Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Development in Kalimantan (Thesis Research Booklet)

M O V I N G C A P I TA L S

REDEFINING URBAN ARCHITECTURE IN KALIMANTAN

MICHELLE GOUW

Acknowledgement

Firstly, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my thesis mentor, Prof. Thomas Schroepfer for his guidance and endless support. With his expertise and his enthusiasm, he has inspired me to explore the new possibilities of architecture through this meaningful thesis project.

Thank you to all my family and friends for all of the encouragement and loving support through this challenging period. Both of my parents and my brother providing me with unfailing support during the whole thesis preparation process. This accomplishment would not have been possible without them.

Last but not least, I wish to thank my first architecture studio mentor, Prof. Joshua Comaroff for his encouragement to pursue this challenging topic at the first place.

I hope my thesis project could bring positive contributions to the community and beyond.

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan Thesis Research Journal

Michelle Gouw Thesis Mentor : Prof. Thomas Schroepfer

Master Thesis Architecture and Sustainable Design SUTD

View of Kalimantan Main Forest / ROMEO GACAD/AFP/GETTY IMAGES

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Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan

Abstract In the recent case of Jakarta’s condition prone to sinking due to climate change and rising sea levels, the official government decides to move its central government to East Kalimantan. This decision to move the capital as a direct response to climate change seems to create significant environmental concern for Kalimantan. The proposed site for the new capital was known as the second largest “lungs of the world” after Brazil, serving as habitats for preserved biodiversity including orangutan, clouded leopard, and rhinoceros. The forest with all the biodiversity is also home to the indigenous tribes and locals.

“Almost everybody here depends on the forests. Many works as hunters, others as farmers, so it is very important for our livelihood.”

As one of the biggest mining regions in the country, Kalimantan has always been faced with the increasing rate of deforestation and forest fire. The institute estimates that clearing the amount of land needed for a capital in Borneo would release 48 million tons of carbon dioxide, about the same annual footprint of 9.3 million drivers.

(VOA, 2019) The development of the new capital city will heighten the environmental and social impacts in Borneo.

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan

“Capitals do not merely exist; they are the various product of human will and historical circumstances. A capital located for reasons of climate, could push it into the interior or toward an area of great natural beauty.�

Architecture, Power, and National Identity (Vale, 2008)

7

8

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan

Content

Abstract Introduction Content Jakarta to Kalimantan Moving Capitals Timeline Capital City Masterplaning Building Typology Relation to Nature

City of the Future Architecture and Smart Cities Architecture and Urban Resilience City and Architecture in Nature

East Kalimantan : New Capital to Indonesia Geographic and Climate Nature and Biodiversity Socio-Ethnographic Vernacular Architecture Government Status Current Plan Winning Proposal Critique Preliminary site and program

Bibliography

9

10 Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan

Flooding in Jakarta/ Winda Wahyu Fariansih/DETIKNEWS

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 11

Jakarta to Kalimantan The moving aims to relocate Indonesia government’s administrativ functions from Jakarta to a yet-to-be-built city in East Kalimantan, more than 1,000km away. Located in the island of Borneo , which is also shared with Malaysia and Brunei, Kalimantan has been home to major mining activities and rainforest where orang utans live in their natural habitat.

As home to 10 million people, Jakarta is struggling under huge environmental crisis. Java island is overpopulated with 60% of country’s population and more than half of its economic activity. Compared to Java, the size of Kalimantan is almost four times bigger, but account for less than a tenth of gross domestic production.

12 Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan

Flooding in Jakarta/ ED WRAY/GETTY IMAGES

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 13

Source : Climate Central

What’s wrong with Jakarta?

Much of the city is also sinking at an alarming rate and predicted to face serious water shortages by 2040.In the past fortnight, Jakarta has faced an air pollution crisis, a protracted city-wide blackout and an earthquake.As there are 10.2 million people currently living in Jakarta, it means that thousands of people can be driving on the city roads at once. This can lead to big traffic jams and congestion of vehicles on the roads. This is a problem because it means that it is very hard to get around the city and it is a pain for the people of Jakarta. Public transport is also affected by overcrowding because the current transport system is not sufficient and big enough to cater to all of the 10 million residents.

Flooding in Jakarta/ ED WRAY/GETTY IMAGES

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Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 15

Housing and Infrastructure Issue in Jakarta Informal Settlements along River and Railway Much of the city is also sinking at an alarming rate and predicted to face serious water shortages by 2040.In the past fortnight, Jakarta has faced an air pollution crisis, a protracted city-wide blackout and an earthquake.As there are 10.2 million people currently living in Jakarta, it means that thousands of people can be driving on the city roads at once. This can lead to big traffic jams and congestion of vehicles on the roads. This is a problem because it means that it is very hard to get around the city and it is a pain for the people of Jakarta. Public transport is also affected by overcrowding because the current transport system is not sufficient and big enough to cater to all of the 10 million residents.

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Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 17

Housing and Infrastructure Issue in Jakarta Public Housing Density and Fire-hazard Much of the city is also sinking at an alarming rate and predicted to face serious water shortages by 2040.In the past fortnight, Jakarta has faced an air pollution crisis, a protracted city-wide blackout and an earthquake.As there are 10.2 million people currently living in Jakarta, it means that thousands of people can be driving on the city roads at once. This can lead to big traffic jams and congestion of vehicles on the roads. to all of the 10 million residents.

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Territory was being developed for a palm oil plantation in 2014. Bay Ismoyo/AFP/Getty Images

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 19

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Drawings of the present and future by children in lower Kapuas, West Kalimantan.

Both the drawings represent respectively the present (A) and future conditions (B) of the forest and animal wildlife.

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 21

1950

1985

2005

2010

2000

2020

Source : GRID-Adrenal

Deforestation in Kalimantan Illegal logging has become a way of life for some communities, with timber being taken from wherever it is accessible, sold to collectors and processed in huge sawmills. In the absence of sufficient alternative economic development, this is an irresistible lure for the local communities. If the Heart of Borneo were cleared for what would be unviable oil palm plantations, this would seriously affect the region’s water catchment role and would impact the region’s unique biodiversity. The unsuitability of the terrain may also result in large-scale soil erosion, flooding and increase the risk of fire.

