2 Patrol Manual by MidHudson Angels

THE OFFICIAL GUARDIAN ANGELS TRAINING BOOK: 2. PATROL MANUAL

International Alliance of Guardian Angels

Version 1.1 2004

2. PATROL TRAINING MANUAL Table of Contents Patrol Concept ......................................................................................................2 Preservation of Life Rule .......................................................................................4 Pre-Patrol Routine.................................................................................................5 Patrol Fundamentals .............................................................................................7 Arrest and Civil Protective Custody .....................................................................11 Common Street Crimes.......................................................................................14 Arrest Procedure .................................................................................................16 Crowd Control .....................................................................................................17 Throwdown .......................................................................................................18 Patrol Strategies..................................................................................................20 Formations .......................................................................................................26 Patrol Language ..................................................................................................28 Code of Patrol Ethics...........................................................................................30 Patrol Situations ..................................................................................................32 Transportation Guidelines ...................................................................................37 Bicycle Patrols.....................................................................................................40 Guidelines for Public Interaction..........................................................................42 Suspect and Vehicle Identification ......................................................................46 Police Briefing and Police Reports ......................................................................48 Court Appearance Guidelines .............................................................................50 Bullet Resistant Vests .........................................................................................51 Our Guardian Angels...........................................................................................53 Drug and Alcohol Awareness Guide ...................................................................54 First Aid and Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation....................................................58 Understanding Gangs .........................................................................................71 Crime and Discrimination ....................................................................................81 Crime and Employment.......................................................................................82 Handling Terrorist Attacks ...................................................................................83

Appendix A. Forms B. Medical Card C. Ten Codes D. Exam Questions E. Exam Answers

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Guardian Angels Patrol Concepts “Experience comes first, courage second, not the other way around.”

One of the most important things we do is patrol the streets and provide public safety. That means we help people in all sorts of situations from crime to medical to plain and simple conflict resolution. One way to patrol would be to hide in an alley dressed like a ninja, and then we would just wait for a criminal to pounce on. Not only is that a dangerous tactic, but it’ s also an inefficient use of time and resources. Our goal is to be a visual deterrent to crime and an example to encourage citizen involvement. Guardian Angels do not do undercover sting operations. Our goal is not to react to crime happening. We want to prevent it from occurring in the first place. In other words, we try to be as visible as possible so that everyone sees and talks about us. That’ s one of the main reasons that we wear bright red berets, white t-shirts, and red jackets. Public Involvement and Community Outreach Being visual deterrents is only one reason we patrol. We also patrol to get out and meet people in the community, educate them, cooperate with them, and assist them in addressing their safety concerns. If we were to just walk in on a neighborhood like an army, take down a few thugs here and there, and talk to no one, people would view us as a hostile, occupation force. The public may not like the thugs on street corners, but they see us as a more powerful threat. In their minds, since we are not working with them, some day we may work against them. One of the things we learned from the Vietnam War is that in order to win the war, you must also win the hearts and minds of the people. What you see in Afghanistan and Iraq are attempts to work with and reach out to the people and empower them to help themselves. When a community is overrun with fear, they will instinctively turn to either anarchy or ruthless totalitarianism. They will also turn to organization and cooperation if there is a unifying force they can trust. They will not trust the Guardian Angels if we are content to do things on our own and not actively attempt to reach out to them. One of the most important goals on patrol is building relationships with members of that community. That means getting to know everyone, talking, listening, and trying to create cooperation and partnerships. It takes a lot of time like in any good relationship. You can’ t just jump in, use them, abuse them, and disappear like a player. You have to show them that you are dependable, trustworthy, and honest. Once you gain their trust, they will tell you the real problems in their community, and they will involve you in the solution. We actually do much more community outreach than patrolling. Perhaps in the future, we will redefine our patroling simply as “Community Outreach.”

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Psychological Impacts Patrolling provides a real impact on reducing crime. It also provides a psychological impact on the public. When crime and gangs besiege neighborhoods, residents may succumb to fear, anxiety, distress, and even despair. The neighborhood not only deteriorates on the outside, it also deteriorates from the inside. A Guardian Angels patrol provides hope and inspiration to these neighborhoods. People cannot claim that no one cares when they see us patrol. They cannot claim that nothing works and everything is hopeless when we provide real results. A Guardian Angels patrol not only stops the cycle of violence and crime, it also stops the cycle of blame, apathy, and despair.

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Guardian Angels Preservation of Life Rule

The Guardian Angels is neither a cult nor a military branch. Although we may have to apprehend a criminal in action, that is not first priority. The first priority is safety. Although, we have borrowed much from military patrols, what we have borrowed relates to how they keep their soldiers safe. We patrol in formation so the leader can better organize the patrol in a crisis. We all obey the Patrol Leader. We all have partners to look out for. It is absolutely important that you obey and follow the rules and guidelines for patrolling to keep yourself safe. However, when and if you feel that your life or the life of others is in danger, you should act in a lawful and reasonable manner to protect that life. You shall reserve the right to protect your life and the life of others at all times. For instance, if you are making an arrest, and the perp is able to retrieve a gun, do not continue with the arrest. Take all reasonable and lawful measures to protect your life.

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Guardian Angels Pre-Patrol Routine

Briefing The Patrol Director or Chapter Leader (CL) assigns a Patrol Leader (PL). She should then discuss the goals for the patrol, anything special to look out for, the general patrol area, any special events in the area, and how long the patrol should be. At the end of briefing, the PL takes full control of the Patrol. Patrol Leader The PL is in charge regardless of rank. The Patrol Director or CL can only take over patrol if life is in danger. The PL is the primary contact person unless it involves the news media in which case she directs them to the CL or Public Relations Director. The PL’s primary responsibility is the safety of the Patrol. Obeying Orders Whether you like to take orders or not, every member will eventually have to give them and realize that giving orders is not as easy as it seems. Most of the time, orders should be delivered firmly yet respectfully. The exception to this is when life is in danger. There is simply no time to think about everyone’ s feelings. The PL may bark, shout, or curse to make sure everyone is paying attention and understands the severity of the situation. Once the situation is under control, he should return to delivering firm and respectful orders. If an Angel is not obeying orders or being disruptive, the PL should halt the patrol and address and warn the transgressor in private. If it continues, the PL may take the transgressor’ s uniform and send him home. Second The PL then assigns a Second. If the Patrol is split in half, the Second leads the other half of the Patrol. The Second must still obey the direction of the PL. The Second’ s primary responsibility is also the safety of the Patrol. He makes sure that no one assaults the patrol from the side or rear. He also makes sure members in the patrol are following orders, procedures, and regulations.

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Partners The PL will then assign each member a partner. Generally, the senior members are partnered up with the newer members and I Supports. Avoid pairing two I Supports. Also try to keep married couples and close relatives on separate patrols. For each patrol, rotate the partnerships around as much as possible. Never lose visual contact of your partner, and always keep close enough to pull him out of danger’ s way. Always watch your partner’ s back. During a throwdown, never leave your partner’ s side. Your partner’ s life is in your hands. Do not let down your partner. Diamond If there are an odd number of patrollers, one member becomes the Diamond. He patrols directly behind the PL and her partner. All three treat each other like partners. Searching In and Out/Male and Female Before patrol, the PL and Second must search every single member of the patrol. The Second searches the PL. If there is only one member of the opposite sex, she is searched using the back of your hands. If there are two or more members of the opposite sex, they search each other. Search Procedure 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Begin from the top down facing the Angel. The Angel should straighten his arms out like a cross. Pat the beret. Search the length of each arm. Search the armpit area. Search the back and around the waist. If you feel a hard or unusual object, ask the Angel what it is. If you are not sure, tell the Angel to show it to you. Pat all the pant pockets. Search around the ankle area.

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Guardian Angels Patrol Fundamentals

Patrol Psychology Before you go on patrol, make sure you have a positive attitude. Do not patrol if you are preoccupied with a personal problem or emotionally upset or disturbed. The safety of the entire patrol and your partner depends on your alert and balanced mental state. If your mind is somewhere else, you may either under-react or overreact to situations placing everyone in danger. You also risk conveying a sense of apathy or aggression to the public. Patrol Physiology Your physiology is the functioning of your body. It is the regulation of fluids to all your organs including your brain. When you get excited, your heart beats faster, you breathe deeper or hold your breath, your pupils dilate, and your palms may sweat. These are all examples of your physiology changing. On patrol, you should be in a state of balance where you are both relaxed and alert. If you are sedated artificially or otherwise, you risk under-reacting to a situation. If you are overly tense or hyper, you risk overreacting to a situation. This is why it is important that you do not drink alcohol or too much caffeine before patrol. Additionally, these beverages also cause dehydration, which can cause fatigue or poor judgment. If you feel nervous or tired before patrol, try light exercise and stretching. Keep in mind, once you start patrolling, your body will naturally adapt. Your eyes adapt to low light, your ears adapt to loud noise, and your nose adapts to foul smells. Trust your body. The Zen of Patrolling Patrolling can be compared with riding a motorcycle. Both can create extremely dangerous and life-threatening situations. However, if you are well trained, mature, disciplined, and have the right state of mind, they can both be rewarding and safe activities. Many motorcycle riders enjoy the freedom of not having any metal surrounding them. They are more at one with the road. Similarly, on patrol, you are more at one with the streets. For motorcyclists, the constant potential for danger forces them to concentrate and focus. It can release them from all the other thoughts, concerns, needs, and worries that would otherwise clutter their minds. Similarly, while on patrol, the constant demand for alertness and quick thinking can also release you from the clutter of an idle mind.

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Dropping The first and most important patrol lesson should be dropping and calling a drop. If the perpetrator (perp) is only carrying a firearm and not holding it, call out “Gun!” The patrol will take cover. However, if the firearm is being brandished or pointed at the patrol: 1. Yell, “DROP!!!” 2. Drop straight down to the ground with one leg bent. Do not fall forward or kick your legs back. 3. Tell everyone where the armed perp is. 4. Roll or run toward cover. 5. Carefully check to see if the perp is moving toward you or away from you. If he is moving toward you, keep running to safety. DO NOT leave your partner. 6. Once it is safe or he is moving away from you, call 911. Do not drop forward

Do not drop backwards

Drop Straight Down to the Ground

Cover and Concealment When trying to take cover, many people think they are safe if the perp cannot see them. This is only called concealment. You are not covered unless you are behind a structure strong enough to deflect or completely absorb a bullet. Many walls are only made of dry wall or pressed particleboard. Most car walls are made of composite plastics with thin sheet metal frames. If there is nothing around but a car, try to take

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cover behind the engine block. Otherwise try to find a concrete or brick wall or a large, thick tree trunk. Running from an Armed Perp In the rare case that the armed perp decides to chase you, try to run in an unpredictable zigzag pattern and avoid running in front of lighted windows where you may create a dark profile. Try to turn as many corners as possible diagonally away from the armed perp. Do not run blindly into the road. You may avoid the bullet, but you have a better chance of being hit by a car. Never, ever try to pursue an armed perp. Never attempt to disarm him unless he has the pistol right on you. Distance The environment largely dictates the distance between patrollers. If there are few people on the streets and light vehicular traffic, the greatest threat to a Patrol is a drive-by. If the Patrol is bunched up, a drive-by perp can hit more Angels. The Patrol should spread out and post up about eight feet apart. If the sidewalks are crowded and there is heavy vehicular traffic, it would be much harder for a drive-by perp to distinguish the Angels then escape through traffic. The greatest threat to a Patrol in this case is a pedestrian who will either shoot or stab point blank. In this case, it is more important for an Angel to be able to quickly push his partner out of danger and react to the attacker. The Patrol should then be within arms reach of each other at all times.

Elevated Sensory Perception Eyes  Do not put your eyes on the ground unless you are looking for something.  Don’ t look down at your hands if you are holding a notebook, gloves, or flier. Bring things in your hand up to your eye level.  Generally keep your eyes on the horizon, the line that divides the sky and the streets.  On crowded sidewalks, try to make brief eye contact with people walking by.  Routinely scan from side to side.  Look at anything that moves including vehicles. Try to make brief eye contact with as many drivers and passengers passing by.  When passing under bridges or in front of tall buildings, look up.  Look for anything out of the ordinary including broken glass, blood, alcohol bottles, and open doors.  Don’ t tire your eyes out by trying to look at everything.

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Ears Listen for the sound of screaming, yelling, breaking glass, sirens, alarms, cars, footsteps, and of course cries for help. The moment you hear something suspicious, tell the patrol “quiet.” If you hear a scream, listen for laughing or giggling to follow. If you think it was a serious scream, walk toward the scream. Try not to be loud and boisterous on patrol so that you will be able to hear things. Every now and then, have the San Francisco Patrol 1996 patrol pause silently to take in the sounds of the environment. If you are using a scanner, use an earpiece or keep it low. Nose Always smell for marijuana, alcohol, smoke, gas fumes, or any other strange or unusual odors.

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Guardian Angels Arrest and Civil Protective Custody

An arrest is the taking of a person into custody with or without the use of force. I can walk up to a criminal and declare that he is under arrest without ever touching him. Of course, if he resists arrest (i.e., tries to flee), then I have the right to use minimal force necessary to keep him in my custody until the police arrive. Placing someone under arrest should not be taken lightly. You are violating his rights, and if you do not have sufficient evidence or justification for the arrest, he may justifiably sue you and the Guardian Angels for false arrest and any injuries suffered as a result of the arrest. Nevada Revised Statues: 171.104 Arrest defined;by whom made. An arrest is the taking of a person into custody, in a case and in the manner authorized by law. An arrest may be made by a peace officer or by a private person. Everyone in America has the right to make a citizens arrest. You may arrest anyone for a misdemeanor crime only if you have witnessed the crime being committed. You may arrest anyone for a felony crime if you have reasonable cause to believe the person committed a crime. Nevada Revised Statues: 171.126 Arrest by private person. A private person may arrest another: 1. For a public offense committed or attempted in his presence. 2. When the person arrested has committed a felony, although not in his presence. 3. When a felony has been in fact committed, and he has reasonable cause for believing the person arrested to have committed it. Examples: If you hear a scream for help in an alley, and then a man runs out of the alley with blood stains on his shirt and hands, you may arrest him on suspicion of battery. If a woman runs to you, pointing out the man who stole her purse and punched her, you cannot make an arrest. If, however, you approach the man, and he is holding her purse or he has blood on his fists, you may arrest him on behalf of the victim on suspicion of robbery and battery. If you see a smashed car window, and you see a man running down the street with a tire iron, you have probable cause to believe that this man committed the crime, BUT the crime is only a misdemeanor. You cannot arrest him on suspicion of a misdemeanor crime.

