Final Thesis BAC Mikkel Stromstad by Mikkel Stromstad

BOSTON ARCHITECTURAL COLLEGE

ENHANCED BY NATURE: INCORPORATION OF NATURE INTO ARCHITECTURE CONNECTING CITY AND NATURE Mikkel Dahl Strømstad Final Review held at the BAC, Thursday December 12th 2013 Date of graduation January 10th 2014 Master of Architecture

Rayford W. Law, AIA NCARB LEED AP BD+C, Thesis Advisor Ian Taberner, AIA, BAC Thesis Director Wade Edwards, Director of Boston Sailing Center, Client Representative Michael Shearer, EIT, Structural Engineer at Arup, Structural Consultant Anthony Corr, Mechanical Engineer at Arup, Mechanical Consultant Mark Keiser, Architect, Wilson Architects Inc. John Mucciarone, LEED AP, Project Manager at Zero Energy Design Ralph Jackson, retired Principal at Shepley Bulfinch

Mikkel Dahl Strømstad

Rayford W. Law

Ian Taberner

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Thesis Summary Abstract Thesis Background Methods of Inquiry Terms of Criticism Site Location Site Approach Program

6-7 8-9 10-11 12-13 14-15 16-17 18-19 20-21

Introductory Review Preliminary Review Schematic Review Design Development Final Review

22-37 38-49 50-63 64-77 78-89

Conclusion

90-91

Epilogue

92-93

Annotated Bibliography

94-95

Appendix Thesis Proposal Programming and Codes

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ENHANCED BY NATURE THESIS STATEMENT To explore how nature can be incorporated into architecture to balance the dialogue between urban dwellers and nature.

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THESIS SUMMARY ENHANCED BY NATURE Thesis Statement: To explore how nature can be incorporated into architecture to balance the dialogue between urban dwellers and nature Methods of Inquiry: Study how nature/life designs and see opportunities. Research precedence studies to create a collection of “tools” and inspiration. Through different parameters explore through rapid prototyping. Take advantage of the resources Nature offers. Terms of Criticism: • Does my thesis connect Boston to its Harbor? • Does the project take advantage of nature both in the design phase and as an element in the final building? • Does my thesis provide a sustainable solution? • Is my project enhanced by nature?

Program: The project is a sailing center with an educational and experienctial focus. The center creates a connection for people with the natural elements locally available in the Boston harbor and surrounding waters. Site Location: The sailing center is located on the end of Commercial wharf next to Columbus Park on the waterfront in Boston, MA. Building Typology: The building is shaped by the forces of nature, as water carves into ice and glaciers shape granite. Client: Wade Edwards, Director of Boston Sailing Center Thesis Director: Ian Taberner, AIA Thesis Advisor: Rayford W. Law, AIA NCARB LEED AP BD+C

Left: Initial concept model of tape, metal and wood. Exploring the shapes made by nature on ice. -7-

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ABSTRACT PROPOSAL I aspire to design and create spaces that are enhanced by nature, both as an element experienced in the built environment and as a part of the design phase. By incorporating elements of nature into the building, the human senses will be more aware of the seasons, the weather and the time of day. In an urban fabric it is important to take advantage of how nature intended our minds to use our senses. By allowing nature to take a part in a building I believe the building will have the potential to be more comfortable, more efficient and visually pleasing, and have an improved impact on manâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s behavior.

This proposal will go through the principle elements of which the thesis is going to be based on. The program for the thesis is a sailing center located on the Commercial Wharf along the harbor front in Boston, MA. The sailing center will strengthen the thesis emphasis on connecting city people to nature. The site is easy accessible and will foster experiences for both locals and tourists visiting Boston.

In western cultures we strive to dominate and control nature while in eastern cultures the relationship is based more on respect and coexistence. I believe the relationship between man and nature is off-set in the western cultures. My thesis will explore and investigate if the balance can be restored through a different approach to incorporate nature into urban architecture.

Left: Series of diagrams from my thesis proposal. Clockwise from top left; site breakdown, education, nature into architecture, design principles from nature

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THEORY AND APPROACH THESIS BACKGROUND The official start of this thesis came during spring 2012 when I had a visiting semester at Architectural Association School of Architecture in London with the class Architectural Coupling, which replaced the Graduate Research and Writing class at the BAC. However, a large part of the ideas and way of thinking has been with me for as long as I remember, growing up in Norway being close to nature and its elements. The smooth shapes created in granite by the glaciers around the archipelago around Fredrikstad, Norway where I spending most parts of the summers have always fascinated and mesmerized me - shapes created with such ease and delicacy in rugged and tough material as granite. Seeing these shapes and curves in the summer strengthen my desire to design and shape with my own hands. Luckily in Norway, at least when I was a child, we got a lot of snow which allowed me to shape and create endlessly in this free, white material. It also taught me at an early age different ways to treat materials, in this situation snow/ice, to

achieve different qualities. But also an idea of the specter of design possibilities with the different snow and ice conditions. In addition to both my parents being architects the exploration with snow as a child is most likely the reason I knew I needed to work in the design field. After the semester at AA School of Architecture I started to collect all the different experiences that have shaped me as a designer. Through the Thesis Semester I started to draft out the scope of my thesis. The idea of what I wanted to investigate was clear from the very beginning, while it took some time before I was able to express it clearly with a short and precise thesis statement. At the end of the Thesis Seminar it started to merge and with some fine tuning in the beginning of Thesis I it became the following statement: â&#x20AC;&#x153;To explore how nature can be incorporated into architecture to balance the dialogue between urban dwellers and nature.â&#x20AC;?

Left: Image of granite shaped by nature, on Skogholmen, Valer, Norway - 11 -

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY METHODS OF INQUIRY As a tool through my thesis I will develop a Methods of Inquiry to guide the work on the right path. This will first be to establish a series of parameters which are going to be the based on my research and investigation of the precedence studies. These parameters will probably and hopefully be altered as I discover and understands new aspects related to my thesis. The parameters acts like a guideline for me to investigate and analyze each project and uncover the factors relevant to the further development.

perience of the shapes created by the forces of the elements on nature. Study how nature/life designs and see opportunities in these findings, Research precedence studies to create collection of â&#x20AC;&#x153;toolsâ&#x20AC;? and inspiration. Through different parameters explore through rapid prototyping. Take advantage of the resources Nature offers.

