge of the city and society. They are also historically connected to urban spaces to display and exchange information. The archive as a space in the city not only organises information but also our relationship with that information and therefore our relationship with each other in the public sphere.40 Archivist Offices

Document Circulation

Retail Units

Public Research & Exhibition

13. French National LIbrary Plan & Section

14. French National Library Organisational Diagram

15. Programme distribution diagrams for a city archive design 10

16. Plan locating the Metroon In the Agora of Ancient Athens 11

Plan of Forum with Tabularium

17. Plan locating the Tabularium in the Forum of Ancient Rome 12

3. Archive Of The City “That immensity, that retentiveness is one of the greatest values of the big city”

Lewis Mumford, The City In History

This section examines theories of the city as repository of information and knowledge – such as Lewis Mumford’s museum analogy and Aldo Rossi’s writing on collective memory – and places the idea of the archive alongside them. The city and the archive are read together forming an understanding of their inherent characteristics; accumulation of information over time, organisation of information, and a source of collective knowledge which informs the future. The ideas of Patrick Geddes and later work of Markus Meissen highlight the potential of the archive as an idea and a process within and related to the city. The condition of the archive is one of gathering together, an act of consignation which Derrida states consists of unification, identification and classification.41 This was not possible without a physical location where documents could be amassed. Equally the substrate, the material substitute for human memory, is also necessary for the act of archiving.42 The material of the city becomes the substrate on which ideas and memories are imprinted. This concept is alluded to by Lewis Mumford who compares the city to a museum. According to Mumford the city acts as a condenser of information: the full scope and variety of human life is at its most accessible and readable within it.43 The collection of information in an archive building is a principle that is applied on a larger scale, Mumford writes the city has a function of bringing together human life in that representatives of all customs, languages and cultures are collected by it.44 It is this density of layers of human history that provides the organisational framework which attracts people and holds them together in close cooperation.45 The comparison between the museum and the city is potent in the sense that a museum provides access to the immensity and complexity of the resources of the world through its collection. He goes on to say that similarly to the museum there is also a process of classification and selection of information in the city.46 The city therefore is a repository of information and source of ultimate data about urban life. It is a palimpsest on which new ideas are inscribed, ideas which alter or re-use the pre-existing information.47 This suggests a continuous process in which the archive mirrors the constant accumulation of information in the city and is therefore never finished or complete. It can be thought of not just as a static mass of documents but a kinetic organisational structure on which the future of the city is established.48

18. Collage of Historic Map onto the footprint of a 21st century shopping centre, an example of public space manipulated by commercial interests.

Institutions of collective memory – museums, libraries and archives – are closely linked and have a particular relationship with time. As Foucault writes the museum as an institution reflects a desire to make available in one place a large quantity of information from all different times but stands outside the destructive flow of time itself. “the idea of accumulating everything, of establishing a sort of general archive, the will to enclose in one place all times, all epochs, all forms, all tastes, the idea of constituting a place of all times that is itself outside of time and inaccessible to its ravages, the project of organizing in this way a sort of perpetual and indefinite accumulation of time in an immobile place, this whole idea belongs to our modernity.”49

Michel Foucault, Of Other Spaces

The archive and the city share this continuous accumulation of time. One key difference is that this process in the city is more autonomous and subject to many forces and influences. The archive contains PRODUCED the written record of the city in a compressed and concise format, but is consciously controlled and edited, its contents are what the citizens have collectively decided to remember. Richard Coyne comments that the process of writing something down is one which allows the mind to forget.50 It is this possibility, even fear of forgetting that drives the desire to make archives.51 In a gathering of people as large and complex as a city, forgetting is a very real possibility. For Derrida the great contradiction of the archive is this simultaneous preservation and destruction of data.52

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

The city as an autonomous artefact of human memory is written about extensively by Aldo Rossi. It is an object or site associated with collective memory of the citizenry given physical form by architecture.53 Peter Eisenmann in his introduction to The Architecture of the City discusses the metaphor of the skeleton as a tool for understanding Rossi’s thinking. It is an object which has lost its original function but the form remains intact providing a record of time and events. The structure is both one of many parts and a collective material artefact.55 These physical realities and traces are recorded over time and transcend individual life spans to form a repository of knowledge.

BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT “Studied from this point of view – archaeology, the history of architecture, and the histories of individual cities – the city yields very important information and documentation. Cities become historical texts; in fact to study urban phenomena without the use of history is unimaginable.” 54

