Part II Portfolio (2013) by Mihir Benodekar

PHANTOM CONSTRUCTS

The Receiver

PHANTOM CONSTRUCTS

The Black Cloud Emitter

The Blocker

The Editor

The Transmitter

maximum range | visibility clear maximum range | visibility clear

00 1212

11 11 23 23

300.0MHz 300.0MHz MOBILE SATELLITE MOBILE SATELLITE RADIO ASTRONOMY RADIO ASTRONOMY RADIO LOCATION RADIO LOCATION MOBILE MOBILE FIXED FIXED

11 1133

328.6MHz 328.6MHzAERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION 335.4MHz 335.4MHz

MOBILE SATELLITE MOBILE SATELLITE MOBILE MOBILE FIXED FIXED

10 22 10 22

VODAFONE|2700|GSM VODAFONE|2700|GSM

BROADCASTING BROADCASTING SPACE OPERATION SPACE OPERATION LAND MOBILE LAND MOBILE MOBILE MOBILE FIXED FIXED RADIO LOCATION RADIO LOCATION MOBILE SATELLITE MOBILE SATELLITE AMATURE AMATURE

22 4 141

minimum range | visibility poor minimum range | visibility poor

399.9MHz 399.9MHz

470.0MHz 470.0MHz BROADCAST BROADCAST MOBILE MOBILE

ORANGE|GLN0252|GSM ORANGE|GLN0252|UMTS ORANGE|GLN0252|GSM ORANGE|GLN0252|UMTS

505.8MHz 505.8MHz

KENSAL TOWN TRANSMITTER|25W|TQ245820 KENSAL TOWN TRANSMITTER|25W|TQ245820

PHANTOM PHANTOM CONSTRUCTS CONSTRUCTS

O2|9044|GSM O2|9044|UMTS O2|9044|GSM O2|9044|UMTS

O2|904|GSM

561.0MHz 561.0MHz

O2|904|GSM SPLICE GATE CHARGE TIME: 64 mins BROADCAST 14:08 SPLICE GATESTART: CHARGE TIME: 64 mins BROADCAST 14:18 BROADCASTEND: START: 14:08 FREQUENCY: 505.8MHz BROADCAST END: 14:18 VISIBILITY: MODERATE FREQUENCY: 505.8MHz WIND: 11mph SWW VISIBILITY: MODERATE WIND: 11mph SWW

3|W0204|UMTS TMOBILE|90589|GSM 3|W0204|UMTS TMOBILE|90589|UMTS TMOBILE|90589|GSM TMOBILE|90589|UMTS

NETWORK RAIL|0065B(4)|GSM

VODAFONE|9438|GSM

VODAFONE|23026|GSM VODAFONE|23026|UMTS VODAFONE|23026|GSM VODAFONE|23026|UMTS

590.0MHz 590.0MHz 598.0MHz

598.0MHz

ORANGE|GLN0140|GSM ORANGE|GLN0140|UMTS ORANGE|GLN0140|GSM ORANGE|GLN0140|UMTS

3 3 15 15

9 21

BLACK CLOUD

LAND MOBILE AMATURE LAND MOBILE AMATURE

O2|1854|GSM O2|1854|GSM O2|1854|GSM O2|1854|UMTS O2|1854|GSM O2|1854|UMTS O2|1854|UMTS O2|1854|UMTS 3|W0186|UMTS TMOBILE|98149|GSM 3|W0186|UMTS TMOBILE|98149|UMTS TMOBILE|98149|GSM TMOBILE|98149|UMTS

O2|9864|GSM

BROADCAST MOBILE BROADCAST MOBILE

STUDIO

STUDIO BROADCAST ANTENNA

BROADCAST ANTENNA

SPLICE GATE

RECEIVER

SPLICE GATE

RECEIVER

O2|5971|GSM O2|5971|UMTS O2|5971|GSM O2|5971|UMTS

BROADCAST MOBILE BROADCAST MOBILE

VODAFONE|2325|GSM

O2|2767|GSM O2|2767|GSM O2|2767|UMTS O2|2767|GSM

O2|9855|GSM

O2|38479|GSM O2|38479|GSM O2|38479|UMTS O2|38479|GSM O2|38479|GSM O2|38479|UMTS

O2|9855|GSM

O2|2767|GSM O2|2767|UMTS

O2|11624|GSM O2|11624|GSM O2|11624|UMTS O2|11624|GSM O2|11624|UMTS O2|11624|GSM

O2|11624|UMTS O2|11624|UMTS 3|W0200|UMTS TMOBILE|90040|GSM TMOBILE|90040|UMTS 3|W0200|UMTS TMOBILE|90040|GSM TMOBILE|90040|UMTS

8 20

3|W0035|UMTS

O2|9043|GSM O2|9043|UMTS

VODAFONE|2174|GSM

4 4 16 16

8 20

VODAFONE|1281|GSM VODAFONE|1281|GSM VODAFONE|1281|UMTS VODAFONE|1281|GSM VODAFONE|1281|GSM VODAFONE|1281|UMTS

3|W0071|UMTS VODAFONE|72363|UMTS

O2|40249|GSM

3|W0071|UMTS VODAFONE|72363|UMTS

O2|40249|GSM VODAFONE|2238|GSM

O2|9292|GSM O2|9292|GSM O2|9292|UMTS O2|9292|GSM O2|9292|UMTS O2|9292|GSM O2|9292|UMTS O2|9292|UMTS

O2|7447|GSM 3|W0217|UMTS

3|W0217|UMTS

VODAFONE|2238|GSM O2|43866|UMTS VODAFONE|23073|GSM VODAFONE|23073|UMTS O2|43866|UMTS VODAFONE|23073|GSM VODAFONE|23073|UMTS

O2|7447|GSM

854.0MHz

890.0MHz

MOBILE

890.0MHz

RADIO LOCATION MILITARY USE MOBILE RADIO LOCATION

MILITARY USE MOBILE

960.0MHz

7 19

5 17 5 17

7 19 6 18

6 18

PHANTOM CONSTRUCTS II

DINING HALL

CENTRAL TOWER

FULLY AUTOMATED FABRICATION PARTIALLY AUTOMATED FABRICATION FULLY AUTOMATED ASSEMBLY

AUTOMATED POSITIONING LIMITED CLEARANCE

CASE STUDY HOUSE 1950

1. SITE AND COLUMNS The was site dug and levelled. Formwork and reinforcement bars for the foundations were assembled on site and the concrete was poured. Prefabricated columns were brought to site and fixed to ‘u-bolts’ set in the foundation. Automation and digital fabrication methods could easily be applied to the prefabricated columns however, it would me more difficult to automate the process of making the foundations. The site is an organic environment and machines would need to make constant adjustments to be able to operate. This could be done with detailed scans feeding data through feedback loops to respond to site conditions.