During my exploration I will catalog all my findings both projects which I find successful and examples which do not fulfill my parameters. I would also like to investigate physical material explorations, to get a hands-on ex-

Left: Series of images of elements to research and extract experiences from. - 13 -

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TERMS OF CRITICISM For my thesis project to be successful the project needs to show evidences that the building and the experience of the building is enhanced by the presence of nature, through the design process and as an element in the final building. It should be evaluated based on the user’s ability to experience the different seasons, time of day, the weather throughout the day and a successful connection between the city and the harbor. The project should also arrange and foster an educational element, both through the sailing school but how the site water man-

agement and cleansing of the water in the harbor.

• Does my thesis connect Boston to its Harbor?

• Does the project take advantage of nature both in the design phase and as an element in the final building?

• Does my thesis provide a sustainable solution?

• Is my project enhanced by nature?

Left: First initial concept diagram exploring the force of nature. - 15 -

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SITE AND PROGRAM SITE LOCATION The site is located on the tip of the Commercial Wharf between North End and Downtown in Boston, MA. The existing condition of the site blocks off the harbor rather than connecting the city back towards the harbor. However, the site has a great potential to connect the city to the harbor and elements of nature present if developed in a considerate matter.

URBAN CONDITION

The siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s location allows for a great connection from both the local residential and historic North End and to the rest of the city through the commercial Downtown area. In addition, the site is a natural extension of the Greenway through Columbus Park.

NATURAL ELEMENTS

Left: Map showing the site context. Top row: Map showing site in national context Bottom row: Site selection diagram - 17 -

SITE SELECTION

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SITE APPROACH The site approach is an important element of the project, it will help draw people to the building and expose them to the sailing environment. To the left one can see screen shots of a video created by taking a picture every fifth step, walking from Faneuil Hall to the tip of the site. It shows the way over the Greenway, through Columbus Park, around Joeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s restaurant and out onto the wharf.

As the pier around Joeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s restaurant I want to create thresholds where people are walking across a channel to make them aware of the changing site condition and that they are leaving the city grid and out onto a different hardscape.

SODIUM ACETATE NaC2H3O2 O H3C

Left: Series of clips from video animation showing the approach to the site from Faneuil Hall, presented imbedded into the presentation boards for thesis proposal exhibition. Right: Series of site diagrams - 19 -

C O

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PROGRAM The program for the project is a sailing center, to be more exact, Boston Sailing Center, which are currently located at the wharf north of Commercial wharf, Lewis wharf. The Sailing Center is located in an old Louisiana steamboat with limited space and potential. Boston Sailing Center is therefore a great client and their director Wade Edwards has been the client for this project, his experience with sailing has been a great resource for the project. The sailing center focusing on giving sailing experiences to a wide specter of people and are not an exclusive yacht club, this mission fits great with my thesis and was one of the main reasons for choosing them as my client.

Left: Series of sailing images. Photos: Google - 21 -

ENHANCED BY NATURE To Explore how Nature can be Incorporated into Architecture to Balance the Dialogue Between Urban Dwellers and Nature

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INTRODUCTORY REVIEW FEBRUARY 28th, 2013 Goal: For the Introductory review I focused on the selection of site and the thematic concepts of my thesis. Focusing on the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s connection along the Harborwalk, the threshold between residential North End and commercial Downtown, the climatic conditions, and its potential to strengthen the connection between urban fabric and the harbor.

Lastly I wanted to get more feedback on my thematic concept of incorporating elements of nature into the architecture by showing precedent studies related to experiences I want to investigate. These were both built projects I have visited, material explorations, and studies of how nature shapes and creates.

In addition, showing my analysis and issues related to my program, which elements of the program that require direct access to water to function optimally and which parts of the program should be off the water or at a higher level.

URBAN CONDITION

NATURAL ELEMENTS

Left: Conceptual graphic showing how the Sailing Center pulls people in and releases them out on the Boston harbor. Above: Diagram showing site selection. - 23 -

SITE SELECTION

1645

1814

1880 - 20

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< 1880

1880 - 2013

FUTURE ?

SITE SELECTION AND APPROACH From the research from Thesis Seminar it was evident that the project needed to be closely connected to the Boston harbor. The Boston harbor was at a time the British empireâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s third largest port, after London and Bristol. However, Boston has lost its connection to the harbor and the resources vastly available. Therefore a Sailing Center along the Harborwalk will create a great opportunity for people to reconnect with the once very important part of Boston.

The site is located between the residential and historic North End and the commercial Downtown area of Boston. This location will create an even flow of people at all times of the day and week, allowing the site to be a pulsating place for experiences, both on the water and on land. In addition to being easily accessible for the people of Boston, the site is located through Columbus Park to the Faneuil Hall area and the Aquarium. This close connection will help allow visitors of Boston to experience the harbor and give them a unique metropolitan experience not available in many other major cities. SODIUM ACETATE NaC2H3O2 SODIUM ACETATE

NORTH END = VENEZIA

EAST - WEST CONNECTION

H3C

GIVING BACK TO NATURE

SITE EROSION

WESTERN VS. EASTERN ARCHITECTURAL CULTURE

Sailing provides the fastest way for people in the city to connect with the natural elements. As soon as you board a sailboat, toss the line, and hoist the sail you feel the force of the wind and movement of the water.

The site is also a continuous connection of green space from the Greenway to Columbus Park and through the site and out into the Harbor.

Left: Historic maps of Boston (1645, 1814, & 1880-2013) Top: Site Diagram, showing the historic development of the site, harbor, landfill, and co-existence. Bottom: Exploring different aspects of the site. - 25 -

C O

CITY AND WATER

YATCH CLUB

RESIDENTIAL

RESTAURANT

PARTLY BURNT-OUT

BAR / PUB

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SITE CONDITION The current condition of the site shows few signs of the historic importance of Bostonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s harbor, and its once pulsating harbor life. Officially the Harborwalk runs along the edge of the wharf however, due to the private parking and lack of openness along the pier it feels too private to comfortable move around on the site - this leading in a minimal use of the site from the public.

FLE

One of the buildings on the site is partly burned down and has been vacant for a while. This is also one of the most visual facades of the site and creates a negative feeling to the area, it also blocks the views from Columbus park to the end of the wharf.

From interviews during the Thesis Semester it was clear the pub and restaurant of the site benefit from the large amount of people that pass through on the sidewalk, people moving from North End to the Downtown district. The edge condition between land and water on the site is very abrupt, it is a granite wall going straight down into the water. The only way to see the tide change is to see the water plain rise and sink, there is no tidal zone.