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Additionally, anyone may come to the aid of a person arresting someone else. In this case, the Patrol Leader will determine if the Patrol should assist the person making the arrest. In cases of felony arrests, Angels will assist. In cases of misdemeanors, where no Angel witnessed the crime, the Angels will only assist if they believe anyone’ s safety is in danger. Nevada Revised Statues: 171.132 Person making arrest may summon assistance. Any person making an arrest may orally summon as many persons as he deems necessary to aid him therein. When you make an arrest, announce yourself “Guardian Angels!” After you place the person under arrest, inform him that he is under arrest and the reason for the arrest. “You are under arrest for assault and battery. The police are arriving shortly.” You do not have to read him his Miranda rights. FYI: Miranda Rights:  You have the right to remain silent. Do you understand?  Anything you say may be used against you in court. Do you understand?  You have the right to an attorney during questioning. Do you understand?  If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed for you without charge before questioning if you wish. Do you understand?  Do you want to talk about what happened?

WHEN GUARDIAN ANGELS DO NOT ARREST? Guardian Angels will only make an arrest when it is safe to do so. An arrest will not be made if:  The perp produces a gun.  The perp’ s friends or supporters outnumber the patrol.  The perp jumps in a car Guardian Angels do not arrest criminals engaged in certain non-violent crimes (e.g. prostitution, trespassing, drug use). In the case of drug use, Angels may confiscate and destroy drug material and paraphernalia.

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Civil Protective Custody If a person poses a threat to his own safety or the safety of others due to alcohol, drugs, or mental disability, you may call the police to place the person under civil protective custody. A private citizen cannot place someone under civil protective custody, but he can detain that individual until the police arrive to protect his own safety and the safety of others. Examples A person:  Walks into traffic without any reasonable caution.  Continues to fall down or hit his head against things.  Carelessly bumps into and shoves pedestrians. In this case, he can also be arrested for assault and battery.  Starts to climb lampposts or trees.  Walks on high ledges or edges that may result in a high fall.  Threatens to cut himself with a sharp object. CALIFORNIA CODES WELFARE AND INSTITUTIONS CODE SECTION 5150 5150. When any person, as a result of mental disorder, is a danger to others, or to himself or herself, or gravely disabled, a peace officer, member of the attending staff, as defined by regulation, of an evaluation facility designated by the county, designated members of a mobile crisis team provided by Section 5651.7, or other professional person designated by the county may, upon probable cause, take, or cause to be taken, the person into custody and place him or her in a facility designated by the county and approved by the State Department of Mental Health as a facility for 72-hour treatment and evaluation. Such facility shall require an application in writing stating the circumstances under which the person's condition was called to the attention of the officer, member of the attending staff, or professional person, and stating that the officer, member of the attending staff, or professional person has probable cause to believe that the person is, as a result of mental disorder, a danger to others, or to himself or herself, or gravely disabled. If the probable cause is based on the statement of a person other than the officer, member of the attending staff, or professional person, such person shall be liable in a civil action for intentionally giving a statement which he or she knows to be false.

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Guardian Angels Common Street Crimes

ASSAULT Nevada Revised Statues: 200.471 Assault: Definitions;penalties. 1. As used in this section: (a) “Assault”means an unlawful attempt, coupled with a present ability, to commit a violent injury on the person of another. In many instances, mutants will harass, threaten, and lunge at Angels. The mutant is to be arrested at any point in time if you feel the mutant is about to inflict bodily harm upon you. The general rule is as follows:    

If you are touched. If your forward progress is purposefully impeded. If his body is thrown toward you (a lunge). A limb need not be thrown upon you. If they have compromised your personal space (arms length), AND you have given them a distinct and clear warning to back away.

BATTERY Nevada Revised Statues: 200.481 Battery: Definitions;penalties. 1. As used in this section: (a) “Battery”means any willful and unlawful use of force or violence upon the person of another. At any point in time, if an Angel is battered, an arrest will be made if it can be made safely. DISTURBING THE PEACE Nevada Revised Statues: 203.010 Disturbing the peace. Every person who shall maliciously and willfully disturb the peace or quiet of any neighborhood or person or family by loud or unusual noises, or by tumultuous and offensive conduct, threatening, traducing, quarreling, challenging to fight, or fighting, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. (Traducing means: To say untrue or malicious things.)

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Guardian Angels do not arrest people for disturbing the peace. Their approach is to observe the activity, and intervene only when safe to do so. By verbally resolving the conflict, people usually disperse. If they do not disperse, keep posted to the end of patrol if necessary. FIGHTS Nevada Revised Statues: 203.050 Affray. If two or more persons shall, by agreement, fight in a public place, to the terror of the citizens of this state, the persons so offending commit an affray and are guilty of a misdemeanor. When Guardians Angels witness someone beating up another person, we intervene to assist the victim. If that victim has suffered no serious injuries, we ask the victim if he would like to arrest the attacker. If that victim refuses, the attacker is allowed to leave. If the victim has sustained serious injuries, the attacker is automatically arrested for battery whether the victim wants to press charges or not. When Guardian Angels witness two people or a group of people fighting, we call the police and intervene to keep the fight from escalating to serious injury. No arrests are made, unless any party decides to arrest another or any party has suffered serious injuries.

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Guardian Angels Arrest Procedure

TAKEDOWNS The Guardian Angels will only make an arrest if it is safe to do so. The arresting Angels will only use minimum force necessary to control the perp and search for weapons. If at any point in time an arresting Angel believes that his life is being threatened, he is not obligated to complete the arrest. Additionally, he may use whatever means he feels reasonable and lawful to protect his life. 1.

The arresting Angel will tackle the perp down to the ground. The objective of the tackle is not only to subdue the perp, but also to control him and prevent him from harming the arresting Angel.

Other Angels may assist the arresting Angel at any time, but only when necessary to control the perp and only one at a time. In other words, do not dog pile the perp. If the perp is extremely strong, take one limb and anchor it with your body.

Once the perp is under control, make a FULL search of the perp for weapons.

Call the police.

Watch out for a possible crowd or the perpâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; s friends.

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Guardian Angels Crowd Control

The danger of a patrol being mobbed cannot be over-emphasized. The Patrol must win the hearts if not minds of the crowd and neighborhood. America learned this in Vietnam: Without support from the people, you never know who your enemies are. Mutants can strike a patrol repeatedly by retreating behind a crowd. The crowd itself may end up rushing the entire patrol. A hostile crowd IS A LIFE-THREATENING SITUATION. 1.

The arrest or confrontation must be resolved quickly. The longer it takes the Patrol to subdue a perp or control a mutant, the more confident the crowd becomes. If the Patrol cannot control a couple of mutants, the crowd believes the Patrol cannot hurt them.

One Angel backed by his partner must immediately make verbal contact with the crowd in a psychological operation. He must: A. B. C. D.

Explain the situation or crime. Inform the crowd that the police are on their way. Assure the crowd of their best intentions and that they have the situation under control. Calm them down.

If the two Angels are successful in controlling the crowd, the Patrol may continue to subdue the perp. Definition of a hostile crowd: The crowd makes threats, taunts, insults, or displays hostile gestures. The crowd encircles the Patrol. Any single person from the crowd attacks and the crowd protects this person.

If the two Angels cannot control the crowd, the Patrol abandons the arrest and releases the perp.

The PL decides whether to Circle Up or V-up to break through the crowd.

If any single person in the crowd comes out and attacks the patrol and then retreats back into the crowd, do not attempt to arrest him. Stay together.

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Guardian Angels Throwdown

Every now and then, a Patrol is besieged. It has exhausted every available tactic to deescalate the situation, and the Patrol now finds itself being outnumbered or attacked with weapons. This situation is called a “throwdown.” Whenever you hear this, you must immediately change your mental focus. While it is not Guardian Angel policy to tell you how to protect your life, we can offer you some basic personal protection tips that will significantly improve your chances of surviving a throwdown. Weapons If you see a weapon, point it out! “Knife behind you!” “Baseball bat to your right!” “Stick!” “Gun!” 1. If you see a gun, yell: “DROP!” 2. Take cover. 3. Retreat to a safety. 4. Call the police. Street-fighting tips      

Protect your head. Never go down to the ground if you’ re outnumbered. Watch your back. Close the distance to your target. Breathe! Don’ t hold your breath. Relax! Tense up only to absorb or fire a strike. Once the strike connects, relax again.  Maintain peripheral vision. Do not be tunneled-visioned. Constantly scan the scene for an Angel in need or an opportunity to strike or pick up a weapon.  Keep cool. Do not succumb to panic or anger-induced mental fogging. By keeping cool, you think faster, see more, and last longer. The goal of a throwdown is not to punish your attackers with as many strikes as you can get in. The goal is take your attackers out of the fight as soon as possible. Striking tips   

Aim through your attackers. An effective strike will move the mass of your attackers. Pivot your hips to bring your entire body into the strike. Exhale as you strike.

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

Fight close. Most novices fight from a distance with winding windmills. By going in close, you: A. B. C. D. E.

Surprise them. Eliminate any advantage they may have in reach or upper-body mass. Maximize your elbow and knee strikes. Use their own body as a shield against their friends. Dramatically reduce your chances of missing your target.

TEN WAYS TO LOSE A FIGHT Common mistakes by novice fighters: 1. They don’ t see the weapon being used and get shot or knifed. 2. They don’ t see weapons on the ground before the enemy picks it up. 3. They don’ t watch their backs and are knocked out from behind. 4. They go crazy and burn out. 5. They hold their breath and burn out. 6. They use quantity strikes versus quality strikes. 7. They aim at their opponents instead of through them. 8. They are not resourceful and only use one strike technique over and over. 9. Their bodies are constantly tensed up, and they burn out. 10. They fight from a distance and are never able to deliver effective strikes.

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Guardian Angels Patrol Strategies

Patrol Areas Patrol strategies depend on each community and area. There are three general types of areas we patrol: commercial nightlife, residential, and daytime special events. Commercial nightlife includes concentrations of restaurants, retail, bars, and nightclubs. The reasons people request us to patrol include fighting from bars, public drunkenness, aggressive panhandling, prostitution, muggings, drug dealing, gang presence, and general rowdiness. Residential includes all types of residential neighborhoods including high rise condominiums, projects, apartment complexes, and suburban single family homes. People request us to patrol because of vehicle burglaries, vehicle thefts, home burglaries, a rash of rapes, gang presence, drug dealing, graffiti, and vandalism. Daytime special events include street fairs, festivals, parades, concerts, sporting events, rallies, demonstrations, and marches. The major problems with these events include public drunkenness, disorder, riot, fighting, gang presence, and general rowdiness. You will rarely patrol commercial areas that are closed at night since many have alarm systems and their own security services.

Commercial Nightlife Patrols The goal of patrolling commercial nightlife is to deter crime through high visibility. However, the majority of the patrol will be spent as goodwill ambassadors and city guides. Tourists will ask you for directions. Locals will want to get to know you. You should not try to be tough and intimidating. Your role is more like a party host. It is your job to circulate and greet all the guests and make sure that they are having Patrolling Hollywood Boulevard, 2003 an enjoyable and safe evening. Every now and then, there will be a party pooper, and it is your job to resolve it quickly and amicably. All parties should be able to save face and walk away. You should always try to avoid coming across as harsh, unreasonable, and aggressive but at the same time, you should also

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avoid appearing too soft, conciliatory, passive, or impartial. Dealing with any volatile situation will be a public event, and it should be quick, professional, and clean. Residential Patrols The majority of residential patrols will be spent walking around calm, empty, and quiet streets and alleys interrupted by intense bouts of confrontations and hostilities. You should always try to be professional, courteous, and friendly, but this may not always be welcomed with mutual respect. Criminals and gangs are more likely to confront and test you. It is therefore important to also appear tough and intimidating. Your role is to safeguard â&#x20AC;&#x153;theirâ&#x20AC;?turf. Criminals and gangs are not likely to welcome you. It takes a certain level of resolve and determination to stand your ground and deal with the threats, taunting, and dangers. None-the-less, you should always remain fair, assertive, and poised. Mixed Commercial Nightlife and Residential Patrols Most likely, your patrols will be a combination of commercial nightlife and residential. Many volunteers are overwhelmed by doing only commercial nightlife or bored by doing just residential. The problems in a commercial nightlife area also tend to spill over to the surrounding residential neighborhood. There are also benefits to doing both types of patrols. We are more visible to the public when we do commercial nightlife patrols and there are more recruiting opportunities. By doing residential patrols, however, we are usually helping those who cannot afford to help themselves. More and more commercial nightlife areas have more police presence and some entertainment districts even hire their own police, reserve police, or security. Crime problems in residential areas affect entire families including children. Special Events Special events are more similar to commercial nightlife patrols;however, during the daytime they will include a broader spectrum of the community that rarely comes into contact with a Guardian Angel. This is your opportunity to introduce yourself to this huge, middle demographic sector. There are also more families and children providing opportunities for recruiting for youth programs. Special events are both Patrolling Venice Beach, CA, 2003 promotional and recruiting patrols. You should walk around casually in small groups and enjoy the atmosphere, however, always remain professional, alert, and friendly.

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Guardian Angels will either be participants of rallies, marches, and demonstrations, or they may be peacekeepers. As participants, our goal is to circulate and share our interest in the issue and try to make contacts. As peacekeepers, our goal is entirely different. We should try to remain as neutral as possible, treating both sides with equal respect and courtesy. Our goal is to identify and deter potential troublemakers and lawbreakers. Patrol Speed Patrol speed depends a lot on pedestrian traffic. The more people are around, the slower you should walk. If you are crossing an empty area to get from one patrol area to the next, you can walk fast. The benefits of walking slowly: 1. You can see and hear more of the environment. 2. You are more rested and alert. Walking fast tends to tire you out, thereby reducing your sensory perceptiveness and also your ability to think and respond clearly to situations. 3. People are more likely to approach and talk to you. 4. You appear more relaxed and aware of your environment. Posting Up You should post up when waiting for a long traffic signal or when responding to any type of situation. You should also frequently post up in crowded areas as well as throughout patrol. When you are posted up, people are even more likely to stop and talk to you. They are more likely to get involved in long and meaningful conversations. It is also easier to recruit people. When you post up in crowded areas, you should not try to appear tough and intimidating. Greet Posting Up on Hollywood Bl, California 2003 people as they pass by. Posting up also allows members to take a break, relax, and talk to other members on the patrol. Perimeter and Center When you determine an appropriate patrol area, you should not only focus in the center of that area. Many criminals and drug dealers will do business in one area, but they may then move to another area to hook up with their supplier or boss. Their back up may also be parked or hang out away from the center. Even though there may not be much activity in the perimeter, you should always check the perimeter. Often times, when you scare criminals from the center, they may move to the perimeter.

