The Grand River Greenway: Revitalizing Our Relationship With Nature

THE GRAND RIVER GREENWAY:

REVITALIZING OUR RELATIONSHIP WITH NATURE

BROCK DOWNS + MIKE HOU | SPRING 2016 | LA 448

CONTENTS 01 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 02 INTRODUCTION THE WATERSHED GOALS + OBJECTIVES

05 06

WATER POLLUTION IMPAIRMENTS INDUSTRIAL AGRICULTURE DEMOGRAPHICS SYNTHESIS

09 10 15 16 21

03 RESEARCH + ANALYSIS

04 CASE STUDIES

CENTER FOR SOCIAL CHANGE AGRICULTURE + COMMUNITY ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY

25 26 28

OPPORTUNITIES EDUCATION IMPLEMENTATION

31 34 35

05 VISION

06 CONCLUSION

“When one tugs at a single thing in nature, he finds it attached to the rest of the world.”

01 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The purpose of this project is to develop a greenway network throughout a portion of the Grand River Watershed, which is inclusive of 19 counties within the State of Michigan. Identification of an ecological focus is also required in order to define suitable locations for education centers within the study area.

This report will focus on identifying the best areas for greenway connections and regional education centers. These centers, combined with components along the greenway, will seek to educate the public about water pollution and its effect on human and environmental health.

Utilizing GIS as a platform for regional investigation, extensive research will be necessary to determine future design strategies aimed at achieving better water quality throughout the watershed and the State of Michigan.

Through promotion of civic participation and environmental stewardship in the design process as well, the Grand River Greenway will emerge as an interactive social learning experience that seeks to create a more symbiotic relationship between humans and their natural surroundings.

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02 INTRODUCTION The Grand River Watershed is the second largest drainage system in the State of Michigan with a total area of 5,572 square miles, comprising 13% of the Lake Michigan drainage basin. It revolves around the Grand River, which is the longest river in the state at 260 miles long. This project covers the entirety of the watershed, which includes the 4 primary sub-watersheds contained within it: the Lower Grand, the Maple, the Thornapple and the Upper Grand.

The Grand River Watershed boasts extensive wetlands, bogs and river systems, stretching from Hillsdale County through Lansing and Grand Rapids to Grand Haven and into Lake Michigan. Land use within the watershed is approximately 53% agricultural, 27% urban, and 20% forested. Some emerging issues and areas of concern within the Grand River system include nutrients, increased turbidity, and reduced water quality.

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THE WATERSHED The Grand River Watershed stretches through a total of 19 counties: Allegan, Barry, Calhoun, Clinton, Eaton, Gratiot, Hillsdale, Ingham, Ionia, Jackson, Kent, Livingston, Mecosta, Montcalm, Muskegon, Newaygo, Ottawa, Shiawassee, and Washtenaw. Each county holds a varying number of waterways directly linked to the Grand River Watershed. Ionia Major river systems is the only county that is completely contained within the watershed boundary. throughout the watershed are the Grand River, Rogue River, Flat River, Maple River, Thornapple River, and Upper Grand River. The elevation of the watershed ranges from 1,260 feet in the uplands to 577 feet at its mouth. It also features extensive wetlands, bogs, and upland and river systems, as well as aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity that is unique among Michigan’ s inland areas. The Grand River Watershed boasts a unique variety of communities, as it connects rural, upstream agricultural areas with sprawling suburbs, diverse, industry-dotted urban zones, and the gem of them all, Lake Michigan.

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GOALS + OBJECTIVES Restore the missing connection between human & nature by providing a healthier, more resilient community for all users of the natural environment ▪

Identify potential polluted sites that encompass varying vulnerable social groups to locate greenway connections and educational centers.

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Promote sustainable household practices and civic participation to restore people’s ownership of land and create a sense of community.

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Re-connect the public with the environment through dynamic and interactive art education.

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03 RESEARCH + ANALYSIS Our research and analysis will focus on one of the most prominent issues affecting human and environmental health throughout the State of Michigan and much of the U.S. today: Water Pollution. Water pollution is defined as the contamination of water bodies, which includes lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater. This form of environmental degradation occurs when pollutants are directly or indirectly discharged into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds.

