December 6, 2016
The Neatest Little Paper Ever Read®
Issue 00299
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Every 90 minutes during the night humans enter a period of dreaming, characterized by rapid eye movements (REM) and a distinct pattern on the electroencephalograph. About a quarter of the time spent asleep is spent dreaming. It is not only sleep that is necessary— it is dreaming. Those who are prevented from dreaming for research purposes lose their productivity and eventually may become psychotic. Come along with Tidbits as we explore our dreams!
SWEET DREAMS • During REM sleep the body is almost totally paralyzed. Only the diaphragm, intestines, heart, blood and eyes are not affected. • When sleeping volunteers were awakened during REM sleep, they remembered their dream 80% of the time. But when awakened during non-REM sleep, they recalled their dreams only 11% of the time. • When a stimulus was provided during the dream, it would often be worked into the dream. In one study, a few drops of water were sprayed into the dreamer’s face. One subject had been dreaming he was acting in a play, when suddenly a hole opened up in the roof and the rain came through. About 40% of subjects reported dreaming about the spray of water. But only 23% incorporated a flash of light into their dream, and 9% incorporated a bell tone. • Five minutes after the end of the dream, 50% of the content is forgotten, and after ten minutes about 90% is forgotten. • Our brain waves are more active when we are dreaming than when we are awake. Blood flow
“I’m a person who dares to dream!” “That’s because you’re asleep all the time!”
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to the brain increases during dreaming. • We usually spend more than two hours each night dreaming. We dream at least four to six times a night. • Babies in the womb dream. Babies born prematurely will spend 10% more time dreaming than full-term babies. • People never snore while they’re dreaming. People never sleepwalk when they’re dreaming. • It’s not uncommon for deaf people to use sign language in their sleep • Those born blind experience dreams involving things such as emotion, sound, and smell rather than sight. They dream without experiencing rapid eye movement. • Chronic use of barbiturates or alcohol can lead to nightmares, especially after their use is discontinued. The same sleeping pills that people take to regulate their sleep can cause profoundly disturbed sleep. • The continuous brain recordings that led to the discovery of REM sleep were not done until 1953, partly because the scientists involved were concerned about wasting paper. The paper needed to do an EEG of just one night’s sleep was about half a mile long. Today the information is digitized so no paper is needed.
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guinea pig (which is much more developed at birth) has almost no REM sleep at all. Some birds and even fish have been shown to have the rapid eye movement characteristic of the state of dreaming. • In one experiment, monkeys were strapped into chairs in front of a video screen and taught that they must repeatedly press a bar in front of them whenever a certain image appeared on the screen. If they didn’t, they would receive a shock. After several days of intense training which included sleep deprivation, the monkeys were allowed to fall asleep, still strapped to the chair, while their sleep was monitored. Not long after entering the REM dream stage, the animals began rapidly pressing the bar in front of them as they dreamed about the video screen.
ANIMAL DREAMS • Nearly all mammals have true REM sleep. Dolphins and anteaters are the only mammals who do not have REM sleep. However, with dolphins, one half of the brain will show a typical sleep EEG, while the other half has a normal waking EEG. During the following sleep cycle, the brain halves will be reversed. • The opossum dreams more than man. A newborn kitten, puppy, rat, or hamster experiences only REM sleep, while a newborn
IT’S A FACT • Vitamin B complex and St. John’s Wort have been shown to produce more vivid dreams.
DREAMING UP AN ANSWER • Making lead shot for shotguns was difficult and time-consuming in the 1800s. Lead was rolled into sheets and the sheets were chopped into bits, or it was drawn into wire and cut into pieces. The resulting shot was expensive and of poor quality. James Watt, inventor of the first practical steam engine, had a recurring dream one week. In it, he seemed to be in a heavy
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1. Who dreams more: young people or old people? 2. Who dreams more: women or men? 3. Who dreams more: people with higher IQs or people with lower IQs? 4. Who dreams more: smokers or non-smokers? 5. Who dreams more: babies or adults?