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Random Within the designated patrol area, you should always patrol in a random pattern. Criminals should not always expect you to be at a specific place at a specific time. They should only expect you to be in a general area at a general time. If people see you in the same general area each week, they usually assume that you are there on a continual basis. You may also want to occasionally change the patrol day and time period. Concentration Versus Variety If there is a specific crime or problem area, you should concentrate on it. Patrols do not effectively reduce crime if they spread out and try to target several different problem areas. There is a lot of evidence that crime does drop if patrols target a small area on a routine basis. This does not mean you have to spend all night in that area. At the same time, you want to give patrols variety in order to keep members challenged and stimulated. Between patrolling your target area, you may want to check out new parts of the community. You also want patrol members to participate in daytime events like festivals, parades, as well as occasional daytime patrols. You should also attempt to hook up with nearby chapters. Numbers In the old days, it was not unusual to have a dozen or more patrol members marching down the street. This was a necessary show of force, because it was also not unusual to have a dozen or more criminals and gang members hanging out in a park or at a street corner. Today, criminals are less likely to hang out in large numbers. The biggest reason is the drive-by, but another reason is that the police are more likely to target them and interfere with their business. Criminals and gangs today are much more likely to hang out in small numbers and spread out along a street or in parked vehicles. The drop in crime also means that less people are being mugged and harassed on the streets. For these reasons, the public reacts less favorably to any show of force by us or even the police. When crime is not a major concern, people focus on their individual liberties. Any show of force is viewed as a threat to their individual liberties. A Guardian Angels patrol should therefore be no greater than six members. If you have more than six members, split the patrol in half. Each patrol should always have one Safety. Patrols should be split in a manner that provides each patrol with an equal level of experience and skill. One patrol should not have all the friendly, out-going members while the other patrol is full of tough, intimidating members. Each patrol should also attempt to appear diverse. Try to avoid having one patrol with all females or one patrol with all Asians. Part of our message is that we bring the entire community together to work together. All patrols should always stay within radio or cell phone communication with the other patrol and meet up throughout the night for breaks.

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Shadow Patrols If you do not feel comfortable splitting patrols, you can do shadow patrols. You have one patrol follow the other patrol on the other side of the street or at a half block distance. The patrol with less experience is the Shadow patrol and follows the lead patrol. Special or Elite Patrols There are no special or elite patrols. All Patrol Guardian Angels will receive the same training and assignments. Every now and then, chapters have created special units like the police SWAT teams to deal with more serious and dangerous assignments. They may roam the city in vans and jump out when needed. There are major problems with this: 1. If an assignment is so dangerous that it requires special training and a special unit, it is simply too dangerous. The highest goal of the Guardian Angels is safety. We should be able to provide regular training to regular citizens to solve community problems. If it takes special training and a special unit, we are simply not doing our job. A special unit is simply a short cut and a short-term fix. 2. Our goal is to be seen and be visual deterrents not ninjas. If there is a serious crime problem that cannot be addressed by a regular street patrol, we need to work with the police. However, with enough attention, focus, and community support, it is extremely rare to encounter a problem we cannot handle. 3. The creation of an elite group is demoralizing to regular members. Being an ordinary citizen on patrol is special enough. It is an indication of extreme courage and compassion. You should not take anything away from this accomplishment by creating a special unit that supposedly is more courageous and compassionate than everyone else. 4. When you take the best out of the regular patrols, what are you left with? The best and most well trained members should be role models for the rest and work closely with them and not in their own special unit. Undercover Patrols There is no such thing. If you are not wearing a beret and apparel with a clearly visible Guardian Angels logo, you are not a Guardian Angel and you are not conducting a Guardian Angels patrol. However, there may be times when you need to conduct reconnaissance on an area that is rumored to have crime problems. Usually, when criminals see Guardian Angels, they run away. It is therefore difficult to assess whether a new area has a crime problem. You may wish to check out the area on your own. Keep in mind, however, that you are really on your own. You are not representing the Guardian Angels, and you are not performing a Guardian Angels function. If you choose to do this, always go with a friend and inform someone else of what you are doing and when you plan to return.

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Patrolling Out of Colors Do not patrol out of colors. Once new members take off their colors, they often succumb to a patrol buzz. For the first time, people on the streets treat them with respect and a little fear. People also tend to be more friendly and approachable. So the next day, they will walk around still in the patrol mentality. They will greet people and open doors for them, which is a good thing. However, they may also tend to interfere with conflicts on the street and attempt to intervene in serious crimes. Unfortunately, they forget that they are not in colors. When we approach a situation, first of all, we approach as a group. If a group of anyone was approaching a criminal, he would most likely flee. Second, we are all in the same uniform. People will usually not view us as a threat but most likely a security team or some sort of authority. When you are by yourself and approach a situation, you are extremely vulnerable. At the same time, the people in the situation will view you as a complete unknown and threat. Three Guardian Angels have been killed when they tried to intervene in a crime out of colors. They were courageous and selfless for their actions; however, their actions should also serve to warn us all. Most people will not intervene in any situation out of fear. The Guardian Angels intervene because we are well trained, but also because we wear a uniform and many people know that we are out there to help. Criminals are also less likely to attack us compared to some guy all by himself. When you are not in colors, you should be friendly to strangers and help them when in need. However, you should also keep in mind that you are not a hero, and you should be extremely cautious about intervening by yourself in any dangerous situation. Call the police. Secret Sub-groups There are no secret clubs or sub-groups inside the Guardian Angels. There is no secret code, secret names, or handshakes. There should be nothing secret about the Guardian Angels. While secrecy may seem cool and fun, it has two serious and contradictory side effects. Secrecy creates an atmosphere of exclusivity. The Guardian Angels concept is the complete opposite. Our goal is to be inclusive, to open our arms to all the good people in the community. We should always be focusing on making members feel like they belong and are the core of our organization. It completely defeats the purpose for the Guardian Angels to be exclusive and secret. Secrecy is also the opposite of accountability. As Guardian Angels we should be one of the most accountable, transparent, and open community groups. If the public feels that we are holding any secrets, they will not trust us. If people feel that they cannot easily join us and become equal members with equal rights, they will not join us. Criminals love to operate under a cloak of secrecy and exclusivity. We should not be imitating criminals. Secret groups are for insecure people who need something to make them feel special.

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Guardian Angels Formations

Post Up The post up not only gives the Patrol a break from walking;it also allows the Patrol to concentrate on a particular street or corner. It also makes it easier for pedestrians to approach us and talk with us. Always post up close to your partner. Try to cover all 360 degrees of the area. If you can, put your back to a wall. If there is no wall available, use a utility box, tree, or street post. In highly crowded areas, you may want to circle out or post up back to back with your partner.

Posting Up Back to Back on Hollywood Boulevard, California 2003

Double The PL and his partner are always up front. The Second and his partner are always in back. The Second is always diagonal from the PL. Each Angel (except the Diamond) walks in a direct line behind the Angel in front of him. Staggered When you are walking on a narrow sidewalk, one partner will walk slightly ahead of the other. The PL will always be in front, and the Second will always be in the very back. Single When you are passing people on a narrow sidewalk, walk single file. The PL will always be in front, and the Second will always be in the very back. Through Alley When walking through an open alley, the right side of the patrol walks close to the right wall while the left side walks close to the left wall. Not only does this allow the patrol to check both edges of the alleyway, but if a car comes along and tries to run over or shoot the patrol, it simply splits our survival odds in half.

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Closed Alley When walking into a closed alley, the Second and his partner will post up at the entranceway to the alley to watch for incoming pedestrians or cars. This ensures that the patrol will not be cornered or ambushed in the alley. Follow Through If the PL wants the Patrol to do a 180, she should use a Follow Through. The Patrol faces outward and the front of the Patrol walks in between the rest of the Patrol until everyone has walked through. The Second and his partner simply turn 180. Circle Up/Out A Circle Up is used when either a hostile crowd surrounds the Patrol, or the Patrol is trying to protect a victim. It is the job of each member to make sure the crowd does not pull any member away from the Circle. If the Circle is attacked, it will defend itself shoulder to shoulder. V Up A V Up is only used to break through a hostile crowd. The Patrol should simply look like a large V from above with the PL at the forward tip. Everyone else falls behind but next to his partner. The PL will then yell “Forward!” The V cuts into the crowd. The PL pushes mutants either to his left or right. Everyone else in the V then continues to push the mutants down the legs of the V. In the end, the crowd should be simply cut in half with a clear exit down the middle. Breaks Only when you are on a break can you fall out of formation. None-the-less, always stick with your partner. If a member of the opposite sex goes to the bathroom, post up outside the door. Try to take breaks outside the public view as much as possible. Do not smoke, eat, drink, or use the bathroom with your beret on. You should take a fifteen-minute break for every four hours. You should not continuously patrol for more than eight hours.

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Guardian Angels Patrol Language

Hand Signals Index finger pointed to the side Index finger pointed up Two fingers pointed up Fist pointed up at a 45Â° angle Index finger point up, moving in a circle Two fingers to eyes, then index finger pointed Two arms up in a V Two index fingers pointing to each side Beret in hand, to side Beret in hand, shaking

Turn in the direction of the finger Single file Double file Stop Pair up Look at what I am pointing to V up Alley way, split up Code yellow, walk toward me Code red, double time toward me

Terminology Get ready Pair up Post up Code 4 Code Red Code Yellow Code Blue Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Drop me a C line Watch your 6 Watch your 3 Watch your 9 51/50 ETA

Prepare to pair up and go Start walking in patrol formation Stand at post Everything is under control Urgent, need immediate assistance Potential situation in progress, assist Fake call to police Verbal confrontation directed at Patrol Hostiles at close range Physical confrontation, fight, takedown Weapons involved, life threatening Angel down, serious injury Call me on the telephone Watch your back (referring to the hands of a clock) Watch to your right Watch to your left Mentally disabled individual Estimated Time of Arrival

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Radio Codes Guardian Angels should not be expected to memorize all “Ten Codes”that the local police department or dispatch uses. Just remember the following codes: 10 10 10 10

4 9 20 22

Okay, yes, acknowledge Repeat the message Location Disregard

Radio Protocol           

Do not curse or use full names. Even short-distance, two-way radio channels fall under FCC regulations. If your radio does not signal the end of a transmission, say “Over”at the end of your transmission. Call the other person as follows: “Shish to Gator. Shish to Gator.” Respond with: “This is Gator. Go ahead.” Try to be concise. Do not use the radio for trivial conversation. Do not argue over the radio. Do not transmit confidential or sensitive information over the radio. Repeat numbers, times, and locations twice. Reply with “10 4”to indicate that you heard the message and will comply. Set up a list of channels and encode them beforehand in case you need to switch channels. For example, “Blue channel is Channel 12, Privacy Code 35. Yellow channel is Channel 8, Privacy Code 4.” When you tell everyone to switch channels, simply tell them to switch to blue or yellow.

Codenames Codenames are used for two main purposes. 1) According to FCC regulations you cannot use your full name over FCC radio channels. 2) In certain crime areas, it protects your privacy and you against possible retaliation or harassment. Only the CL can assign codenames. They should not be based on ethnicity, size, religion, nationality, or political view. They should not be insulting, derogatory, sexual, or violent in content. FCC regulations also forbid you from using profanities and obscene language on the radio. Above all, they should be original and not clichés. Examples of good codenames: Rock, 13, Iron, Venom, Paladin, Valkyrie, EQ, Crowbar, Tow Truck, Chaco, Crow, Shogun, Jaws, Sidewinder, Unique, Matrix, Amazon, Epic Examples of bad codenames: Pikachu, Kewpie, Angel Eyes, Charles Manson, Judge, Shadow, Spawn, Sumo, Kato, Butch, Cryptmaster, AK 47, Pit, Rocket Scientist Examples of controversial codenames: Murdered Pig on a Stick

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Guardian Angels Code of Patrol Ethics

What are ethics? This is a very philosophical question, but for our purposes, ethics can be defined as rules of conduct that help protect social justice, order, and advancement. In other words, without ethics, there is no social justice, social order would break down, and there would be no social advancement. As Guardian Angels, our job can virtually We are not superheroes, but we are role models. Hollywood, CA 2003 be defined as upholding justice, protecting order, and supporting social advancement. In other words, our job is to uphold, protect, and support ethics. Of all volunteers, of all citizens, of all people, we should be the most ethical. Being Ethical Versus Being a Goody-Two-Shoe Some people may accuse us of being hall monitors, narks, rats, or goody-twoshoes. These are really examples of people following the rules without conscience and with selfish motives. There may be some rules, regulations, or laws that are unethical or unjust. For many years in America, it was illegal for minorities and women to vote. It is still illegal in most states for homosexuals to marry. Being ethical does not mean that you ignorantly follow all the rules, regulations, or laws. It means that you use your own conscience to determine which ones are ethical and just. Of course, many people abuse this concept. Just because one law is unjust, they rationalize that they can break every law. Or they use situational ethics and only break the laws when following them would create an inconvenience. Street Ethics To an outsider, the streets may seem like a crazy, disorderly place where people are constantly cheating each other and breaking the law. While people on the streets may not have as healthy a respect for the law as the rest of us, there is still a code of ethics on the streets. Whenever you have any kind of people interacting in any kind of operation, there must always be some kind of code of conduct. Even on the streets, people benefit from interacting with others on the street, and they must abide by a certain codes of conduct to work together.

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You will encounter many criminals on the streets, but even though they know we are out to get them, they do not necessarily view us as the enemy. Gangs may not appreciate us disrupting their drug deals, but many still respect us for looking out for their families and communities. Panhandlers and prostitutes may not appreciate us disrupting their business, but they still respect us for looking out for their welfare and treating them as human beings. The more we show people that we value them, regardless of their situation in life, the more they learn to value themselves. The more they value themselves, the more likely they are to try to improve themselves and avoid using crime or drugs to solve their problems. By the same token, you do not want to pity everyone or fall for sob stories or cons. People need to help themselves, and they do not need you as a crutch. As the saying goes: Give a man a fish, and he will eat for a day. Teach him to fish, and he will eat the rest of his life. Patrol Ethics           



 



Be professional, friendly, and helpful. Avoid using profanities or obscenities. Treat and respect everyone as equals. Do not sexually harass anyone. Do not exceed minimal force necessary to protect yourself or make an arrest. Do not violate a person’ s civil rights including harassment, unlawful detention, or unlawful search or seizure. Obey all just local and federal laws. Do not accept personal gifts greater in value than $10 (it is customary and polite to accept a beverage, snack, cigarette, or book). Never accept a personal cash gift. Anything given to us is considered a donation and must be reported. Donations are the sole property of the Guardian Angels. Do not offer quid pro quo (an exchange of services for money, goods, or free services). If someone would like you to patrol private property or a special event, inform him that you do accept donations, but any donation is not a purchase or represent a contract for services. If you witness a Guardian Angel breaking any minor rule, regulation, or guideline, directly inform him. If he does not acknowledge the offense and does not promise to correct his behavior, or if he repeats the offense, inform the CL. If the offender is the CL, inform the Regional or National Director. If the offense is serious or violates the law, inform the CL immediately. There is no Secret Code of Silence or Discipline in the Guardian Angels. However, if you witness any violation of rules, regulations, guidelines, or laws follow internal procedure. If you do not feel that internal procedure is remedying the problem, feel free to go outside the organization. Keep in mind, any serious violation of law must be reported to the police, including major violations by other Guardian Angels. You will not be punished for making that report.