2. STEEL BEAMS The beams were delivered to site and craned into position. They were aligned with the beam connection plates to the tops of the columns and bolted in place using the pre-drilled holes. Beams were cut to size, with holes drilled off site. This process could easily be motivated within the factory. The automation of the positioning and assembly of the beams to the columns could be more difficult. It would probably be necessary to redesign the nature of the fixings to make them more compatible with the motions of a robot. Scanning or laser positioning would also have to be implemented to accurately align pre-drilled holed in the beams and columns.

3. FASCIA PANEL, JOISTS, ROOF DECKING Fascia panels were pre-cut off site and welded onto the plates at the tops of the columns on site. Steel decking was craned onto the beams and spot-welded into position. Joists were delivered to site pre-cut and installed using spacing blocks and fixings through pre-drilled holes between beams. Operations such as positioning and welding fascia panels and decking are synonymous with the assembly and welding of a car chassis and could borrow from processes used in the automotive industry. Timber as a material is not as homogeneous as steel and thus automation of positioning and fixing would need to incorporate a system capable of making small corrections to allow for differences.

4. INSULATION AND CEILING The insulation and ceiling are brought to site in standard sizes from the manufacturer and were cut to size on site. This was labour intensive and time could have been saved through prefabrication but this would take into account for variations from the design on site. On-site digital manufacture could address the issue so that pieces could be easily and accurately cut allowing for the ‘as built’ situation by using 3D scanned information.

CAR MANUFACTURE

1. BODY IN WHITE AND BODY PANELS Body in white component fabrication and assembly is fully automated along with the fabrication of individual body panels. Sheet metal is sent through a series of automated presses which shape each element with robots transferring pieces between presses. Mercedes have developed a fully automated panel assembly method, that uses laser-guiding technology to ensure that panels are correctly aligned to within the required tolerances. The painting process is also fully automated in carefully controlled conditions achieving high quality finishes and sealing.

5. WALLS AND WINDOWS Exterior wall elements were constructed on site using simple stud wall construction. Windows would have been prefabricated by a specialist contractor and brought to site. Windows have long lead-in times and so any changes to the design or differences in the ‘as-built’ condition cannot be easily accommodated. Due to glass being a specialist product, it could be brought prefabricated to site with a frame digitally manufactured on site which would use 3D scanned data of the built structure. This could improve tolerances and hence thermal performance of the building. Exterior walls could also take advantage of on-site digital manufacture.

2. THE DRIVE TRAIN The painted chassis is mated to drive trains which may be manufactured on a separate site. These components are heavy and the positioning and fixing of the chassis onto the drive train requires a high degree of precision and are fully automated.

AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURE

6. INTERIOR PARTITIONS, FLOOR-TO-CEILING CABINETS AND INSTALLATION OF SERVICES Interior partitions and floor-to-ceiling cabintets were prefabricated off site and installed towards the end of the construction process. When these components were delivered to site, Soriano realised that they were the wrong height and so needed to by cut down to size by hand. This not only added delay to the project but would have also increased build costs and removed any advantage presented by prefabrication. Similar to the previous two steps, digitally manufacturing these components on-site could have alleviated these problems. The installation of services such as the on-site incinerator and waste disposal would have required penetration of the completed building, which would compromise the performance of the building skin as well as creating the need for remedial work to ‘make good’ the finishes. Better coordination between services and the building architecture from an early stage could solve this with penetrations being designed into the building skin from the start. Lessons could be learn from the aircraft and automotive industries with regard to how they mate drive trains to the vehicle architecture. 4. GLASS AND DOORS Glass is installed into doors and mated to the winding mechanism manually due to the intricate nature of the task. The front and rear windscreens are also installed manually. Doors, which were previously fitted to the car during the painting process are reattached and wired manually.

1.MANUFACTURING THE FUSELAGE The fabrication of components making up the fuselage is automated but the process of assembling them is done manually. Once the fuselage assembly is complete a strengthening composite layer is applied by mounting sections into a giant rotating lathe, which applies composite tape in layers. The entire process is automated. Fuselage components are sent to the assembly hangar, where they are mounted onto computer-guided trolleys. These carefully align the fuselage sections and the final fixing is conducted manually.

5. LIGHT CLUSTERS AND WHEELS Lights and wheels are installed manually. The lights have difficult-to-reach hidden fixings and need to be wired from behind. Wheels need to be aligned with the bolts on the hub and then bolted in place. This job can be easily conducted using unskilled labour. , LIGHTS AND GRILL

INTERIOR COMPONENTS

2. WINGS AND TAIL The wings and tail section are positioned with the help of computer guided trolleys and overhead cranes and are manually attached to the fuselage assembly. In the mean time, the interior fit out begins, with the installation of insulation, interior panels, carpets, seats, storage lockers bathrooms and the cockpit. All these operations are done manually as the levels of precision required are not the same as those required for the exterior also the manoeuvrability within the cabin is limited for the use of robots.

6. FINAL TESTING Completed cars are driven to a rolling road and the ECU is connected to a computer. Measurements of the vehicles’ outputs are assessed by a computer which compares them to the required values. Visual inspections are conducted throughout the production process.

3. TAIL FIN, LANDING GEAR AND ENGINES Similar to the earlier components, computer guided trolleys and forklift trucks position these elements however all fixing is carried out manually. The landing gear and engine attachment is a complicated task requiring both fixing and wiring. Operation needs to be tested after installation with computers being used to assist in alignment and correct connection.

4. PAINTING AND TESTING The aircraft is transferred to a separate painting hangar to be painted. The painting process is automated, ensuring an even paint coverage over the large area. A test flight in undertaken to ensure that the aircraft meets the required standards prior to delivery to the customer.