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Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 23

Moving Capitals Capital city may be categorized in many ways, but no one criterion for identification does justice to the complexity of forces that make cities. This existence of a particular form of capital in a particular location is dependent upon a delicate and shifting balance among many kinds of contending forces.

In this following chapter, the studies of architecture element in the moving capitals will be further anlaysed and identified. The precedent are chosen according to the relevancy to the chosen site conditions.

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Atlas of Moving Capitals

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 25

Legend Population & Infrastructure Location Socio-political situation

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continent : asia prev. capital : Ayutthaya

Bangkok

THAILAND 1762 continent : Europe prev. capital : Krakow keywords: political border

Vientiane

Laos 1573

1200 UK

Tokyo

Japan 1868

continent : Europe prev. capital : Bonn keywords: administrative city

Poland 1945

Berlin

Germany 1920

1913 Australia

commonwealth

London

continent : europe prev. capital : Winchester keywords : garden city, Ebenezer Howard

Warsaw

continent : asia prev. capital : Kyoto keywords: grid city, circular plan

cat : ancient historical capital continent : asia prev. capital : Luang Prabang

Canberra

1800 USA

1917 Russia Moscow

1923 Turkey Ankara

continent : Australia keywords : self-governing territory

Washington DC

continent : america prev. capital : Philadelphia, New York City keywords : L’enfant Plan

continent : Europe keywords :Political Revolution, circular plan

continent : Europe prev. capital : Istanbul keywords :strategic location

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 27

?

East Kalimantan

Indonesia 2019 - 2025

continent : Asia prev. capital : Jakarta keywords: climate, over-population, infrastructure continent : Europe prev. capital : Tel Aviv keywords: political tension

Jerusalem

continent : South America prev. capital : Rio De Janeiro keywords: dual axis

Israel 1980

continent : Asia prev. capital : Yangon keywords: political

Napydiaw

Brasilia

Myanmmar 2005

Brazil 1960

1954 Vietnam

1995 Malaysia

Hanoi

Putrajaya

2015 - 2024 Egypt New Cairo

continent : Africa previous capital : Cairo keywords :over-population, sustainable

continent : Asia prev. capital : Hue, Ho Chi MInh keywords :unification

continent : Asia cat. : punjab capital keywords :Le Cobusier

1966 India

Chandigarh

continent : Asia cat. : administrative capital keywords :administrative

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Monumental Capitol Axis/ Global Drone Video

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 29

Capital City Masterplanning Strategy

Washington DC Founded after the Revolution as the government seat of the independent country, Washington DC was named after George Washington, the first president and founding father of the United States. L’Enfant’s imagination is influenced by his understanding of 18th-century Baroque landscape architecture as he planned the capital city. His familiarity with the city of Paris and the grounds of Versailles also affect idea of city planning with different scale of parks and green element.

SEATTLE

PORTLAND MINNEAPOLIS

BUFFALO

BOSTON

DETROIT

SAN FRANCISCO

NEW YORK CITY PHILADELPHIA BALTIMORE

CHICAGO DENVER

WASHINGTON DC

KANSAS CITY

NORFOLK NASHVILLE LOS ANGELES SAN DIEGO

ATLANTA

ALBUQUERQUE PHOENIX

BRIMINGHAM

DALLAS AUSTIN SAN ANTONIO

HOUSTON

NEW ORLEANS MIAMI e t c t f f

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Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 31

Project Information Federal capital city Land Water

177.0 km2 158.1 km2 18.9 km2

Density

4,442/km2

Keywords L’Enfant Axis, Capitol

L’Enfant Axis L’Enfant envisioned the “President’s House” in the proximity of public gardens and monumental architecture.

Washington’s streets are organized in a scheme of multiple diagonal avenues overlaying on a grid of wide northsouth- and east-west-trending streets.

Thus, an arrangement of wide tree-lined avenues creates great vistas and leads both to powerful focal points opening towards public spaces. The axis are designed emphasizing the importance of the new nation’s legislature of the “Congress House” which is located on a longitude designated as 0:0

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Marshland of DC/ taken in 1917

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 33

Others (Zoo, Garden, etc.)

DPR Park NPS Park planning zone water

Percentage Ownership of Greenspaces

16%

10%

Percentage Land Area Used

20% 4%

74%

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Brasilia Main Road / ArchDaily

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 35

Capital City Masterplanning Strategy

Brasilia Brasilia is located in the Federal District (Distrito Federal) carved out of Goiás state on the central plateau of Brazil. At the elevation of 1,100 meters, the city lies between the headwaters of the Tocantins, Paraná, and São Francisco rivers. TheBrazil’s capital has been acclaimed for its influence from the modernist architecture on a grand scale and for its utopian city plan.

BOA VISTA

MACAPA

BELEM MANAUS

SAO LUIS 1770

1575

PORTALEZA TEREZINA

60 129

40

0

19

JOAO PESSOA

16

90

1495

24

PORTO VELMA

NATAL 50

17

20

RECIFE

16

RIO BRANCO

MACEIO

85

16

192

0

0

925

125

GOIANIA

72

5

94

0

0

94

1110

890

1650

CUIABA

VITORIA BELO HORIZONTE RIO DE JANEIRO SAO PAOLO

CURITIBA FLORIANAPOLIS

PORTO ALEGRE

ARACAJU

SAO SALVADOR

103

BRASILIA

1240

2280

5 145 0 127

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MONUMENTAL AXIS RESIDENTIAL HIGHWAY AXIS

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 37

decomanus cardo principal

decomanus cardo - roman city

Decomanus Cardo The plan of the central city has been compared to a bird, a bow and arrow, or an airplane. Lucia Costa created the form emphasizing the Highway Axis (Eixo Rodoviårio), which curves from the north to the southwest and links Brasília’s main residential neighbourhoods, and the straight Monumental Axis (Eixo Monumental), which runs northwest-southeast and is lined by federal and civic buildings.

decomanus cardo - brasilia

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Superquadras Complex/ ArchDaily

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 39

Brasilia

Superquadras Both low-cost and luxury housing were built by the government in the central city area. Brasilia’s residential system is not defined by the typical linear disposition of residential blocks, but rather by 300m x 300m urban blocks.

