BUILD A WASTE HOUSE IN THE CARIBBEAN QINGQING ZHOU
PRECACE The proposal is looking at coastal area in Cayman Island, west Caribbean, especially those tourist attractions that might cause damage to coral reefs. The project should be responsible to the environment and dialog with its cultural context as well as its material and economical background. The aim of the proposal is to explore the role of the sustainable design principles in island country through the study of its primary aspects and the existent vernacular building technique. As a result, the design project will focus on the hotel in Cayman island, of which the tourism industry is one of the major sources of its economies.
vernacular arch
culture inherit
vernacular building tradition as reference self-construction
with new technology, robot can do construction work within harsh-climate zone
flood hurricane elongated fire season CO2 emission
post-catastrophe city
rising coeans forces as many as 2 billion residents of coastal areas worldwide to migrate toward higher ground
low-cost structure fast built more sever weather
mobility
relocate communities
social science digital
arch that reacts
self-sufficient arch survival minimize space explore natural resources
bake-up energy renewable energy urban forests residential health natural ecosystem natural assets mitigate climate change
with new technology, robot can do construction work within harsh-climate zone
y
robotics fabrication
arch of sustainable city
human thrive
material science
sewage upcycling
es
bioarchitecture computational design
park
transform by-products, waste materials, useless, or unwanted products into new materials or products of better quality and environmental value
recycling converting waste materials into new materials and objects
fabrication industrial design
CONTENT Chapter 1: Coral reef at risk Chapter 2: Seven islands Chapter 3: Sustainable design Economy of resources Life cycle design Humane design Sustainable Tools
Chapter 4: Case Study Waste house
Chapter 5: Proposal Site study Strategy
Bibliography
Chapter 1 Coral reefs at risk
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Do you know? Some of the world’s richest marine biodiversity are in the Caribbean. It has about 11,000 plant species, 189 amphibian species, 520 reptile species. Their lives depend on healthy marine and coastal recource. It also has 26,000 km of coral reefs that occupied 7% of the world total coral reef ecosystems. Over 1400 fishes, 76 sharks, 45 shrimps and 23 seabirds species live in the shallow marine area.[1]
Plant species in Sint Marteen
Marine turtle
Data on thie page: BEST Initiative - Nature & Biodiversity - Environment - European Commission.2020. Image on this page: Christian Konig
Bird in Bonaire
Bird in Aruba
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Coral bleaching, Heron Island, February 2016
But now, It is facing a serious risk of species extinctions. Habitat destruction and fragmentation threats its biodiversity. It is due to agriculture, urban, tourism, commercial development, overexploitation of living resources, predation by invasive alien species, and marine pollutaion. The region needs actions to save its biodiversity. Image on this page: Queensl, The University of, et al. “Great Barrier Reef Bleaching.� UQ News. www.uq.edu.au, https://www.uq.edu.au/news/article/2016/03/great-barrier-reef-bleaching.
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What happens? Based on the survey, the five Coastal development Sediment Marine-based pollution Overfishing Integrated threat
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top threats to coral reefs are:[2]
[2] Burke, Lauretta, et al. Reefs at Risk in the Caribbean. 2004. www.wri.org, https://www.wri.org/publication/reefs-risk-caribbean.
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Economical Reason Healthy coral reefs confer significant economic benefits to both coastal communities and national economies. These benefits diminish with coral reef degradation. Key economic and social benefits associated with healthy coral reefs include high fishery yields, high tourism-related incomes, protection from coastal erosion, and good nutrition for coastal communities.174 The great diversity of life on coral reefs is also being explored for bioactive compounds for pharmaceuticals, and a few high-value products have already been discovered. Degradation of these reefs costs dearly through loss of fishing livelihoods, protein deficiencies and the increased potential for malnutrition, loss of tourism revenue, increased coastal erosion, and the need for investment to stabilize the shoreline.
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Visiting the Great Barrier Reef. (https://blog.queensland.com/2019/12/12/help-great-barrier-reef/.)
Visiting the Great Barrier Reef. (https://blog.queenslan. com/2019/12/12/help-great-barrier-reef/.)