CHASSIS AND BODY

INTERIOR

DRIVETRAIN

COMPLETED VEHICLE

CAR MANUFACTURE IN THE 1950S

FUSELAGE

WING

JET ENGINE

INTERIOR

COMPLETED AIRCRAFT

1. Rolls of steel delivered to manufacturing plant

2. CNC milling machines use 3D information in the form of tool paths fed via a computer to the cutter to manufacture tools that the steel will be pressed against.

3. A series of completely automated metal presses shape body and chassis panels. Robots move components from one press to the next.

4. Pressed components are placed on a conveyor belt and robots place them into racks until they are required for assembly.

5. The assembly of the body in white is fully automated including welding and gluing of components.

6. Certain manufacturers still require body components need to be guided into position manually.

7. Mercedes have developed a fully automated method of fitting and adjusting openings to the required tolerances. Lasers take measurements, fed to a computer which operates a feedback loop allowing small adjustments to be made by the robots.

8. Painting is carried out in a fully controlled environment and the process is fully automated. Nozzles follow the optimum path to ensure flawless paint coverage. By digitally vmore advanced paint finishes such as flip paints. Doors are removed after the painting process and reattached later in the manufacturing process.

9. The dashboard is a large and heavy interior element that is positioned using a robot with very carefully controlled movements as the openings are small. The robot also fixes the dashboard in place however final electrical connections and installations of sub elements such as satellite navigation are carried out manually.

10. The majority of the interior fit outs are carried out manually. This is probably due to small, fiddly components and the limited space for maneuverability within the cabin making it difficult for robots to operate.

11. Exterior elements such as light clusters are also installed by hand due to the wiring that needs to be fed through the cabin and connected.

12 The mating of the chassis and drive train on the production line is fully automated.

13. Windscreens are bonded in place manually. This process could easily be automated by using devices such as laser positioning or 3D scanning to ensure the glass is accurately aligned within the bodywork.

14. The front and rear bumpers are manually installed and screwed into position. The careful alignment and the requirement for the fixings to be hidden out of sight within the engine bay make it tricky for this process to be automated.

15. Wheels are attached manually although with advances in positioning technology, this could easily be automated in the future.

16. The installation of the seats takes place late on the production line and so there is limited space available for maneuverability once other interior components are in place. The positioning and fixing of the seats is usually carried out manually.

17. Glass is installed into the doors and fixed to the winding mechanism. The door is then hung on to the hinges. All this is conducted manually due to the fiddly nature of the operations.

18. Final testing of completed vehicles is not fully automated. Labourers must drive the car on to the rolling road and computers analyse readouts from the ECU.

| CAR INDUSTRY | The Car Industry has embraced automation and digital fabrication in a bid to improve quality as well as reduce production costs. The initial stages of fabrication and components assembly such as manufacturing the body in white and door panels are conducted by automated means. Technology such as laser positioning allows panel gaps to be greatly reduced and using robots to paint and seal the bodywork ensures even coverage hence reducing the risk of corrosion. The later stages on the production line however seem to still be labour intensive and this is due to several reasons. Firstly laser positioning and scanning technology may still not provide a high enough accuracy to assemble certain components to the small tolerances demanded by the manufacturer. Secondly there may not be enough clearance in some cases to allow robots the access to work such as within the cabin. Thirdly, the costs of automation may far outweigh the cost of employing cheap, unskilled labour.

1. Composite â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;tapeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; is applied in layers to fabricate incredibly light yet strong components. This process is completely automated to ensure that components are manufactured correctly. An optimum path is calculated to ensure that the correct amount of composite is applied to the component and in the shortest time.

2. The fuselage assembly uses prefabricated components that are assembled manually. This very intricate task requires fixing from the cabin side and it would probably be difficult to use a robot to assemble each individual piece within the confined

7. Overhead cranes lift the fuselage sections onto computer guided trolleys.

8. Computer guided trolleys carefully move and align the fuselage sections together.

13. The lack of space within the cabin means that interior fit outs are conducted manually as robots would probably not have sufficient space to maneuver. In addition difficult to reach hidden fixings are probably not compatible the movements most robots are capable of.

14. Levels of precision in the interior do not need to be as high as the exterior and so unskilled manual labour can carry out these tasks cheaply.

space.

3. The fuselage assembly is fitted into a giant lathe and rotates slowly as composite tape is applied. As the fuselage is rotated the tape applicator moves from one side to the other to ensure even coverage of the composite. The process is wholly

4. The composite is heat cured to bond and strengthen the component. This process is computer controlled to ensure the curing is consistent.

5. Completed fuselage sections are delivered (often by air in specially modified aircraft) to the assembly site. Components are manually removed from the plane and manually moved into the assembly hangar.

10. The final alignment of the fixings of components such as the tail fin to the fuselage is controlled manually either by machine or human force.

11. Components once in position are fixed in place manually. This is potentially due to the process being relatively simple and the lack of clearance within which the work needs to be carried out.

12. The engines are brought to the wings on a computer guided trolley. Final attachment and connection to the controls are conducted manually.

16. Once complete, the aircraft is moved to another hangar with the help of a man controlled tug.

17. The painting of the outside of the aircraft is in some cases automated. There is a large area to cover and automation ensures a consistant finish.

18. The test flight ensures that the plane is working properly prior to being delivered to the customer.

automated.

9. Automated fork-lift-trucks bring other components and align them with the body of the plane.

15. The computer guided trolleys slowly move the aircraft along the hangar as they become more complete.

6. The hangar is a very clean space and aircraft components rest on either computer controlled trolleys or cranes, which allow components to be correctly aligned.

| AIRCRAFT INDUSTRY | Aircrafts are far larger than cars and are closer in size to buildings. It is therefore very exciting to look at automation and digital fabrication used in aircraft manufacture as it could be used to inform progression within the construction industry. In a similar vein to motor vehicle manufacture, the fabrication of individual components is heavily automated and relies greatly on digital fabrication techniques. Positioning of individual components also appears to be carried out in most cases by computer guided trolleys or cranes. What this case study reveals is that the sheer size of aircraft means that it is difficult to automate the assembly of individual components. Manual labour is still required in mating components and installing fixings. The interior fit outs of aircraft seem to be the domain of manual labour and the process has not been automated. Narrow openings into the cabin together with limited interior space and difficult to reach fixings make the processes impractical for automation. The automation of the interior fit out does not become possible unless sequencing is changed or the cabin architecture is rethought.