T EE

R ST

EASTERN

AVENUE

LE RE

COMMERCIAL STREET

CO STREET

AT L

TI C

EN U

CO M

ME R

CIA

TR EE

ST R

EE T

NORTH

AT AV UE

Above: Map indicating the site images are taken from Left: (from the top left), view back on the city, existing building, residential condos, Joeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s restaurant, burned building, Boston Sailing Loft Cafe & Bar. T

REE

E ST

STAT

REET

E ST

STAT

REET

RAL ST

CENT

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WIND ROSE

WIND TEMP. h rs 31 6+ 284 252 221 1 89 1 58 1 26 94 63 <3 1

SUN PATH

345°

BOTTOM CONDITIONS

15°

330°

30° 10°

315°

45°

20° 30°

300° 1st Jun

1st60° Jul

40°

1st Aug

50°

1st May 285°

60°

75° 1st Sep

70° 80°

1st Apr

90° 1st Oct

270°

1st Mar 255°

105° 1st Nov

Anthropogenic Modicication

1st Feb 1st Jan 240°

High-Relief Bedrock and Boulder

1st Dec 120° 15

Medium-Relief Boulder and Cooble

225°

Low-Relief Gravel and Cobble

135°

210°

Low-Relief Sand Low-Relief Mud

150° 195°

180°

165°

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SITE CLIMATE As seen in the Sun Path diagram on the opposite page, the site has a great sun exposure allowing the building to take advantage of the sun energy in the colder months and possibility to shade with the architecture in the warmer months. The Wind Temperature diagram shows that in the warmer months of the year the sea breeze and wind is mostly coming from the south. This calls for a building that can take advantage of this and be able to open up towards the south to allow this breeze to help cool the space in the summer. The cold wind from the northwest and northeast calls for a building that can close of these facades to protect from the potential heat loss these winds can apply to the building. These approaches are important elements of incorporating nature into the building. To take advantage of the resources nature provides is a key element of the thesis.

Looking at the Bottom Conditions diagram it evident that the Boston harbor shows clear proof of extensive misuse of the harbor over many years, such as pollution and neglect of the wildlife. As part of my site approach I therefore want to implement elements that can help clean and restore the original natural environment of the harbor to allow nature to re-inhabit the harbor strengthening the experience for people. This can be achieved giving parts of the site back to the harbor, parts of the site that were taken by the city in the 1880s. By coexistence saltwater tidal areas, rush, tidal pools and other types of vegetation instead of 20â&#x20AC;&#x2122; drops will blur the edge between the traditional city boundary and the water. This will create a unique new experience for people in the city but also allow wildlife to enter back into the former urban fabric.

Left: Climate Diagrams from the site. Above left: Bottom soil sample Above right: Bottom images, showing clear evidence of human misuse. photos: google - 29 -

30'

20' 40'

22'-6"

15'

WORKSHOP / RIGGING

20'

EDUCATION

rigging room

tool room

workshop classroom

classroom

25'

20'

37'-6"

25'

10'

20'

STORAGE 40'

32'

36'

32'

20'

PUBLIC

map room

hall 20'

storage

off.

10'

30'

20'

BOATHOUSE

12'

meet

50'

boathouse

caretakers apt.

20'

30'

kitchen

mast room

30'

off.

BACK OF HOUSE

10'

10' 12'

OFFICE

entrance

40'

terrase

20'

55'

35'

bar

55'

dry-room

delivery

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PROGRAM Rigging room Mast room Storeroom Workshop Tool room Drying room Wash and Shower (Male/Female) Changing room (Male/Female) Restroom and sauna (Male/Female) Boathouse

300 400 800 1,200 300 400 200 600 250 1,800

Entrance Hall Restrooms (Male/Female) Cloakroom Office (3x 80, 1x 120) Map room Classroom (4x 450) Hall Terrace Bar Kitchen Caretakers Apt Delivery

1,200 150 80 360 800 1,800 2,200 1,100 1,100 900 800 600 17,340

Circulation and mechanical

+ 1.5x

Total

26,010

The program is developed through research of existing sailing and yacht centers, personal experience from Oslo Kayak Club and conversations with the client about their current location and additional needs and requirements. The client said that one of the most important elements to improve from their current location was the amount and space for educational spaces. Currently they have to split up one room into smaller sections to be able to run classes at different skill levels at the same time. Therefore more educational spaces would be helpful and ideally, the spaces would be interconnected so that they can create one big space. We also put a lot of thought into the organization of the functional spaces for the rigging of sails and lines to make sure that the layout was as functional as possible. During this work the clientâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s long experience was invaluable. The restaurant, map room and bar area are important elements of the projects. These spaces will attract people to the building and make them aware of the program and its purpose, people that normally would not come to a sailing center but get exposed and interested.

Left: Color coded diagram of the program spaces with dimensions. Used as a base to clarify the layout with the client as a workshop setting. - 31 -

PROGRAM “WATER & LAND” CONNECTION 30'

15'

20' 40'

22'-6"

WORKSHOP / RIGGING

20'

EDUCATION

rigging room

tool room

workshop classroom

classroom

25'

20'

37'-6"

25'

10'

20'

STORAGE 40'

32'

36'

32'

20'

PUBLIC

bar

hall 20'

storage 20'

20'

55'

terrase 10'

mast room

entrance

off.

10'

20'

30'

kitchen

35'

40'

boathouse

caretakers apt.

20'

30'

BACK OF HOUSE

meet

MUST HAVE ACCESS TO WATER

30'

off.

50'

BOATHOUSE

12'

OFFICE

55'

dry-room map room

ACCESS TO/FROM WATER AND/OR LAND

delivery

MUST HAVE ACCESS TO LAND

PROGRAM SECTION 20'

40'

CAN BE ON 2. FLOOR

22'-6"

20' 37'-6"

25'

off.

12'

map room

classroom

hall

classroom

terrase

off.

10' 10'

20'

10'

12'

32'

55'

caretakers apt.

meet

25'

30'

SHOULD BE ON GROUND FLOOR

36'

30'

kitchen

bar

10'

20' 50'

20' 55'

30' 15'

20'

40'

20'

30'

40'

15'

35'

20'

MOST BE ON GROUND FLOOR entrance

boathouse

mast room

tool room

workshop

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rigging room

storage

dry-room

delivery

Opposite top: Program connection requirements Opposite bottom: Exploring the programing in section Above: Series of program organizations, working close with the client to find the most functional. - 33 -

NATURE IN CITIES

IN THE MIDDLE OF NEW YORK CITY

IN THE MIDDLE OF SAN ANTONIO

PATTERNS IN CLEAR ICE

PATTERNS IN DESSERT SAND

MATERIAL RESEARCH

GLACIER PIT

LEAF STRUCTURE

GEOMETRY AND NUMBERS

NATURE AS DESIGNER

MATERIAL EXPLORATION

IN THE MIDDLE OF STOCKHOLM

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PRECEDENT INSPIRATION The top line of projects are examples of urban projects I have visited which incorporate elements of nature into the urban fabric, allowing people to take a step back from everyday city life and enjoy parts of nature not traditionally available in the city centers. The second row shows different explorations of material qualities I have had the opportunity to experience during my thesis exploration: patterns in clear ice made by warm water in Norway, patterns in dessert sand made from running water in Abu Dhabi, and the last shown here, exploring hybridity by embedding different treated layers of resin at Architectural Association School of Architecture, London. The last row shows different ways nature shapes and creates form and structure. The first showing a big glacier pothole/giant’s kettle, carved out in the granite bedrock by stones picked up by water running under and through the glacier during the last ice age in Norway, secondly the cellular structure of a leaf, third the golden ratio shown by a beautiful sculptured shell.