Water pollution can pose health dangers to those who come into contact with it.

Some risks associated with water pollution include: Contaminated drinking water, mercury level risks, toxic runoff, depletion of aquatic ecosystems and increased disease transmission among animals.

Further research will utilize census data as a platform for analyzing patterns between sociodemographics and water pollution throughout the study area. The goal of this research and analysis is to identify highly polluted areas that encompass a wide range of socially vulnerable populations, as a means of locating potential greenway connections and educational centers.

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WATER POLLUTION CAUSES + SOURCES

The two charts shown above combine data compiled from the 2010 EPA Water Quality Assessment for the State of Michigan to illustrate causes of impairment to rivers and streams and their probable sources

contributing to impairment. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB’s) cause the highest amount of pollution in rivers

and streams throughout Michigan, accounting for nearly 65% of its collective water impairment. While Mercury is far and beyond the largest polluter of statewide lakes and ponds, it accounts for just over 15% of the

contamination within rivers and streams. Atmospheric Deposition is the leading probable source contributing to impairments in Michigan’s rivers and streams, holding 73.5% of the total source data. Further investigation of these sources and contaminants will determine their accompanying health effects, which will lead to clues

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toward design implementation strategies that seek to improve water quality within the Grand River Watershed and throughout the State of Michigan.

IMPAIRMENTS SUB-WATERSHEDS

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IMPAIRMENTS RIVERS + STREAMS Of the over 52,000 miles of rivers and streams throughout Michigan, 76% are classified as impaired.

This means that nearly 40,000 miles of our waterways are contaminated with some degree of pollutants.

Within the Grand River Watershed, 98% of its assessed rivers and streams are impaired by pollutants. The two most prominent causes of pollution throughout the site area have been identified as Mercury and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB’s).

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Statistics shown are taken from the 2010 EPA Water Quality Assessment for the State of Michigan

IMPAIRMENTS POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBs) are a toxic mixture of industrial chemicals which, although banned since the 1970s, are long-lasting in fish tissue and in the bottom sediments of rivers and lakes. It is currently the sixth-highest cause of water pollution in the U.S. and the highest in Michigan, which has led to many fishing bans and warnings to be posted throughout the country. PCBs in fish that are eaten by humans and wildlife can build up and may contain cancer-causing agents and cause other negative health effects. PCBs reach waterways by direct dumping, leakage from landfills not designed to handle hazardous waste, and through the air after burning PCB-containing waste.

Within the Grand River Watershed, PCB’s are the largest known cause of impairment to rivers and streams, with 56.5% of its waterways contaminated by PCB’s. The map on the right combines GIS layers of assessed rivers and streams to illustrate PCB impairments throughout the study area.

This map makes it clear that PCB is widespread throughout the watershed boundary. By combining these layers with demographics data in GIS, the hope is that sources of evidence will emerge to more accurately interpret the patterns shown by PCB impairments.

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IMPAIRMENTS MERCURY MERCURY is a metal that is found in many rocks, with large concentrations found particularly within coal. It is commonly released into the air by coal-fired power plants, where it then settles on land and is washed into waterways. Mercury ranks among the top ten national causes of water pollution in the U.S. and is the second leading cause in Michigan. As a water pollutant, mercury can build up in fish tissue, be dissolved in the water, or be deposited in bottom sediments. Coal-burning power plants account for over half of all US man-made mercury emissions, but mercury in the air also involves worldwide sources. Burning hazardous wastes, producing chlorine, breaking mercury products, and spilling mercury, as well as improper treatment and disposal, can also release it into the environment.

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MERCURY is the second largest known cause of impairment to rivers and streams within the Grand River Watershed, with 23.9% of its waterways contaminated by Mercury. Exposure to Mercury can affect the human nervous system and harm the brain, heart, kidneys, lungs, and immune system, as well as cause Cancer. The map on the right combines GIS layers of assessed rivers and streams to illustrate Mercury impairments throughout the study area. Much like that of PCB, this map clarifies that Mercury is widespread throughout the watershed boundary as well. Further research will be necessary to determine probable sources and design solutions.