FORMATIVE

CUTTING

ASSEMBLY

SUBTRACTIVE

ADDITIVE

METAL Direct Metal Deposition(DMD) Welding

Press

Laser CUSING

Nailing

Proﬁle Cutter

Electronic Beam Melting (EBM) CNC Milling

Stapling

Blade Etching

Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS)

Mechanical Fixing Moulding/Formwork

PLASTIC Digital Light Processing (DLP)

Folding 3D

Laser Cutter

StereoLithography (STA/STL)

2 Axes

Stamping/Pressing Extrusion

3D Inkjet Printing (3DP)

Plasma Cutter

4 Axes

Screw Water Jet Cutter

MULTI-MATERIAL

5 Axes

Push Fit

Hot Wire Cutter

Solid Ground Curing (SGC)

3 Axes

Bolt

Laminated Object Manufactuing 6 Axes

Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)

6+ Axes

Fused Deposition Modelling

Contour Crafting

SMALL SCALE

BUILDING SCALE ADDITIVE - METAL

ADDITIVE - PLASTIC + MULTI-MATERIAL Digital Light Processing (DLP)

2 Axes

Laser CUSING

StereoLithography (STA/STL)

3 Axes

Electronic Beam Melting (EBM)

Solid Ground Curing (SGC)

4 Axes

Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS)

3D Inkjet Printing (3DP)

5 Axes

Direct Metal Deposition(DMD)

Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS)

Laminated Object Manufactuing Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)

CNC MILLING

6 Axes 6+ Axes

FORMATIVE

2D CUTTING

Moulding/Formwork

3D CUTTING

FUSED DEPOSITION MODELLING

Laser Cutter

Press Folding

Plasma Cutter Proﬁle Cutter

Contour Crafting Water Jet Cutter

Stamping/Pressing Blade Etching Extrusion

Hot Wire Cutter

Fused Deposition Modelling

HIGH COST PER UNIT VOLUME

LOW COST PER UNIT VOLUME ADDITIVE - PLASTIC + MULTI-MATERIAL Digital Light Processing (DLP)

2 Axes

Laser CUSING

StereoLithography (STA/STL)

3 Axes

Electronic Beam Melting (EBM)

Solid Ground Curing (SGC)

4 Axes

3D Inkjet Printing (3DP)

5 Axes

ADDITIVE - METAL Direct Metal Deposition(DMD)

Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS)

Laminated Object Manufactuing Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)

CNC MILLING

FORMATIVE

FUSED DEPOSITION MODELLING

2D CUTTING

Moulding/Formwork

Laser Cutter

Press Folding

Plasma Cutter Proﬁle Cutter

Contour Crafting

Water Jet Cutter

Stamping/Pressing

6 Axes

Blade Etching

6+ Axes

3D CUTTING

Extrusion

Hot Wire Cutter

Fused Deposition Modelling

HIGH ACCURACY

LOW ACCURACY ADDITIVE - METAL

ADDITIVE - PLASTIC + MULTI-MATERIAL Digital Light Processing (DLP)

2 Axes

Laser CUSING

StereoLithography (STA/STL)

3 Axes

Electronic Beam Melting (EBM)

Solid Ground Curing (SGC)

4 Axes

3D Inkjet Printing (3DP)

5 Axes

Direct Metal Deposition(DMD)

Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS)

Laminated Object Manufactuing Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)

3D CUTTING

CNC MILLING

6 Axes 6+ Axes

Laser Cutter

2D CUTTING

FORMATIVE Moulding/Formwork

Press Folding

Plasma Cutter Proﬁle Cutter Water Jet Cutter Hot Wire Cutter

Contour Crafting Stamping/Pressing

Blade Etching Extrusion

Fused Deposition Modelling

MASS CUSTOMISATION

MASS PRODUCTION FORMATIVE

2D CUTTING

FUSED DEPOSITION MODELLING

Moulding/Formwork

2 Axes

Press

3 Axes

Folding Proﬁle Cutter Stamping/Pressing Blade Etching Extrusion

CNC MILLING

Contour Crafting

4 Axes 5 Axes 6 Axes 6+ Axes

3D CUTTING Laser Cutter Plasma Cutter Water Jet Cutter Hot Wire Cutter

ADDITIVE - PLASTIC + MULTI-MATERIAL Digital Light Processing (DLP)

ADDITIVE - METAL Direct Metal Deposition(DMD)

StereoLithography (STA/STL)

Laser CUSING

Solid Ground Curing (SGC)

Electronic Beam Melting (EBM)

3D Inkjet Printing (3DP) Laminated Object Manufactuing Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) Fused Deposition Modelling

Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS)

COST OF A HOME 100

£10,363/yr

£199.30/wk on rental payments [LONDON]

PERCENTAGE NEW HOUSEHOLDS BY TENURE IN THE UK

LONDON

NEW DWELLINGS

£202,000 £216,000

OTHER DWELLINGS ALL DWELLINGS FIRST TIME BUYERS

FORMER OWNERNEW OCCUPIERS DWELLINGS

£161,000

£248,000 £202,000 £216,000

OTHER DWELLINGS

LONDON

ALL DWELLINGS

FORMER OWNERNEW OCCUPIERS DWELLINGS

£215,000

£161,000

FIRST TIME BUYERS NEW DWELLINGS FORMER OWNER OCCUPIERS OTHER DWELLINGS FIRST TIME BUYERS

LONDON

£215,000

£248,000

£277,000

£357,000

12.5% MARKET RATE RENTERS

£179.20/wk on mortgage payments [LONDON]

69.9% OWNER OCCUPIERS

MARKET RATE RENTERS

30 OWNER OCCUPIERS

£353,000

LONDON

£274,000 £277,000

OTHER DWELLINGS

£424,000 £357,000 £353,000

ALL DWELLINGS FIRST TIME BUYERS 0 FORMER OWNER OCCUPIERS

£9,318.40/yr

17.6% SUBSIDISED RENTERS

£100,000

£200,000

£274,000 £300,000

£400,000

£424,000

£500,000 0

£100,000

£200,000

£300,000

SUBSIDISED RENTERS

£400,000

2000

2001

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

£500,000 50

£700,000

£700,000 £500,000 £600,000 £400,000 LONDON HOUSE PRICE

LONDON HOUSE PRICE

£800,000 £600,000

£500,000 £300,000

DETACHED

LONDON

DETACHED SEMI-DETACHED AVERAGE TERRACED BUNGALOW PURPOSE-BUILT FLAT SEMI-DETACHED CONVERTED FLAT AVERAGE TERRACED

£400,000 £200,000

BUNGALOW PURPOSE-BUILT FLAT

£300,000 £100,000

CONVERTED FLAT

£200,000 0 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 £100,000 0

HOME REPOSSESSIONS IN THE UK [THOUSANDS]