Aldo Rossi, The Architecture of the City

In The Architecture of the City Rossi directly follows the section concerning the idea of “collective memory” with a section on “Athens” in which he discusses the beginning of memory and the city. Athens was an inhabited region – a state made by its citizens.56 In the plan of the agora are buildings or sites associated with political and communal life which were the generating elements of the city and evolved autonomously from the private residential areas. It was a form driven by the political organisation most favourable to the individual citizen.57 The memory of this hierarchy of public over private interests was the purest urban experience and has been recollected in the Western city ever since. However the set of circumstances which produced such a powerful public sphere in Athens can never recur to the same extent.58 This example of the city as an artefact shows how Rossi interprets the connection between people and place shaped by material realities. For Rossi Ancient Athens was a mental construct where the physical form of the city was secondary to its values and ideas.59 The public spaces of the city can provide records of society and the joined up actions of a body of citizens, it is the medium that enables us to communicate and associate with each other.60 As an example, in Bologna covered walkways set back beneath the buildings line the principal streets. Throughout the centuries they have been preserved through policy and law as a series of privately maintained porches eventually combining into the pedestrian routes and meeting places of the city.61 The streets are also a concretisation of an urban rule or social code which places the interests of the public space of the city before private demands. The porticoes both contain history and continue to shape it in the present. “...not uniformity but rhythmic continuity that invested these backdrops for public business with a suggestion of the existence of an ordered world against which the chaotic untidiness of life might be measured.” 62

19. Plan of Bologna’s porticoed streets

William McDonald, The Architecture of the Roman Empire: An Urban Appraisal

The idea of architecture organising public space and urban life can also be illustrated by the Place Des Vosges, a large public square of ideal proportions imposed on the medieval grain of 17th century Paris. It was designed with the intention of providing civic improvement to the city; royalty, subjects and commercial elements were all collected within a unified urban form.63 The sharing of the same facade by a cross section of society created a new paradigm of power and public space.64 It spatialises the shared public sphere and provides a record of the transformation of 17th Century Paris. Place Des Vosges is also a space which reinforces Rossi’s observation that the architecture of the city is often that of its ruling classes.65 “Entire parts of the city manifest concrete signs of their way of life, their own form and their memory.” 66

Aldo Rossi

Rossi analyses the transformations of cities over time by studying their permanences. In Rome the ancient and the current city are classified as different artefacts but exist together in readable superimposed layers.67 Other cities go through immense changes in short time spans and in such cases the study of deed registries which contain information about economic tendencies allow us to gain insight into how forces of economy, landownership and war have been applied. Analysis of the city in this way, Rossi argues, allows a fuller understanding of the political and economic transformations which take place in the city and their relationship to its form and spatial arrangement.68 “Cities tend to remain on their axes of development, maintaining the position of their original layout and growing accordingly to the direction and meaning of their older artefacts, which often appear remote from present-day ones. Sometimes these artefacts persist virtually unchanged, endowed with a continuous vitality; other times they exhaust themselves and then only the permanence of their form, their physical sign, their locus remains.” 69

Aldo Rossi on Poété’s theory of “persistences”, The Architecture Of The City

Patrick Geddes makes an analogy between the city and a hieroglyph in Cities In Evolution. Similarly to Rossi he suggests that information is stored within the city fabric which can be unlocked. In any archive the purpose of a collection of data is to order and classify it so it can be redistributed and understood, such an aspiration was to be explored by Geddes on a city scale with his Outlook Tower Project.70

20. Place Des Vosges in Turgots Plan of Paris, a unified figure organises the medieval fabric

Geddes sought to make it possible to learn about the history of the city. Volker Welter notes Geddes’s description of the city as an organism reflected his education as a biologist. In order to advance to a new stage of growth the organism must understand its own history through the history of the city in general – its species. This involved the citizens recollecting information about the history of their own city and creating a synthesis between past and future city design.72 The analogy of the city as an archive could be used to better understand its latent potential as a productive space within the city. The application of Geddesian principles developed in the Outlook Tower, promoting a participatory public space formed around collective knowledge are a constant reminder that information becomes useful and informative when it can be easily accessed and studied.

“There is no political power without control of the archive, if not of memory. Effective democratization can always be measured by this essential criterion: the participation in and the access to the archive, its constitution and interpretation.” 73

Jaques Derrida, Archive Fever

Edinburgh’s Outlook tower was intended only as a prototype, Geddes envisioned that all cities would contain an institution of this nature which he refers to as a civic observatory and laboratory holding an agglomeration of material from many sources and fields.74 The visitor would progress through a series of rooms dealing with enlarging spatial and cultural spheres of knowledge with the intention of linking the city to both world and local concerns.75 Markus Meissen in his research project entitled “The Archive as a Productive Space of Conflict” researched extensively to investigate the archive as a space in the city which can produce knowledge and move beyond the traditional perception of preservation and conservation. Although not talking directly about public records but more content specific archives, the ideas are still relevant in this context. Meissen argues for archives to offer a holistic spatial, organisational and curatorial framework.76 To produce knowledge the material would be constantly reorganised forming new categories in which to catalogue and understand things. These new orders are then recorded themselves.77 One example case involves the public collecting and curating images both physically and online in other locations creating new connections and relationships between them.78 Another involves projecting films onto a wall and then recording the discussions taking place between those watching it.79

“Town plans are therefore no mere diagrams they are a system of hieroglyphics in which man has written the history of civilisation and the more tangled their apparent confusion, the more we may be rewarded in deciphering it.” 71 Patrick Geddes, Cities In Evolution