The residential zones of the inner city are arranged into superquadras (“superblocks”), groups of apartment buildings along with a prescribed number and type of schools, retail stores, and open spaces.

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Neighborhood Complex Brasilia has set an exemplary residential ecosystem. The North Wing and South Wing form an area where the space is methodically proportionate to the human figure. The local residents has grown accustomed to an ideal urban lifestyle. Coming out of the subway in the city, the feeling of detachment and excess that characterize the city center turns into stillness and silence. The prominent character introduced in this urban block is the extension of public space.

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 41

SQN 108 - 1958

SQN 308 - 1959

SQN 315 - 1970

SQN 207 - 1972

SQN 204 - 1986

SQN 311- 1988 Comparison across Superquadras unit (arcoweb.com)

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Pilotis Strategy The configuration of the residential urban blocks, commonly referred to as Superquadras (“super blocks�), is a 280m square occupied by long, six-storey slab apartment buildings. The ground level of these buildings were conceived as being raised in pilotis to promote the integration of landscape and architecture, and to undermine a sense of private ownership. However, building codes have overtime allowed an increased occupation of the ground level.

pilotis

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 43

1950

85

85

1975 Balconies

1967 Service cores

12.5

85

12.5

87

16.5

1989 Cores to be inserted inside

1989 Balconies

91

14.5

18.5

Succesive changes in residential block plans over time (Braga, 2005,p.15)

Superquadras Structure In this urban blocks, there are no gates, fences, or inaccessible areas. Creating possibility for the residents to safely walk to every corner, going throughout the length of the district without any interruption. The buildings are all suspended by pilotis and without a front entrance: the access is from the bottom, with a lift, much like a spaceship. The vegetation fields are at one with the living spaces. The feature and spatial quality are integrated as in a landscape of piles or tree houses, interpreting the best aspects of a garden-city.

In each block, the residential building are arranged in numerous and varying ways, thus achieving ample variations of density, ‘always provided this general principles are observed: uniform height regulations, possibly six storeys raised on pillars, and separation of motor and pedestrian traffic.

To achieve spatial continuity within blocks, the ground floor of each building is the object of strategic landscape design aimed at coordinating the multiple-height levels of the horizontal surfaces: that of the ground, sloping down eastwards, and the ground floor of each residential building. The coordination between these two surfaces prevents uncontrolled disparity between the natural surface of the block and the artificial surface of the pillars, thus avoiding the generation of residual spaces and barriers that will distrupt the views and pedestrian access.

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4

3

7

2

1

5

6

&RVWDǢV IRXU VXSHUTXDGUDV FRPSRVH D QHLJKERUKRRG XQLW 6SHFLȌFDWLRQV &LQHPD 6PDOO VKRSV &KXUFK +LJK 6FKRRO *UHHQ DUHD P VXUURXQGLQJ DQG SK\VLFDOO\ GHȌQLQJ EORFN 3XEOLF 6FKRRO .LQGHUJDUGHQ (arcoweb.com)

SQS, SQN

SQS, SQN SQDS, SQDN

SQDS, SQDN

SQS 207

SQS, SQN

SQS 207

Building Form Typology across Superquadras (arcoweb.com)

SQS 204

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 45

Superquadras Complex/ ArchDaily

46 Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan

Superquadras Complex/ ArchDaily

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 47

Brasilia

Institutional Structure The Monumental Axis (Portuguese: Eixo Monumental) is a central avenue in Brasília’s city design.The avenue starts on the National Congress of Brazil building and becomes part of the DF-002 road. Its first section is known as “Ministries Esplanade” (“Esplanada dos Ministérios”), as it is surrounded by ministries and official buildings. Many important government buildings, monuments and memorials are located on the Monumental Axis.

48 Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan

Mega Structure and human scale (Braga, 2005,p.15)

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 49

Cathedral Brasilia/ ArchDaily

Planalto Palace/ ArchDaily

“…who goes to Brasilia may like its palaces or not, but cannot say that have seen something like this before. And architecture is this – invention” Oscar Niemeyer

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Bucolic Scale of Brasilia/ ArchDaily

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 51

BRASILIA

inhabitants count 50,000 100,000 200,000 400,000

Lorem ipsum

bucolic residential government water

52 Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan

Chandigarh Aerial View / gfilesIndia

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 53

Capital City Masterplanning Strategy

Chandigarh The birth of Chandigarh conceived immediately after India‘s Independence in 1947. The present site was selected taking into account various elements such as its central location in the state, proximity to the national capital & availability of sufficient water supply, fertile of soil, gradient of land for natural drainage, beautiful site with the panorama of blue hills as backdrop & moderate climate. The masterplan of Chandigarh design adapts modern city ideas in the dream city’s of India’s first prime minister, Jawahar Lal Nehru.

SHIMLA DEHADURUN

CHANDIGARH GANGTOK

NEW DELHI LUCKNOW

JAIPUR

DIAPUR PATNA AZAWL

RANCHI

GANDHINAGAR

KOLKATA

RAIPUR MUMBAI

HYDERABAD

PANAJ CHENNAI BENGALURU

THIRUVINATHAPURAM

PUDUCHERY

BHUBASNEWAR

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Superimposition with Cobusier Plan /ArchDaily

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 55

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Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 57

Tailored Grid Plan Le Cobusier transformed Mayer’s Plan into a tailored grid withnearly orthogonal curves. The new roads were assigned based on a hierarchy, ranging from “V1” arterials that connected cities to “V7” pedestrian paths and “V8” bicycle paths.