rainstorm but instead of water drops, he was being pelted with tiny lead pellets that rolled around on the ground. Intrigued by the dream, Watt experimented by dropping molten lead from the top of a church tower into a waterfilled moat. When he recovered the pellets he found that they were perfectly round. To this day, lead shot is made by the process Watt dreamed up. • Elias Howe was trying to invent a sewing machine, but he was having a major problem. He couldn’t figure out where to locate the eye of the needle. The eye of the needle is always located in the end of the needle furthest from the point, but all his designs failed to work properly. He was at wits end and rapidly running out of money when he fell asleep one night and had a strange dream. In the dream he was being led to his execution. The king had ordered him killed because he could not design a sewing machine. He was surrounded by guards who were all armed with spears that were pierced at the head. When Howe awoke, he realized this was the solution to the problem. In short order he had invented a sewing machine whose needle had the eye at the head, now the universal design. • Robert Louis Stevenson wrote a story called “The Traveling Companion” and sent it to an editor. The editor rejected the story saying, “This is an ingenious piece of work but your plot is weak.” Stevenson was at a loss to figure out how to improve the tale. Then one night he re-read the story before falling asleep. In a dream he had that night, he saw his story being acted out, with a different plot twist. When he awoke, he wrote down the details of the dream and then re-worked the story. The result was “Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.” • Rudyard Kipling once had a dream in which he saw himself at a formal function in a big hall with rough stone flooring. There was a crowd of people around him and his view was obstructed by a fat man in front of him. A man touched him on the sleeve and said, “May I have a word with you?” Then he awoke. It was six weeks later when this dream was fulfilled down to the last detail when Kipling attended an official gathering. Although the man who wanted to speak to him had nothing consequential to say, Kipling was amazed at the fulfillment of the dream. Amazing Animals
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• The skin on the back of a cat’s neck is five times thicker than it is on their hind feet. • Dolphins don’t have waterproof skin. Instead, it is actually waterlogged, cutting down on friction as the dolphin swims. • In the 1700s, trappers could get 50 cents for a doe skin, but a dollar for a buck skin. That’s
why a dollar is now called a “buck.” • Ernest Ebbitson of England spent 30 years trying to breed a frog with transparent skin in order to avoid the destruction of so many frogs that are dissected each year in biology classes. • When First Lady Jackie Kennedy wore a Somali leopard skin coat in 1962, the price of leopard coats tripled from $6,000 to $18,000 and five years later Somali leopards were declared an endangered species. • Earthworms have no lungs. They breathe through their skin. • The skin of a shark is not covered with scales, but with denticles, which are akin to tiny teeth. A shark can do much damage just by brushing against a human. Leather made from the skin of a tiger shark has up to 10 times the tensile strength of ox hide. • The fur of a polar bear is actually transparent, which reflects light and appears white in the same way that snow is clear but looks white. The skin of a polar bear is pure black in order to absorb heat from the sun which is transferred by the clear fur.
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RAREBITTUBAS These encourage sleep but discourage dreams.
as ants) from which they gather alkaloids that they transform into poison.
INSOMNIA • Pig skin has no sweat glands. To keep cool, pigs prefer a dip in cool, clean water. If that is not available, mud will do. Mud also protects them from lice and other parasites. Pigs prefer clean pens, and will always relieve themselves in the corner furthest from where they sleep. • A cow has sweat glands only in the nose. • So what happens when you pour salt on a slug? In simple terms, salt over-stimulates the slug’s skin glands, causing them to involuntarily secret large amounts of their bodily fluids, often to lethal extents. Salt causes them to basically sweat to death. The active ingredient in most commercial slug poisons is metaldehyde, which has the same effect on slugs as salt. Metaldehyde will last through rain storms without dissolving. • Before the advent of firearms, natives of South America were well known for hunting with poisoned arrows. The toxin was obtained from the skin of a number of brightly colored frogs commonly known as dart frogs. The most notable species is the one named Phyllobates terribilis. The poison manufactured by this frog makes “strychnine look like table salt,” according to one researcher. When the frog is under stress, it secretes an oily white poison from glands in its skin. By tormenting a single frog, hunters could collect enough poison to dip about 50 arrows. The poison would remain deadly for about 6 months. • Found only in Central and South America, dart frogs are one of the most poisonous animals known to man. Just one frog can produce enough poison to kill 20,000 mice. It takes just .006 of an ounce to kill a grown man. A single golden dart-poison frog contains enough poison to kill 2,200 people. There is still no known antidote. Scientists are studying the substance, hoping to discover clues to cystic fibrosis and other neurological diseases. Extracts may one day prove useful as heart stimulants or anesthetics. One hurdle standing in the way of research is the fact that dart frogs caught in the wild and held in captivity gradually lose their toxicity because they are not eating the insects (such
• Half the population of the U.S. suffers from insomnia at some point. Insomnia is almost twice as common in women as it is in men. • When deprived of sleep, senses diminish, reactions slow, motor speed decreases, and the memory fails. The body temperature drops, and hallucinations and/or psychosis and paranoia may result if sleeplessness is continued. The body will be completely restored to normal after a period of sleep. • In sleep-deprived people, it is most difficult for
“Dreams are the best proof of the fact that we are not as securely locked inside our skins as it seems.” -Friedrich Hebbel
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When crumbs gather in the cracks of your keyboard, turn it upside down and give it a good shake to remove most. Then, use the sticky side of a Post-it note dragged between the keys to clean out the rest.