“Sailing is not just about the wind, it is about the boat, and its buoyancy and its lightness” - Renzo Piano

Left: Series of precedent studies. photos: top and bottom row from Google. - 35 -

< 1880

1880 - 2013

- 36 -

FUTURE ?

PRESENTATION FEEDBACK AND SUMMARY INTODUCTORY REVIEW Comments: Some of the feedback focused on building up a site action plan, a strategic plan to show how I intend to connect the urban fabric to the harbor. As a natural continuation of the programing exploration it was suggested that I would start organizing the spaces to create a massing form to start to see the building In addition it was suggested that I should use the Italian connection of North End to draw lines between my sites and Venezia to strengthen the reasoning for incorporating thematic concepts from Eastern architecture and their more balanced relationship between built environment and nature, using the proximity of North End as a link to Venezia as an historic node between East and West.

remove the residential block to open up the site for more public access. The current existing blocks of the Harborwalk have a guard barrier and a lot of private parking. They even had to put up a sign saying people are allowed to pass. This results in the fact that people barely use the pier. I see the site as a potential big benefit for the public space in the area and would like to see it totally open to the public. This in line of my thesis program being a sailing center and not an exclusive yacht club. However, this approach was not well received by one of the critics and my thesis advisor. I was strongly suggested to revise this idea. This was partly based on Bostonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s history of controversial demolitions to build new and redevelop.

Something that I did not present but was asked about was what my first intent for the site was. My response was that I would like to

Top: Site approach diagram from Thesis Seminar Middle: Site section showing soil layers Bottom: Contour map of the site and surroundings - 37 -

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PRELIMINARY REVIEW APRIL 4th, 2013 Goal: To present three programmatic schemes based on meetings with the client, research accumulated through the process, and feedback from the Introductory Review. Based on the feedback from this preliminary review pick a scheme and further develop it towards Schematic Design.

However, even though the tough feedback from the last presentation, I decided to keep only one wall of the residential building. This would pay homage to the old wharf building but allow for an open site plan. I would keep only parts of the southern granite facade because it is a natural material only carved out by man not burned and treaded as brick.

In combination with the programmatic schematics show and present my results of the research related to a site action as commented on during Introductory Review. The process was done by rapidly producing a series of site models exploring variations of the different parameters I wanted to investigate. Through these models I could get hands-on look at the different effects they would create.

The next step in the site action plan explored different levels of breaking down the landfilled site. This is to create coexistence between the harbor and city fabric, giving some of the site back to the harbor. The new waterways would help break down the waves, create thresholds so people are aware of the changing site conditions as they walk over water. The arms of water would also allow people to be more aware of the changing tide as the graduating slope from land to water would fluctuate as the water rises and pulls back as the tide changes.

As you can see on the next page, I ended up keeping the long residential building and the bar/pub on the northwest side of the site.

Left: Site model with existing buildings and seabed topography - 39 -

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Above: Series of site actions exploring different combinations of site break down, existing buildings. From the left; existing buildings, pier outline, break down - 41 -

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Part of the work organizing the spaces was done directly with the client, writing lists of how the different users might use the building and which rooms should be located close to each other. This work helped guide the design to get the most functional building. This was a process that was done before the building had a shape; the basic massing of the building should be driven from the programming.

Left: Different users and their use of the building. Right: Couple of program sketches made with client and thesis advisor - 43 -

schEME #1

storaGE

storaGE dryInG roM Mast rooM

WorKshoP/rIGGInG WorKshoP tooL rooM rIGGInG

boathousE

offIcE

offIcE LarGE offIcE offIcE offIcE carEtaKErs aPt.

bacK of housE KItchEn dELIVEry

PubLIc

MaP rooM bar rEstaurant tErracE EntrancE

EducatIon

cLassrooM cLassrooM cLassrooM cLassrooM

- 44 -

schEME #2

WorKshoP/rIGGInG WorKshoP tooL rooM rIGGInG

storaGE

EducatIon

storaGE dryInG roM Mast rooM

cLassrooM cLassrooM cLassrooM cLassrooM

boathousE

bacK of housE KItchEn dELIVEry

PubLIc

offIcE

MaP rooM bar rEstaurant tErracE EntrancE

offIcE LarGE offIcE offIcE offIcE carEtaKErs aPt.

- 45 -

SCHEME #3

WORKSHOP/RIGGING

STORAGE

WORKSHOP TOOL ROOM RIGGING

STORAGE DRYING ROM MAST ROOM

OFFICE

OFFICE LARGE OFFICE OFFICE OFFICE CARETAKERS APT.

BOATHOUSE

BACK OF HOUSE

BOATHOUSE

KITCHEN DELIVERY

PUBLIC

MAP ROOM BAR RESTAURANT TERRACE ENTRANCE

EDUCATION

CLASSROOM CLASSROOM CLASSROOM CLASSROOM

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PROGRAMMING SCHEMES The board to the left represents the selected programmatic scheme. The supporting images shows projects I have visited which hold experiences I want to incorporate into the site and building. The pictures are to help at this early stage to represent the feeling and experience of the space. The program layout is worked out in collaboration with the client to create the most efficient spaces for a sailing center. For me this was an important process to do before I started with the shape and massing of the building. For the building to function as best as possible it is clear that the organization of the spaces are the base of the form making.

Scheme 1 was driven from the same programmatic base as scheme 3 but placed further in on the site to allow the tip of the pier to be completely open for public space. However, this position is not ideal for the sailboats and would create a narrow bottle neck against Lewis Wharf to the north; also the depth would be a problem for the bigger boats. In addition the building would be hidden behind the long residential building, removing the advantage of the visual connection back to Columbus Park, Greenway, and Faneuil Hall area. Scheme 2 split the program into the â&#x20AC;&#x153;coreâ&#x20AC;? sailing section and the more public areas as restaurant and so on. Conceptually this was a very weak scheme since all elements of the program are key elements of creating the sailing center in accordance with the thesis. Also, for this scheme the depth and bottle neck would be the same issue as Scheme 1.