The grid of roadways bounded large Sectors (originally referred to as “Urban Villages”), featuring a strip of greenspace along the north-south axis crossed with a commercial road running from east to west.

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Green Belt Road in Chandigarh / ArchDaily

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 59

CAPITOL COMPLEX UTTAR MARG

VIGYAN PATH

MADYA MARG

UDYOG PATH

DASHKIN MARG

GREEN BELT

the hierarchy of roads and greenbelt applied throughout the grid system

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Superquadras Complex/ indianexpress

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 61

Chandigarh

Residential Sectors The superblocks in Chandigarh are designed to be a self sufficient neigborhood units placed along the curvilinear road.

The primary module of the city design is a sector, neighborhood unit in the dimension of 800 meters by 1200 meters. The residential units are differentiated based on rank and income group.

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Superquadras Grid Plan / ArchDaily

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 63

Residential Sector Block The self sufficient blocks are equiped with shops, educational and health centre, recreation and place of worship alongside with the residential area. The population in a sectors varies between 3,000 to 20,000 depending on the plot area and topographical condition.

Every sector is designed to be inward looking with four main vehicular road access.

These sector residences fall under 13 different categories based on rank and incomes of government official who would inhabit them. However, all of the residential units are unifiedin their modern geometric simplicity.

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Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew’s early housing and neighbourhood planning in Sector-22/ JACKSON LAIN

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 65

Residential Parcel Type Le Cobusier was not the sole author in establishing the city of Chandigarh. Sector 17 was designed by British architect Jane Drew andher husband-collaborator Maxwell fry. The influences behind their planningand housing type design focuses on the notion of neighborhood planning.

The Sector 17 had roads running through with pedestrians lane with commercial structure on the sides. The green and blue elements are incoorporated in the sector design providing civic spaces for the residents. Carnivals used to happen in this plaza which attracts social engagement of people in the neighborhood.

Typical Housing Sector Unit Plan / ArchDaily

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Monumental Structure in Capitol Complex / ArchDaily

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 67

Chandigarh

Institutional Structure the Capitol complex in Chandigarh took on a distinct monumental aesthetic and spatial vocabulary. The Governor’s Palace was to be placed at its head, with the High Court and Palace of the Assembly opposite each other nearby and the Secretariat off to the side, subordinated by virtue of its unceremonious location. Le Corbusier applied a integration of traditional Classical features and Indian design innovations simplified and built in concrete.

68 Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan

Monumental Structure in Capitol Complex / ArchDaily

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 69

Chandigarh District Court section and elevations with human scale

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BRASILIA

WASHINGTON DC

CHANDIGARH

reason of moving

overpopulation and infrastructure

political movement and development

location and infrastructure

population

4,645,843

705,749

1,055,000

density

480 pax/ sq.km

3783 pax/ sq.km

9200 pax/ sq.km

area

5,802 km²

177 km²

114 km²

planning principle

Decomanus-Cardo (dual -axis)

L’enfant Axis (multi-axis)

Modernist Grid

context before capital

forest area

forested hill, croplands, and waterway

foothills plains

relation to nature

Bucolic preservation area

National Parks and garden

Green Belt / Corridor

48% for bucolic

20% for parks

41% for greenery

urban fabric area percentage

37.5% for residential blocks

68% for residential

45% for residential blocks

residential block type

superquadras (superblock)

townhouses and landed property

mid-rise residential complex

green area percentage

BRASILIA

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 71 EFFICIENCY

RELATION TO NATURE

URBAN DEVELOPMENT

LIVEABILITY

ACCESIBILITY

SOCIAL INTEGRATION

WASHINGTON DC

EFFICIENCY

RELATION TO NATURE

URBAN DEVELOPMENT

LIVEABILITY

ACCESIBILITY

SOCIAL INTEGRATION

CHANDIGARH

EFFICIENCY

RELATION TO NATURE

URBAN DEVELOPMENT

LIVEABILITY

ACCESIBILITY

SOCIAL INTEGRATION

72 Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 73

Current Discourse on Future Cities : Smart, Resilient, Sustainable The future city is designed around natural elements and forces, protecting wildlife habitat and natural resources. The city is compact and dense to limit impacts on the ecosystem. In a densely developed hub, sustainable land use within and outside its borders helps people thrive by providing water, food, and recreation. High-capacity transit will contribute to the reduction of carbon emissions and speeds commute times.

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Engagement

Mo my bil ono ity Ec m u m n o i c c a & t

ion te

Inf or

Environment

Inclusion

Quality of Life Cy L iv

b er

ing

sec u

r it y & A n a l

yti

c E du

Transparency Source : Deloitte

cs o ati

n

Collaboration

Sustainable

Security

Economic competitiveness

y log no ch

on ati m

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 75

Smart City and Architecture Communities are living, breathing manifestations of city life, not structures to be engineered. They are the vital members of the city’s ecosystem: they provide support; they are expressions of social life; they represent shared interests and capabilities; and they can play a role communicating between city institutions and individual citizens. They include families and social networks; neighbourhood, cultural and faith groups; charities and the voluntary sector; public sector organisations such as Schools and Universities, in addition to local government; and private sector organisations such as service providers, retailers and employers.

The challenge for the architects and designers of Smart Cities is to create infrastructures and services that can become part of the urban fabric and life of this ecosystem of communities and people. To do so effectively is to engage in a process of collaborative dialogue with them.

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Smart City Implementation

Masdar Smart City Masdar City is one of the world’s most sustainable urban communities, a low-carbon development made up of a rapidly growing clean-tech cluster, business free zone and residential neighbourhood with restaurants, shops and public green spaces.

Masdar’s philosophy of development is based on the three pillars of economic, social and environmental sustainability. Masdar City is a ‘greenprint’ for the sustainable cities through the application of real-world solutions in energy and water efficiency, mobility and the reduction of waste.