This research has implications for public records which are a rich source of information on urban history but also the present transformation of the city. The importance of their presence can perhaps be underlined by their provision of a barrier to corruption and exploitation of the city.80 They include among many things information on planning proposals which affect the physical environment and minutes of council meetings in which decisions affect the lives of citizens. Display and collation of this information could lead to a more connected dialogue between local authorities and citizens. It may even lead to the possibility of communities of citizens conducting research and making proposals of their own relating to urban problems and issues. Technological developments now allow urban data of many varieties to be gathered and accessed instantaneously, producing new ways to map and spatialise the city, London’s Oyster Card system is a good example. The managing of day to day concerns of residents, such as street lighting and car parking or longer term strategic and infrastructural plans, can be developed from analysis of the information produced by the city and gathered by its citizens.81 This idea of using urban data to run the city more efficiently as detailed in an article in The Economist in June 2012 could make an interesting area of further study. The city can be read as an archive of time and events, its built form provides verifiable data of the lives of its citizens. The city is in constant transformation as information is constantly produced. The gathering together and organising of that information in a building provides the foundation on which the future of the city is established. The work of Studio Meissen highlights the discussion, debate and verbal exchange around information to be just as valuable as its storage in written form. This implies that through public editing, modifying and combining of information the city archive could be reinvented as a social space, a contemporary agora and site of ongoing research into the city.

21. The Outlook Tower organisational diagram

23. Current location of city archives and major institutions

Dundee Town Hall 1734-1932

Dundee City Archive

Dundee Civic OďŹ&#x192;ces 2011

22. 1870 Town Plan of Dundee showing the original North-South route of Lindsay Street and historic plot lines which affect the shape of the Civic Offices in 2011.

Site

18 Caird Hall Current location of Dundee City Archives

Overgate Centre Public space manipulated by commercial interests

HowďŹ&#x20AC; Cemetery Public space and public records archive

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

The design led section of this thesis explores the city and archive further with a site and programme. The project is specific to Dundee, a city which in the past century has suffered industrial decline and economic deprivation and now has a shrinking population. Ambitious new waterfront development plans exist alongside the decay of the nineteenth century industry. The decline of its jute and shipping industries have left central Dundee with pockets of low density and fragmented urban conditions. The city centre is dominated by two interior shopping malls which closed off once public streets. The branching network of streets and lanes was further disrupted by a ring road designed to funnel traffic around the core of the city.82 At a time where much of the focus of the city is to the South where the waterfront masterplan is in progress - the centrepiece of which is the new branch of the V & A Museum – the city council chose to move their flagship building North of the High Street. This began a different kind of city renewal, a subtext of Dundee’s urban transformation based on reusing, reorganising and reinventing. The proposal is for a new public records archive opposite the new council headquarters to explore the archive as a building which organises the information and civic space of the city and ideas about the city as a repository of knowledge. PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT In the summer of 2011 Dundee City Council moved the location of its offices – vacating an office tower as part of the waterfront development – to a new building designed by Reiach and Hall Architects. The building consists of the reoccupation of a former print works with a long repetitive industrial facade along the street edge. New office accommodation is contained in a series of towers behind the old building. This presents two facades to the city, one about embedding and reusing and one which makes the council “locatable and accountable.” 83 It was designed in anticipation of two further proposals for this quarter of the city; a significant extension to the Overgate shopping centre which would wrap around the offices on one side and a new civic square for the city enclosed by another building opposite the facade of the print works. However at the time of writing in 2013 neither project has materialised – partly due to the 2008 financial crisis – and the space in front of the local government building continues to be occupied by a pay and display car park.

25a. Existing Site Plan

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The significance of this move by the Council is reflected in the design of the street edge by Reiach and Hall. Hollowed out behind the old stone facade is a generous loggia space creating a threshold between the public space of the street and the public foyer of the building. Part of the ground floor of the civic offices is a public room where citizens interact with the Council on issues concerning taxes, benefits and other civic concerns. At this point of contact between the individual citizen and the city authority the loggia is a significant gesture to the public realm. Reiach and Hall also had further ambitions for the space which have not come to fruition.

25b. Site Plan showing the two proposals by Dundee City Council and how the Civic Offices were designed in anticipation of them.

“The proposals imagine this protected arcade space as a place of wonder and celebration of civic life, a place to bring visitors, your children and grandchildren. A Dundee Wall running the entire length and height of the arcade would be designed in collaboration not only with the ordinary citizens of Dundee but also its artists, poets, writers, scientists and thinkers. On its surface ideas and texts would record past achievements and imagine new ones.” 84

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4. Dundee: Moving The Archives

Reiach and Hall Architects

24. Civic Loggia Studies

24a. The Pillars: Dundee Town Hall 1734-1932

24b. Dundee Civic Offices 2011-

24c. Palazzo Dei Conservatori: Rome 154620

The current success of the loggia as a public space is limited for various reasons. North Lindsay Street is used as an access road for a large multi-storey car park with fast moving traffic effectively cutting off the other side of the street from the offices. Security concerns cause the loggia to be shuttered off from the street outside office hours, which means it functions only until around 6pm. A similar situation occurs in the interior street of the shopping centre to the South. The street was once a connection to the High Street but because of the construction of the Overgate Centre is now truncated and terminates in an entrance to the enclosed street of the mall. It is a far from isolated example in the contemporary city of public space controlled by commercial interests which is only accessible during working hours. The limitations of these public rooms affect the quality of the urban space in this part of the city. PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

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26. Town Halls - Comparison of Loggia Spaces in Dundeeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Town Halls. There is a correlation between the two buildings. Both have a civic loggia for the public with official council meetings taking place directly above. In the case of the William Adam Town Hall it also housed the public records in the chambers above.