LONDON

£800,000

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

0 2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

62,641,000 Current UK population [world bank]

100

NORTHER IRELAND SCOTLAND

Property Price Graph, London. Prices on an upward trajectory, even during the recession. (www.dailymail.co.uk)

ENGLAND

£26,500 0 1951

1961

1971

1981

1991

2001

2011

2021

2031

2041

2051

average UK income

2061

PREDICTED POPULATION GROWTH

30%

50,ooo

affordable house at 30% of income

£8,000

over = 15 years

affordable homes built in london in 2012 borrowed

length of mortgage

25000

Average London House Price

£365,000

£670

bbc.co.uk/news

annual outlay for affordable house

monthly outlay for affordable house

£750/

Average UK House Rent

7,500 £100,000

target over 4 years for affordable homes london

30000

£250,000

Average UK House Price

only

35000

month

Average London House Rent

£1250/

month

bbc.co.uk/news

£670

bbc.co.uk/news

monthly payments at 2% interest rate http://www.bbc.co.uk/homes/property/mortgagecalculator.shtml

£26,500

30%

£8,000

£670

annual outlay for affordable house

monthly outlay for affordable house

20000

15000

PRIVATE

10000

AFFORDABILITY

ANNUAL UK HOUSING CONSTRUCTION [£ MILLIONS]

CURRENT PRICE SITUATION

POPULATION [MILLIONS]

WALES

average UK income

£100,000

5000

affordable house at 30% of income

over = 15 years

£670

PUBLIC

borrowed

0 1951

1961

1971

1981

1991

2001

2011

length of mortgage

monthly payments at 2% interest rate http://www.bbc.co.uk/homes/property/mortgagecalculator.shtml

Chorleywood

53,012,456

THREE RIVERS

ENGLAND Population 2011

16,400 KM2 TOTAL GREEN BELT LAND AREA

ENGLAND

1572 KM2 TOTAL LAND AREA

16,400 km

410 persons/km

population density

greenbelt land

LONDON

5200 persons/km

population density

350 km

greenbelt land

113878 KM2 TOTAL NON GREEN BELT LAND AREA

350 KM2 TOTAL GREEN BELT LAND AREA

1572 KM2 TOTAL LAND AREA

Hertfordshire Three Rivers

980 persons/km2 population density

green belt

1222 KM2 TOTAL NON GREEN BELT LAND AREA

88.1 KM2 TOTAL LAND AREA

68.4 km2 greenbelt land

24.1 KM2 TOTAL NON GREEN BELT LAND AREA

68.4 KM2 TOTAL GREEN BELT LAND AREA

HERTFORDSHIRE LONDON

REMOVE/COMBINE

FIXED COSTS AND FEES - 3.79

LANDSCAPING - 7.79%

£225,000 ELIMINATE

CURENT NEWBUILD COST

£1200 /sq m

average London build cost

£117,600

LAND - 37.77% 60SQM @ £1000/SQM = £60,000

REDUCE/SHARE BETWEEN MULTIPLE UNITS

CONSTRUCTION - 51.93%

INTERNAL PARTITIONS - 2.65%

WINDOWS AND EXTERNAL DOORS - 8.42%

total construction cost

ELIMINATE

INTERNAL DOORS - 2.75%

CHIMNEY - 1.99%

FLOOR FINISHES - 4.53%

STAIRS - 0.99%

http://www.homebuilding.co.uk/advice/costs/calculator

UPPER FLOORS - 2.53%

ARCHITECTS FEES - 7.79%

INTERNAL PARTITIONS - 2.65% WINDOWS AND EXTERNAL DOORS - 8.42%

WALL FINISHES - 8.40%

INTERNAL DOORS - 2.75%

CHIMNEY - 1.99%

CEILING FINISHES - 2.90%

FLOOR FINISHES - 4.53%

ROOF - 11.60%

STAIRS - 0.99% UPPER FLOORS - 2.53%

BUILT-IN CUPBOARDS - 3.55% KITCHEN FITTINGS - 7.06% WALL FINISHES - 8.40%

REMOVE/COMBINE WITH PARTITIONS OR WALLS

CEILING FINISHES - 2.90%

EXTERNAL WALLS - 15.77% ROOF - 11.60%

98sq m

BUILT-IN CUPBOARDS - 3.55% KITCHEN FITTINGS - 7.06%

recommended size for 3 bedroom property

SANITARY FITTINGS - 5.73% FOUNDATIONS - 10.2%

EXTERNAL WALLS - 15.77%

COMBINE/REUSE EXISTING/ USE MATERIALS ON SITE/ STANDARD SIZES/SHARE BETWEEN MULTIPLE UNITS

http://www.architecture.com/Files/RIBAHoldings/Policy AndInternationalRelations/HomeWise/CaseforSpace.pdf

SANITARY FITTINGS - 5.73% FOUNDATIONS - 10.2%

HEATING - 3.48% ELECTRICAL - 4.97%

FIXED COSTS AND FEES - 8.24% CONSTRUCTION - 11.23% ARCHITECTS FEES - 1.68% LANDSCAPING - 16.84%

£120 /sq m

HOT AND COLD WATER - 1.61% HEATING - 3.48% ELECTRICAL - 4.97%

WASTE PIPES - 0.84% HOT AND COLD WATER - 1.61%

AFFORDABLE NEWBUILD TARGET

WASTE PIPES - 0.84%

£11,500 LAND - 57.28% 60SQM @ £1000/SQM = £60,000

aim for new affordable house land price based on typical plot for sale in zone 4 London (www.rightmove.co.uk)

£71,500

COMBINE/REUSE/ SHARE BETWEEN MULTIPLE UNITS

COST REDUCTION STRATEGY

Minimise Time on Site

High UK Labour Costs

Maximise Fabrication in factories

Deliver Finished Product to Site

Mass Production, Mass Customisaion, Controlled Environment

13.6 x 2.5 x <5.0m

Maximum permissable dimensions of a lorry on UK roads without special arrangement

2.5m

.6m

3.0m (5.0m max)

34 sqm Adopt strategies to expand space on site

54 sqm

18.6 x 2.9 x <5.0m

Larger loads require 10 Weeks advanced notice and permission from police and authorities

Oversized motorhome transportation needs vehicles to be specially adapted with additional lights and markers

Toutenkamion lorry trailer chassis

Toutenkamion lorry trailer construction

Toutenkamion lorry travels to site in its collapsed form for ease of transportation before being expanded at its destination.