The two prior pages: Programmatic scheme 1 & 2. Left: Programmatic scheme 3 (selected scheme) with images showing the intended exterior spaces. photos: google - 47 -

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PRESENTATION FEEDBACK AND SUMMARY PRELIMINARY REVIEW Comments: My idea of breaking down the site into smaller islands to allow coexisting between the urban and nature, giving part of the site back to nature, was received well. The client also commented that this will help break down the waves and give calmer water around the piers which would be beneficial. At this presentation the critique that was mostly against the approach of removing the residential building was not present and it was only noted that I had found a solution. However, this approach would later be reviewed and changed later in the thesis process. When it comes to the programmatic schemes we all decided that scheme 3 would give the best solutions. It would provide for the necessary depth for the sailboats, the most logical organization of the spaces and provide a visual connection back to the city to draw people out to the building.

Left: Site model indicating shipping lane, underwater contours, tunnels, cardinal points, building outlines and road network showing the city fabric - 49 -

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SCHEMATIC REVIEW MAY 9th, 2013 Goal: To present the continuation of scheme selected at preliminary review and show how the project addresses the thesis concept and resolves basic site and program relationships. The review will emphasize process of the concept development and how the concept will be architecturally realized.

The image to the left of a moulin or glacier mill shows how I envision the force of nature has created the skylight and the main central circulation space of the building.

Based on my methods of inquiry this review would be the first presentation where I would present a first idea of how the building would appear. All the prior work had been based on the program, now that the program layout was decided on during the last review it was time to allow the program and concept to shape the building.

Left: Image of water running down into a moulin or glacier mill, the conceptual idea of the skylight and the central space carved out by the force of nature, the main circulation area of the building. photo: J. Box - 51 -

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In the beginning I was drawn toward a massing of the building which emphasized a longitudinal movement to strengthen the connection from land to water. However, after further exploration coupling back to the thematic concept it started to be centralized around a courtyard and incorporate water into this space. The following pages shows how the massing of the building was developed. A skin was wrapped around the programming from scheme 3. Then this form was shaped as natural elements would shape and form ice or stone. This process is directly from the thesis concept to incorporate nature into architecture both in the final project and as part of the design process. First it carved out the terrace and opening into the restaurant area to create view back to the city and out to the harbor. Then the main entrance got carved out as a river flows

through a glacier linking back to the flow of people into the space. The design then presented at the schematic design show clearly the language of the natural elements as form makers of the buildings, instead of sharp boxy corners the building has soft flowing curves and shapes that are more pleasant to the eye and a sharp contrast to the existing context. This contrast makes the building a clear landmark drawing people to it, creating a destination for people to embark out into the water.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Incorporate nature into architecture both as an element in the final building and as part of the design processâ&#x20AC;? - Thesis Statement

Left: Series of sketches exploring the massing of the building. Bottom Right: Clay model of massing exploration Next page: shows form making process - 53 -

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Floor Plan - 2nd Floor Scale 1’ = 1/16”

1 2 3 4 5 6

Kitchen Map Room Restaurant/Bar Terrace Workshop Caretakers Apt

5 down

down

Floor Plan - 1st Floor Scale 1’ = 1/16”

10 up

5 up

3 5

4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Main Entrance Amfi/Auditorium Informal Front Desk Classrooms Changingroom Boathouse Storage Rigging Mast Workshop

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The program is driven from the programmatic scheme 3 from the preliminary review. As people enter through the main entrance (1) the space opens up to a centralized courtyard. This courtyard is open up to the upper level creating a visual connection between the more public spaces and the rigging areas. This connection will trigger people to be more engaged with the experience of sailing and will advocate for people to want to sail. The courtyard also functions as the drying room, having sails hanging from the ceiling to dry between sailing sessions. Again this will emphasize the building’s purpose of balancing the relationship between nature and urban dwellers. By having the sails hanging in the courtyard people will see the slight movement in the sails as the natural ventilation flows from the bottom the space and up through the skylight.

conversation with the staff. It is also the “entrance” into the more private part of the sailing center. The next spaces are the changing rooms (5) and the boathouse (6). From the boathouse it is access into the storage (7) or out to the deck. The storage connects to the rigging area and mast storage area. Connected to these spaces is the workshop with a dry-dock to keep the maintenance of the sailboats on site. Currently the maintenance space for the sailing center is in East Boston, creating logistic problems.

To the left as you enter into the building there is an atrium going up to the second floor. This is a place where the sailing center can show videos and slideshows showing sailing experiences.

By the elevator to the left is a private entrance to the caretaker’s apartment. The apartment is placed to have good overview of the sailboats.

On the opposite site of the entrance the classrooms are lined up so that they are easily connected if a larger space is needed. The central space in the 1st floor (3) is a meet and greet with the staff of the sailing center. This is an open informal space to start the

The second floor is accessed from the main stair in the courtyard or through the stair in the atrium. Coming up the main stair one enters onto the restaurant area (3), with the kitchen (1) wrapping around parts of the stair. In the top right corner is a map room (2) which can partly be closed off to hold events.

Out towards the harbor a terrace wraps around the building to create a space for people to look at the boats sailing out on the harbor. The terrace is only separated from the restaurant by a glancing allowing for stunning views of the harbor and back onto the Boston skyline.

Left: Floor plans presented at the schematic design review - 57 -

Section A-A

Section B-B

Exploded Perspective

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Main Circulation - 2nd Floor

Main Circulation - 1st Floor up

Circulation Diagram 1st Floor

2nd Floor

down

째C 45+ 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 <0

5 0 k m/ h

Wind Temperature

4 0 k m/ h 3 0 k m/ h 2 0 k m/ h 1 0 k m/ h

View Diagram

down down

down

down down

down

Av e ra g e W in d T e mp e ra tu re s

Left: Sections and exploded perspective Top: Circulation patterns Bottom: Selection of building diagrams - 59 -

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Top left: The sailing center seen from the harbor. Bottom left: Visualization of the atrium. Top right: Visualization of the sailing center seen from Columbus Park. Bottom right: Screen shot from the restaurant down into the courtyard - 61 -

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PRESENTATION FEEDBACK AND SUMMARY SCHEMATIC REVIEW Comments: During this presentation I got a lot of negative feedback on my site action plan. The critic that was not there at the preliminary review was back and most of the review was used to focus on the site approach. This was an element I though was resolved during last semester and was caught a bit off guard. My client defended my site approach with some real life-experience with the condominium association of the building and their history of lawyering up in all cases with their neighbors. However, I was strongly advised to revisit my site approach and not remove the residential building. Luckily, I had all summer to figure it out. I got very positive feedback on my floor plans and the building itself. Some minor comments that the elevators seemed a bit tucked away and not a natural part of the plans.