Many damaging activities—including overfishing, dredging, or sewage discharge near reefs—occur because an individual or group seizes an immediate benefit, without knowing or caring about the long-term consequences. Often, the party who gains is not the one who pays the cost; for instance, a new development may pollute and degrade an offshore reef, but among those who suffer are the fishers or the divers who visited that reef. Some shortcomings in current management practices stem from inadequate information on the costs and benefits of different activities and management’s focus on short- rather than long-term benefits when making decisions. Too often the full range of social and environmental impacts associated with proposed activities are not evaluated.175 In land-use decisions, for example, rarely is the smothering of reefs by sedimentation associated with land clearing considered, much less compensated.[3]
[3] Burke, Lauretta, et al. Reefs at Risk in the Caribbean. 2004. www.wri.org, https://www.wri.org/publication/reefs-risk-caribbean.
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Institutions that are looking at the issue now[4] Research Institutions and Universities ■ Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment (AGRRA) ■ Caribbean Coastal Marine Productivity Program (CARICOMP) ■ Centre For Marine Sciences, the University of the West Indies at Mona, Jamaica (CMS-UWI) ■ Florida International University (FIU) ■ Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute (GCFI) ■ National Center for Caribbean Coral Reef Research (NCORE) ■ University of Miami (UM) ■ University of South Florida (USF) ■ University of the West Indies (UWI)
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[4] Burke, Lauretta, et al. Reefs at Risk in the Caribbean. 2004. www.wri.org, https://www.wri.org/publication/reefs-risk-caribbean.
Nongovernmental Organizations ■ Caribbean Conservation Association (CCA) ■ Corporación para el desarrollo sostenible del Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina (CORALINA) ■ Environmental Defense ■ Fondation pour la Protection de la Biodiversité Marine (FoProBiM) ■ Island Resources Foundation (IRF) ■ The Nature Conservancy (TNC) ■ Reef Environmental Education Foundation (REEF) ■ Reef Check ■ World Wildlife Fund (WWF)
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Chapter 2 Seven islands
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BERMUDA
CAYMAN ISLANDS
HISPANIOLA
PUERTO RICO
CUBA
JAMAICA
U.S. VRIGIN ISLANDS
Google Earth 2003
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Reef area by sub-region in the Caribbean region
Percentage of reef area at risk
(Data on p.22-23: Burke, Lauretta, et al. Reefs at Risk in the Caribbean. 2004. www.wri.org, https://www.wri.org/publication/reefs-risk-caribbean.)
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Threats to coral reef
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Over decades, coral reef communities are threaten by not only natural disaster but also human activities such as agriculture, fishing, coastal development. They act individually and together that have caused irreversible damage to coral reefs. dent fugia ius. The main purpose of this section is to analyze the threaten condition in the Caribbean region and eventually narrow down to Seven islands with relatively more serious condition that over half of their coral reefs are in danger. As the charts shows on this page, to compare the different propotion of each threats, overfishing and integrated threats are the top two threats to the coral reefs.
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MANAGEMENT OF MARINE PROTECTED AREAS (MPAs) IN THE WIDER CARIBBEAN 50
45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5
Numbers of MPAs Percent of Reef Area Inside of MPAs
0
Tourism Rate (2002-2014) Percent TOURISM GROWTHGrowth RATE (2002-2014) PERCENT GROWTH PER ANNUMper annum growth 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
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Tourism Growth Rate (2002-2014) Percent growth per annum
CONTRIBUTION FROM TOURISM ECONOMY TO GDP (2002) Bermuda GDP(2002)
Haiti GDP(2002) 5%
26% Tourism Economy US$(millions)
Tourism Economy US$(millions)
Others
Others
74%
95%
Cayman Islands GDP(2002)
Jamaica GDP(2002)
27%
31%
69%
Tourism Economy US$(millions)
Tourism Economy US$(millions)
Others
Others
73%
Cuba Islands GDP(2002)
Puerto Rico GDP(2002) 5%
11%
da GDP(2002) 89%
Many islands countries’ economy relies on healthy coral reefs. Key economic and social benefits associated with healthy coral reefs include high fishery yields, high tourism-related incomes, protection from coastal erosion, and good nutrition for coastal communities.[5] Among seven islands, Cayman islands has the highest propotion of the contribution from tourism to its GDP, with a relatively high tourism growth rate. In contrast to that, a relatively small proposion of its areas are under MPAs. As conclusion, the economy in Cayman islands mainly relies on tourism but it has less control in protecting its environment.