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Guardian Angels Situations

Drugs and Paraphernalia If you come across a small quantity of drugs (e.g., dime bag, joint) throw it into the gutter. Be very careful about picking up needles. Do not pick up broken glass. Destroy and dispose of all other paraphernalia. If you come across a large quantity of drugs (e.g., several dime bags, a freezer bag, a brick) do NOT touch it. Call the police immediately. Keep alert for its owner. These are examples of possible drug paraphernalia. They include lighters, plastic bags, joints, razors, metal mesh screens, syringes, glass cylindrical tubes, and spoons.

Approaching alleyways and blind corners When you cross an alleyway or blind corner, slow down and check around the corner.

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Private property Do not trespass if there is a “No Trespass”or “Restricted Area”sign. You may walk across parking lots and commercial areas. You may also enter private property if there is someone in need or you are pursuing a criminal. Be especially careful and announce yourself to anyone you come across and tell him what you are doing. Do not break or enter Shopping mall in Toronto, Canada, 2002 a property unless a life is in danger. Always announce yourself before entering private property. Whenever patrolling private property that is open to the public (e.g., shopping malls, sports complex), keep in mind that you are technically not in public. The property owner or manager has the right to throw you out. Always try to defer problems and minor situations to whatever security they already have. Only respond to serious and life threatening emergencies. Places to Avoid  Bars, nightclubs, parties. Any place that serves alcohol.  Strip clubs and adult video stores.  Make sure everyone on patrol is comfortable if you intend to visit a religious institution. The Guardian Angels is not affiliated with any religion.  Try to avoid political offices. The Guardian Angels should try to remain as politically neutral as possible.

Patrolling the Pacific Ocean is not advisable

Places to Visit  Any business open at night.  Any bus, subway, or train station.  Any area with high pedestrian traffic.

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Traffic The Guardian Angels are not traffic cops. It is also illegal in many states for citizens to direct traffic. Only direct traffic if there is a real and dangerous situation like a burning car or if it is only momentary like someone trying to back up in the road. If a car is broken down in traffic, always assist the driver in moving it to a safe location. Always use at least one Guardian Angel to look out for traffic. Challenges and Verbal Abuse There are three different ways to approach this situation: passive, aggressive, and assertive. The passive approach is to avoid the group making the verbal attacks. This is a nonconfrontational approach;however, it does not solve the problem. The group is likely to cause problems, look for fights with other people, and harass other pedestrians. The aggressive approach is to confront them and reply with similar insults and personal attacks. This approach escalates the situation and may lead to a physical confrontation. While this may succeed in getting rid of the problem, it may create whole new problems. Some bystanders may conclude that the Guardian Angels started the confrontation by approaching the group. The third option is assertiveness. The Patrol simply approaches the group in a calm, relaxed, yet assertive and firm demeanor. The PL simply asks them what is going on. In most instances, the group will back down and claim that they were just kidding around. The PL should then try to take the opportunity to inform the group about who the Guardian Angels are, what we do, and why we do it. Often times people challenge us simply because they have no idea who we are and what our intentions are. If the group continues being disrespectful and insulting, the PL should simply disengage and thank them for their opinions. He should then post up the Patrol nearby to make sure that this group does not harass or taunt any other people. At the same time, if the group approaches the Patrol, at least to the public it will appear that they are the aggressors. One powerful way of communicating confidence and friendliness to a large group is by posting up the Patrol a half block away and only having the PL and his partner approach the group. The two are not threatening, but at the same time, the group understands that if they attack the two, the other Guardian Angels will intervene. There is also an element of surprise and shock that will give the two the upper hand in taking control of the situation. Street Brawls A street brawl is considered a fight between two pair of combatants or more. If the number of combatants outnumbers the patrol, keep in mind that this may become a life-threatening situation if all the combatants turn against you. You should at least match the number of combatants if you plan on physically breaking up a fight. If one group is clearly beating the other, you should at least match the number of combatants in the winning group (the losing group will be much less likely to attack you).

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If you are heavily outnumbered, stand to the side and use verbal commands to attempt to break it up. Threaten to call police or call a Code Blue. If they continue fighting, call police. Your main role now will be protecting and providing First Aid to those in need. Riots Over the years, the Guardian Angels have found themselves in a number of different kinds of riots. California Guardian Angels patrolled during the 1992 Los Angeles Riots. Other chapters have patrolled during Super Bowl rioting and other street riots. A riot is unique in that the police and ambulance will not likely be available to help you. Should you be attacked, you will be defending yourselves to the bitter end. There are certain things you should know and can do to increase your odds of surviving a riot. There are generally three different kinds of riots with different kinds of attitudes and suggested responses. Level 1: Party and Drunken Celebration/Political Rally Riot. Whenever you have a large gathering of people in the evening or at night drinking heavily, you are at risk of a Level 1 Riot. 1% of the crowd will always want to elevate the party to destruction of property and vandalism with sporadic fighting. The other 99% are just having fun and will remain spectators. Also, at a political rally, 1% will always want to attract publicity by creating violence and mayhem. Throughout the festival, party, or rally, treat everyone with respect and be friendly. If you act tough and hard, you will most likely be a target of wrath during the riot. If the police are not in control, do not attempt to make any arrests. Your job is simply to protect and provide medical aid to victims. If you feel the crowd becoming hostile toward you, retreat. Level 2: Resentment/Looting/Political Protest Riot. A Level 1 Riot can escalate to a Level 2 Riot if the police are being particularly rough with the crowd throughout the event or there is a common conflict or grievance. For instance, a concert cancels the show at the last minute. The city has just lost the championship game. Also, at a political protest, more people are seriously resentful and angry. 10% of the crowd may elevate to violence. During a Level 2, you are no longer viewed as neutral or friendly. Anyone attempting to enforce authority or law is viewed as the enemy. Only under the safest conditions should you attempt to rescue and provide medical aid to victims. Generally, you should simply retreat and allow the police to take back control. Level 3: Outrage/Rebellion Riot. The 1992 LA Riot started at Level 3. A large percentage of the population feels common outrage. A political protest deals with a serious livelihood issue. The majority of the crowd will elevate to violence. It is unlikely spectators will hang around for fear of their own safety. You could classify this crowd under “mob mentality.”

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During a Level 3, you should consider your life in danger. You are free to do whatever you feel necessary to protect your life. If necessary, you may retreat and remove your colors. At the same time riots can escalate from one level to the next, they can also deescalate. The 1992 LA Riots involved different types of rioting including murder, battery, arson, looting, and vandalism. Certain areas of the metropolitan area were hit with different types of rioting. The Guardian Angels were generally deployed to prevent looting. Building Searches Guardian Angels should avoid entering abandoned buildings. However, if a criminal flees inside a building or there are squatters who are creating a problem, you may temporarily enter buildings. Keep in mind, however, that a building search is one of the most potentially dangerous of situations. Always make sure there is either sufficient lighting or your flashlights are working.  Fools rush in. Always enter a building slowly and cautiously.  Brief all members whether you will be searching in a clockwise or counterclockwise manner.  Enter single file. (Those wearing bullet resistant vests should always be point.)  Keep your arms out as if you were about to grab someone.  Announce yourself: “Guardian Angels! Come out!”  Constantly communicate with each other.  Always stay with your partner. One Angel searches while his partner covers him. The job of the partner is to pull the searching Angel out if injured.  Try to keep two Angels outside.  Always take a quick peek around corners before crossing.  Turn on any lights you come across.  Whenever you come across a room, stop. The Lead and her partner will enter the room while the rest wait outside. Once the room is clear, continue.  If you come across a suspect, do not rush him. Order him to walk toward you and surrender. If he refuses, walk cautiously toward him.  If there is a gunshot, grab your partner and exit the building quickly yet orderly. Once outside, take cover, make sure everyone is out safely, and call 911.

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Guardian Angels Transportation Guidelines

Automobiles Guardian Angels do not patrol in cars. You may conduct reconnaissance using a car. Cars can also be used to re-supply and support long-range patrols or campaigns. When traveling in a personal vehicle, remove your beret. Try to make sure no one sees you leaving a personal vehicle in uniform. They may vandalize the vehicle. If a perp is fleeing in a vehicle, do not try to enter, impede, or encircle the vehicle. If you are driving a Guardian Angels vehicle or on official Guardian Angels business, you must:            

Obey all traffic laws. Drive safely and defensively. Do not yell or gesture in anger at other vehicles. Make a full stop at all stop signs. Drive at or below the speed limit. Allow other vehicles to merge into your lane. Always signal. Do not eat, drink, read a map, LA van, Sacramento members, Denver city, 1994 or talk on a cell phone while driving. Keep the radio music low. Keep the windows cracked open. ALWAYS come to the aid of a broken down vehicle. Do not accept hitchhikers.

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PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION Although, public transportation has the word “public,”it is not the same as being in public on the streets. It is very important to remember that there are unique rules and regulations that apply to public transportation. Whether a government or private company operates the public transportation, you are held to all their rules, regulations, and guidelines. They may refuse to allow you to use their services. The main operator of the vehicle, whether a coach operator or airplane pilot, holds ultimate authority in the vehicle. If there is a disturbance or situation that is not life threatening or may cause bodily injury, inform the operator of the vehicle first. Often times, they have their own security or authority, and you are liable for arrest if you interfere. None-the-less, you are still allowed to make a citizens’arrest on public transportation and defend yourself. Buses Guardian Angels should stand on buses unless the bus travels on a freeway. Take note if there are video cameras on the bus. All videotape can be used as evidence in court. Use this opportunity to talk to and try to recruit passengers. If you are talking more than briefly to a passenger, sit down next to him so that you are talking at eye level. Commuter/Long Distance Buses/Coaches Guardian Angels should sit in the very back of the bus where the troublemakers most likely sit. You can also see everyone in front of you. If there are enough of you, have two Guardian Angels sit directly behind the coach driver. Introduce yourself to the coach driver and call him a “coach driver”or “coach operator”not a “bus driver.” Subway/Light Rail Cars Subway patrol procedures vary in each chapter. In general, Guardian Angels are the last to board the subway in order to be the closest to the exits. If the car is not full, post up by the doors between the cars and check on the Guardian Angels in the other car. At each stop, one Guardian Angel per car should look outside the Miami subway patrol, 2001 car to see the other Guardian Angels. If a Guardian Angel has his arm straight out, exit the car. If his arm is straight out with a beret, this is a Code Yellow. Walk into his car. If he is shaking his beret, this is a Code Red. Run into his car.

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If you accidentally get off at the wrong stop, take your beret off and call HQ. Wait at the station if you cannot contact them. If you accidentally stay on the train when everyone else has left, take your beret off. Get off at the next station and call HQ. Ferries There is nothing better for Guardian Angels public relations and recruiting than the captive audience of a ferry. Circulate around the ferry and try to make conversation. A patrol formation is unnecessary but stay with your partner at all times. If there is a disturbance or situation, try to find and inform the ferry captain as soon as everything is Code 4. Airplanes If the Guardian Angels is paying you to travel by air and there are at least two of you, you are required to travel in uniform and represent the Guardian Angels. Since 9-11, air travel security, as well as fears, has increased. You will be both scrutinized and Arriving in Tokyo, International Conference 1999 welcomed more. It is extremely important to keep in mind that once you are in an airplane, the Captain is in charge of the flight followed by his crew. If there is a disturbance or situation that does not require immediate action, inform the flight crew first. Allow them to handle the situation. DO NOT interfere with them. You may be prosecuted for committing a federal offense. In these times, you will very likely be detained, interrogated, prosecuted, fined, and/or imprisoned. Inform the crew that they may call upon you if they need to. When you are at the airport NEVER make any comments or jokes about terrorism, hijacking, bombs, weapons, killing, death, or explosions. Keep in mind, for international travel, U.S. Customs has the right to search your luggage AND your body. Their authority exceeds Article IV of the U.S. Constitution. Also, keep in mind that when you travel overseas, you will most likely have far fewer civil rights than you can imagine. Keep your passport with you at all times, and contact the U.S. Embassy if you run into any problems. Always be polite, professional, and courteous.

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Guardian Angels Bicycle Patrols

What does it take to do bicycle patrols? Bicycles? It takes a lot more than just hopping on a bicycle to pull off a bicycle patrol. Since you will be sharing the roads with automobiles, bicycle patrols require serious and intense road safety training. The last thing we want is for our bicycle patrol to cause an automobile accident or have one of our members seriously injured or killed by an automobile. Reno, NV bicycle patrol Keep in mind, that all members may not have driverâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; s licenses. Bicycle patrollers do not have to know all the rules of the road, but they must be familiar with many of them. Riding a bicycle is one of the most dangerous modes of transportation on public roads. The slim profile makes it extremely hard for motorists to see you, and the slow speed makes it hard for motorists to predict your movement. Never take bicycle patrols lightly. Bicycle patrollers should pass a rigorous skill test to ensure that they will not endanger their own lives. If the bicycle patrol is more of a threat to other motorists and members, it simply does not make sense to patrol on bicycles. Why Patrol on Bicycles? The only valid reason to patrol with bicycles is to cover a greater area. Keep in mind that patrols are most effective when we focus on a small, concentrated area consistently. However, there are exceptions. o You may need to patrol along a river walk that has crime problems spread along miles. o You may need to patrol a large park to find pockets of drug users or muggers (e.g., Central Park, New York City). o You may need to frequently travel between two distant crime areas in the same night. o There simply is no concentrated crime area, and you may need to cover the entire downtown area to look for problems.