It was also commented that my way of modeling the building with clay was not a good representation of my building; the clay was a too heavy material for my light and elegant building. One question that came up was the materiality. At the point of the review I had not made a final decision but I was playing with the idea of a concrete shell, steel ribbing or a wood cladding. I expressed my concern about the building being too close to a boat if the exterior material was wood. People were eager to see the next step of the thesis and how this would develop into design development.

Left: Clay model of the building on the site. Model is created with a base of laser cut foam core to help model the clay. - 63 -

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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT OCTOBER 30th, 2013 Goal: The goal for the presentation was to clarify all aspects of how the building is coming together in all aspects, in partially structurally, mechanically and though details. Based on the feedback and questions from schematic design review regarding materiality I was intrigued to hear feedback regarding my finding and selections. I felt the white aluminum panels for the exterior skin was a good selection, which will mimic the ice reference but also break with the brick context and help with the visual connection back to the city. Also, the structure would allow the free form of the building and support the thematic concept of the thesis.

Left: Site model - 65 -

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STRUCTURE EXPLORATION After the schematic review I started to investigate different approaches to support the building. I looked at how the shell/skin could be a self supported structure. I created a waffle grid structure by extracting contours from the shell. This model was a bit too light and not structurally solid. This resulted in the next model where I gave the truss system depth and hollowed out the frame where it did not need as much material, this to lighten the structure and imitate how nature build. However the long cantilever had too much of flex (see pictures above).

In the third model the roof folds down and touch the terrace to shorten the cantilever. This also emphasizes the views better when one comes up the main stair, framing the view back to the city skyline and out to the harbor. Also the third structural frame is morphed from the force of nature creating the skylight and central courtyard, incorporating the structural grid into the thesis concept.

Top left: First structural model Bottom Left: Second structural model Top Right: Pictures showing too much deflection in the second structural model. Bottom Right: Third structural model - 67 -

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With the 3D printer I went back to earlier step in the design phase and printed 3D models of objects I earlier only had been able to visualize on the computer. They helped me understand the process in a new way and was a great way to get a hands-on experience with the shapes I had designed. The top row showing the evolution of the volume based on the initial programmatic scheme from preliminary review. The volume created by capture the volumetric program in a skin and with the design language of the force of nature carved and shaped the current volume of the building.

The 3D printer was a great alternative to the heavy feel of the clay model from the schematic design review. The lightness and strength of the PLA plastic used by the 3d printer was a great representation of the white aluminum panels for the exterior skin. In these models it is also easier to the how the roof drops down to frame the views and shorten the cantilever as we saw was necessary after the exploration with the structural models.

Top left: 3D printed models showing the evolution of the building at different stages of the design Left: Picture of 3d printed model in 1â&#x20AC;&#x2122; = 1/32â&#x20AC;? scale - 69 -

Consistent deck span over entire roof - economical and easier to install

Curved slab edge can be achieved with deck edge angles - don't need to curve the beams themselves. Visually the same effect, but much cheaper to achieve

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To get feedback and guidance for the structural and mechanical aspects of the building I met with two engineers from Arup in Cambridge. On the opposite page are the structural engineerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s comments and markups on the sketches I brought to the meeting, the triangles representing moment connections for cantilevers. The depth of the steel beams are the distance in feet and divide by 2, the resulting number is the depth in inches.

extract energy from the river (see diagram at the top of the page). These techniques was easily implemented in the building since it already was the direction I had been thinking. At the bottom of the page are the systems integrated in the volume.

The mechanical engineer saw close resemblances between my project and the V&A Dundee, which he has worked on. On that project they have used mostly natural ventilation and a geothermal heat pump which

Opposite top left: Structural grid diagram of the roof from meeting with the structural engineer. Opposite top right: Structural diagram of the floor Opposite middle: 3D structural grid diagram Opposite bottom: Natural ventilation and air handling Top: Geothermal system from Arup Bottom left: Geothermal cooling of the ceilings Bottom right: Geothermal heating of the floors - 71 -

4”= 1’ Joint Detail of aluminum skin 2/3” = 1’ Detail Legend 1

3 mm aluminum sheet, cold-rolled powder coated, with bolts (welded on) and curved aluminum frame of 4mm aluminum angle, bolted

Water stop

Back-up drainage: 3 mm aluminum profile with seal

Supporting structure: 6 mm aluminum angle

40/22 mm fastening rail welded to beam

4 mm aluminum clip fastening, l =80 mm

Back-up weather contorl layer

2 layers of 100 mm "Kalzip Insulation Plus-37" mineral wool insulation compressed to overall thickness of 160mm to achieve 0.2 W/m2K U-Value max

Main structural truss system

Secondary structure

Cross bracing

C-profil to support rail for modular wall assembly

Rail for modular wall assembly

6 7

14 Modular wall assembly, 6”x6” wood blocks, CNC-ed 15

25 mm oak planks; 50 mm brick floor module with integrated heating pipes. 15 mm wood fiberboard

Precast concrete slabs

Truss system

Suspended aspen wood modular ceiling

Secondary Truss system

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Wall Section 1/6” 1/2” = 1’

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To detail the building I ended up looking at several unique projects to get an idea of how best build it up. The exterior skin is a 3mm white aluminum sheet, cold-rolled and powder coated with pre-welded bolts for easy assembly. Drainage is provided for through the profiles supporting the panels. The insulation is 2 layers of 100mm mineral wool compressed to a thinness of 160mm, same insulation as the London Aquatics Centre. The main structure of the shell is the truss system suggested by the structural engineer. The interior wall blocks are supported by a C-profile connected to the structure behind, similar to the Louisiana state museum and sports hall of fame.