Tourism Economy US$(millions)
Tourism Economy US$(millions)
Others
Others
95%
(Data on p.26-27: Burke, Lauretta, et al. Reefs at Risk in the Caribbean. 2004. www.wri.org, https://www.wri.org/publication/reefs-risk-caribbean.) Dominican Republic GDP(2002)
26% 18%
Tourism Economy US$(millions) Others Tourism Economy US$(millions)
82%
Others
[5 ]174 G. Llewellyn. 1998. “Why Preserve Biodiversity? Building an Economic Case for Preserving Coral Reefs.” Journal of Coastal Development 2 (1): 319–328.
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energy- conscious urban/site planning alternative sources of energy energy conservation
passive heating and cooling avoidance of heat gain or heat loss use of low- embodied- energy materials use of energy efficient applicances with timing
economy of 1. resources
water conservation
reuse water on site reduce consumption material- consering design and construction proper sizing of building systems rehabilitation of existing structures
material conservation
use of reclaimed or recycled materials and components use of non- conventional building materials
material made of renewable resources material harvested or extracted without ecological damage recycles material
pre-building phase
recyclable material long- lasting and low maintenance material schedule construction to minimize site impact
2. life cycle design
sustainable design
building phase
provide waste- separation facilities use nontoxic materials to protect construction workers and end users specify regular maintenance with nontoxic cleaners adapt existing structures to new users and programs
post-building phase
reuse building omponents and materials recycle building components and materials reuse the land and existing infrastructure
understand the impact of design on nature preservation of natural conditions
respect topographical contours do not disturb the water table preserve existing flora and fauna avoid pollution contribution promote mixed- use development
urban design site planning
3. human design
create pedestrian pockets provide for human- powered transportation integrate design with public transportation provide thermal, visual and acousti comfort provide visual connection to exterior
design for human comfort
provide operable windows provide clean, fresh air accommodate persons with deffering physical abilities use nontoxic, non- outgassing materials
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Diagram interpreted from Kim, Jong-Jin, and Brenda Rigdon. Introduction to Sustainable Design. 1998.
Chapter 3 Sustainable design
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Definitions of Sustainability
In its broadest sense, sustaina society, ecosystem, or other o tioning into the indefinite futu decline through exhaustion or es on which that system.
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ability refers to the ability of a ongoing system to continue funcure, without being forced into r overloading of the key resourcAmerican Institute of Architects
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RESULTS FROM GREEN BUILDING TASK FORCE SURVEY Cordero, Elizabeth. Sustainability in Architecture. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. dspace.mit.edu, https://dspace. mit.edu/handle/1721.1/65259.
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Economy of Resources ENERGY FLOW IN THE BUILDING ECOSYSTEM[6]
Energy input
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Energy output
Building materials
Used materials
Energy
Combustion byproducts
Water
Graywater sewage
Consumet goods
Recycleable materials
Solar radiation
Wasted head
Wind
Polluted air
Rain
Groundwater
[6] Cordero, Elizabeth. Sustainability in Architecture. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. dspace.mit.edu, https:// dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/65259.
reuse of old buildings. Climatic conditions determine orientation and clustering. For example, a very cold or very hot and dry climate might require buildings sharing walls to reduce exposed surface area; a hot, humid climate would require widely spaced structures to maximize natural ventilation.
The basic ideas of energy conservation are divided into two major parts: input-reduction and output-management. In a long run, any resources entered into a building ecosystem will eventually come out from it. This is the law of resource flow conservation.[7] The input energy is the energy used in and after construction process. Using of different types of energy will have different influence to the environment. While traditional power will cause envrionmetn pollution, clear energy such as solar energy and wind energy requires an significant initial cost. However, a proper construction materia can reduce the input energy as well as the cost. The other thing is to recycle and conserve water since it always needs a large quantities of water for life use.