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General Rules α α α α α α α α α α α α

Always inspect the bicycle before patrol. Keep tires properly inflated. Do not use ladies, BMX, or low rider bicycles. You may wear dark, knee length shorts. Always wear a helmet. Try to avoid riding on sidewalks. Stay in a low gear, and ride slowly. Never ride fast or race each other. Even when responding to emergencies, stay in a middle gear. You should not be so winded that you cannot talk. Always keep at least one hand on the handlebars. The PL should wear a whistle in case you need to alert a motorist of your presence. DO NOT look down at the ground. Scan the horizon. Do not try to take someone down from a bicycle. This could injure both yourself and the perp. Speed ahead of the perp, then dismount in front of him.

Rules When Traveling on Public Roads     



Obey all traffic laws. If you come across a red light, stop. If you come across a stop sign, stop. Ride on the right side of the road and travel with the flow of traffic. Keep in mind that bicyclists have equal right to the road as motorists, however, try to stay single file and allow motorists to pass you. Ride defensively. Try to predict what other motorists will do. Always assume that they do not see you, and they are likely to do the stupidest things. Always use hand signals. For right turns, bring your right arm out straight. For left turns, bring your left arm out straight. (Most drivers’manuals suggest bending your right arm up, but since you will be to the right of motorists, they will not see this. Additionally, most motorists will have no idea what the bent arm means in the first place.) At night, ALWAYS use a headlight and a red taillight. (This is the law in most states.)

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Guardian Angels Guidelines for Public Interaction

Domestic Be EXTREMELY careful handling a domestic situation. This usually involves a husband and wife, boyfriend and girlfriend, or relatives arguing with each other. Never turn your back on any party. If anyone feels that you are threatening her spouse, partner, or relative, she might attack you even if you are trying to help her. Try to use firm verbal commands to break the two apart. Determine each side of the story and devise a plan of action for a resolution. Law Enforcement Always show respect and friendliness toward law enforcement officers regardless of how you feel about them or even how they are treating you. NEVER argue with an officer. Only one Angel should be talking to an officer at one time. Always acknowledge and wave at officers passing by. Security Always show respect and friendliness toward security regardless of how they may treat you. Sometimes, security officers are ordered by their superiors to follow you or ask you to leave their property. NEVER argue with them. Comply and act professionally. If you are passing by a security officer, try to talk with him. Often times, security officers are bored out of their minds and appreciate some company. They are also an excellent source of information in and around their property. Store/motel owners/workers Within reason, try to visit and get to know all the storeowners and workers in your patrol area at night. Sometimes they will appreciate the break from the monotony. They are an excellent source of information for the community. Do not ask for or expect free food or drinks. If they offer, accept out of courtesy. Tourists Always spend extra time helping a tourist in need. There is no better way of spreading our positive image and message. Tourists are like bees that can pollinate their native population with our ideas and concepts. Tourists feel especially vulnerable and afraid, and feel that it is very hard to trust anyone. They will often view Guardian Angels as true guardian angels. Always try to keep a map handy for this reason, and

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try to write down directions for them. Afterwards, offer them advice on places to visit or stay. Homeless People become homeless for a variety of reasons. The most common are mental disabilities or psychological problems. Do not pity or look down upon them. The best thing you can do is accept them and inform them about ways to get help or shelter. A lot of homeless have very good knowledge of the streets and can help YOU out. Always check on people sleeping in public to make sure they do not need medical help. Do not harass the homeless. Panhandlers Post up on panhandlers in high traffic areas until they move. If they do not move, interfere with their panhandling activities. Confront and discourage all aggressive panhandlers. Gangs Many gang members are armed or have back up close by. They identify themselves by yelling their names, throwing gang signs, or wearing similar style apparel or colors. Some may assume that you are another gang. Inform them that you are a volunteer patrol. Gangs are mainly concerned with rival gangs trying to take over their territory. If they are dealing drugs, they will usually walk away. Do not challenge or threaten them. At the same time, do not fraternize with them. If they do not leave, post up and approach people who approach them. Simply tell them, “You should be careful in this neighborhood, it’ s known for gang activity.” Keep in mind, many kids today dress and act like gangbangers. You can tell they are wannabe’ s by their young age, nervousness, clean and new clothes, and posing. Real gang members are older and behave more subdued when conducting business. Drug Dealers Many drug dealers work in teams. Do not assume one drug dealer on a corner is alone. He may have armed back up around the corner or parked in a car nearby. Simply post up and observe. If he continues dealing drugs, confront him, but look out for his back up. Also make sure that he is in fact a drug dealer. Do not harass all loiterers, especially if they are minorities. Many people are just waiting for a ride, waiting for friends, or live nearby and enjoy getting some fresh air. Drug dealers will hang out much longer. They will interact more with people. They will be hostile toward you or avoid you. They will keep looking around for the police. If a police car passes, they will turn around or walk away. They will leave by themselves or walk off with others and then return to the same spot. They will be there repeatedly.

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Intoxicated People Approach all drug addicts and drunks cautiously. They may be extremely unpredictable and violent. If they are doing anything that may cause harm to themselves or others, try to calm and sit them down. If they refuse to comply, detain them so the police can place them under civil protective custody. Use non-threatening and calming body language but be firm and direct. Drug Addicts Identifying a drug addict:  Lack of personal hygiene  Missing teeth  Lip, mouth, and throat sores  Hollow cheeks and bony body  Thin, sparse, and dried out hair  Coarse, dried up skin  Dilated or constricted pupils  Overly hyper, tense, fidgety, nervous  Arms flailing  Overly talkative, unfocused, rambling  Overly sedate, sleepy, unaware of environment  Head cocked or drooping  Makes incomprehensible statements or talks of hallucinations  Unable to walk in a straight line Drunks Try to avoid talking long with a drunk. They will invariably alternate between being overly friendly and feeling threatened and angry. If he is about to pass out, try to keep him awake by asking him questions. If he passes out, pinch him. If that does not work, rake his rib cage. If that does not work, turn him to his side, keep his airway open, and try to keep him warm. Call an ambulance. You may also encounter a drunken flirt. This person will compliment you and touch you. Maintain professionalism at all times. Do not allow her to distract you from the streets, and do not allow her to touch or grab you. Gently push her away and make sure she is not too drunk to take care of herself. Offer to call her a taxi if necessary.

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Mentally Disturbed/Disabled People Most mentally disturbed people are shy and keep to themselves. Even the ones who are loud and rambunctious may still be afraid of people. Treat them all with respect. Do not pity them, treat them like children, or be condescending. Treat them just as you would anyone else. If, however, they are a threat to others or themselves, try to calm them down. Be reassuring but firm. Do not encircle the person. If he remains a threat to anyone or himself, detain him so the police can place him under civil protective custody and call the police. The police will decide if he needs to be committed. Identifying someone with a mental disability:  Lack of personal hygiene  May smell of human waste  Does not make direct eye contact  Does not talk to you directly  Does not appear to understand or acknowledge what you are saying  Extremely shy and/or paranoid  Appears to be overly preoccupied or obsessing about something  Unaware of environment  Wide and unchanging smile  Talks in groans or repeats himself over and over  Closes body and turns away when you approach

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Guardian Angels Suspect and Vehicle Identification

We may not be able to apprehend all perpetrators, but our next greatest weapon is to identify and describe them to police. Remembering things is extremely difficult in a stressful situation. Research shows that people often make incorrect and unusual observations under stress. You should practice recalling people’ s appearances using pictures of people and cars in magazines. Flash the picture briefly and have members write down descriptions. BASIC SUSPECT DESCRIPTION Sex Race Age Height Build Weight Hair color Jacket or shirt description Color of top Color of pants or shorts Weapon if applicable

Male, female, dressed like male or female White, black, Latino, Asian, Native American, Arab Teenager, early 30’ s, elderly Little shorter than me, about 5’ 10” Skinny, muscular, obese About 180, about 250 Black, blonde, brown, dirty blonde, red Tank top, 49er’ s windbreaker Red and yellow, black Blue jeans, black, white, khaki Tire iron, pen knife

COMPREHENSIVE SUSPECT DESCRIPTION Eye color Hairstyle Complexion Facial hair Tattoos Scars/marks Hat Shoes Shape of eyebrows Size and shape of eyes Shape of nose Shape of mouth and lips Shape of chin and jaw Wrinkles Ear size and shape Cheeks Accent

Brown, blue, gray Bald, crew cut, shoulder length, curly Pale, tanned, very dark Shadow, long beard, goatee, thick moustache Red heart on arm, black skull on neck Birth mark on left cheek, five-inch scar on left arm NY Yankees black baseball cap, red knit cap White sneakers, black boots Thick long, thin arched Deep set, thin, slanted down Flat and wide, thin and tall Thick lips, small mouth Cleft chin, double chin, small chin, under bite Wrinkled face, forehead wrinkles Small ears, long stuck out ears Full, sunken Mexican, broken English, Southern

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Jewelry

Diamond earring, gold chains, gold rings

BASIC VEHICLE DESCRIPTION Type Make Color New or old License Number State of Plate

Pick up, 4 door sedan, 2 door sports coupe, SUV, minivan Ford, Toyota, Chevy, Volvo Silver, black, red, primer paint Older model, newer model KIF 664, 4JMK 588 Nevada, California, Dealer

COMPREHENSIVE VEHICLE DESCRIPTION Model Damage Rust Bumper stickers Rim style

Ford Ranger, Toyota Camry, GMC Yukon Dent in right side, rear door;left headlight out Rusted hood black “Metallica”sticker Chrome, spokes, wheel covers

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Guardian Angels Police Briefing and Police Reports

When the police arrive at a situation, have all patrol members post up. ONLY the PL talks with the lead police officer unless the officer wants to talk with anyone else. Address the officer in a professional, calm, and friendly manner. An officer is more likely to believe the party that is in control and calm over someone who is nervous, agitated, upset, or winded. If he is wearing three stripes on his shoulder, refer to him as “sergeant”otherwise refer to him as “officer.” Language for Briefing Police or Filling Out Police Reports If you are a witness to a serious crime, you will be asked to fill out a police report. The police report may be used as evidence in a courtroom. You should be as truthful and factual as possible. Do not guess. There must have been forty of them, and they must have had twenty guns and knives, and they were all gang members. Do not ramble on. There were a bunch of gangbangers approaching us, and they were all saying things like your mother this and that. They were all throwing gang signs, and then we were walking by, and one of them said that we should get lost, and then I was all like… Do not add opinions or ideas. This stupid guy walks up to us, and he must not be thinking or something, because he starts to yell at us like we’ re not supposed to be here, which is totally wrong, because we’ re just helping the community… Try not to cuss, use slang or casual language. He was all like mad crazy, and we were all like not even. Then he must have been Jonesing for a scrap, because he was all tripping. Then we Aliened his ass, and he was down for the count. Try to be neutral and objective. The man we arrested approached us in a highly confrontational and aggressive manner. He struck John Adams in the face with his fist. Debra Jones grabbed his arm to prevent him from striking John again. I tackled the man down and arrested him for assault and battery. Try not to over do it. The aforementioned perpetrator did then extend his hand out in a fist, commencing to deliver upon my patrol partner John Adams, Victim A, an assault, thereby breaking the

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law, upon which we apprehended the perpetrator in order to preclude him from further aggressive tactics upon our bodies. Keep in mind the justifications for your actions. Instead of: The dude approached us, and we arrested him. Explain: The man approached us in an aggressive and hostile manner. He made several threatening remarks. He assaulted Jane Smith. The owner of the liquor store instructed us to remove him from the premises. The man refused. I approached him. He swung a bottle at me. I grabbed him to defend myself. I arrested him for trespassing and assault. Hostile or Uncooperative Officer On rare occasions, you may come across a police officer who does know who the Guardian Angels are or holds a bias against us. He may be curt with you or even yell at you. He may even order you to release the perpetrator. Always be calm, professional, and courteous. Never challenge an order. However, explain to him that you have a right to make a citizens arrest, and he is held by law to take the perpetrator into custody or at least give him a summons for a court appearance (refer to your specific state statute). If the officer disagrees with you, simply ask to talk to his superior or sergeant. Take down the officerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; s badge number and name. If the officer refuses to call his superior, simply call dispatch and request a sergeant or superior officer. Always keep in mind that the police hold special powers of arrest. You can be arrested for interfering with the business of a police officer. You may also be arrested for disorderly conduct. Never raise your voice or gesture aggressively at an officer. Always remain calm and firm. One disagreement is simply not worth jeopardizing your chapterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; s entire relationship with the police department. Fortunately, today, more and more police departments are becoming more involved in public outreach and community involvement. Officers are expected to be more responsive to public concern and involvement. Some departments are also expected or forced to work together with community groups. It is becoming increasingly rare for officers to view us as renegades, vigilantes, or troublemakers. If you do come across a hostile officer, Internal Affairs and Community Affairs officers are also more likely to respond to the complaint. Keep in mind, however, that you do not want to report a police officer if he is simply being rude or unprofessional.

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Guardian Angels Court Appearance Guidelines

For serious situations, you may be called to appear in court. Make absolutely certain that you appear ahead of time in case of any possible traffic or security delay. Make sure that you appear your very best. Try to wear a collared shirt, dress pants, and dress shoes. Do not wear any patrol gear. When you enter the courtroom, remove your beret. While Guardian Angels do not remove their berets indoors, a courtroom is a unique place with its own rules of decorum. You want to appear as cooperative and respectful as possible. Always address the judge as “your honor.” Speak concisely and clearly. Always be as truthful and factual as possible. Keep in mind that you always want to provide a justification for your actions. Keep in mind that assault is the threat of bodily harm and may involve bodily contact. Focus on what dangers were present and how your actions were responding to those dangers and the fears these dangers created. For example, do not simply say: “The guy was not cooperating, so I slammed him.” Instead, explain: “The man was being threatening and made several violent gestures. He had pushed and grabbed two people inside the store. The two people fled the store in fear. He then threw a bottle at me. I was fearful for the safety of my patrol and myself. I attempted to calm him down verbally. He threatened to stab me with a knife. He then threw a punch at me, and I grabbed his arm to protect myself. He threw another punch with his other arm, so I wrestled him to the ground and arrested him for assault.” You may also be cross-examined. The goal of the cross-examination is to uncover inconsistencies in your testimony and evidence. It is also designed to unnerve you so that you can be caught contradicting yourself or undermining your credibility. Do not take anything personally. You may be yelled at, taunted, or mocked. Treat the attorney just as you would treat anyone on the streets. Remain calm, professional, and friendly. Your response to the pressure will in itself convince the judge or jury that you can control yourself under stress and pressure. This is proof that you probably were in control of yourself and remained calm and professional throughout the situation. If you are the defendant, try not to plead guilty for a lighter sentence if you are not guilty. Most juries will sympathize with the Guardian Angels if you come across as sincere, compassionate, and professional.