Project Details Architect : Foster and Partners Location : Abu Dhabi Area : 600 Hectares

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Smart City Implementation

Jurong Smart District The urban typology is designed to optimize vertical urban greenery within a vertical city concept and creates a streetscape network for active mobility, walkability and interactive public spaces. The integrated, sustainable urban systems are engaged to the streetscape by proposing to place all major transport (fringe car park hubs and dropoffs) and engineering below the city (common services tunnel), establishing layers of optimized infrastructure and a car-lite district. The future buildings will meet BCA Green Mark Platinum and plug into the district infrastructure (district cooling, pneumatic waste) to reduce resource and manpower consumption.

Project Details Architect : KCAP Location : Singapore Area : 360 Hectares

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SCIENTIFIC APPROACHES

HIGH DENSITY URBAN PARAMETRIZATION MODEL

DISTRICT IO FLOW MODEL

ELECTRICITY

DISTRIBUTED SIMULATIONS

WATER

CYBER DISTRIBUTED SIMULATION OF INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEM

RESILIENCE CHARACTERISTIC

TRANSPORT

SYSTEM OF INFRASTRUCTURE NETWORK DISTRIBUTED SIMULATION

PHYSICAL REALITY; URBAN SYSTEM AT DISTRICT SCALE

Source : Future Resilient Systems - ETH Zurich

CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF HIGH DENSITY URBAN SYSTEM

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 79

Architecture and Urban Resilience An urban system is a complex system of systems, where grey (man-made) and green (natural) infrastructures and the society are collocated and integrated. The continual aggregation of infrastructure assets and integration of functions has increased the density of urban systems and the corresponding risk when exposed to disruptions.

However, devising mitigation, response and recovery plans for improving resiliency whilst accommodating existing legacy systems is extremely difficult, often exacerbated by incomplete understanding of interactions and interdependencies amongst the interdependent systems.

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Building of the Hospital for Coronavirus Pandemic in Wuhan/ BBC

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 81

Outdoor Activities resumes despite Pandemic/ BBC

Density doomed in Modern city The Covid-19 pandemic is a chance to focus that attention on what can—and should—be changed, to reevaluate the way cities are built, maintained, and lived in. In the midst of this crisis, some cities have already begun doing so by closing roads to cars to create room for bicyclists and socially distanced pedestrians, or by building additional hospitals and homeless shelters. These stopgap, reactive steps are important and needed, but they will do little to slow or stave off this pandemic or help prevent the next one. To ward off the outbreaks of the future, it’s time to start thinking proactively, and long-term.

82 Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan

Vegetal City Illustration by Luc Shuiten

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 83

City and Architecture in Nature Sim Van der Ryn and Stuart Cowan describe this impact in their seminal book, Ecological Design “What do we learn from this kind of ‘nowhere’ environment?

When living and working in nowhere places becomes normal, it is no wonder that we literally lose some of our sensitivity toward nature.

Through the daily experience of the designed environment, we learn detachment… As nature has receded from our daily lives, it has receded from our ethics.”

HANEGI RESIDENCE Shigeru Ban 2006

VANKE CENTRE WOHA 2014

TAKASUGI-AN TERUNOBU FUJIMORI 1990

FALLING WATER FRANK LYOD WRIGHT 1964

MO HOUSE FRPO 2012

DAISEN RESIDENCE Keisuke Kawaguchi+K2 2011

-

MIAMI HOUSING BIG 2017

G

CANCUN FOREST CITY Stefano Boeri oeri Architetti 2019

MAQUINEXT MVRDV 2018

RAILWAY CORRIDOR MKPL 2015

LIUZHOU FOREST CITY Stefano Boeri Architetti 2017

JURONG SMART DISTRICT KCAP 2017

+

scale

86 Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan

Aerial Masterplan for CANCUN FOREST CITY/STEFANO BOERI ARCHITECT

Visuals of CANCUN FOREST CITY/STEFANO BOERI ARCHITECT

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 87

City in Green

Cancun Smart Forest City The project has been designed according to the principles of Non-Deterministic Urban planning. Once the definition of the large scale invariables of the urban framework relating to energy infrastructures have been established along with mobility, greenery, the presence of the most important research and development nuclei and the right of each inhabitant to have every service available at a suitable walking and/or cycling distance, the city will provide tremendous flexibility in the distribution of the various building and architectural types.

Project Details Architect : Stefano Boeri Architetti Location : Cancun, Mexico Area : 557 Hectares

city centre phase 3

city centre phase 2

city centre phase 1

compact city core development

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Proposal Development respect to Rail Corridor /MKPL

Visuals of Choa Chu Kang Development/MKPL

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 89

City in Green

Railway Corridor Development Advocating a ‘light touch’ and an ‘invisible hand’, the project seeks to achieve the delicate balance between natural landscape and landscaped nature. Seeding and planting of trees are phased strategically, to negotiate the balance between the built environment and designed nature, creating opportunities for symbiotic developments.

A renewed recognition of the emotional, functional and experiential benefits of forest ecology allows a sustainable approach to passive environmental control to transform into a symbolic and literal green spine around which new neighborhoods are constructed.

Project Details Architect : MKPL Architects, Turenscape International Location : Singapore Area : 16,100 sqm

multi level block typology

90 Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan

Lattice City/WOHA

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 91

Vertical City

Lattice City vertical axis

WOHA envisions a city in terms of layers, as a three-dimensional matrix, rather than a two-dimensional grid.

This calls for innovative land use solutions that involve a re-planning of cities—vertically, not horizontally. On top of reclaiming, restoring and reenergising our existing land, new land must be created. The use of land needs to be intensified by layering urban and rural environments—residential, recreational, commercial, agricultural and infrastructural—above and below the existing ground level of the city.