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27. Council Office & City Archive - Model investigating how the other edge of the square might be made and how it would work with the council building in section. The stepping back of the civic offices set datums, the enclosure of the square is made with a tall building, public at ground level and storage space for information above.

The civic loggia space has a history in Dundee. The Old Town Hall which stood on the edge of the High Street marketplace featured a loggia known locally by Dundonians as “The Pillars”. In bad weather especially it was a popular meeting place for the citizens.85 The ground floor was also given over to retail uses adding activity and historic maps show the convergence of the city tram network nearby. The urban context also placed importance on the Town Hall. It visually terminated Reform Street and set up an axis with the seminary. It was demolished in 1932 to make way for City Square, a grand piece of civic planning involving a city hall and two wings of shops with offices above.86 Above the shops on the first floor was where the city magistrates conducted meetings. The first public record collection of the city also developed in this building.87 The city archives were transferred to the basement of the hall where they are currently stored in conditions which compromise the legibility of the collection and the access of the public.88 The North-South axis of Lindsay Street is terminated at either end by institutions underlining the importance of this route. At the South end is the Steeples Church tower – Dundee’s oldest building – and at the North end is the Courthouse. Whereas record keeping in antiquity emerged alongside the polis

29. Routes and Institutions - Massing model with a city archive placed in dialogue with the institutions and routes of the city.

28. Urban Rooms - site diagram with Place Des Vosges superimposed. The unified facade creates an identity which answers and compliments the industrial repitition of the former printworks and encloses the other three sides of an urban room. The idea is to re-structure and make coherant public space that currently bleeds away.

30. Current Site Conditions Controlled Public Rooms Adjoining the site is the interior walkway of the Overgate Centre and the public ground floor of the Council Offices. Both are designed to make it easy for the public to pay money to institutions. Overgate Centre The shopping centre has blocked the previous route of Lindsay Street and now terminates in a flight of stairs which lead into the interior street which has limited opening hours. Council Building The major new civic building makes a gesture to the street but lack of activity around it and the car parks either side mean this space is not utilised as intended. Traffic A multi-storey car park is accessed via Lindsay Street effectively cutting off the civic loggia from the space in front of it. The fast moving cars and high concentration of car parks make the area unfriendly to pedestrians. Low Density Many buildings are unoccupied, there is a surplus of open space and historic street lines are fragmented.

31. Proposed Site Conditions City Archive A new archive building will form the edge of the civic square proposed by the Council and provide freely accessible public space to access the city records. North-South Connection Re-open the street which was blocked by removing one or more retail units from the shopping centre and create an external route which connects this quarter of Dundee back to the High Street. The Cemetery Create the possibility of a permeable block behind the archive which allows an informal route from the civic square to the cemetery. The archive building can be designed in anticipation of this. Traffic Calming Use the surface of the square and small level changes to reduce the speed of traffic. Full pedestrianisation would move the problem of accessing the car park to another street and possibly reduce the importance of this one.

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1960’s

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1930’s PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

1880’s

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2020’s

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2010’s

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2000’s

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32. Sequence of diagrams showing the erosion of public space by the Overgate Centre, the renewed emphasis on the area to the North by the Council Offices and how the archive might anticipate further change such as the reopening of Lindsay Street.

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33. Site Plan - The new civic square and archive create a context for the loggia of the Council Offices and re-structures the public space and records of the city.

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it is the institution of the church – which in contrast suppressed the public realm – that is responsible for some of Scotland’s earliest records.89 This spatial arrangement forms an interesting dialogue of power and control of urban space, particularly as the sightline of the church is now partially obscured by the newer institution of commerce. It is also appropriate to mention the particular urban space of the Howff Cemetery, an ancient burial ground bordering the site to the East. Like the state archive it is a physical space which is connected with all of the sites of the city as a result of the information it accumulates.90 The cemetery is its own open air public records archive. This is an interesting context in which to position the institution of the archive. These are conditions which resonate with other cities which have seen similar declines in civic space. In The Human Condition, Hannah Arendt describes the public sphere and its erosion by industrialisation and mass society. Arendt distinguishes the public sphere as the common ground consisting of the world and its contents, it is a man made artefact and related to the affairs of those who co-inhabit it.91 This description suggests a tangible or physical space – Arendt uses the example of people seated around a table. This in-between space of society paradoxically both gathers and separates people. In modernity the table has disappeared leaving people unlinked or unseparated by anything tangible.92 The public record is more important than ever as a tangible source of collective memory. The placement of the new public records office opposite the council building, with a public space between, builds on the idea of Reiach and Hall making the government accountable in the city, and creates the possibility for better governance based on the citizen’s right to information.