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Guardian Angels Bullet Resistant Vests

The Guardian Angels have historically shunned the use of bullet resistant vests for a number of reasons: o Most recruits never used to be able to afford them. To allow wealthier members to wear them would appear improper. o Wearing vests might give the public the impression that patrolling is extremely dangerous. Our goal is to encourage people to patrol and get involved in public safety. o Wearing vests give members a false sense of security. They may not behave as safely. The price of bullet resistant vests, however, has dropped dramatically. A new Level II vest now costs $250. Even at minimum wage, this represents less than one third of one monthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; s paycheck. With youth dropping $100 for sneakers, designer jackets, and concert tickets, it is not a stretch to ask people to save up for $250. The benefits of wearing a vest are priceless. The personal costs as well as costs to the organization of a member being seriously injured or killed by a bullet are unimaginable. People are less likely to join the Guardian Angels if they hear about a member being seriously injured or killed. People are more likely to patrol if they are allowed to wear vests. It is also very unlikely that a vest will encourage members to act cocky and irresponsible. Members will still be deterred by the fear of being shot in the face, neck, crotch, or legs. Understanding Bullet Resistant Vests There is no such thing as bulletproof vests. Even though vests are rated to protect you from certain bullets at certain levels, this is not a full proof system. A bullet also does not bounce off vests. Vests are only designed to slow them down and keep them from piercing through vital organs. The bullet will still unleash a ferocious strike against your torso that will break bones, pulverize flesh, and knock you back. People who have been hit by a bullet in a vest describe it as being hit with a sledgehammer. Bullet resistant vests are made up of multiple layers of tightly woven, man-made fibers. A bullet may actually pierce a number of these layers before finally stopping. The layers are designed to slow and flatten the bullet by distributing its energy in an outward ripple effect.

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The National Institute of Justice (NIJ) of the U.S. Department of Justice has created six formal armor classification types (NIJ Standard-0101.03) that protect against certain caliber bullets from certain firearms. Keep in mind the calibers listed refer to a certain type of bullet, weight, and velocity: Type I Type IIA Type II Type IIIA Type III Type IV

pistol: pistol: pistol: pistol: sub-machine gun: rifle: shotgun: rifle:

.22 LR, .25, .32, .38 Special lower velocity .357 Mag, 9 mm, .45 Auto higher velocity .357 Mag, 9 mm, .45 Auto .44 Mag 9 mm 7.62 mm, .223, .30 Carbine 12 gauge .30-06 armor piercing

While Type IIIA does provide maximum protection available, Type II tends to be more reasonably priced and lighter. One of the greatest drawbacks to wearing a vest is overheating. Overheating, fatigue, and dehydration can impair your judgment, which may completely defeat the purpose of the vest keeping you safe.

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Our Guardian Angels

While in colors, on patrol, two Guardian Angels made the ultimate sacrifice for the benefit of their communities, their families, and all of us. Frank Melvin and Juan Oliva both died wearing their colors on patrol. Frank Melvin was shot dead by a police officer who claimed he was just protecting his partner. (The officer would later be convicted of grand theft auto.) Juan Oliva was shot dead by a gang. They both dedicated their lives to the cause of serving others in need. We acknowledge and honor their sacrifices and keep their spirits alive through every Guardian Angel.

 Fank Melvin  Juan Oliva

Newark, New Jersey South Bronx, New York

December 30, 1981 July 30, 1983

There have also been three members who died while out of colors trying to fight crime on their own. Malcolm Brown was attempting to help two senior citizens being mugged when the muggers’look out shot him. Sherman Geiger was pursuing a burglar when the burglar stabbed him in the heart. Glenn Paul Doser was attempting to help a woman being mugged when one of the muggers shot him.

 Malcolm Brown  Sherman Geiger  Glen Paul Doser

Brooklyn, New York Yonkers, New York Los Angeles, California

July 3, 1980 August 24, 1987 March, 1993

We honor our ultimate Guardian Angels by continuing the mission of the Guardian Angels, bringing honor to the organization, and placing safety in front of all other things. These five Guardian Angels are our Guardian Angels.

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Guardian Angels Drug and Alcohol Awareness Guide Source: Associated Pathologists DRUG ALCOHOL

AKA Beer, liquor, wine, booze

PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS Intoxication, slurred speech, unsteady walk, relaxation, relaxed inhibitions, impaired coordination, slowed reflexes

LOOK FOR Smell of alcohol on clothes or breath, intoxicated behavior, hangovers, glazed eyes.

COCAINE

Coke, rock crack, base, Angel dust

MARIJUANA

Pot, dope, grass, weed, herb, hash, joint

HALLUCINOGENS

Acid, LSD, PCP, MDMA, Ecstacy, psilocybin, mushrooms, peyote

Glass vials, glass pipe, white crystalline powder, razor blades, syringes, needle marks Rolling papers, pipes, dried plant material, odor of burnt hemp rope, roach clips Capsules, tables, micro-dots, blotter squares

INHALANTS

Gas, aerosols, glue, nitrites, Rush, White out

Brief intense euphoria, elevated blood pressure and heart rate, restlessness, excitement, feeling of well-being followed by depression Altered perceptions, red eyes, dry mouth, reduced concentration and coordination, euphoria, laughing, hunger Altered mood and perceptions, focus on detail, anxiety, panic, nausea, synaesthesia (e.g., smell, colors, see sounds). Nausea, dizziness, headaches, lack of coordination and control

NARCOTICS

Heroin (junk, dope, Black tar, China white), Demerol, Dilaudid (Dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; s), Morphine, Codeine

Euphoria, drowsiness, insensitivity to pain, nausea, vomiting, watery eyes, runny nose (see Depressants)

Needle marks on arm, needles, syringes, spoons, pinpoint pupils, cold moist skin

STIMU LANTS

Speed, uppers, crank, Bam, black beauties, crystal, dexies, methamphetamines, ephedrine

Alertness, talkativeness, wakefulness, increased blood pressure, loss of appetite, mood elevation

Pills and capsules, loss of sleep and appetite, irritability or anxiety, weight loss, hyperactivity

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Odor of substance on clothing and breath, intoxication, drowsiness, poor muscular control

DANGERS Addiction, accidents as a result of impaired ability and judgment, overdose when mixed with other depressants, heart and liver damage. Addiction, heart attack, seizures, lung damage, severe depression, paranoia (see stimulants) Panic reaction, impaired short term memory, addiction

Unpredictable behavior, emotional instability, violent behavior (with PCP) Unconsciousness, suffocation, nausea and vomiting, damage to brain and central nervous system, sudden death Addiction, lethargy, weight loss, contamination from unsterile needles (hepatitis, AIDS), accidental overdose Fatigue leading to exhaustion, addiction, paranoia, depression, confusion, possibly hallucinations

Guardian Angels: 2. Patrol Manual

DEPRESS ANTS

Barbiturates, Sedatives, Tranquilizers, (downers, ludes, reds, Valium, yellow jackets, alcohol)

Depressed breathing and heartbeat, intoxication, drowsiness, uncoordinated movements

Capsules and pills, confused behavior, longer periods of sleep, slurred speech

Possible overdose especially with alcohol, muscle rigidity, withdrawal and overdose requires treatment

Seven possible symptoms of drug involvement: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Change in school or work attendance or performance. Alteration of personal appearance. Mood swings or attitude changes. Withdrawal from responsibility/family contacts. Associating with drug using persons. Unusual patterns of behavior. Defensive attitude concerning drugs.

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Club Drugs (Source: U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration) Ecstasy MDMA (3, 4-methylene dioxy meth amphetamine) AKA: XTC, E, X, Adam Mostly manufactured in Europe in tablet form. Prices range from $20 to $30 per dosage unit. Side effects include teeth grinding, unconsciousness, seizures, and permanent brain damage. Nexus (2-(4-bromo-2, 5-dimethoxy-phenyl)-ethylamine) AKA: 2CB, Venus, Bromo, Spectrum, BDMPEA, Tonnies, MFT Growing in popularity, Nexus increases sensory perception and sensitivity. Nexus comes in pill, capsule, or powder form and is ten times more powerful than MDMA. Usually sold as MDMA, prices range from $25 to $30 per pill. Ketamine AKA: K, Special K, Cat Valium An anesthetic mostly manufactured as legitimate pharmaceutical product. Produces similar physical effects to PCP and visual effects to LSD. Also used as a date-rape drug. Prices range from $20 to $25 per dosage unit. GHB (gamma hydroxy butyric acid) AKA: Liquid Ecstasy, Scoop, Easy Lay, Liquid X, Goop A central nervous system depressant generates feelings of euphoria and intoxication. Sold by capful for $5 to $25 per cap often added to alcohol. GBL (gamma butyro lactone) AKA: Renewtrient, Longevity, Revivarant, G.H. Revitalizer, Gamma G, Blue Nitro, Insom-X, Remforce, Firewater, Invigorate A chemical used in many industrial cleaners, converts into GHB in the gastrointestinal tract. Roofies Rohypnol (fluni trazepam) AKA: Date Rape Drug, Rophies, Roche, Roopies, Rope, Ropies, Roaches, Circles, Mexican Valium, Rib Sold in tablet form between $2 and $30 per dosage unit. Produces unconsciousness and anterograde amnesia.

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LSD (d-lysergic acid die thylamide) AKA: Acid, Boomers, Yellow Sunshines, Cid, Doses, Trips A powerful hallucinogen in the form of pill microdots, thin squares of gelatin (window panes), breath mints, sugar cubes, or dissolved and diluted and applied to blotter paper. Sells for between $1 and $12 per dosage unit. Can cause flashbacks. Speed Methamphatamine AKA: Ice, Chalk, Meth, Crystal, Crank, Fire, Glass Speed is a central nervous system stimulant that sells for between $20 to $200 per gram and $400 to $3000 per ounce. Speed is a white, bitter-tasting, soluble crystalline powder. It can be smoked, snorted, injected, or orally ingested. PCP (phencyclidine) AKA: Angel dust, Crystal, Rocket Fuel, Supergrass, Hog, Killer Joints, Ozone, Wack PCP is a hallucinogen in a white crystalline powder form that can be pressed into tablets. PCP can be sprayed onto leafy material and smoked. Sells for between $5 to $15 per tablet, $5 to $20 per cigarette, $20 to $30 per gram, or $200 to $600 per ounce. Mushrooms Psilo cybin Mushrooms AKA: Shrooms, Mushies, Mexican Magic Mushrooms Mushrooms are a hallucinogen. Prices range from $100 to $150 per ounce and $20 per 1/8 ounce.

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Guardian Angels First Aid And Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

Responding to a potential medical situation: 1.

2. 3.

Scan the scene for causes of the medical problem. Look for perpetrators, cars, items out of place, broken glass, fire, smoke, or a cloud of gas. Smell for gas, alcohol, or chemicals. Put on your medical gloves before approaching any injured person. Identify yourself. “Guardian Angels!”

The wrong way to approach a lying body Notice how easy it is for the lying person to reach up and attack the Angel.

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The correct way to approach a lying body The Angel in the rear crosses the personâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; s legs and grabs the ankles.

If the lying person reaches up to attack the Angel in front, the Angel in rear pulls the lying person backwards and away from the Angel in front.

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If the person is conscious 1.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Ask, “May I help you?” a. If the person refuses, and his life does not appear to be in danger, ask, “Can I call you a taxi, friend, or family member?” b. If the person refuses, and his life appears to be in danger, call 911 so that he can be placed under Civil Protective Custody. Do not provide medical assistance so long as he is conscious. Follow him if he walks away. Ask, “What happened?” Look over the person for blood, bruises, torn clothes, and cuts. Look around the person for syringes, pipes, bottles, and other clues. Look over the person’ s face for dilated pupils, lack of focus, trembling, disorientation, and shock. If he is seriously injured, call an ambulance. If he is not seriously injured, ask him, “Do you want me to call an ambulance?” Ask, “Do you feel any pain or numbness and where?” Tell him to sit still. Ask him: a. His name b. His age c. If he is on medications d. If he has any special medical conditions e. If he wants you to notify any emergency contact

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If the person is unconscious 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Approach cautiously from the person’ s feet. Do not fully encircle the person in case he awakens and wants to run away. Using your boot, tap on his feet. Ask, “Hello! Are you okay? Hello!” Tell your partner to cross the person’ s legs and grab his ankles. Crouch down cautiously and pinch the person. If the person wakes up and attacks you, your partner should drag the person away from you. Check for breathing. a. If he is breathing, rake his rib cage to wake him up. If he cannot be awoken, the Second should call 911. b. If he is not breathing, call 911 and cautiously turn the victim on his back.

If the person is not breathing 1.

2. 3.

Place a mouth protector on the victim and gives 2 rescue breaths. a. Press down on his forehead and pull up on his chin. Squeeze his nose. b. If he appears to have a neck injury, only pull his jaw forward. c. If his mouth is smashed in, breathe through his nostrils. Check for a pulse on the victim’ s neck (between the throat and the neck muscle). If there is a pulse, continue with rescue breaths every fifth second.

If the person has no pulse 1.

If there is no pulse, call your partner to give 15 chest compressions. a. Place your finger on the bottom of his rib cage and trace it up to his sternum. b. Place your palm about an inch up. c. Place your other palm over that hand. d. Keeps your arms straight, and push down using your entire body. e. Compress 2 inches for an average adult down to 1 inch for a child. f. Do not stop at the top of the compression. Use the momentum of your body to push up and down without pause. Give 2 breaths and then your partner gives 15 compressions. Every minute, check for a pulse.

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If the victim is on his stomach Check for a pulse and breathing. If he has both a pulse and is breathing, DO NOT turn him over. Keep him still.

Turning an unconscious body over If he does not have a pulse or he is not breathing, turn him over. Try to keep the entire spine straight from the hips to the head.

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When the victim is on his back Checking for a pulse and breathing

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Rescue Breathing If it appears his mouth is full of blood, vomit, or other objects, clear it first before giving rescue breaths.

Always try to use a breathing mask. Pinch the victimâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; s nose and lift his chin up toward you.

Blow evenly and watch to see if his chest rises. If his chest is not rising, his airway may be blocked.

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Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation Find the bottom of the victimâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; s rib cage and follow the bone up toward the center of his chest. Place your other hand above your finger. This is where you will begin compressions.

Place one hand over the other. Lock your elbows. Press down using your entire body about 2 inches for an average body down to 1 inch for a child.

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Cuts Wipe the blood away to find the wound. Place pressure on the wound until you can get a bandage on it.

Keep pressure on the wound. If the cut is on a limb, elevate the limb.

If significant bleeding continues on an arm, put pressure right under the biceps midway between the elbow and armpit. For a leg, put pressure on the inside of the thigh about six inches below the waistline.