IMPAIRMENTS OTHER POLLUTANTS While PCB’s and Mercury have solidified themselves as the two major causes of impairment to the rivers and streams, many other sources of pollution remain as well: PATHOGENS, commonly ESCHERICHIA COLI, are potential disease-causing organisms from human or animal wastes that enter waters through septic tank leaks or sewage discharges, farm and feedlot manure runoff after rain, boat discharges, and pet and wildlife waste. Although not as significant of an issue within the Grand River Watershed, pathogens are the most commonly reported cause of water pollution nationwide, with over 10,600 waters identified as of 2015.

EXCESS NUTRIENTS, commonly NITROGEN OR PHOSPHORUS, can cause aquatic plants to grow too fast, choking waterways, causing potentially harmful algae blooms, and creating low oxygen conditions that can harm fish and other aquatic life. Most nutrient pollution comes from runoff or discharge from fertilizing lawns and croplands, municipal waste treatment systems, and animal wastes from livestock farming. Nitrogen and phosphorus pollution can be harmful to human health if the affected waterway is used for swimming or drinking water.

SEDIMENT is a problem when rain washes soil into waterways from fields, construction sites, yards, logging areas, city streets and other disturbed areas. Excess fine sediment is one of the most common forms of pollution, reported as of 2015 in over 6,400 water bodies from all parts of the US.

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INDUSTRIAL AGRICULTURE Site Cropland Percentage

Today, the majority of American farmland is dominated by industrial agriculture, which is the system of chemically intensive food production developed in the decades after World War II, featuring enormous single-crop farms and animal production facilities. Today, a growing chorus of agricultural experts sees industrial agriculture as a dead end and a mistaken application to living systems. The impacts of industrial agriculture on the environment, public health, and rural communities make it an unsustainable way to grow our food over the long term and better, science-based methods are available.

Negative Impacts of Industrial Agriculture: ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪

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Among the leading sources of water pollution in the U.S. Threatens biodiversity through monoculture farming and reliance on fertilizers/pesticides Degradation of soil quality from erosion, nutrient depletion and soil contamination Accounts for a large percentage of U.S. total air pollution, due in part to these facilities remaining largely exempt from air quality regulations U.S. Factory Farm Map

DEMOGRAPHICS ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE Environmental justice is the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies. It will be achieved when everyone enjoys the same degree of protection from environmental and health hazards and equal access to the decision-making process to have a healthy environment in which to Highways and Railways Within the Watershed live, learn, and work. (Source: EPA) One issue it seeks to address is environmental discrimination. Environmental discrimination has historically been evident in the process of selecting and building environmentally hazardous sites, The location of transportation infrastructures, including highways, ports, and airports, has also been viewed as a source of environmental injustice. (Source: EPA) Using census data such as household income, race, education attainment, and age, this project seeked to identify potential sites that have a higher concentration of vulnerable social groups. When developing a green network, we should not ignore this group.

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DEMOGRAPHICS INCOME After a lot of trial and error, we were able to map out median household income within this area. From this map, we can see that low and medium income groups are clustered around major urban areas, namely Jackson, Lansing and Grand Rapids.

The “outlier” between Lansing and Grand Rapids draws our attention.

What’s the cause of this distinction?

We then looked at education attainment and race to see if there is any correlation between the data.

Grand Rapids

Lansing

Jackson

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DEMOGRAPHICS EDUCATION ATTAINMENT + INCOME

Grand Rapids

Grand Rapids Lansing

Jackson

Lansing

Jackson

Comparing these two maps, we can see that people with lower education attainment are either concentrated in the urban area or far from it. This appears to produce very similar results to that of the income map. The highest concentrated areas highlighted in the red circle are in need of more attention.

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DEMOGRAPHICS RACE

Grand Rapids

Lansing Grand Rapids

Lansing

Jackson

PERCENTAGE MAP

Jackson

DENSITY MAP

We anticipate a higher concentration of minority groups to be clustered within urban areas. But to make sense of the data, we divide non-white population over total population to see where should be the places to consider non-white groups.

The areas that have a higher percentage of Non-white population is clustered around urban areas, including Jackson, Lansing, and Grand Rapids, with the exception in the area between Lansing and Grand Rapids.