FOLDED SECTION

TENSION CABLES LIFT PLANES ALONG FACADE RAILS

EXPANDED SECTION

INSULATED FABRIC FORMS DWELLING ENVELOPE

FOLDED SECTION FOLDED SECTION

EXPANDED EXPANDED SECTION SECTION

INSULATING BLANKET SLEEPING

SLEEPING

UTILITY CORE

INSULATING INSULATING BLANKET BLANKET

FOLDED PLAN

LIVING SLEEPING SLEEPING

SLEEPING

LIVING SLEEPING SLEEPING

EXPANDED PLAN MEZZANINE

EXPANDED PLAN

UTILITY UTILITY CORE CORE

LIVINGLIVING

FOLDED FOLDED PLAN PLAN

SLEEPING

SLEEPING SLEEPING

LIVINGLIVING

EXPANDED EXPANDED PLAN PLAN

EXPANDED PLAN MEZZANINE EXPANDED PLAN MEZZANINE

PLANES BETWEEN FLOORS PROVIDE INTEGRATED FURNITURE AND FIXTURES

Name

Miura Ori

Miura Ori Pleat

Bellows

Square Bellows

Yoshimura

Water Bomb

Closed Water Bomb

Hyperbolic Paraboloid

Hexagonal Hyperbolic Paraboloid

Developed Waterbomb

Deployment

+++

Transportation

+++

Deployed Structural Rigidity

+++

Sealability

+++

---

Material Efficiency

+++

---

Simplicity

+++

---

Form

Potential Use

Non-structural, infill. Supported floor, supported wall, supported roof.

Supported floor, supported roof.

Enclosed space open at two ends walls, roof and floor.

Wall/roof/floor structure. Could be used for cantilevers. A closed form could be created.

Arch roof structure. Could be used for cantilevers if arch is placed on its side. An enclosed form could be created.

Curtain/wall mounted to additional structure.

Enclosed space open at two ends walls, roof and floor.

Roof structure.

Could be used as a wall with additional structural support.

Notes

Structurally, the performance of this system is poor however it can provide good coverage from a material that could be folded into a very small area.

If supported from four edges of the pleat, the structure remains stable. This makes it unsuitable for use in cantilevers. Deeper folds improves strength characteristics in Z direction. Can be formed into an arch by modifying the crease pattern.

Expanding form reduces structural performance as depth of structure reduced. Can create curved extrusions.

The square fold at the edge creates a strength that maintains the orthogonal edge. Could be used to create curved extrusions.

The approximated arch form creates a structurally efficient form. Can be locked into position by pinning one pair of parallel segments.

The behaviour of this system is complex. It does not provide sufficient stability on its own to perform as an independent structure. Could be used to create a textured shell structure.

The behaviour of this system is complex. It collapses in a scalar manner in the X, Y and Z direction. The expanded form can be locked into its expanded state by pushing out concave nodes.

By connecting the top two points with a cable and tethering the parabola to the ground, the structure can be stabilised. The structure is very complex. The form could be used to form a shell structure.

The behaviour of this system is complex. It collapses in a scalar manner in the X, Y and Z direction. The expanded form can be locked into its expanded state by pushing out depressed nodes.

The behaviour of this system is complex. It does not provide sufficient stability on its own to perform as an independent structure. The structure can generate a rotated enclosed form around both the x and y axis, open at either end.

SECURITY SHELTER PUBLIC

The dwelling for nomadic artists involves understanding the existing condition of temporary and communal living. Temporary living arrangement stretch from one end of the spectrum as a campsite to that of squatting in luxury homes in London. Communal living is commonplace with young artists who require large spaces to produce work combined with low and unsteady incomes that are incompatible with the financially driven UK property markets.

PRIVATE

INTERNET

Materiality will be informed by the level of permanence in addition to the climatic conditions. The simplest temporary dwellings would be tents, which are generally made from rigid poles which have fabric draped over them. They are designed to be occupied for short periods of time usually up to a maximum of one week. This dwelling will be more comfortable than a tent as it will be designed to be occupied for up to 6 months at a time on one site. Short term occupation of sites means that the structures will be exempt from many requirements outlined by UK building regulations. Quick and easy deployment will exploit the characteristics of the Yoshimura origami pattern.

Manufacturing the building elements digitally off site in a factory will ensure better construction quality and lower costs resulting from the potential for automation and mass production. The dwellings will be delivered to site 90% complete with only foundations and connections between building components needing to be made on site.

OUTDOOR SPACE LIGHT

SLEEPING

One factory centrally located within the UK manufactures the building components from where they are loaded onto a lorry and driven to site ready to be assembled.

STORAGE GARAGE

The temporary presence of the nomadic artists act to engage the community with art. Local people can experience and learn. The artists have the opportunity to create pieces inspired by the temporary surroundings and exhibit them locally.

BATHING

STUDY

The client is a cooperative of young artists who are looking to live communally across a series of sites.

UTILITY WC

LIVING

EATING

An initial investment into the building components is made by artists as a cooperative. As this building can be deployed across a variety of sites, the investment can be spread across a number of years. Favourable rental agreements for the site and services will be possible as otherwise unusable sites or spaces in a state of change are occupied temporarily. Certain sites may be occupied for free due to the presence of the artists acting as a deterrent to vandals to disused or dormant sites or because they provide a catalist for regeneration.

KITCHEN

ELECTRICITY

WARMTH

WATER

PERSONALITY

The buiding acts as paracitic to its surroundings. It borrows power, uses services and benefits from local amenities as far as possible. Components can be easily replaced and like a vehicle, a full service is conducted at the factory once a year to replace faulty components.