Project Details Architect : WOHA Location : Shenzhen ,hina Area : 100 Hectares (700 Hectares GFA)

Lattice City/WOHA

ground level

minimizing building footprint

92 Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan

Visualitation of Maquinext/ ArchDaily/ MVRDV

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 93

Urban and Nature

Maquinnext The forest can be experienced visually from the entire neighborhood and physically from the new retail streets.

The intense nature stimulates the shopping experience and pumps life into the district.

It paradoxically merges into the urban fabric, as well as stands out. When the time comes for the residential development, slender high rise towers will emerge from the forest itself enriching the sky line of Barcelona. utilizing landscape

Project Details Architect : MVRDV Location : Barcelona, spain Area : 45,000 m2

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Miami Housing Complex/Designboom/BIG

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 95

Elevated Building Strategy

Miami Complex Architecture firm BIG has released plans to build a major complex in an industrial neighbourhood of Miami, combining housing, offices, a school and urban farming.

BIG’s Miami Produce Center will be elevated on columns above a trio of warehouses in Allapattah – a district known for a large open-air produce and textile markets.

Project Details Architect : BIG Location : Miami Area : 125,000 m2

Miami Housing Complex/BIG

lifted programs

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Visualization of Forest Town / HDB

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 97

Urban and Nature

Forest Town Tengah The forest can be experienced visually from the entire neighborhood and physically from the new retail streets. The intense nature stimulates the shopping experience and pumps life into the district.

It paradoxically merges into the urban fabric, as well as stands out. When the time comes for the residential development, slender high rise towers will emerge from the forest itself enriching the sky line of Barcelona.

Project Details Architect : HDB Location : Singapore Area : 45,000 m2

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Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 99

East Kalimantan : New Capital of Indonesia The proposed location in the province of East Kalimantan near the regional cities of Balikpapan and Samarinda - is in the geographical centre of the Southeast Asian archipelago, and an area where the government already owns about 180,000 hectares of land. Agriculture, specifically agroforestry employs more than half of the province’s population, and manufacturing activities are dominated by extractive industries such as logging and mining.

As the province experienced a resource boom in the early 21st century, East Kalimantan became one of Indonesia’s most attractive regions for both local and foreign investment.

100 Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan

Site Map 1.2917° S, 116.5138° E East Kalimantan, Indonesian Kalimantan Timur, east-central Borneo, Indonesia.

It is bounded by the East Malaysian state of Sarawak to the northwest, by the Celebes Sea to the northeast and the Makassar Strait to the southeast, and by the Indonesian provinces.

Palangkaraya

Jonggol

1957

H.M Soeharto

1997 develop independent city of Jonggol

Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno distribute city’s load Palangkaraya

Ba

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 101

2010

Ir. H. Joko Widodo

2017 to distribute city’s load and improve economic equality

Prof. Dr. H. Susilo ambang Yudhoyono distribute city load unspecified location

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Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 103

East Kalimantan : Geographical Stands The best paved roads are confined to the southeastern coastal plains, although the expansion of mining and logging activities into the interior has been accompanied by the development of more robust infrastructure. Major routes connect Samarinda with the inland city of Tenggarong, on the Mahakam River, and with the southeastern coastal city of Balikpapan. There is an international airport in Balikpapan, and the smaller airport at Samarinda handles domestic flights.

104 Moving ving ngg Capitals Caapit C Capit piittaals p ls : R Red Re Redefi edefi ed e ning nin ng Urba U Urban rba ban n Architecture Arc rch cch hiittteectu ectu t re re in in Kalimantan Kaallima Kal Ka iim manta ma nta nt tan tan 1004 Mov

Site Analysis

NORTH PENAJAM PASER

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 105

Slope Gradient The slope gradient analysis helped to identify the percentage of sloping area (degree of steepness) taken from the terrain mesh

Slope Extreme The extremes are highlighted in the yellow grain. The body of river relatively enriched the terrain in East Kalimantan

106 Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan

Elevation Extreme Terrain in Kalimantan relatively filled with light hill with no active volcano unlike other region of Indonesia. The visualisation show the terrain extreme in proximiti of North Penajam Paser.

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 107

Water Catchment and Drainage Rainfall in East Kalimantan region varies by month and location of monitoring stations. Average highest rainfall recorded at the Meteorological Station Berau amounted to 245.1 mm and the lowest for the year 2013 was recorded at the Meteorological Station Samarinda is 237.8 mm. At some monitoring stations monitor wind conditions in East Kalimantan in 2013. Observations show that wind speeds between 3 and 4 knots. The highest wind speed was 4 knots in Balikpapan and Berau, while the lowest was 3 knots in Samarinda.

108 Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan

LAYER 3 >40 m (Dipteroceae)

LAYER 2 20-36 m

LAYER 1 10-15 m

The Balance between Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Use of Tropical Rain Forests / KADE SIDIYASA

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 109

Aboveground Biomass Kalimantan / Source : ORNL DAAC

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NATURAL FOREST

USEFUL TREES: fruits,woods NATURAL FOREST SLUSH & BURN fruits

shack

RICE PLANT Annual Crops

crops

fruits

shack

FALLOW crops

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 111

FALLOW

SLUSH & BURN

fruits

RICE PLANT Annual Crops

shack

crops

FALLOW

SLUSH & BURN fruits

INDIGENOUS AGROFORESTRY RICE PLANT Annual Crops

shack

crops

INDIGENOUS AGROFORESTRY

FALLOW

112 Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan

Source : Rimba Kita

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 113

Dipterocarpaceae local name : Meranti

Structure and the diversity of Dipterocarps can be found in the lowland forest of East Kalimantan.

Dipterocarps typically reaches the height of 30-50m height and involved in the timber trade. They provide valuable woods, essential oils, balsams, and plywood material. Seeds from dipterocarp trees generate about $25.8 million annually for local residents in Kalimantan.

Source : Science Direct

114 Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan

Source : wikimedia

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 115

Socio-etnographic

Traditional Villages : Dayak Paser The colonial accounts and reports of Dayak activity in Borneo detail carefully cultivated economic and socio-political relationships with other communities. WIthin the newly proposed capital area, there are 4 main Dayak villages found in the area.