34. Wall of Information - This drawing investigates the wall of the archive which encloses the square and how it might communicate the physical information behind it. The building structure could be used to locate parts of the city’s collection of information and the vertical surface could be used for display. The civic duty of making information public could be realised in a number of ways. Electronic screens or projections were considered but were thought to be too vunerable to commericial advertising and mechanical failure. Instead a system of panels express information being carried by columns and represent a layering of information which accumulates over time. This later evolved to a permeable lattice skin which provides solar shading but permeability between the square and information.

This returns the project to the idea of Register House as a building which organises information in the city. The particular approaches for this site involve using the wall of the square to mediate between the storage of records behind it and the public room it defines. The emptiness of the former car park is contained and re-structured by this wall of information which displays and communicates the knowledge of the city and provides the square with a unified identity. In summation, the aim of the project is to build on the existing public realm of Dundee with attention to its current and past conditions by creating a new urban context for the loggia of the council offices. The architecture is designed to be subservient to public urban routes and spaces both historical and possible in the future. The civic square will be further activated by making the interior of the block to the East permeable allowing the possibility of a link to the cemetery. The building itself operates as a piece of cultural infrastructure for the city collecting and organising public records in conjunction with freely accessible public rooms in which to study them. The framing of the square creates a space for citizens to meet exchange and productively combine their knowledge of the city they live in.

The interdependence of the place and the record, the spaces to discuss and debate; store and recollect; have been a cornerstone of the idea of public space in cities of Western civilization since the era of Ancient Greece. Aldo Rossi writes about Athens because the memory of its political organisation is so persistent through time – public space was shaped not by a particular spatial arrangement but by shared ideas and values of how the city should work. Architecture is also a factor in the organisation of civic space as has been highlighted in certain examples such as Bologna’s porticoed streets and “The Pillars” of Dundee’s Town Hall which shape encounters and meetings between citizens in an entirely positive sense. This is one understanding of the material form of the city as an object associated with the collective memory and a repository of information.

35. Part axonometric showing how the building organises information. The columns and floors act as a numbering system. The arcade floor is engraved with categories of information stored above. 29

The thesis began with a study of a specific archive condition and certain ideas which developed from this have enriched a design proposal. Themes from Register House, the wall of information which encloses a public room and the social and spatial organisation of the public space of the city have been reinterpreted to address specific circumstances in Dundee. The move of the local government building sets up an interesting tension between the anticipation of two very different urban proposals and the current emptiness of these spaces due to economic realities. It also presents opportunities to the city to redefine its public space. The placement of the archive in front of the Council is a comment on our information reliant society, the need for transparency and accountability around decisions made by elected representatives of the people and the potential of participatory forms of government. In a period where public buildings are under increasing financial pressure the city archive building remains important. The information inscribed on public records is a tangible part of the common ground between citizens, the in-between space of society which Arendt writes has become increasingly ambiguous in the later part of the Twentieth Century. Institutions which collect and organise this information act to structure the relationship between individuals in the public sphere. Freely accessible social space around this information in the centre of the city is a way of using the archive, a resource cities already have, to its potential. By way of concluding the document it seems fitting to recall the theories of Patrick Geddes who analysed the city as a species and therefore developed an understanding of the potential of all cities to be repositories of knowledge. This thesis has concentrated on a specific example but the issues in Dundee are not unique in that its industrial decline and subsequent shrinking population left fragmented, surplus spaces, the civic centre is more likely to be in a shopping mall than in the street. The information readable in the built form of the city is a valuable guide to making architectural proposals which work for the city and prioritise public space.

Postscript: Rooms & Cities The overall framework for this thesis is within the context of MArch studio unit, Rooms and Cities. The common interests of the unit are the interior and exterior experiences of architectural space and the space of individuals within the public realm. The research began by using the close study and survey of an interior space to engage with these broad and fundamental architectural and urban conditions. These interests were approached individually through the study of the interior of Register House and the idea of the state archive. It is both private and public in that the records it contains describe individual lives but together form a collective memory, transcending individual concerns to organise the public space where citizens coexist and creating the condition of citizenship. The accompaniment to this is a group project where individual information about fifteen rooms was collected into a typology study of interior space. Discussions around this material were then taken forward with a design brief, to occupy the interior street space of our own school of architecture, at the centre of which is a linear void of extreme elongated proportions running through the building. This is a space in the school for chance meetings, encounters and exchange of ideas and information: the space where the work produced in the privacy of the studios is publicly displayed and critiqued. The project, Room Sixteen, encloses part of this space with a steel frame â&#x20AC;&#x201C; public space produced by collaboration and participation â&#x20AC;&#x201C; highlighting the qualities of the building and bringing together a collective understanding of rooms and cities.