COMPARISON OF TEMPORARY DWELLINGS

HOTEL

HOSTEL

CARAVAN

TENT

SQUAT

RENTED HOUSE

PROPERTY GUARDIAN

DWELLING FOR NOMADIC ARTISTS

Cost: £££££

Cost: £££

Cost: £

Cost: £££

Cost: ££

Rates: Daily

Rates: Daily/Weekly

Rates: N/A

Rates: Initial deposit + monthly

Rates: Weekly

Rates: One off purchase price + monthly local ground rent.

Comfort: *****

Comfort: ***

Comfort: *

Comfort: ***

Comfort: ****

Comfort: **

Typical area: 25-35 sq m

Typical area: 4 sq m (bed + locker)

Typical area: 10 sq m

Typical area: 4 sq m

Typical area: N/A

Typical area: 100 sq m

Typical area: N/A

Usual occupation: up to two weeks. In some cases retirees, temporary workers and members of the traveller community can occupy sites for longer.

Usual occupation: up to one week.

Usual occupation: N/A

Usual occupation: min. 6 months

Usual occupation: 3 months - 3 years

Facilities: Bedroom, kitchen, lounge, dining room, bathroom and more depending on type of property occupied.

Facilities: Beds, bathroom, kitchen and dining, sitting area. Lounge, bar may be provided centrally.

Services: Some services may be provided centrally such as bathrooms, kitchens, laundry but usually any comforts need to be provided by the individual. Gas cooking stove/barbecue, battery-powered light.

Services: Light, heat, electricity, laundry, water, sewerage. Some of these could be disconnected.

Services: Light, heat, electricity, laundry, water, sewerage, internet, TV, gas.

Comfort: *** Usual occupation: up to one week Facilities: Private bedroom, en suite/shared bathroom, private/shared lounge, bar, storage. Services: Food provided through staffed kitchen, outsourced laundry, room thermal control, light, electricity, water, sewerage, waste collection, TV, internet, linen. Notes: There is usually little interaction between guests of hotels with facilities and services are provided on a room by room basis. This is an expensive option and cannot realistically be considered for longer-term occupation.

Usual occupation: up to two weeks Facilities: Shared bedroom, shared bathroom, shared kitchen and dining, shared lounge and bar, storage lockers. Services: option to cook own meals, self service laundry, light, electricity, water, centralised heating/cooling, sewerage, waste collection, communal TV, internet, linen. Notes: Cheaper than hotels, hostels require guests to share more facilities including bedrooms thus creating more social interaction. Guests are also require to undertake more tasks themselves such as cooking, washing dishes and removing bedding at the end of their stay. For the longer-term, this option can be more costly than rental. Many temporary, low paid workers can spend longer periods of time in hostels as rooms are charged on a daily basis and do not require deposit.

Typical area: 50 sq m

Services: Kitchenette, communal laundry, light, electricity, off grid water (tank), off grid sewerage (tank), off grid gas (cylinder), paraffin heating, internet may be provided centrally, TV. Notes: Caravan parks can be legal or illegal. The ability for a caravan to function off grid means that it can relocate almost anywhere that has road access but regulations may not allow vehicles to park in certain areas. Occupants are required to maintain services such at emptying and filling tanks. Certain services cannot be provided within the dwelling. Space within the dwelling is limited.

Facilities: Sleeping bag, limited storage.

Notes: Campsites can be legal or illegal. Tents are the most versatile dwellings in terms of being able to locate virtually anywhere as sites can be reached by foot. Occupants need to separately provide or do without certain services. In most cases tents provide basic shelter and nothing more and so are not considered suitable for long term inhabitation. Illegal sites such as the Occupy London campsite outside St Paul’s Cathedral survived for a number of months before being dismantled. Over this time a number of temporary support services had time to develop including bathroom facilities, catering tents and shops.

Notes: Squatting is now illegal in the UK. There is therefore an uncertainty associated with this type of living. It may be possible to live in relative comfort for little money due to many facilities and services being free to the occupants. Due to the occupants having no liability over the dwelling, there is often little incentive to keep the property in a good state of repair. Artists have traditionally lived in squats, but they do not provide a suitable long-term solution there is a continuous threat of eviction.

Notes: In London, this is an expensive proposition. Rents are high and a sizable deposit together with a regular income are required. Sharing is a possible option and a variety of properties can be rented addressing the issues of affordability and suitability.

Facilities: Vary depending on type of property but usually include, bed, bathroom and kitchen. Services: Light, heat, electricity, water, sewerage. Notes: The occupation of vacant property provides a deterrent against vandalism and squatting, whilst providing an income for the landlord. Rents are lower due to the type of property (which could be commercial or residential) and shorter notice periods. These types of properties offer the advantages of rented houses but with lower costs and shorter rental agreements. There are disadvantages surrounding how the property may be occupied with clauses preventing artists from working there.

Usual occupation: 10 years across a variety of sites with 6-month rotations. Facilities: Bed, communal bathroom, communal kitchen, communal living space, communal studio. Services: Light, heat, electricity, water, sewerage - connected to a ‘host’ property. Notes: The aim is to provide the basic comforts of a traditional static home with the flexibility and mobility of a caravan. Services that are not provided within the building can be provided by the locality the scheme resides in e.g. laundry. Building is commissioned by a cooperative who purchase the building outright and a ground rent is paid at a monthly rate agreed with the landlord depending on the site occupied.

SLEEPING CHAMBER

KITCHEN

BATHING CHAMBER

PUBLIC VOLUME

PRIVATE VOLUME

AXONOMETRIC

CUTTING

ASSEMBLY

FOLDING

INTERIOR PANELS Option: A Insulated wall panel B Insulated floor panel C Padded foam D Window Frame E Furniture Support F Special Attachment (Stove, shower, extractor, sink)

1 Foam and insulation CNC cut with a 45 degree taper. 2 Insulation/foam covered in laser cut lamiar interior finish or upholstered.