It is a loose term for over 200 riverine and hill-dwelling ethnic subgroups, located principally in the central and southern interior of Borneo, each with its own dialect, customs, laws, territory and culture, although common distinguishing traits are readily identifiable

Source : BBC

116 Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan

Source : Pemprov

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 117

Indigenous Communality

Indonesia Kampung Spirit: Gotong Royong The value of “mutual assistance� in Indonesia has become the social norm which indicates the characteristic of the village society. Gotong Royong is seen as an obligation of individual towards the society to share the burdens between the member of the community.

This indigenous communality value engage social solidarity value within the smaller bubble of the community. The community would share responsibility and provide help for members in need. Many other examples can be mentioned in this social interaction to include, cleaning the neighborhood, building houses, irrigation, clearing fields, etc.

GOTONG ROYONG / KETUT WIGUNA

118 Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan

Source : borneos.id

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 119

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Traditional Lamin House

LAMIN HOUSE IN DESA PONDOK LABU / Nadine Agnesia

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 121

Elevated Building Strategy

Vernacular Indonesian Architecture Lamin House name for East Kalimantan traditional house.Lamin house is identity of Dayak people who live at East Kalimantan. Its 300 meters length, 15 meters width, and 3 meters height. Few family live in Lamin House because this house can accommodate approximately 100 people.

Indonesian Architecture and Earthquake Vulnerability: the Development of Building Safety through the Civilization / researchgate

122 Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan

Micro Library WARAK KAYU / SHAU

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 123

Elevated Building Strategy

Modern Indonesian Architecture The contemporary Indonesian architecture has adapted the vernacular ideas into the modern contaxt of urban living. The vernacular values are truly relevant in the community as it has become a part of life. The idea commonly involves building features and strategy applied on certain environmenetal condition.

One of the prominent feature in Indonesia’s vernacular architecture is “rumah panggung� which is translated to the house of stilts. This feature is commonly found as it helps with ventilation and flooding problem in the region.

This traditional idea has similar concept as the modernist by freeing up the ground space for communal use.

Micro Library BANDUNG / SHAU

124 Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan

NORTH PENAJAM PASER DISTRICT MAP Kutai Kartanegara District

Mandakapan

Sepaku Kutai Barat District

Semol

to Su ng ais elu an g

Mentawir a ind ar m Sa to

to

ja bo m Sa

Balikpapanutama

Sotek

Penajam

Paser District

Balikpapan

Petung

Waru Terusan

to Langkali

Makassar Straits

Babulu

Legend district border national strategical lane (connected)

city sub-district capital

national strategical lane (not connected)

district capital

national lane

forest conserve

riverbanks

swamp reclamation area

0

5

10

15km

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 125

Government Vision

Public Housing National Park Orang-utan Conserve

>200,000 Ha

200,000 Ha

Capital Zone Expansion I (2030-2045)

Capital Zone Expansion I (2030-2045) Expansion measure for surrounding district and province

Source : BAPPENAS, BPS, katadata.co.id

Project Details Allocated Area : 56,000 Hectares Main Capital and Government 5,600 Hectares Population Target : 4.5 million

Main Government Zone (2021-2024) Presidential Place and Government Office Cultural Park Botanical Garden

40,000 Ha

2,000 Ha

Public works and housing ministry of Indonesia has opened a design contest for the new capital with a vision of smart forest city. (Jakarta Post, 2019) There are a few criteria need to be fulfilled in the design including, 1. creating a national identity (through landmarks,etc. ) 2. reflecting social, economic and environmental sustainability 3. to be a smart, modern and international-certified city

Capital Zone (2021-2024) Official Housing Compound Diplomatic Complex Education, Health, Entertainment TNI/Polri Strategical Unit

126 Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan

Negara Rimba Nusa by Urban+ / Ministry of Urban Development Indonesia

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 127

Winning Proposal

Negara Rimba Nusa The winning design, which roughly translates to “forest and island hilltop”, was inspired by the Indonesian archipelago and includes such features as the Indonesia Raya (Great Indonesia) presidential palace and the Bhinneka Tunggal Ika (Unity in Diversity) plaza.

By 2045, it’s expected that the new green capital city, for which some 180,000 ha of scenic government land has been set aside, will be fully functioning.

This involves the creation of a large green and blue oasis in the centre of the city which we aim to achieve by placing a botanical garden in the centre of the city as well as a forest reserve and wetland conservation areas surrounding the city. This effort, combined with wind movement, potentially will help in better wind flow and breeze in the city’s road and pedestrian corridor, with the hope to bring down the temperature and humidity to allow a comfortable walking environment.

VE

R SE

N

RE

CO

U AT

N

T

ES

ON

R FO

I AT OR T S

RE

Creative Innovation Town

Education Town 328,400

150,000 Office SOHO Gallery Museum Commercial Housing Amenities Public Green Space

High-Tech Town 223,000 Research and Development Compound Housing Public Space Amenities

University R&D Office Commercial Housing Amenities Green Public Space

Active Town 314,000 Sport Hall Stadium National Training Centre Commercial Housing Amenities Green Public Space

Health & Research Town 288,200 Hospital R&D Office Medical Resort Housing Amenities Green Public Space

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 129

Architecture of the Capital

Negara Rimba Nusa

The module is designed proportionally with the hierarchy and integrated in the district network system. The district system is surrounded by green and blue elements within the “satelite towns�.

The approach taken for the planning relatively conventional in term of architectural elements as it can be imagined to built the same typical fabric that can be found in other city planning project.

average area per district : 25 Ha

High Residential District 12,000/District 500m

500m

density - 480/Ha MRT, Tram, Public Amenities, Green Public Space

Mid Residential District 7,000/District 500m

500m

density - 280/Ha Tram, Public Amenities, Green Public Space

Commercial Business District 2,500/District

500m

GREEN CORRIDOR

The city will be designed around the main government district and integrated to the tropical forest. The city will be formed in a systematic approach with different modules of district. the population density and requirement is adjusted based on the projected number presented by Indonesia Government.