List of precedence projects for structure and detailing:

• Louisiana state museum and sports hall of fame - Trahan architects

• The new Wildspitzbahn - Baumschlager • • • • • • •

Opposite: Exterior wall section Top left: Precedence of white aluminum panels, Nordkettenbahn in Innsbruck by Zaha Hadid. Top right: Precedence of interior wall material, Norwegian Wild Reindeer Centre Pavilion by Snøhetta. Bottom: Series of pictures use as references for the wall build-up. (Projects: Louisiana state museum and sports hall of fame by Trahan architects and the new Wildspitzbahn by Baumschlager Hutter Partners.) Images from Google - 73 -

Hutter Partners Porsche Pavilion - Henn Architekten Nordkettenbahn - Zaha Hadid London Aquatics Centre - Zaha Hadid Serpentine Sackler Gallery - Zaha Hadid McLaren Technology Center - Foster + Partners The Broad - Diller Scofidio + Renfro Norwegian Wild Reindeer Centre Pavilion - Snøhetta

A-A

2nd Floor

A-A N

B-B

1st Floor

A-A

1st Floor

A-A

B-B

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Section A-A

From the schematic design review I have

Section A-A work Section B-B to get the floor plans to better repre-

sent the building and itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s curved. The elevators have been worked into and as a part of the floor plan and not tucked away in a corner. Two egresses are established in each end of the building, yet they are still not enclosed, so it is something that needs to be resolved for the final review. In the section one can see the sails been dried in the central courtyard, making a clear mark that the building is a sailing center. Also, the section shows how the water comes into the building making people more aware of the tidal changes. The water will also help bring in cool air through the natural ventilation

and stack effect during the warm summer months. On warm days the skylight will open up to allow air circulation to cool the space. The main stair is also changed to create pockets for people to stop and watch the activities in the building. As one walks up the stair the third landing opens up towards the main rigging area. The fourth and last landing opens up towards the center of the courtyard directing peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s attention towards water column and the sails. Then, when one reaches the top of the stair two views are framed by the roof folding down, one of the city skyline and the other out on the harbor.

Section B-B

Opposite top: 2nd floor Opposite bottom: 1st floor Top: Section A-A Bottom: Section B-B - 75 -

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PRESENTATION FEEDBACK AND SUMMARY DESIGN DEVELOPMENT Comments: During the presentation most of the feedback was concentrated on the buildings relationship with the site. It was commented that all my models had a flat bottom and it was questioned if my building could be placed anywhere. Does the building need to have anything to do with the pier? What is the attitude about the site? Does it need a base? Can it be more fluid with the tide?

How are people drawn across Columbus Park to this sailing center? How does the building deal with the rising tide? Does it float? Can the building and the pier become one?

Another issue that was discussed was how I envision the glazing to be resolved, both in the skylight and the glass ribbon. The geothermal diagrams seems a bit to standard to be in a project like this, too orthogonal.

Opposite: Render of the interior courtyard with sails hanging to dry. Main stair with people stopping up to look at the activities in the building. - 77 -

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FINAL REVIEW DECEMBER 12th, 2013 Goal: The goal for the final review it to present a complete project showing a clear thematic concept founded in the thesis statement, methods of inquiry and terms of criticism. Based on the feedback from the design development review I focused on clarify the relationship between the building and site. Looking back at my site approaches and actions from the preliminary and schematic reviews it was clear that what I wanted to achieve was a blurred edge condition, a place land and water merged to create a hybrid, a symbiotic relationship.

not really land nor water. Tying the building and the site together I made the tidal pool area â&#x20AC;&#x153;flowâ&#x20AC;? out of the moulin of the building, connecting the shaping forces.

I went back to my methods of inquiry to make sure I was focused on the right questions. I did not really have any good projects to reference but remembered playing in tidal pools as a child. The tidal pools are great environments to explore and interact with water and the rich life in these pockets of water. As the tide pulls back, it creates a hybrid are, it is

Left: Model showing the tidal zone in light blue. - 79 -

Floor Plan - 2nd Floor Scale 1’ = 1/16”

Kitchen Map Room Restaurant/Bar Terrace Workshop Caretakers Apt Restroom Mechanical room

H H

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

8 4 3 7

7 8

0’

Floor Plan - 1st Floor Scale 1’ = 1/16”

10 5 2

3 1

5 4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Main Entrance Amfi/Auditorium Informal Front Desk Classrooms Changingroom Boathouse Storage Rigging Mast Workshop

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10’ 0’

10’

20’ 20’

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Section A-A

Section B-B

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In the top section one can see how the left part of the building is rooted and sits land and how it then breaks loose where the water comes in, and then later flows out over the water, creating the blurred line between land and water. In the short section one clearly sees the tidal pool area coming out of the building and blend into the bottom of the harbor. The central sitting area is lowered a bit from the last review to enhance and tidal water experience. As seen in the floor plans on the

last page spread the stepping of the sitting area is rotate to connect with the tidal pool area shown in the site plan. On the site plan on the last page spread the path/site approach is shown with the people walking towards the building. Walking from Columbus Park one would see the building and main entrance across the water. This will draw people out because of its contrast to its rectilinear context. As people walk out on the wharf they will pass over a channel making them aware of the threshold and feeling of embarking out on something different.

Opposite left: Section A-A Opposite right: Section B-B Right: Render of the atrium - 83 -

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Existing

Glass Ribbon Detail 2â&#x20AC;?= 1â&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Based on the feedback from the last presentation I changed the layout of the heating and cooling to mimic more the function of a lung or veins of a leaf, tying it closer to thematic concept of the thesis. To the left is the detail of the glass ribbon. The top and bottom mullion is extracted into the skin to blur the feeling of inside and outside. This will create a feeling the interior floor runs out onto the terrace. On the inside of the glass it is an inserted channel to allow hot air flow along the glass in the colder months. The edge condition diagram show how the proposed edge create a hybrid area which did not exist before. This area is a great place for people to experience the water hands-on.

Opposite top: Geothermal cooling diagram Opposite bottom: Geothermal heating diagram Top left: Egress diagram Top right: Edge condition diagram Right: Glass ribbon detail Next page: Renderings of the tidal pool area and central courtyard - 85 -

Proposed

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South Elevation

North Elevation

East Elevation

West Elevation

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PRESENTATION FEEDBACK AND SUMMARY FINAL REVIEW Comments: Some of the feedback I got at the final review was that I should not contain the water column in the central courtyard but let the water flow up the stairs in the sitting area (best seen in the sections). It was argued that this would have made a more dramatic experience in the space. It was also commented that the contrast between the exterior aluminum and interior wood was a great link back to the relationship between urban and nature, strong thematic connection.

human scale. Created a language that allows to inhabit the space as urban dwellers as we move away from the industrial inhabitation. There was also a discussion about materiality of the interior, should the interior floor material represent the change between land and water? Should the sitting area be made of granite?