Interior panels Laser cut clear Perspex

ATTACHMENT STRIPS FOR VACUUMATIC HINGE

1 Aluminium strips CNC cut. 2 Holes CNC Drilled.

Inner latex layer

VACUUMATIC HINGE

Electrical cable/ heating/water

1 Heat sealed airtight polyurethane membrane. 2 Stiched breathable muslin bag containing expanded polystyrene aggregate. 3 Breathable agregate bag inserted into airtight membrance

Large, wall/roof elements Attachment strips

RIGID PANELS Option: A Rigid timber panel B Window frame Small, furniture elements

1 Vacuum pump connected, valves opened. 2 Building fabric folded gradually with assistance from workshop

Vacuumatic hinge

LATEX LAYERS

Rigid panels

Latex 2mm thick CNC cut allowing openings for windows.

PREASSEMBLED FLEXIBLE VACUUMATIC BEAMS

Laser cut clear Perspex

See separate instructions

TO SITE

A 3

5 C

4 2mm Latex Layer

DETAILED SECTION A 1:5

DETAILED SECTION D 1:5 B

VacuumaticSystem Airtight Membrane, Breathable Aggregate Bag, Sand, Air Distribution Conduit

TYPICAL DETAILED SECTION AA 1:20

1. Building fabric build-up 2mm latex, plywood with vacuumatic hinge, 2mm latex, aerogel Insulated panel. 2. Edge Beam Tubular GRP carrying vacuum supply, water and electricity.

Frame Plywood

3. Electronic vacuum valve with pressure sensor. 4. Opening 0.5mm white latex, collapsible GRP pole. 5. GRP angle. 6. Window External timber frame, 3mm Perspex, air gap, 3mm Perspex, internal timber frame.

2mm Latex Layer

7. Vaccumatic Hinge Airtight membrane, breathable agregate membrane, expanded polystyrene aggregate, reinforced flexible perforated air conduit.

Interior Panels Aerogel Insulated Panels/Clear Acrylic 2 1

Tubular Vacuumatic Supporting Beams Carry loads, vacuum supply and utility

3 1 2 7

C 5

DETAILED SECTION B 1:5

DETAILED SECTION C 1:5

0.5mm gauge white Latex

Collapsible Carbon Fibre Poles

Channel Sections to grip latex

Tubular Vacuumatic Supporting Beams Carry loads, vacuum supply and utility

Interior Panels Aerogel Insulated Panels/Clear Acrylic

2mm Latex Layer

Frame Plywood

VacuumaticSystem Airtight Membrane, Breathable Aggregate Bag, Sand, Air Distribution Conduit

STRUCTURAL PERSPECTIVE 2mm Latex Layer

TYPICAL LONG SECTION BB 1:20

DETAILED SECTION E 1:2

1 3

6 5 7

21 8 9 10 20

12 11

14 15 16

9 8

10 15

7 6

18 3

5 4

| Building Fabric Exploded | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

GRP tube GRP channel Plastic vacuum tube Plastic water/heating conduit Plastic electrical cable conduit Plastic conduit holder Outer vacuumatic mechanism suppot ring holder Inner vacuumatic mechanism suppot ring holder Vacuum tube connector Vacuum tube flexible bellows Flexible electrical cable Flexible water/heating pipe Vacuum splitter Vacuum control valve with pressure sensor - beam Rubber vacuumatic support ring Vacuumatic stretchy breathable aggregate bag Vacuumatic stretchy airtight membrane Insulating jacket Vacuum control valve with pressure sensor - building fabric Water/heating supply through building fabric Electrical cable through building fabric Latex utility casing Vacuumatic airtight membrane Vacuumatic breathable aggregate bag Outer latex layer Outer rigid plywood panel Aluminium strips for membrane attachment Inner rigid plywood panel Inner latex layer Interior insulating panels Assembled vacuumatic beam unit Assembled beam containing services

Scale 1:20

25/26 28

27 29 30

23/24

31 22

8 6 7 11

9 10

16/17

2 1

Beam in Folded State

17 16 14

18 13

Detail Section Scale 1:2

| Vacuumatic Beam Detail | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

1 Twin 2mm latex layer 2 Two-part window frame centre tion and groove for vacuumatic cut timber window frame bonded with grooves to hold latex and 3 Twin layer clear Perspex

separated by insulamechanism: outer CNC to inner rigid frame Perpex glazing.

| EXPLODED WINDOW DETAIL | 1 Outer timber window frame 2 Outer 2mm latex membrane 3 Outer Perspex layer 4 Two-part window frame separated by insulation and groove for vacuumatic mechanism 5 Outer Perspex layer 6 Outer 2mm latex membrane 7 Inner timber window frame

Bedroom

Living Space

THE

ART

ACADEMY

A10

SECTION A-A

A15

C10 C5 C0

C15 C20

C2 5

C2 9

A20

0 D3

A25

5 D3

D45

D55

D25 D10

D15

D20

A30

A35

A40

A45

A50 A55 B0

A60

B5 B10 B15 B20 B25

B60 B30

| FLOOR PLAN INDEX | | 4 SECTIONS CIRCULAR GRID |

B55

B35

B40

B50 B45

SECTION A-A

| A SECTION: PRIVATE LIVING SPACE | | 4 BED CHAMBERS|

| B SECTION: PUBLIC LIVING SPACE | | KITCHEN + LIVING ROOM |

A0 - 10106R A5 - 8563.62R A10 - 7204.56R A15 - 6212.26R A20 - 5446.86R A25 - 4833.31R A30 - 4327.17R A35 - 3900.34R A40 - 3534.06R A45 - 3215.25R A50 - 2934.47R A55 - 2684.71R A60 - 2460.66R

B0 - 1924.01R B5 - 2405.18R B10 - 2977.85R B15 - 3521.07R B20 - 4037.26R B25 - 4528.57R B30 - 4996.88R B35 - 5444.00R B40 - 5871.71R B45 - 6281.37R B50 - 6673.97R B55 - 7050.80R B60 - 7412.73R

| C SECTION: CONNECTION BRIDGE |

| D SECTION: SINGLE BED CHAMBER | | 3 UNITS |

C0 - 1500.00R C5 - 1500.00R C10 - 1620.45R C15 - 1620.45R C20 - 1480.52R C25 - 1450.67R C29 - 1450.00R

D0 - 1406.20R D5 - 1341.72R D10 - 1265.09R D15 - 1192.53R D20 - 1123.73R D25 - 1058.35R D30 - 996.08R D35 - 936.68R D45 - 825.71R D55 - 723.95R