SUSTAINABLE DESIGN AND POLLUTION PREVENTION
Figure 9: “Economy methods of applica
Principle 1: Economy of Resources Strategies Energy Conservation
Water Conservation
Material Conservation
Methods
Energy-conscious urban planning
- Indigenous landscaping
Materialconserving design and construction
- Low-flow showerheads
Proper sizing of building systems
Passive heating and cooling
- Vacuum-assist toilets or smaller toilet tanks
Rehabilitation of existing structures
Avoidance of heat gain or heat loss
Reuse:
Energy-conscious site planning Alternative sources of energy
Use of lowembodied-energy materials Use of energyefficient appliances with timing devices
Reduction:
- Rainwater collection - Graywater collection
Use of reclaimed or recycled materials and components Use of nonconventional building materials
Figure 1:Sustainable Principles of Economy ofDecember Resources Introduction to Design 1998 (Cordero, Elizabeth. Sustainability in Architecture, 2001)
[7] Cordero, Elizabeth. Sustainability in Architecture. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. dspace.mit.edu, https:// dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/65259.
Sus
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The second principle of sustainable architecture is life cycle The conventional of the building life cycle is a linear design (LCD). Thismodel “cradle-to-grave” approach recognizes process consisting of four major phases: design; environmental consequences of the entire life cycleconstruction; of architecoperation and maintenance; and demolition Figure 6).is tural resources, from procurement to return to(see nature. LCD The problem with this model is thattransmigrates it is too narrowly based on the notion that a material from defined: one it does address issues (related to the proform ofnot useful life toenvironmental another, with no end to its usefulness. curement and manufacturing of building materials) or waste For the purpose of conceptual clarity, life cycle ofresources). a building management (reuse and recycling of the architectural can be categorized into three phases: pre-building, building, and post-building, as shown in FigureOperation 7. These phases are connected, & Design ➞ Construction ➞ Demolition and the boundaries between➞ them are not obvious. The phases Maintenance can be developed into LCD strategies that focus on minimizing the 2:environmental impact of a building. Analyzing the buildingin Figure Conventional model of the building life cycle. (Cordero, Elizabeth. Sustainability processes inprinciple each of these three phases provides is a better underArchitecture, 2001) The second of sustainable architecture life cycle standing of how a building’s design, construction, operation, design (LCD). This “cradle-to-grave” approach recognizes and disposal affect the larger ecosystem. environmental consequences of the entire life cycle of architectural resources, from procurement to return to nature. LCD is based on the notion that a materialPhase transmigrates from one Pre-Building form of useful life to another, with no end to its usefulness.
Life Cycle Design
Nature
Extraction
Figure the bui
Figure life cyc
For the purpose of conceptual clarity, the life cycle of a building Processing can be categorized into three phases: pre-building, building, and Manufacturing post-building, as shown in Figure 7. These phases are connected, and the boundaries between them are not obvious. ThePhase phases Transportation Building canPost-Building be developed into LCD strategies that focus on minimizing Phase Construction the environmental impact of a building. Analyzing the building Waste processes in each of these three phases providesOperation a better underManagement and Maintenance standing of how a building’s design, construction, operation, and disposal affect the larger ecosystem. Recycle Reuse
Nature
Figure life cyc
Pre-Building Phase Extraction
Introduction to Sustainable Designlife cycle. (Cordero, Elizabeth. Sustainability December 1998 Figure 3: The sustainable building in ArchitecProcessing ture, 2001)
Manufacturing Transportation
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Post-Building Phase Waste Management
Building Phase Construction
Each building will go through three phases: pre-building, building and post-building. The conventional model (figure 2) is linearand oversimplied while the sustainable building life cycle mode(figure 3) shows a more complete relationships between the three phases. The model also indicate a resource recycling through the whole life cycle. The main strategy is to recycle and reuse building materials as well as envrionmentally friendly materials. On the other hand, site ecological elements play a critical role in the whole life cycle phases - site and building affects each other and the goal is to make a proper use of natural resources and minimize envrionment impacts Figure 4 and Figure 5 (Cordero, Elizabeth. Sustainability in Architecture, 2001)
SUSTAINABLE DESIGN AND POLLUTION PREVENTION
Figure 10: “Life Cy methods of applic
Principle 2: Life Cycle Design Strategies Pre-Building
Building
Post-Building
Methods
Use materials that are ... - made of renewable resources - harvested or extracted without ecological damage
Schedule construction to minimize site impact.