500m

density - 100/Ha MRT,Tram, Public Amenities, Green Public Space

130 Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan

ba

is ax

im

n

ba

R ra

ga

ur

Ne sa Nu

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 131

132 Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan

POTENTIAL FABRIC PROTOTYPE

MAIN CAPITAL AREA

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 133

Potential Site Location

Site Analysis The main capital area is indicated in the map as proposed by the government. The area is relatively central in the region of North Penajam Paser having the provincial lane in proclose proximity.

The potential fabric prototype site can be developed around the main capital area. The northen part of the area has higher feasibility as it has more room for urban development with suitable context. The site proximity to river deltas and provincial lane would be the criterions for the site selection.

The existing terrain condition and green need to be further analyzed to determine the potential site for th eurban block prototype.

key plan

134 Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalima Kalimantan

CRUDE OIL PLANTATION

potential site

2

1

3

CRUDE OIL PLANTATION

4

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 135

300 m

300 m

136 Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan

30

0m

0 30

m

Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 137

Architectural Proposal

Block Prototype The thesis aims to create a block prototype suitable for the Indonesia’s new capital urban fabric. The prototype is developed from investigation of the proposed masterplan of Indonesia’s new capital and government’s brief. The block prototype are shaped to be the model and could be spread across the capital.

The prototype will be designed in 10 Ha area consisting mixed used facilities including residential, amenities and access to vehicular road. The integration to context and nature would be one of the key aspect to consider

Project Target

Green Area Footprint min. 50 % 50 by 50 ( 50% food production within urban blocks)

50 % Renewable Energy Offset Programmatic Brief Residential Amenities Renewable Energy Station Circulation (Pedestrian and Vehicular) Projected Residents 4,000/ block Population Density 400/Ha

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Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan 139

Future Work

Designing Prototype Week 1 - Re-evaluating Brief and Placing Brief to the Context Week 2 - Placing programatic requirements into the context considering the site condition : terrain, area, green and blue element, considering microclimatic elements Week 3 - Developing a preliminary massing Week 4 - Developing landscape strategy and circulation Week 5 - Finalising building elements Week 6 - Facade Strategy and Renewable Energy Week 7 - Buffer Time Week 8 - Refining 3D Model and Strategy Week 9 - Production Week 10 - Production Week 11- Production Week 12 - Production Week 13 - Production Week 14 - Final Presentation

140 Moving Capitals : Redefining Urban Architecture in Kalimantan

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Boparai, D. (2018, August 11). This week, BIG designed buildings on stilts and IKEA hacked its own furniture. Retrieved July 23, 2020, from https://www.dezeen. com/2018/08/11/this-week-on-dezeen-big-miami-project-ikea-hack-furniture/ Brasilia, the smart city of the past. (2019, May 10). Retrieved June 20, 2020, from https://www.smartcitylab.com/blog/urban-environment/brasilia-the-smart-city-of-thepast/ Delaqua, V. (2020, May 08). From Utopia To Reality: Brasília’s 60th Anniversary. Retrieved June 15, 2020, from https://www.archdaily.com/938140/from-utopia-to-reality-brasilias-60th-anniversary Fiederer, L. (2018, October 06). AD Classics: Master Plan for Chandigarh / Le Corbusier.

Retrieved August 11, 2020, from https://www.archdaily.com/806115/ad-classics-master-plan-for-chandigarh-le-corbusier Harrouk, C. (2019, October 29). First Smart Forest City in Mexico Designed by Stefano Boeri Architetti. Retrieved July 11, 2020, from https://www.archdaily.com/927312/firstsmart-forest-city-in-mexico-designed-by-stefano-boeri-architetti Heijmans, P., Dormido, H., & Leung, A. (2020, January 23). Moving a Capital City to the Jungle. Retrieved June 23, 2020, from https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2020-indonesia-climate-crisis/ Jackson, Iain. “Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew’s early housing and neighbourhood planning in Sector-22, Chandigarh.” Planning Perspectives 28, no. 1 (2013): 1-26.

KCAP Architects&Planners, R. (2020, August 11). Jurong Lake District Singapore [SG]. Retrieved July 11, 2020, from https://www.kcap.eu/en/projects/v/jurong_lake_district/ M. (n.d.). Maquinnext. Retrieved June 22, 2020, from https://www.mvrdv.nl/projects/27/ maquinnext Parida, S. (2020, June 25). Sibarani Sofian, architect of Indonesia’s new capital, discusses its urban potential and why Jakarta needs to urgently rejuvenate itself. Retrieved June 23, 2020, from https://de51gn.com/sibarani-sofian-architect-of-indonesias-new-capital-discusses-its-urban-potential-and-why-jakarta-needs-to-urgently-rejuvenate-itself/ Resilience Analysis of High-Density Urban Systems. (n.d.). Retrieved July 18, 2020, from https://frs.ethz.ch/research/resilience-of-high-density-urban-systems/Resiliency-analysis-hdus.html Sayembara Gagasan Desain Kawasan Ibu Kota Negara. (n.d.). Retrieved June 27, 2020, from https://sayembaraikn.pu.go.id/ Silvetti, J. (2004). Superquadras, projections and pilotis: Design experiments on the preservation of Brasilias architectural heritage. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Graduate School of Design.

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Stott, R. (2013, April 02). Without Architects, Smart Cities Just Aren’t Smart. Retrieved June 25, 2020, from https://www.archdaily.com/353281/without-architects-smart-citiesjust-aren-t-smart Tengah. (n.d.). Retrieved August 11, 2020, from https://www.hdb.gov.sg/cs/infoweb/ about-us/history/hdb-towns-your-home/tengah Vale, L. J. (1992). Architecture, power, and national identity. New Haven: Yale University Press. (n.d.). Retrieved June 22, 2020, from http://chandigarh.gov.in/knowchd_general.htm