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DEMOGRAPHICS CHILDREN

Grand Rapids

Lansing

Grand Rapids

Jackson

Jackson

PERCENTAGE MAP

Lansing

DENSITY MAP

Because we’d like to educate people, we identified children with age 5-19 as the target group for education.

From the percentage map we could not get meaningful conclusion. We can see that children are concentrated within densely populated urban areas.

The location of education center should first start with highly populated areas such as urban areas to benefit more children, but rural children should also have equal access to education compared to urban children.

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SYNTHESIS VULNERABLE SOCIAL GROUPS

Grand Rapids

Lansing

Jackson

PERCENTAGE MAP

DENSITY MAP

Combining income, race, education attainment and age, we were able to identify where “vulnerable social groups” are located within the Grand River Watershed.

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This two maps help us to determine where the priority for development should be. Although it’s natural to develop within urban areas, we should not ignore the area highlighted in the percentage map. Urban and rural areas should be addressed to improve the quality of life for ALL users.

SYNTHESIS POLLUTION & VULNERABLE SOCIAL GROUPS

Because 98% of the water within the Grand River Watershed is polluted, and the limitation of the available data, we could not find meaningful correlation between these two sets of data. However, because of water pollution, the intersected area of the data set should be given attention.

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04 CASE STUDIES The case studies highlighted in this section present unique perspectives on design, while exemplifying a strong sense of community engagement in the process as well. Much like the necessary direction of this Grand River Greenway, these projects reveal that complex regional issues are often necessary to be approached first at the community level.

The first case study is categorized as a Center for Social Change, as it focuses on a project led by Bill Strickland that provides urban teens with educational programs in the arts and sciences that challenge them to think critically as a means of empowering social change.

The second case study focuses on Agriculture and Community, where a coastal sheep station in New Zealand is restored to the conditions of its historic past, allowing the indigenous Maori population to reoccupy their once beloved land.

Lastly, the third case study tells of a successful Ecological Community called Project Twin Streams, which is also focused in New Zealand. With ongoing help from the community, this large scale environmental restoration project has resulted in over half a million new native plantings throughout the area.

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Case Study 1: Center for Social Change

West Michigan Center for Arts and Technology (WMCAT), Grand Rapids, Michigan Located in Grand Rapids, WMCAT is a great example of an innovative, forward-thinking organization grounded in the symbiotic relationship between space, technology and best-practice programming to provide equitable access to opportunity.

Inspired by Bill Strickland and the model he created at Manchester Bidwell, the center brings art+technology programs to empower urban teens to affect social change through applying design thinking, arts and technology to critical thinking, inquiry and practical application in the community.

The center also provides tuition-free adult career training programs. With career preparation programs, they give under employed adults a pathway to income security.

Students doing design prototyping

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Together with lots of such centers across the nation, this center is a successful model to bring social change to the vulnerable social groups.

Located in the most densely populated urban area within the Grand River Watershed, this center is an established achievement.

According to the dot density map, Lansing could become the next location for such a center.

Grand Rapids

Lansing

Vulnerable Social Group Dot Density Map

Case Study 2: Agriculture and Community Orongo Station Conservation Master Plan, Poverty Bay, New Zealand Orongo Station is a 3,000-acre sheep station located in Poverty Bay, New Zealand. The Station was the landing point for the Great Migration of the Maori people in 1100, and again for Captain Cook’s crew when they discovered New Zealand in 1769. Subsequent colonization subjected the site to ongoing resource depletion as a result of unregulated sheep farming.

With approval from local officials and Maori tribal leaders, Nelson Byrd Woltz Landscape Architects designed and implemented multiple productive farming operations, a restoration regime to repair ecological damage of the past 100 years and a series of gardens inspired by vernacular cultural and environmental influences that have helped shape the New Zealand landscape.

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Case Study 2: Agriculture and Community Orongo Station Conservation Master Plan, Poverty Bay, New Zealand

An important aspect of the project was the inclusion of native tribes people in the design process. In collaboration with the indigenous Maori tribe, a historic cemetery was restored, as well as Maori defense structures, food storage pits, and other historic elements.