Adapt existing structures to new users and programs.
Provide wasteseparation facilities.
Reuse building components and materials.
Use nontoxic Recycle building components and materials to materials. protect construcrecyclable Site -and Building Interactions tion workers as The -LCD conceptand calls for environmental Reuse the land wellconsideration as end users. of the long-lasting and low maintenance consequences of buildings in all three phases ofexisting the life cycle. infrastructure. regular Each phase of building Specify life cycle is associated with two groups maintenance with Minimize energy of ecological elements: site and building (see Figure 8). The nontoxic cleaners. needed to distribprincipal domain of architectural design is in the building ute materials. - recycled
phase, but sustainable building can be achieved by finding ways to minimize environmental impacts during all three Figure Principles of Life Cycle Design phases of 4: building life cycle. Use Materials Made From Renewable Resources
Renewable resources are those that can be grown or harvested SITE: Elements of site ecology BUILDING: Natural or at a rate that exceeds the rate of human consumption. Using that exist within or in the vicinity manufactured resources, these materials is,site, by definition, sustainable. made of a building including sunsuch as Materials building materials, from nonrenewable materials (petroleum, metals, etc.) light, wind, precipitation, water water, or energy ... are, table,not soil,sustainable, flora, fauna, etc. ... if current supplies are ultimately, even adequate. Using renewable materials wherever possible ... the before construction. ... before they arrive at the site. reduces need for nonrenewable materials. ... from the time construction begins through the duration of the building’s useful life. Introduction to Sustainable Design
... after the building’s useful life.
Figure 8: Ecolog Site and Buildin the building life-
... from the time they arrive at the site for installation or operation though the duration of the building’s useful life. December 1998
Su
... after the building’s useful life.
Figure 5: Ecological elements of Site and Building associated with the building life-cycle phases.
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Humane Design
“Humane Design” ods of application.
SUSTAINABLE DESIGN AND POLLUTION PREVENTION
Principle 3: Humane Design Strategies Preservation of Nat’l Conditions
Understand the impact of design on nature Respect topographical contours Do not disturb the water table Preserve existing flora and fauna
Urban Design Site Planning
Provide thermal, visual, and acoustic comfort
Avoid pollution contribution Promote mixeduse development Create pedestrian pockets Provide for human-powered transportation Integrate design with public transportation
Design for Human Comfort
Provide visual connection to exterior Provide operable windows Provide clean, fresh air Accomodate persons with differing physical abilities
As people spentd 70% of their life span indoor, it is necessary to provide built envrionments that sustain occupants’ safety, health, physiological comfort, psychological well-being, and productivity[8] as well as scales. material performance, building’s character, spatial flexibility that are affects people’s mentality as well. In this section, more actual interviews, observations and analysis need to be done in order to avoid imagination of people’s needs.
Use nontoxic, non-outgassing materials
Figure 6 (Cordero, Elizabeth. Sustainability in Architecture, 2001)
December 1998
38
Introduction to Sustainable Design
[8] Cordero, Elizabeth. Sustainability in Architecture. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. dspace.mit.edu, https:// dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/65259.