0 1 36. Photograph of Room Sixteen in situ

10m 37. Plan locating Room Sixteen within the void 30

List of References

1. Register House 1. Sanderson, M., 1992, The Building of the General Register House, Broxburn: Alna Ltd, p3 2. Kostof, S., 1991, The City Shaped: Urban Patterns and Meanings Through History, London: Thames & Hudson, p38 3. Mumford, L., 1961, The City In History, London: Martin Secker and Warburg Ltd, p151 4. Shane, D, G., 2005, Recombinant Urbanism, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, p25 5. Sanderson. 1992, p12 6. Shane. 2005, p25 7. Deleuze, G and Guattari, F., 1980, A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, London: Continuum, p201 8. Stewart, D., 1976, The Expression of Ideological Function in the Architecture of Aldo Rossi, Architecture & Urbanism, May, v65, pp110-11 9. Rossi, A., 1966, The Architecture of the City, Revised American ed, trans by Ghirardo, D and Ockman, J., 1982, London: MIT Press, p10

2. Archive In The City 10. Oxford University Press., 2013, Oxford English Dictionary, [online] <http://www.oed.com/> [28 January 2013] 11. Sickinger, J., 1999, Public Records and Archives in Classical Athens, The University of North Carolina Press, [e-book] <http://books.google.co.in/books> [12 February 2013], p6 12. Derrida, J., 1995, Archive Fever, 2nd ed, trans by Prenowitz, E., 1996, London: The Chicago University Press, p3 13. Derrida. 1995, p2 14. Sickinger. 1999, p105 15. Derrida. 1995, p2 16. Kostof, S., 1992, The City Assembled, London: Thames & Hudson, p54 17. Ibid.

18. Sickinger. 1999, p113 19. Kostof. 1992, p153 20. Aureli, P, V., 2011, Possibility of an Absolute Architecture, Cambridge Massachusetts: MIT Press, p4 21. Sickinger. 1999, p6 22. Watkin, D., 2009, The Roman Forum, London: Profile Books, [e-book] <http://books.google.co.in/books> [12 February 2013], p77 23. Aureli. 2011, p6 24. Ibid. 25. Kostof. 1992, p154 26. Kostof. 1992, p216 27. Vitruvius, M., c15BC, The Ten Books On Architecture, trans by Morgan, M., 1914, Constable & Company, London, p131 28. Aureli. 2011, p81 29. Shane. 2005, p25 30. Kubo, M and Prat, R., eds, 2005, Seattle Public Library OMA/LMN, Barcelona: Actar, p120 31. Stadler, M., 2004, The Shaft: Seattle Public Library, Domus, June, v871, p24 32. Kubo and Prat. 2005, p93 33. Kubo and Prat. 2005, p38 34. Kubo and Prat. 2005, p26 35. Mau, B., 2011, Seattle Public Library, [online] < http://www.brucemaudesign.com/4817/97353/work/seattlepublic-library> [31 January 2013] 36. Borges, J, L., 1970, Labyrinths, London: Penguin, p78 37. Perrault, D., 2005, French National Library, [online] <http://www.perraultarchitecte.com/en/projects/2465french_national_library.html> [4 March 2013] 38. Futagawa, Y., 2006, GA Contemporary Architecture: Library, Tokyo: A.D.A EDITA Tokyo Co Ltd, p168 32

39. Perrault. 2005 40. Rao, V., Embracing Urbanism: The City As Archive, New Literary History, 40, 2, 2009, [e-journal] <http:// mediaarchaeologyofplace.org/downloads/readings/Rao_CityasArchive.pdf> [10 March 2013], p378

3. Archive Of The City 41. Derrida. 1995, p2 42. Ibid. 43. Mumford. 1961, p562 44. Mumford. 1961, p561 45. Mumford. 1961, p562 46. Ibid. 47. Oxford University Press. 2013 48. Rao. 2009, p374 49. Foucault, M., 1967, Of Other Spaces, trans by Miskowiec, Jay.,1984, [online] <http://foucault.info/documents/ heteroTopia/foucault.heteroTopia.en.html> [9 March 2013] 50. Coyne, R., 2011, Derrida For Architects, London: Routledge, p83 51. Derrida. 1995, p19 52. Coyne. 2011, p96 53. Rossi. 1966, p130 54. Eisenmann, P., 1982, Editorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Introduction, In: Rossi, A., 1966, The Architecture of the City, 1982 edition, London: MIT Press 55. Rossi. 1966, p128 56. Rossi. 1966, p134 57. Rossi. 1966, p137 33

58. Rossi. 1966, p134 59. Rossi. 1966, p128 60. Gabrielsson, C., 2008, Public Space as medium: The Rough Magic of Stortoget, OASE, v77, p105 61. Jacobs, A., 1993, Great Streets, Cambridge Massachusetts: MIT Press, p124 62. McDonald, W., 1986, The Architecture of the Roman Empire II: An Urban Appraisal, London: New Haven, p48 63. Fisher, W, B., 2008, Place Des Vosges, In: The Hotel Particulier: An Architectural Typology, Burton, T., ed, London Metropolitan University, p8 64. Aureli. 2011, p155 65. Rossi. 1966, p142 66. Rossi. 1966, p97 67. Rossi. 1966, p126 68. Rossi. 1966, p139 69. Rossi. 1966, p59 70. Mumford. 1961, p63 71. Geddes, P., 1915, Cities In Evolution, Revised Ed, 1968, London: Ernest & Benn Ltd 72. Welter, V., 2002, Biopolis: Patrick Geddes and the City of Life, Cambridge Massachusetts: MIT Press, p134 73. Derrida. 1995, p4 74. Welter. 2002, p78 75. Welter. 2002, p131 76. Meissen, M., 2011, The Archive as a Productive Space of Conflict: Archival Practice and its Spatial Repercussions, [online] <http://www.studiomeissen.com/ the archive as a productive space of conflict> [11 February 2013] 77. Miessen, M., 2011, The Archive as a Productive Space of Conflict, The Architectural Association School of Architecture: London 22 March, [online lecture] <http://www.aaschool.ac.uk/VIDEO/lecture.php?ID=1337> [11 March 2013] 34