Over 500,000 trees have been planted to start reforesting the sheep-grazed land, while still maintaining a farm that is more economically viable than before forestation. Over 75 acres of fresh and saltwater wetlands have been restored and constructed as well. This project has contributed to the local economy by providing opportunities for the local people to establish nurseries that supply trees and plants for ecological restoration. By integrating cultural and ecological landscape restoration with active, profitable agricultural operations, Orongo Station serves as a global model for community engagement and sustainable land management.

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Case Study 3: Ecological Community Project Twin Streams, Waitakere, New Zealand

Project Twin Streams is a large-scale environmental restoration project.

Encompassing the city’s system of connected mountains, coastlines, stream corridors and urban areas, the program values the functions and processes of its diverse biological network and the ecological, economic and social services that it provides.

This ongoing program exemplifies the city’s goal of enhancing community resilience. It has converted urbanized lands along 34 miles of two stream corridors within the city to provide flood storage and improve habitat conditions and functions. The focus of stream restoration also helps to promote more sustainable household practices throughout the city.

The project also aimed at building social capacity by employing community organizations and engaging volunteers and school groups in the ecological restoration process. As part of the program, residents have installed over half a million plants. In addition, over 6 miles of cycle paths and walkways give public access to the restored Twin Stream sections.

Grand River Watershed has lots of potential. The ecological design process should start in a site specific scale. To get started, the city or townships should first identify suitable land that is in need of ecological restoration.

Incorporating ecological design processes and using land adjacent to vulnerable groups, the city should build an ecological communities to bring back environmental equity for ALL users.

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REGIONAL EDUCATION CENTER

GREEN NETWORK

05 VISION Following the process of this project, research began when it was chosen to identify areas of polluted water, particularly Mercury and PCBs throughout the watershed. Second, a determination was made of where a higher percentage of socially vulnerable populations resided, through analysis of low income, low education attainment, non-white racial density, and high rate of children.

From our two primary components of research, we then sought to find if areas of polluted water were associated with places where vulnerable social groups live.

Our initial goal of establishing regional education centers and developing a greenway network to connect them was maintained and should move forward as a promotion of sustainable household practice, civic participation and art.

We believe that implementation should begin at the community level, inclusive of all populations, with special attention paid to vulnerable social groups. Our vision beyond our research is aimed at educating and engaging the community in a way that, with carefully placed applications of green infrastructure systems, restores the missing connection between human and nature.

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OPPORTUNITIES ECOSYSTEMS AND COMMUNITIES

We understand there are limitations in this project, but they become opportunities for us as well.

To make recommendations concerning communities, identifying different types of ecosystem services should be the next step. By incorporating raster data such as digital elevation model and land cover data, we should be able to find places that are suitable for building.

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We can find an interesting correlation between percentage of wetland and percentage of vulnerable social groups that are far from cities. By using raster data, we can identify more relationships and make better recommendations.

OPPORTUNITIES POTENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

The circle illustrates the less urbanized area where there is a higher percentage of people with low income, or higher percentage of non-white population, or have lower degrees of education.

The circled area highlights the potential to build regional education centers, the new agricultural communities, or ecological communities.

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OPPORTUNITIES GREEN NETWORK

Roads are generally functional and not permeable or natural, yet it’s our largest connected open space system.

They serve the basic function compared to trails.

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Trails are more than functional, they are used for recreation purposes. They improve our quality of life.

Using existing trail programs

From the patterns we see, these vulnerable groups are connected by the road system. Roads are built to connect, trails are for recreation. So what do we need to build for this groups? What constitute their needs? Do we need a green network?

EDUCATION ARTS + CIVIC PARTICIPATION

Project Dust, Beijing, China

Art can be used as a way to raise awareness, inspire and educate. It can also be used to engage community and preserve cultural heritage.

Civic participation can be employed in the design process, as well as environmental stewardship, as a means of educating the public. It can also be used to restore heritage or origin, and regain people’s ownership of land. By identifying the locations of previously rich ecosystems that have been negatively impacted by pollution and industrialized agriculture, we can establish living ecological communities to promote sustainable living and preserve nature.