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Sustainable Tools[9] Simulation Tools
Building Energy Software: Tools Directory http://www.eren.doe.gov/buildings/tools-directory/ BE2AM: Building Energy and Environmental Assessment Method http://www.ecde.demon.co.uk/be2am.htm Environmental Support Solutions http://www.environ.com/ EQUER (France) http://www-cenerg.ensmp.fr/francais/batiment/1 5.html International Association for Impact Assessments (IAIA) http://www.iaia.org/ Global Environmental Options (GEO) http://www.geonetwork.org/ Green Buildings [Center of Excellence for Sustainable Development] http://www.sustainable.doe.gov/buildings/gbintro.htm Computer based Tools Green Buildings [Center of Excellence for Sustainable Development] http://www.sustainable.doe.gov/buildings/gbintro.htm Interactive Tools Survey [University of Weimar, Germany] http://www.uni-weimar.de/SCC/PRO/TOOLS/inter.html Building Energy Simulation Tools http://www.inf.bauwesen.tu-muenchen.de/personen/christop/bsim/ building-energy.htm - Energy%20Programs Introduction to OTTV and Simulation Tools http://arch.hku.hk/-cmhui/teach/65256-X.htm
Design Tools
Energy Design Tools http://www.aud.ucla.edu/energy-design-tools/ Building Design Advisor http://kmp.lbl.gov/BDA/
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[9]Cordero, Elizabeth. Sustainability in Architecture. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. dspace. mit.edu, https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/65259.
Life Cycle Analysis and Costing
Activity-Based Management http://www.emblemsvag.com/ ATHENA Sustainable Materials Institute http://www.athenasmi.ca/ BEES (Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability) http://www.bfrl.nist.gov/oae/software/bees.html Eco-Quantum (Netherlands) http://www.ivambv.uva.nl/uk/producten/product7.htm ENVEST (environmental impact estimating design software) [UK BRE] http://products.bre.co.uk/envest/ LCAid (Australia) http://www.projectweb.gov.com.au/dataweb/lcaid/ Life-Cycle Assessment http://www.emblemsvag.com/LCA.htm Buildings and Life-Cycle Costing [Canadian Building Digest] http://www.nrc.ca/irc/cbd/cbd212e.html Comparing the Environmental Effects of Building Systems [Canadian Wood Council] http://www.cwc.ca/english/publications/technicalbulletins/techbull_4/ Life Cycle Analysis for Residential Buildings [Canadian Wood Council] http://www.cwc.ca/english/publications/technical-bulletins/techbull_5/ Life-Cycle Costing http://dept.lamar.edu/industrial/Graduate/.. %5CClasses/..%5CUnderdown/ eng-mana/LifeCycleCostingShtubch1 O.htm Life Cycle Costing and Stainless Steel http://www.assda.asn.au/lifecyclel.html Life Cycle Costing Program-Version 2.0 http://www.assda.asn.au/lifecyclel.html LISA (LCA in Sustainable Architecture) http://www.lisa.au.com/
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Chapter 4 Case study
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Waste House
dezeen,2016
The brief for this project was to design and construct a permanent academic building that was also an open studio to be used by local community groups, businesses, schools & colleges. The ambition was to construct the building using material discarded by others and crucially to include students and other young people in the design and build process; using it as a ‘live’ pedagogic tool.[10]
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[10]“Waste House.” BBM Sustainable Design. bbm-architects.co.uk, https://bbm-architects.co.uk/portfolio/waste-house/. [11]“Waste House by BBM - ‘UK’s First Permanent Building Made from Rubbish.’” Dezeen, 19 June 2014. www.dezeen.com, https://www.dezeen.com/2014/06/19/waste-house-by-bbm-architects-is-uks-first-permanent-building-made-from-rubbish/.
dezeen,2016
dezeen,2016
Ten tonnes of chalk spoil from a local construction site were compressed using a technique normally used to build rammed earth walls to make a wall that flanks the staircase. Two-thousand used carpet tiles have been applied as weatherproof cladding to the exterior, while waste vinyl exhibition banners form a permanent vapour control membrane that wraps around the house. [11]
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Site: Brighton, UK Architects: Duncan Baker-Brown Owner: University of Brighton Program: Public use Structural system: Timber framed Major materials: Reclaimed wood and plywood, Waste chalk and clay left over Time: 2012-2014 Award: The Royal Institute of British Architects’ Stephen Lawrence Prize in September 2015
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A mixture of waste chalk and clay left over or reclaimed from building sites and compressed into rammed earth-style walls
Eldorado Chalk Dust Tundra Brick Archives.