* “Save large platters that come with holiday trays to use when bringing cookies or baked goods to other parties. That way you don’t have to bring home a platter, you can just leave it and pass it on.” -- E.G. in Kansas * “Schedule haircuts and nail appointments to coincide with holiday parties. Then you wonÕt have to worry about doing your hair. It will still look nice from your beautician appointment.” -- A.I. in Indiana * “I find that the best conversation starter when visiting a large group of family or friends is a box or basket of photos. It is inexpensive to print copies, and I have all my old photos scanned anyway. Bringing them in a basket rather than in an album works because we pass them around, and people can take photos home with them. Sometimes, a picture will inspire a story, and I might write it down on the back of the photo to remember it and tuck it away. ItÕs more than worth the $10-$15 it costs to print pictures.” -- L.W. in Virginia * Try substituting cream cheese for sour cream in your mashed potatoes for a dreamy, creamy alternative. Whip in with a mixer and enjoy. * Write return addresses on the back of holiday cards before disposing of the envelope. They can be tucked away for next yearÕs holiday cards list. Send your tips to Now Here’s a Tip, 628 Virginia Drive, Orlando, FL 32803. (c) 2016 King Features Synd., Inc.
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First Lady Betty Ford once heard President Gerald Ford talking in his sleep, saying “Thank you, thank you, thank you.” When she woke him up, he said he had been dreaming that he was in a receiving line.
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1. How many individual dreams will the average adult have in a year? 2. On average, how many of those dreams will be a nightmare?
them to stay awake between the hours of 3:00 a.m. and 5:00 a.m. • In a sleep lab, volunteers who got eight hours of sound sleep were tested for reaction time on a number of different tasks. The following night they were shorted on their sleep. When the tests were repeated, it was not surprising that their marks fell as their reaction time increased. Following a normal 8-hour sleep, reaction times returned to normal. The following night, they were allowed to sleep more than 8 hours. Researchers were surprised to see that their reaction time decreased after over-sleeping just as it had when they under-slept. • In a sleep deprivation study, subjects were asked to sit in front of a computer screen and press a button each time the letter X appeared. At the beginning of the experiment, the subjects performed flawlessly. But after two nights without sleep, only one in four Xs were noted, and the button was often pressed for the wrong letters. This is due to microsleep sessions, in which the body falls asleep for mere seconds. • Sleep-deprived subjects can perform almost any test perfectly is it’s a brief test. However, severe impairment occurs if tests are sustained, repetitive tasks. • The accident rate in industry for night workers is almost twice the rate for those who work only in the day. • Shift workers are 2 to 5 times more likely to fall asleep on the job than employees with regular, daytime hours. • Lab animals subjected to a six hour phase shift of their light/dark cycle every week (which corresponds to a rotating shift system) showed a 20% reduction of life expectancy. • A survey conducted by the Department of Transportation revealed that 10% of all traffic accidents may be sleep-related, and as many as 20% of all drivers have drifted off to sleep behind the wheel at some point. • Being sleepy is just like being drunk. If you lose 2 hours of sleep, you can impair your performance equal to a .05 blood-alcohol level. After five nights of partial sleep deprivation, three drinks will have the same effect on your body as six would when you’ve slept enough. • The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration reported that being tired accounts for the highest number of fatal singlecar run-off-the-road crashes— even more than alcohol. • Each year, sleep-related errors and accidents cost U.S. businesses an estimated $56 billion, cause nearly 25,000 deaths, and result in 2.5 million disabling injuries. • The record for the longest period without sleep was set by Maureen Weston who stayed awake for 18 days, 21 hours, 40 minutes during a rocking chair marathon. She reported hallucinations, paranoia, blurred vision, slurred speech, memory problems, and concentration lapses, but made a full recovery after the contest ended. “The Guinness Book of Records” stopped awarding records in this category to discourage people from engaging in dangerous behavior.