78. Linke. 2011, The Archive as a Productive Space of Conflict 79. Miessen. 2011, The Archive as a Productive Space of Conflict 80. Economist, The., 2013, Public Records in Hong Kong, [online] <http://www.economist.com/blogs/ analects/2013/04/public-records-hong-kong> [12 April 2013] 81. Economist, The., 2012, Urban Research: The Laws of the City, [online] <http://www.economist.com/ node/21557313> [10 January 2013]

4. Dundee: Moving The Archives 82. Lewis, P., 2011, Dundee Council Civic Offices: A Civic Language, [online] <http://www.reiachandhall.co.uk/ images/project_pages/Dundee_Civic.pdf> [25 November 2012], p5 83. Reiach and Hall., n.d, A New Place In The City, [competition entry - unpublished], [31 January 2013] 84. Reiach and Hall. n.d 85. McKean, C., Whately, P., and Baxter, B., 2008, Lost Dundee: Dundeeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Lost Architectural Heritage, Edinburgh: Birlinn Ltd, p58 86. McKean, C and Walker, D. 1984, Dundee: An Illustrated Architectural Guide, Edinburgh: Pillans & Wilson, p16 87. McKean, Whately and Baxter. 2008, p55 88. Flett, I and Allan, M., 2013, Conversation about Dundee City Archives, [coversation], [4 February 2013] 89. Arendt, H., 1958, The Human Condition, Chicago: The University of Chicago 90. Foucault. 1967 91. Arendt. 1958, p52 92. Arendt. 1958, p53

Arendt, H., 1958, The Human Condition, Chicago: The University of Chicago

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Geddes, P., 1915, Cities In Evolution, Revised Ed, 1968, London: Ernest & Benn Ltd Hardingham, S., Linke, A., Miessen, M and Obrist, H., 2011, The Archive as a Productive Space of Conflict, The Architectural Association School of Architecture: London 22 March, [online lecture] <http://www.aaschool.ac.uk/ VIDEO/lecture.php?ID=1337> [11 March 2013] Holm, L and Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Connor, H., 2012, Rooms and Cities, [online] <Rooms&Cities Blogspot http://roomsandcities. blogspot.co.uk/> [28 June 2012] Jacobs, A., 1993, Great Streets, Cambridge Massachusetts: MIT Press Kostof, S., 1991, The City Shaped: Urban Patterns and Meanings Through History, London: Thames & Hudson Kostof, S., 1992, The City Assembled, London: Thames & Hudson Kubo, M and Prat, R., eds, 2005, Seattle Public Library OMA/LMN, Barcelona: Actar Lewis, P., 2011, Dundee Council Civic Offices: A Civic Language, [online] <http://www.reiachandhall.co.uk/images/ project_pages/Dundee_Civic.pdf> [25 November 2012] Mau, B., 2011, Seattle Public Library, [online] < http://www.brucemaudesign.com/4817/97353/work/seattle-publiclibrary> [31 January 2013] McDonald, W., 1986, The Architecture of the Roman Empire II: An Urban Appraisal, London: New Haven McKean, C and Walker, D. 1984, Dundee: An Illustrated Architectural Guide, Edinburgh: Pillans & Wilson McKean, C., Whately, P., and Baxter, B., 2008, Lost Dundee: Dundeeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Lost Architectural Heritage, Edinburgh: Birlinn Ltd Meissen, M., 2011, The Archive as a Productive Space of Conflict: Archival Practice and its Spatial Repercussions, [online] <http://www.studiomeissen.com/ the archive as a productive space of conflict> [11 February 2013] Miller, H., 1990, Patrick Geddes, Social Evolutionist and Town Planner, London: Routledge Mumford, L., 1961, The City In History, London: Martin Secker and Warburg Ltd Naumann, U., 2005, Brief History of the Library, Detail, March, p148 Oxford University Press., 2013, Oxford English Dictionary, [online] <http://www.oed.com/> [28 January 2013] Perrault, D., 2005, French National Library, [online] <http://www.perraultarchitecte.com/en/projects/2465-french_ national_library.html> [4 March 2013]

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1. Scotlandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s People., n.d, Adam Dome Interior, [online photograph] <http://www.scotlandspeoplehub.gov.uk/ scotlands-people-centre/general-register-house.html> [4 October 2012] (High resolution copy supplied by Iain Ferguson: Scotlandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s People Centre Manager)

Illustration Credits

2. Author., 2012, General Register House, Figure Ground Plan, [Line Drawing] 3. Author., 2012, Information and Order, General Register House, [Line Drawing and Adobe Photoshop] 4. Author., 2012, Adam Dome Plan & Section, [Line Drawing] 38