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Stab wounds If the weapon is still inside the victim, LEAVE IT IN. Wrap the wound and weapon up with bandages where the weapon is sticking out. Apply pressure. Keep the victim warm and keep him conscious by asking him questions.

Gunshot wound Remove any clothing so that you can precisely determine all entry holes and exit wounds. Wipe away the blood to find the exact location of any wound.

Places bandages on the hole(s) and put pressure on it.

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Air in the chest cavity In some cases, a bullet may puncture the chest cavity and/or lungs. You may see bubbles in the blood, hear a wheezing sound from the wound, or the victim may complain about not being able to breathe. If the bullet has punctured the chest cavity, air may enter the chest cavity making it difficult for the lungs to fully expand. In this case, you should allow air to leave through the hole, but you should not allow more air to enter through the hole. Place a plastic (non-permeable) material over the hole. Use your latex gloved hand if necessary. Tape three sides of the material down. This will allow air to properly escape the hole, but keep air from entering.

Keep pressure around the three taped sides to minimize bleeding into the hole.

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Removing Gloves Remove the latex gloves in such a manner that your skin never makes any direct contact with the fluids on the outside of the gloves.

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Information for emergency dispatch: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

What do you need? What happened?

“I need an ambulance.” “I have one unconscious man bleeding from the head.” Where is he? “He is at the corner of West 1st Street and Arlington.” Who are you? “My name is John Smith. I am a Guardian Angel.” What is your telephone number? “555-1234” What is his condition? “He has a pulse, but he is not breathing. We are performing rescue breathing.”

Place two Guardian Angels on the closest intersection to look for the ambulance or fire engine.

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Guardian Angels Understanding Gangs

One of the greatest dangers on patrol are gangs. Gangs can be highly armed and well organized, and if they wanted to target a Guardian Angels patrol, they could cause significant damage. It is therefore extremely important for us to understand them. One of the reasons they have not targeted our patrols is because they are more concerned with rival gangs who may threaten their turf. Many gangs also know that we are unarmed and pose no threat to their lives. Many understand that our mission is to improve the community, and we treat all people with respect. So long as we do not actively pursue and attempt to destroy them, they will leave us alone. No Guardian Angel should openly declare war on gangs and attempt to confront them directly. We will ultimately succeed against gangs by empowering people to avoid joining them. According to California Penal Code Section 186.22, a gang is “any ongoing organization, or association, or group of three or more persons, whether formal or informal, having as one of its primary activities the commission of one or more of the criminal acts numerated in paragraphs (1) to (8), which has a common identifying sign or symbol, whose members individually or collectively engage in or have engaged in a pattern of criminal activity.” The following criminal acts are enumerated in paragraphs (1) to (8): (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

Assault with a deadly weapon or by means of force likely to produce great bodily injury. Robbery Unlawful homicide or manslaughter The sale, possession for sale, transportation, manufacture, offer for sale, or offer to manufacture controlled narcotics. Shooting at an inhabited dwelling or occupied motor vehicle. Arson The intimidation of witnesses and victims Grand theft of any vehicle, trailer or vessel

According to California Penal Code Section 186.22, a gang member is “any person who actively participates in any gang with knowledge that its members engage in or have engaged in a pattern of criminal gang activity, and who willfully promotes, furthers, or assists in any felonious criminal conduct by members of that gang.”

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What kinds of gangs are there? When asked that question, most people will automatically say the Bloods and CRIPs. This is only the Hollywood version of gangs. Gangs are an extremely diverse and eclectic cultural phenomenon that takes on all sorts of shapes and sizes. According to CPC 186, the mafia and mobs are gangs. Any organized crime group or syndicate is a gang. There are nomadic con artists with similar ethnicities that can be considered gangs. However, the above definition also omits gangs that are not involved in serious crimes. There are Mexican “familia”gangs that have lasted several generations and may no longer be involved in crime. Suburban kids get together and call themselves gangs, but their most serious offense is shoplifting. A group of people who commit graffiti is a graffiti crew not a gang. The gangs you are most likely to encounter on the streets will be the criminal street gangs. The majority of this section will deal with these types of gangs. Traffickers and Syndicates Drug traffickers and crime syndicates are gangs, but they should be separated from common street gangs. While our goal is to fight all types and shapes of crime, our limited resources make it less feasible to address drug traffickers and syndicates. In addition to this, our goals are to make communities safe and clean the streets. While drug traffickers and syndicates are threats to any community, street gangs are a much more direct and immediate threat responsible for the vast majority of violence and crime in our communities. However, there are many street gangs that do business with or have alliances with drug traffickers and syndicates. Often times, traffickers move drugs at the wholesale level and sell it to street gangs and syndicates to circulate at a retail level. Traffickers especially like to keep a low profile and prefer to do business with street gangs who also keep a low profile. Therefore, traffickers tend to avoid street gangs that are preoccupied with turf wars and are under investigation for killing civilians. Guardian Angels should avoid directly confronting both traffickers and syndicates unless they unwisely draw attention to themselves with violence against civilians. One of the fastest growing crime syndicates is the Russian mob. Since the fall of Soviet Communism, organized crime has exploded in Russia with multi-billion dollar resources. Russia is the world’ s largest organized crime market, and it is unavoidable that they are expanding their market share throughout the world. The fastest growing drug traffickers are based in Mexico. In the past, Columbian drug cartels shipped drugs to Mexican transporters who crossed the US border and then turned over the drugs to Columbians in America to distribute. The Mexican cartels are now also distributing the drugs in America. The fast growing Mexican immigrant population also provides the Mexican traffickers and gangs with endless recruits, contacts, as well as shields. While most of America’ s attention rests on the Bloods and CRIPs, Mexican traffickers dealing with Mexican street gangs are quickly beginning to dominate the drug and gang world in America.

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One of the highest priorities of the Guardian Angels should be integrating into the Mexican immigration community to help them fight crime, drugs, and gangs. Many Mexican immigrants do not trust the police and do not understand the American justice system and their own civil rights. Many illegal immigrants also tend to avoid interacting with the government and law enforcement and therefore become targets of crime and gangs. Once they understand the Guardian Angels are volunteers, they are much more likely to turn to us for help. Gang Organization Gangs can be both loosely associated with very small membership as well as very well organized with almost corporate hierarchies and structures. Gangs can also create strong alliances. Although, each gang has a separate identity and leader, multiple gangs can work together around common goals. Gangs of all sizes are involved in all levels of crimes from vandalism to homicide. Larger gangs, however, are more likely to be involved in large-scale drug trafficking and dealing. Larger gangs are subdivided into what black gangs call sets and what Hispanic gangs call cliques. Gang Hierarchy and Structure The larger the gangs the more they tend to resemble large corporations with an executive level at the top, middle management in between, and then frontline staff. However, because of high turnover, power struggles, and the threat of law enforcement moles and surveillance, gang structure and organization is very dynamic, mobile, loose, and flexible. Gangs operate much more like guerilla armies or terrorist groups than corporations. At the bottom are the frontline grunts working the streets. Even below these are the wannabe’ s. They can be of any age, and they can be just as dangerous, since they are always trying to prove how hard they are. While the real members will mostly avoid us, the wannabe’ s will most likely confront us trying to make a name for themselves. In addition to wannabe’ s, there are also posers who are not in any serious gangs, but they will act like they’ re in a hardcore gang by the way they talk, dress, and behave. Backup Never underestimate a gang member on a street corner. He may appear to be all by himself, but he may well have a backup nearby, a look out down the block, and his boss checking on him in a car parked nearby. If he ignores you and walks away, as his boss will usually instruct him, he is likely to be involved in a larger gang. If he stays and confronts you and starts yelling, attracting a scene, he is usually by himself and trying to conceal his fear. If he is in fact a gang member, his boss will deal with him later for creating an unnecessary scene and attracting attention to his business.

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Gang Evolution American corporations today are becoming a lot more dynamic, flexible, mobile, and global. Gangs are doing the same. The American and many other economies in the world are simply gigantic. Annual corporate revenue exceeds the gross national product of most nations. Disposable income has also exploded over the decades. More and more people with more and more money are buying drugs. This has turned the drug market from a multi-million dollar industry operated by individuals and small gangs into a multi-billion dollar industry operated by multi-national alliances and huge multi-racial gangs. Gangs, organized crime, and drug cartels in some countries are matching the wealth and power of their own governments. They employ their own armies or hire their countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; s soldiers and police officers. In America, fortunately, the even more powerful federal and state governments curtail this level of influence and power. None-the-less, gangs in America still hold onto obscene amounts of wealth and launder this money through many businesses including the music and entertainment industry. They possess sufficient weapons and members to take over major cities when united as evidenced during the 1992 Los Angeles Riots. Only the U.S. military outguns and outnumbers gangs in America. However, even inside our own military, there are many gangs and drug dealing operations. This may seem like a dismal reality. Gangs will always be a part of our lives so long as a high demand commodity is outlawed. Gangs, however, are profit-oriented operations. While members commit numerous crimes, they avoid unnecessary rival warfare and collateral civilian damage. They do not teach members to slaughter and kill for the fun of it. Such psychotic members are often viewed as liabilities not assets. The interesting side effect to being in a gang is that you are socialized, learn rules, obey rules, and learn subordination and obedience. Many people who leave gangs are not uncivilized, barbaric sociopaths;they are well-trained followers and simply need to channel their skills in constructive directions. Following the Los Angeles Riots, many gangs entered into a truce, and it is reported that the Mexican Mafia issued an edict to stop drive-by shootings. These are examples of how excessive and unnecessary violence and rivalries often times contradict the profit-oriented goals of gangs.

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Gang Recruitment Identity and indoctrination are important to most gangs. In order to convince people to become involved in a low-paying, dangerous, and dead-end job, many organizations use non-financial incentives to attract members. Gangs sell the following benefits:         

Excitement and adventure Protection from bullies or other gangs Companionship and camaraderie Sense of family and belonging Adult role models and mentors Glory and fame Sex Attention Power and wealth

Of course, these are just empty sales pitches. Recruits are wooed and lavished with expensive gifts and cash. They attend parties and have a great time, but this is just a bait and switch tactic. After a while, it’ s time to pay the gang back. The costs of gang membership: α Jail time and jail violence α Criminal record affecting future employment α AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases α Drug use and addiction α Threats, beatings, and unreasonable demands and quotas by gang leaders α Total and complete subordination to senior members α Rape of both male and female members α Lack of individual identity and personal choices α Long and hard work hours α Revolving, endless, and high interest debt to the gang and senior members α Detachment from the community and chances of meeting good people α Extreme difficulty getting out of the gang Most kids, however, know well the costs of being in a gang. It is therefore the kids who have nothing to lose that join. They are usually abandoned, abused, neglected, and impoverished. Gangs are also involved in a highly competitive environment. In order to survive, they sell a macho image of being tough, hard, sexist, dangerous, and bad. They are constantly bragging about violence, murder, and destruction in order to scare people. This is a natural reaction to fear and insecurity about being victimized. Young boys are attracted to this image, but they do not understand that this is what boys do when they don’ t know how to act like men.

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Criminal Cults Gangs are also fatalistic like many doomsday cults. Their outlook on life is very dim. This is a very effective way of keeping members loyal. If there is nothing out there to improve their lives, why should they even bother to look? Fundamentally, gangs operate much like cults in reshaping the way their members view life and their attitudes toward everything in life. By extracting all the meaning in everything, they enable their members to be more desperate and loyal to them. It is a codependent relationship. While gangs sell loyalty, there really is very little loyalty. When another gang attacks a member, the gang is not so much concerned about the victim as their own image. Their retaliation is not so much a vindication for the injured member as it is a vindication for their own image. Many gang members discover too late that when the going gets tough, the gang is more than happy to dispose of needy, jailed, drug addicted, or otherwise unusable members. Gang Language Gangs use a unique language of slang, apparel, hand signs, and graffiti to communicate. o The most common type of slang is hip-hop slang that you commonly hear in rap songs. In fact, rap music and gang culture have usually embraced each other and it is usually difficult to tell the two apart. Many gangs are also deeply involved in rap music production. But this does not mean that all rappers are associated with gangs. Most rappers are posers and wannabes. o Gangs wear certain types of clothing, sneakers, colors, or patterns to communicate their gang affiliations. Many people think that youth dressed all hip hop with new, brand name, clean clothes are probably in gangs. If they can afford all that, they would not be in gangs. Most gang members are poor and will wear old, tattered, worn clothes with maybe one item of great value. Those who come into quick, inconsistent money are the ones driving beat up cars with $3,000 rims. o Gangs flash hand signs to identify their gangs. However, many wannabes and non-gang members will also flash hand signs to appear tough. o Not all graffiti is gang related. There are many taggers who are only in it for personal glory. There are also graffiti artists communicating artistic expression. Gang graffiti is usually more functional than artistic. It helps them identify their turf and send encoded messages. One coding method is the rudimentary assignment of sequential numbers to letters. For example, A equals 1, B equals 2, C equals 3 and so on. When a gang marks an X over someone elseâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; s graffiti, they are challenging them or claiming the turf as their own.