Cedar River Watershed Education Center, Cedar Falls, Washington

Community Art Program, Waitakere, New Zealand Waitakere, New Zealand

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IMPLEMENTATION 5 SYSTEMS OF GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE

Open Space System

Connect people and environment Parks, plazas, street

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Habitat System

Ecological Preservation and restoration of habitat Urban Forests, wetlands, streams, restored shorelines

Hydrological System

Active Transport System

Metabolic System

Stormwater management and aquatic habitats preservation

Alternative transport to promote physical and mental health

Energy transformation, brownfield remediation

Rain Gardens, Cisterns

Complete streets

Community Gardens, Farmer’ s markets

IMPLEMENTATION COMMUNITY GARDENS Community Gardens are a great example of design’s ability to bring people together for one common purpose. Implementation of public community gardens throughout the watershed would strengthen our mission of achieving equal educational opportunities for all users, as well as provide the potential for a cheap, fresh food source on a consistent basis.

Some benefits of community gardens: ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪

▪

Increased sense of community ownership and stewardship Can foster the development of a community identity Brings people together from a wide variety of backgrounds (age, race, culture, social class) Offers a focal point for community organizing, and can lead to community-based efforts to deal with other social concerns Produce traditional crops that could otherwise be unavailable locally

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RELATIONSHIP

Symbiotic Relationship

PEOPLE

NATURE

Disconnection caused by

PROBLEM

INDUSTRIAL AGRICULTURE PEOPLE LOST SENSE OF OWNERSHIP OF LAND

RESEARCH & ANALYSIS

CONCLUSION

DISENGAGEMENT OF COMMUNITY CASE STUDIES

+

+

POLLUTION ASSOCIATED WITH ENVIRONMENTAL INEQUITY

VULNERABLE SOCIAL GROUPS

+

CASE STUDIES AND GIS ANALYSIS

IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY

WATER POLLUTION GIS ANALYSIS

06 CONCLUSION The original goal of this report was geared at identifying a correlation between pollution and sociodemographics on a regional level, which would aid in developing a greenway network throughout the Grand River Watershed. While this goal of formulating a greenway has been achieved, further research and investigation has brought about an unexpected realization along the way.

With rivers and streams throughout our site being identified as over 98% impaired, the solution could no longer be properly analyzed from a regional perspective. The problem needed to be approached at the community level first.

By starting at the local level, areas of social injustice could be targeted as essential sites for building regional education centers. The creation of these centers would provide the first step in the process toward a more engaged community. By shifting the approach from regional to community level, the Grand River Greenway will combine innovative educational programs with careful applications of sustainable green infrastructure, making it a place where all users will achieve a better quality of life.

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PHOTO CREDITS 00 COVER

https://unsplash.com/photos/NxzovEuz878

01 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY https://unsplash.com/photos/zZzKLzKP24o

02 INTRODUCTION

https://www.gvsu.edu/cms4/asset/E1327343-09F0-03FFAA9032F47AD1EB9C/grandriver_watersheds.jpg https://upload.wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Island_Park_Grand_Ledge.jpg

03 RESEARCH + ANALYSIS

http://www.grandlearningnetwork.org/maps/pdf/Grand%20River% 20Watershed%20Cropland%20Percentage.pdf http://www.factoryfarmmap.org/#animal:all;location:MI;year:2012

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04 CASE STUDIES

https://scribblesnz.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/img_9112.jpg http://www.wmcat.org/about/#sthash.revwZFMT.dpuf http://www.wmcat.org/assets/design-prototyping-WMCAT.jpg http://www.nbwla.com/sites/default/files/styles/width_75_pcbreakpoints_theme_nbwla_xl_1x/public/projectimages/2012_Orongo_310_med.jpg?itok=51rWHm4o http://www.nbwla.com/sites/default/files/styles/width_75_pcbreakpoints_theme_nbwla_xl_1x/public/project-images/Woolshed%20% 2811%29.jpg?itok=5VUkz02M

05 VISION

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/peoplesdaily/article-3340884/China-ssmog-brick-Artist-turns-toxic-fumes-building-block-collecting-dust-Beijings-polluted-air-hoover.html https://www.greening.gov/hk http://www.huffingtonpost.com/charles-a-birnbaum/from-parking-lot-toparad_b_2897676.html

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