a scaly surface of rubbery black shingles
Hassocks5489,2015
Foundations of ground granulated blast-furnace slag (a by-product of iron and steel-making)
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Waste House statistics[12]: » 2507 person days to build - 97.5 % of days from students, apprentices & volunteers » 253 different students inducted and working on site » Over 700 school children visited the construction site » Jason Reeves (City College student then Mears Apprentice) - 5+ weeks while at the City College working on columns and beams plus 30 weeks on site – most as Mears Apprentice » 3 months in production in City College workshops, plus 12 months on site » 19,800 toothbrushes used as wall insulation - Gatwick Airport supplied 20K, school children and Freegle supplied 1K » 2 tonnes of waste (from rag trade) denim jean legs & arms - used as wall insulation » 200 rolls of brand new wallpaper - thrown away to make way for Christmas decorations
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[12]“Waste House by BBM - ‘UK’s First Permanent Building Made from Rubbish.’” Dezeen, 19 June 2014. www.dezeen.com, https://www.dezeen.com/2014/06/19/waste-house-by-bbm-architects-is-uks-first-permanent-building-made-from-rubbish/.
» 10m2 of compressed recycle paper forming stair treads and risers - Supplied by Lindner Group » 65m2 of rubber membrane from for roof finish made from old Pirelli car tyres » 2km of second-hand 2"x2" softwood timber used throughout building and sourced from skips/ City College/ Brighton Wood Store » 600 vinyl banners - used as vapour control membrane to wrap house + make Waste House banner bags! » 2,000 used carpet tiles - used as external hanging tiles for walls & some on the ground floor » 10 tonnes of chalk destined for landfill - used to create beautiful load bearing internal wall » 20 litres of second hand paint - supplied by Newlife Paints » 7.2 cubic metres of polystyrene from old packaging - used as wall insulation » 2000 second-hand bolts » 250m2 of 'seconded/returned' Kingspan insulation - used as wall, floor & roof insulation
» 4,000 VHS video cassettes - used as wall insulation » 4,000 Plastic DVD cases - used as wall insulation » 600 sheets of second-hand and/or damaged ply - used for structure and infill 'cassettes' » 70m2 of plywood re-used from UOB ‘Waste Totem’ project » 50m2 of 30mm thick mdc - used as first floor finish - wood Recycling project. » 1 'waste' kitchen - FREEGLE UK » Kitchen worktop made from second-hand coffee grinds & plastic coffee cups » 500 cycle inner tubes - used to seal windows and sound proof first floor
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Chapter 5 Proposal
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Coral reef threats map in the Caribbean (Burke, Lauretta, et al. Reefs at Risk in the Caribbean. 2004. www.wri.org, https://www.wri.org/ publication/reefs-risk-caribbean.)
CAYMEN ISLANDS has a large portion of coral reef areas at risk. Except over fishing, coastal development is one of the major threats. With 31 percent of GDP comes from tourism, and 15 percent reef area under protected, it is crucial for the local community to build a sustainable system for development. 52
Google Earth 2003
Site Study
Coral reef threats propotion in Cayman Islands (Burke, Lauretta, et al. Reefs at Risk in the Caribbean. 2004. www.wri. org, https://www.wri.org/publication/ reefs-risk-caribbean.)
Cayman islands tour(www.tripadvisor.com) reef area at high level risk tourist attraction
Blow holes (Joe Griffin, 2019)
East End Marshland Natural Habitat
Seaview Road
The site is at southeast side of Cayman Island, adjacent to Seaview Road and 7 minutes’ walk to Easat End Marshland Natural Habitat, with a tourist hotspot “blow holes“ nearby.
Google Earth 2003
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rain collection
ventilation
54
Strategy The purpose is to test out a module that can fit the situation in costal area. 1. Using negative pitched roof to collect rainfall for living use. 2. Two-layer facade for passive ventilation. 3. Lifted floor to minimize the contact area to the ground. 4. Using recycled material to reduce the input energy in construction. 5. Skylight for natural sunlight.
view
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Glass
Recycled material: Newspaper wood
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Bibliography
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