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Major Gangs Hispanic Black White White Biker Asian Organized Prison

Surenos, Nortenos, Blue Circle, Black Circle, Native American, Latin Kings Bloods, CRIPs, Jamaican/Rastafarian, People Nation, Folk Nation KKK, Neo-Nazis, Skinheads, Aryan, white supremacists Hell’ s Angels, Mongols, Banditos, Pagans, Outlaws, Rock Machine, Vagos Laotian, Cambodian, Vietnamese, Hmong, Minh, Chinese, Korean, Filipino, Japanese, Samoan, Pacific Islander Italian Mafia (La Costa Nostra), Triad, Tongs, Yakuza, Colombian Drug Cartels, Russian Mob Mexican Mafia, Aryan Brotherhood, Black Guerilla Family, La Nuestra Familia, Texas Syndicate

Keep in mind this is a generalization. There may be Asians in black gangs or blacks in Hispanic gangs. However, certain groups do not mix. You will not find El Salvadorans in the KKK. Mexican Gangs Most Mexican or Mexican-American gangs were born from the “barrios”in Southern California starting in 1910 following a surge in Mexican immigration. Some Mexican gangs still wear fashion from the 1940’ s (zoot suits) with loose dress pants, wing-tip dress shoes, suspenders, and fedoras. Their power and influence has grown again with another surge in immigration. The four largest groups are the Surenos identified by the number 13 (XIII or X3), the Mexican Mafia (Eme), the Nuestra Familia, and the Nortenos identified by the number 14 (XIV or X4). The Mexican Mafia and Nuestra Familia are generally prison gangs while the Surenos and Nortenos are street gangs. It is reported that the Nuestra Familia were former members of the Mexican Mafia and are now rivals. It is also reported that the Surenos came from and work with the Mexican Mafia while the Nortenos come from and work with the Nuestra Familia, but the precise relationships are not always clear. The Nortenos generally wear red while the Surenos wear blue. While there are huge rivalries between Nortenos and Surenos, it is not rare to have them working in cooperation or for Surenos to fight other Surenos. Hispanic and Latino Gangs Not all Hispanic gangs are Mexican. There are also many Central and South American gangs. Many East Coast Hispanic gangs have their roots in the Caribbean while West Coast Hispanic gangs have their roots in Central American. Black Gangs The CRIPs wearing blue and Bloods wearing red are the most notorious gangs. They both originated in South Central Los Angeles. Blue was the school color of

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Washington High School and red was the color of Compton High School. Bloods refer to each other as “bloods”while CRIPs use the term “cuz.” Much like the Nortenos and Surenos, the rivalry is not always clear-cut. Many times CRIPs and Bloods will work together or CRIPs will fight other CRIPs. Much like in the Cold War many gangs simply associate themselves with one side to protect themselves from the other. If a CRIPs set came to town, rival gangs may call themselves Bloods in order to unite against their common foe. Of course, the global notoriety of the CRIPs and Bloods has also encouraged gangs to identify themselves as members of these more notorious gangs over unknown ones. It is much like the world being divided into the Capitalist and Communist camps. None-the-less, these two gangs do not dominate the world. Mexican gangs are rapidly gaining strength, power, and influence. Since MTV has no Mexican gang rappers, they don’ t have to worry about as much public scrutiny and resistance. Some black gangs have origins in the Civil Rights Movement and have a more political agenda. Some of these gangs have abandoned crime, while others have embraced it. Keep in mind that many black youth identify strongly with rap or gang culture. For them, that is the only role model they have besides athletes. While they will dress and act like gangbangers, this does not automatically mean they are gang members or even aspire to become one. For them, it is a cultural expression. At the same time, white youth may pretend to be gangbanging as an expression of anti-authority. By no means does this mean that white youth appreciate black culture. Many hippies were just tag-alongs who were just in it, because it seemed like the hip thing to do, and that is where all the women were. White Gangs White gangs are mostly made up of prison gangs, biker gangs, militant racists groups, and Skinheads. Militant racist groups include the KKK, White Aryan Resistance (WAR), Supreme White Power (SWP), Aryan Nation, and Neo-Nazis. They may dress in camouflage symbolizing militancy or plaid, lumberjack style symbolizing the whiter Pacific Northwest. Some Skinhead groups are militant racists and may associate with other militant racist groups. While many Skinheads and bikers are members of militant racist groups, they are not all necessarily racist. In fact, there are Skinheads called SHARPs, which stands for SkinHeads Against Racial Prejudice. (There are also Straight Edges who promote violence but denounce drugs, alcohol, and promiscuous sex.) There is a close relationship between Skinheads and punk music just as there is a close relationship between black gangs and rap. Skinheads will usually dress like punks and listen to punk music, but this does not mean that all punks are skinheads, criminals, or racist. Skinheads may dress in Doc Marten boots with white laces (representing the white race), suspenders (they refer to them as braces), white tank tops, knee length black shorts, and black bomber or leather jackets. Currently, there is a resurgence of biker gangs with a large rivalry developing between the Hells Angels and a loose alliance of Mongols, Banditos, and Outlaws throughout Canada and the US. Keep in mind, not everyone who belongs to a biker

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gang is involved in criminal activity. There used to be a saying that only 1% of Hells Angels were involved in crime. They called themselves the “One Percenters.” Of course, this is a little exaggerated now as the Hells Angels are now evolving into an organized crime syndicate. Asian Gangs In California, Vietnamese, Laotian, and Cambodian gangs represent the majority of Asian gang violence. Unlike most street gangs, Asian gangs tend to focus on preying on fellow immigrants with gambling schemes, loan sharking, extortion, prostitution, auto theft, burglaries, mugging, battery, and assassinations. Gang Notoriety Today, many people idolize or revere gangs. This is in no small part due to movies like “The Godfather”in 1972, “The Warriors”in 1979, and “Colors”in 1988. Interestingly, these movies have defined gang culture more than reflected it. Mario Puzo, the author of the Godfather novel, admitted that much of his story about the mafia culture was fantasized. He purposefully glorified them and manufactured a code for them to make them appear more chivalrous and appealing. Similarly, the movie “Colors”showcasing the rivalry between the Bloods and CRIPs, helped boost gang violence across the nation as well as promoted the Bloods and CRIPs. Many gang members and former gang members say that after they watched “Colors,”they aspired to become more hardcore, violent, and use guns to be more like a “real”gang. Unlike the gangs of the early 20th century, gangs today enjoy an incredible amount of popularity and broad acceptance. Many kids today think gangs are cool and being a gang member means being powerful, tough, and important. Rap music has also helped spread the popularity of gang culture, and modern entertainment has profited by glamorizing gang culture. What we are experiencing is a remarkable shift in social attitudes toward crime, authority, and drugs. Throughout countless generations, criminals were relegated to the bottom of society both economically and socially. They were frowned upon and ostracized. Today, criminal rappers become millionaires and drug dealers drive Bentleys. Many youth view criminals as heroes and idols. In the past, youth turned to crime out of desperation and hunger. Today, middle class youth turn to gang life and crime for excitement, respect, and attention. This fascination and idolatry of gang culture has allowed gangs to easily enter all types of American communities including wealthy suburbs and small, rural communities. In addition to this, youth overseas are also adopting this unhealthy adoration of gang culture. If they are unable to invite an American gang to open shop in their country, they create their own American-style gangs using American slang and rap music. It is not so far-fetched to claim that gang culture has taken the world by storm, exporting more American culture than McDonalds, Starbucks, and the U.S. military combined.

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The Limitations of Gangs While gang culture is the most popular trend today, not all youth succumb to joining gangs. In fact, most youth never do. What is their secret to success? While gang culture may appear cool, youth also understand that it is also extremely dangerous. You are not going to enlighten anyone by telling him that joining a gang is dangerous. Most youth avoid gangs because they simply have better things going for them. They have most of the things that gangs try to offer them. They have excitement and adventure in their lives. They have the companionship and camaraderie of friends, family, and members of their communities. They have families and feel that they belong. They have responsible adult role models and mentors. While we would all like glory, fame, wealth, and sex, it is really the deprived and impoverished who are more likely to fantasize and obsess about glory, fame, wealth, and sex. Guardian Angels and Gangs The Guardian Angels have invariably had many run-ins with gangs. John Gotti Junior attempted to assassinate Curtis Sliwa in 1992. London England Angels ran into Skinheads. Japanese Angels run into the Yakusa. Hollywood California Angels used to fight the 18th Street Gang of Los Angeles. Canadian Angels deal with the Hellâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; s Angels. New York Angels have had run-ins with the Latin Kings. Guardian Angel patrols are always running into low-level street gangs. A Guardian Angel was murdered by a gang member on the streets. Gangs mostly in Los Angeles have shot at a few Guardian Angels. All things considered, however, it would seem surprising that gangs have not killed more Angels. The main reason for this is that gangs have little to profit by directly confronting the Guardian Angels. This would only bring attention to their operations, and this would interfere with their ability to make money. At the same time, Guardian Angels should not try to directly confront gangs and bring specific attention to them. There is an informal truce between the Guardian Angels and major street gangs. We can rally against gangs and bust up small drug operations, but directly confronting gangs is not only too dangerous, it is also an ineffective strategy. Our mission is not so much to eradicate crime, as it is to eradicate the conditions that create crime. Our goal is not so much to eradicate gangs, as it is to eradicate the conditions that encourage youth to join gangs. Our goal is to empower communities through empowering individuals. Three reasons gangs attack: 1. They are wannabeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; s just trying to make a name for themselves. 2. They are novices who do not know who the Guardian Angels are and mistake us for another gang. 3. They are directly and specifically targeted or threatened by the Guardian Angels.

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Guardian Angels Crime and Discrimination

There are many factors that cause crime including a criminal family, criminal environment, promotion of criminal culture (mafia and gangs), discrimination, mental disability, emotional disability, drugs, and alcohol. Discrimination is historically one of the most powerful sources of crime. Some people think that a certain race or nationality is more inclined to commit crime because of some cultural or genetic flaw. Actually, discrimination lies at the source of most of these crimes. If people of a certain race or nationality are restricted from well paying jobs, higher education, ownership of assets, loans to build businesses, free mobility, equal rights, equal access, and equal opportunities, they are more likely to commit crimes to serve their basic human needs. There is historic evidence of this. Even todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; s majority were once victims of discrimination. The Colonialists were discriminated against by the British. The Irish have always been discriminated against by the English. Catholics have been persecuted by Protestant majorities. Eastern European immigrants found discrimination and restrictions in America. Fortunately, times are changing and discrimination is slowly fading away. We have women, blacks, Asians, Hispanics, Latinos, and Arabs in powerful and influential positions in government, corporations, and the community. How odd that a black and an Arab were once in charge of US civilian and military operations in Iraq. The new form of discrimination is against immigrants. However, many immigrants come from discriminatory countries, so they still may believe that society is unfair. They may be afraid of standing up for their rights or teaching their children to pursue high paying jobs. Illegal immigrants are especially afraid of dealing with the government and bringing attention to themselves. There is still discrimination against immigrants, especially if there is a language barrier. For these reasons, many immigrants do resort to crime to fulfill their basic needs. Our job should not be to persecute and alienate them anymore which will only be a selffulfilling prophecy. Our job should be to educate them about our society, laws, services, resources, and opportunities as quickly as possible. As Guardian Angels we should play a major role in reaching out to immigrant recruits, using them as liaisons to their communities. Many immigrants either think that we are part of government or that we are outlaw gangs. Either way, they are extremely afraid to approach us. If an immigrant community is hit by immigrant gang crime, we should have contacts within that community to serve it. It is vital that the Guardian Angels always represent all groups so that people feel that we do not discriminate. It would be difficult for an all white group to enter an all black neighborhood and try to help them deal with a rash of gang violence. Similarly, it would also be difficult for an all black group to enter an all Hispanic neighborhood.

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Guardian Angels: 2. Patrol Manual

Guardian Angels Crime and Employment

With discrimination slowly fading away, unemployment has become the central and most important factor in causing crime. Unemployment causes three main problems that result in crime. First and most obvious, without a job, people have no money. Without money, they cannot feed, cloth, shelter, or entertain themselves. Even those on welfare commit crimes to buy luxury goods, alcohol, and drugs. The lack of resources also compels many to become more impulsive and desperate. Second, there is often no socialization process or organization. The unemployed do not have to behave professionally, because they do not have a boss or any customers. As a result, they are free to behave in a more impulsive, rude, and uncivil manner. Third, they have few distractions from their already heightened problems and unmet needs. Work is a powerful distraction. If you have marital problems, unpaid bills, and problems with your neighbors, you can take a mental break by losing yourself in your work. In addition to all this, unemployed people usually end up in the company of unemployed people. Employed people end up hanging out with employed people. When unemployed people gather, you are simply multiplying the problems. Unemployed people then develop a negative view of everyone as needy, desperate, unreliable, criminal, intoxicated, impulsive, and rude. The Guardian Angels not only deal with crime from the outside, we also help solve the problem from the source. We are virtually employing the unemployed. During periods of high unemployment, Guardian Angels membership naturally rises. Being a Guardian Angel helps solve all three problems. First, it provides more access and opportunities to community services and resources. Networking is a great way to find employment or at least acquire the skills for it. Second, it socializes its members and forces them to behave professionally. This also has the added benefit of making them â&#x20AC;&#x153;job ready.â&#x20AC;? While interviewing, they will come across as more professional and disciplined. Third, it is a strong distraction from their problems and unmet needs. Of course, any gathering of unemployed multiplies problems, and members may fall back on their old habits with in-fighting, bickering, complaining, negativity, impulsiveness, and unprofessionalism. This is where the leaders must be strong role models and if not already employed, actively seeking employment.

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Guardian Angels: 2. Patrol Manual

Guardian Angels Handling Terrorist Attacks

Prevention     

Immediately notify security/authority of: Any unattended packages, luggage, or boxes. Any unattended item that emits an odor, fine powder, fog, mist, or oily liquid. DO NOT touch, move, or cover any suspicious item Anyone intentionally leaving a package, luggage, or box. Make note their physical appearance.  DO NOT confront any suspicious person (they may be heavily armed or carrying explosives) Response For many of us, it is a natural instinct to dash toward a victim. You may, however, end up a victim yourself and further endanger the lives of others. Additionally, in many cases, you can save more lives by keeping others away. Whenever you come across victims, always try to identify the cause first. Different causes require different responses. 1st Job: 2nd Job: 3rd Job:

Keep others and yourself from becoming victims From a safe distance, notify emergency dispatch Only if you are absolutely sure it is safe to do so, treat the victims

Explosives Signs: Victims:

Explosion, fire, smoke, debris, broken glass Severed body parts, burns, cuts, abrasions, puncture wounds, difficulty hearing

 DO NOT use any radio or cell phone within 100 yards  Evacuate area beyond 600 yards for the possibility of a secondary explosion RBC (Radioactive/Biological/Chemical) Signs:

Victims:

Strange odor, fine powder, fog, mist, leaking liquid, dead or dying small animals like pigeons (Note: Many RBC weapons are odorless and transparent.) Two or more victims experiencing difficulty breathing, uncontrollable coughing, collapse, seizure, nausea, blurred vision, or disorientation

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Guardian Angels: 2. Patrol Manual

 Immediately evacuate contaminated area  Move away from the area uphill and upwind  Use Nitrile (not latex) gloves when handling victims (Nitrile gloves are usually blue colored)  Cover your mouth with a mask or uncontaminated piece of cloth  Do not eat, drink, or smoke in the area  If your hands become contaminated, avoid touching your mouth, nose, or rubbing your eyes  DO NOT re-enter area to search for victims  Keep others away from area  Secure a perimeter  If victims recover or feel better, try to keep them from leaving to provide witness information and more importantly decontamination Sample Incident On March 20, 1995, five members of a religious cult released sarin nerve gas on five Tokyo subway lines killing twelve people and resulting in 1,300 people being treated for exposure to the gas. The sarin was placed in plastic bags. Once they were punctured, they vaporized into a mist. The level of exposure could have been lessened had people more quickly and correctly identified and responded to the attack. In fact, two station attendants died when they removed the bags of sarin from a train car.

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Guardian Angels: 2. Patrol Manual