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Triple Chocolate Desserts A holiday goodie! You needn’t feel deprived this holiday season!
1 (4-serving) package Jell-O sugar-free instant white chocolate pudding mix 2/3 cup Carnation nonfat dry milk powder 1 cup water 3/4 cup Dannon plain fat-free yogurt 1/2 cup Cool Whip Free 2 tablespoons chopped pecans 2 tablespoons mini chocolate chips 3 (2 1/2-inch) chocolate graham cracker squares, made into crumbs 1. In a large bowl, combine dry pudding mix, dry milk powder and water. Mix well using a wire whisk. Blend in yogurt and Cool Whip Free. Add pecans and chocolate chips. Mix well to combine. 2. Evenly spoon mixture into 4 dessert dishes. Sprinkle graham cracker crumbs evenly over top of desserts. Refrigerate for at least 15 minutes. Serves 4. HINT: A self-seal sandwich bag works great for crushing graham crackers. * Each serving equals: 172 calories, 4g fat, 8g protein, 26g carb., 440mg sodium, 210mg calcium, 1g fiber; Diabetic Exchanges: 1 1/2 Starch/Carb., 1 Fat. (c) 2016 King Features Synd., Inc.
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by Samantha Weaver * In the early 20th century, celebrated racehorse Man o’ War won 20 of his 21 career races. Interestingly, his one loss (often attributed to a terrible start and the extra weight he was carrying) was to a horse named Upset. * Statistically speaking, you probably live within 320 miles of the place you were born. * Have you ever experienced a social situation in which you have to introduce someone, but you can’t quite remember their name? In Scotland, there’s a word to describe the hesitation caused by that moment of panic: a tartle. * According to a poll conducted by outdoor recreation retailer Gander Mountain, almost half of all hunters have some kind of ritual they observe to increase their chances for a lucky hunt. Some hunters go the entire season without shaving, some start each hunt at a particular time, some kiss the first bullet, some do an “antirain” dance -- the variations are endless. * Getting married soon, but working with a tight budget? If you’re considering cutbacks, you might not want to put the honeymoon on the chopping block. Researchers have found that couples who go on a honeymoon tend to have longer-lasting marriages than those who skip the trip -- no matter how much or how little you spend. Thought for the Day: “If I seem to take part in politics, it is only because politics encircles us today like the coil of a snake from which one cannot get out, no matter how much one tries. I wish therefore to wrestle with the snake.” -Mahatma Gandhi (c) 2016 King Features Synd., Inc.
V.J.H. Auxiliary Gift Shop is filled with Christmas--Stocking Stuffers, Christmas Decorations and Gifts galore. Also lovely floral arrangements at very reasonable prices, made fresh weekly by auxiliary members.. Donations of small and medium vases would be gratefully accepted. Just drop them off at the Gift Shop. All money made in the Gift Shop goes to the hospital for needed equipment and patient comfort. The auxiliary really appreciates your support.
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“Tell me about the dreams you had last night,” said the psychiatrist to his patient. “Well,” she replied, “I dreamed I was walking down the street wearing nothing but a hat.” “Were you embarrassed?” asked the doctor. “You bet I was,” she exclaimed. “It was last year’s hat!”
1. Young people dream more than older people. 2.Women dream more than men. 3. Intelligent people dream more than n people. 4. Non-smokers dream more than smoers. 5. Infants spend about half of their sleep in the REM state, whereas adults only 20%.
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1. How many individual dreams will the average adult have in a year? 2. On average, how many of those dreams will be a nightmare?
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