5. Author., 2012, General Register House, Public Rooms, [Line Drawing] 6. Author., 2012, General Register House & North Bridge, [Line Drawing] 7. Adam, R., 1771, Section through General Register House, [drawing] In: Sanderson, M., 1992, The Building of the General Register House, Broxburn: Alna Ltd p17 8. Dutert, F., 1874, The Basilica Julia, the temple of Saturn, the temple of Vespasian, the temple of Concord, the Tabularium, [painting], [online image] <http://ancientrome.ru/art/artworken/img.htm?id=1585> [10 April 2013] 9. Author., 2012, Metroon Plan, [Line Drawing] 10. Author., 2012, Tabularium Plan, [Line Drawing] 11. Prat, R., 2005, Book Spiral, [photograph], In: Kubo, M., Prat, R., eds, 2005, Seattle Public Library OMA/LMN, Barcelona: Actar p118 12. OMA., c1999, Book Spiral diagram, [drawing], In: Kubo, M., Prat, R., eds, 2005, Seattle Public Library OMA/ LMN, Barcelona: Actar p35 13. Perrault, D., 1988, Bibliotheque National De France Plan & Section, [drawing], In: Futagawa, Y., 2006, GA Contemporary Architecture: Library, A.D.A EDITA Tokyo Co Ltd p171 14. Perrault, D., 1988, Bibliotheque National De France Diagram, [drawing], In: Futagawa, Y., 2006, GA Contemporary Architecture: Library, A.D.A EDITA Tokyo Co Ltd p169 15. Author., 2013, Programme Diagrams, [Line Drawing with Photoshop] 16. Author., 2012, Athens Agora Plan, [Line Drawing] 17. Anon., n.d, Rome, the imperial fora, [drawing], In: Rowe, C and Koetter, F., 1978, Collage City, London: MIT Press p85 18. Author., 2013, Overgate Collage, [Line Drawing and Photoshop] 19. Author., 2013, Bologna Street Plan, [Line Drawing] 20. Turgot, M., 1739, Plan of Paris, [drawing], In: The Hotel Particulier: An Architectural Typology, ed. by Burton, Tim., London Metropolitan University, p2 21. Geddes, P., 1915, The Outlook Tower, [drawing], In: Welter, V., 2002, Biopolis: Patrick Geddes and the City of Life, Cambridge Massachusetts: MIT Press, p79 22. Ordnance Survey Large Scale Scottish Town Plans., 1871-2, Town Plan of Dundee, 1:500 scale, [online map] <National Library of Scotland http://maps.nls.uk/townplans/dundee_2.html> [04 January 2013] 39

23. Author., 2013, Institutions, [Line Drawing and Photoshop] 24. Civic Loggias 24a-c. Author., 2013, Civic Loggias, [Line Drawing] 24a. Anon., c1932, The Pillars, [photograph], In: McKean, C., Whately, P., and Baxter, B., 2008, Lost Dundee Dundeeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Lost Architectural Heritage, Birlinn Limited, Edinburgh, p56 24b. Author., 2012, Dundee Civic Offices [photograph] 24c. Anon., n.d, Rome Municipal Registry, [online photograph] <http://www.romeartlover.it/Vasi80.htm> [1 December 2012] 25a. Author., 2013, Existing Site Plan, [Line Drawing] 25b. Author., 2013, Site Plan as proposed by Dundee City Council, [Line Drawing] 26. Town Halls 26a. Author., 2012, Dundee Town Hall, [Line Drawing] 26b. Author., 2012, Dundee Civic Offices, [Line Drawing] 27. Author., 2013, Sectional Model, [Photograph] 28. Author., 2013, Collage of Site and Place Des Vosges, [Line Drawing with illustration (20)] 29. Author., 2013, Massing Model, [Photograph] 30. Author., 2013, Site Study, Current Conditions, [Line Drawing and Sketch] 31. Author., 2013, Site Study, Proposed Conditions, [Line Drawing and Sketch] 32. Author., 2013, City Diagrams, [Line Drawing] 33. Author., 2013, Site Plan, [Line Drawing] 34. Author., 2013, Wall of Information, [Line Drawing and Photoshop] 35. Author., 2013, Building Organising Information, [Line Drawing and Photoshop] 36. Davie, F., Grieve, M., Hughes, L., Jamjoom, Q., Keane, L., McAlpine, A., Moffatt, J., Morton, J., Phelan, O., Piggott, T., Popplewell, M., Rainey, T., Russell, E., Stewart, C and Yip, F., 2012, Room Sixteen In Situ, [Photograph] 37. Davie, F., Grieve, M., Hughes, L., Jamjoom, Q., Keane, L., McAlpine, A., Moffatt, J., Morton, J., Phelan, O., Piggott, T., Popplewell, M., Rainey, T., Russell, E., Stewart, C and Yip, F., 2012, Survey of Void Space, [Line Drawing] In: Rooms and Cities: Sixteen Rooms, p79 Cover. Author., 2013, Axonometic of Public Rooms, [Line Drawing]