There was a discussion between some of the critics regarding the floor plans. One critic said the form is much more advanced than the plan, while another argued that the plan were beautiful. One critic mentioned that it was interesting that the pier was made for shipping and that I had changed the site from a shipping scale to

Last page spread: Elevations Opposite page: Rendering of building from the harbor. - 89 -

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CONCLUSION

To summarize and make a conclusion about the thesis we need to go back to the terms of criticism established at the beginning of the process. The project also take advantage of the natural resources already available at the site. The large glass ribbon allows winter sun to flood the building, while the cantilever shades the glass during the warmer months. The cold wind from north is blocked off with a solid facade while the south facade is open and light to take advantage of the cooling sea breeze in the warmer month. Most of the heating is generated through the geothermal heat pump from the water and natural ventilation through the skylight complete the project as a sustainable success story. The project connects Boston to its harbor is several different manners and aspects. First it creates a landmark and signature building that draws people out to the site exposing them to the hybridity between land and water through the tidal pool area and blurred edge condition in the tidal zone. The building itself is also designed to make people aware of the

harbor inside the building with the central water column where one can see the tidal changes. The sails hanging to dry in the central courtyard also help emphasize and clarify the program of the building as the sails are one of the main features in the building. But also, the floating piers will allow people to sit at the edge with their feet in the water something that is not possible any other places along the harbor. The design language that have carved out and shaped the building are based on how the forces of nature shapes ice and stone. In my opinion I believe this has great a beautiful visual expression significantly different from a traditional design process. The design decisions have never been limited by if it was possible to model but driven by the language of nature as a designer. This has led to the unique and distinct different form of the building. Linking back to the Harvard research mentioned earlier that humans naturally find smooth and rounded objects more beautiful I believe the project is enhanced by the presence of nature in the design phase and as an element in the final project.

Left: Final model showing the tidal zone in light blue. - 91 -

Section A-A

Section B-B

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EPILOGUE

After the feedback there were a couple of things that I wanted to implement and change right away. These elements are best seen in the long section seen to the left. The first thing was to allow the water to flow freely into the building and not be enclosed by the glass column. The second was to dip the skylight further done into the central space to emphasize the force that carved out the space. This was something I have talked to my instructor about for a while but never got implemented in the graphics presented at the final review.

Left: Revised section after feedback from the final review. - 93 -

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Almaas, Ingerid Helsing ed. Made in Norway. Arkitektur N and Birkhäuser: Basel. 2010 Berre, Nina and Lysholm, Hege ed. Detour: Architecture and Design along 18 Natural Tourist Routes. Norsk Form: Oslo. 3rd ed. 2008 Greenberg, Ken. “The embrace of nature.” Azure 218 (2012): 80-87 Hall, Mildred and Edward. The Fourth Dimension in Architecture: The Impact of Building on Man’s Behavior. Santa Fe, New Mexico: The Sunstone Press: 1975. Harada, Jiro. The Lesson of Japanese Architecture. London: The Studio Limited: revised 1954. Hough, Romeyn Beck. The Wood Book. reprint of The American Woods (1888-1913, 1928). Köln: Taschen: 2002. Kaltenbach, Frank. “The New Wildspitzbahn on the Pitztal Glacier.” Detail Eng. ed. Vol. 5 2013 Killing, Alison. “Nestle in: Digging in.” C3 Magazine 335 (2012) Nakamura, Toshino, ed. “Deere and Company, 1957-63.” A+U Extra Edition. April 1984.

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Pottman, Helmut. Architectural Geometry. Exton, Pa.: Bentley Institute Press: 2007 Terzidis, Kostas. Algorithmic Architecture. Routledge: 2012 Vanini, Aldo. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Add in the Scape: Incorporated in the Scape.â&#x20AC;? C3 Magazine 335 (2012):36-41 Wright, Frank Lloyd. The Future of Architecture. New York: The New American Li brary: 1963.

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APPENDIX

THESIS PROPOSAL PROGRAMMING AND CODES

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Boston Architectural College Masters of Architecture Thesis Proposal

ENHANCED BY NATURE - HOW TO RESTORE THE BALANCE BETWEEN MAN AND NATURE

Thesis Program Director: Ian F. Taberner, AIA Thesis Seminar Instructor: David De Celis Thesis Studio Instructor: Ian F. Taberner, AIA

Mikkel Dahl Stromstad November 28th 2012

Boston Architectural College, Boston, MA 320 Newbury Street Boston MA 02115 Mikkel Dahl Stromstad 41 Park Dr. Apt. B Boston MA 02215 USA #: 617-510-6647 NOR #: +47 988 60 350 @: mikkelds@gmail.com

ABSTRACT I aspire to design and create spaces that are enhanced by nature, both as an element experienced in the built environment and as a part of the design phase. By incorporating elements of nature into the building, the human senses will be more aware of the seasons, the weather and the time of day. In an urban fabric it is important to take advantage of how nature intended our minds to use our senses. By allowing nature to take a part in a building I believe the building will have the potential to be more comfortable, more efficient and visually pleasing, an improved impact on manâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s behavior. In western cultures we strive to dominate and control nature while in eastern cultures the relationship is based more on respect and coexistence. I believe the relationship between man and nature is off-set in the western cultures. My thesis will be a tool to help balance the relationship and reconnect people with the healing elements of nature. This thesis proposal will go through the principle elements of which the thesis is going to be based on. The program for the thesis is a sailing center located on the Commercial Wharf along the harborfront in Boston, MA. The sailing center will strengthen the thesis emphasize on connecting city people to nature. The site is easy accessible and will foster experiences for both locals and tourists visiting Boston.

THESIS STATEMENT In my thesis I want to explore if by incorporating elements of nature into the building, the human senses will be more aware of the seasons, the weather and the time of day. Hence the building will stimulate the human mindâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s experience of space. I believe that in the western cultures, especially in the US, people living in the cities are removed from the presence of nature in everyday life. This offset of the natural connection between man and the elements blunt the human senses and are lowering the life quality of the people. Initially I will define and clarify the characteristics of nature to set the vocabulary of the thesis. In close relation to this I will look at the seasonsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; effect on buildings and human behavior to determine the relation between exterior and interior. Secondly, I will be looking at precedence studies to explore and understand how nature has been incorporated into the built environment throughout human history and how the presence of nature has changed in relation to the structure of society. I will also look at how nature creates both form and structures and see if my design can take advantage of naturesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; trial and error through millions of years. In addition, I will do a series of material experiments working with materials as ice, snow, wind, water, sand, and sodium acetate (hot ice) to see how the force of natural elements shapes each other. Based on these experiments I will determine which forms shall be incorporated into the design phase. The success of my thesis rests of my ability to design spaces which are enhanced by the presence of nature. This success will be measured in relation to how well my building responds to all four seasons, the site, and to the local and regional environment. In addition, the spatial experience and functionality are important elements for a successful thesis.

The relation between built and natural has changed during the history of architecture, as has man’s behavior. The first shelters were built to protect man from nature and its forces. However, as culture and society changed the amount of hours spent inside increased and nature was let into the dwellings as seen in roman villas with the central courtyard, to balance the instinctive relationship to nature. Nature then later was re-introduced in the Gothic, Baroque and Critical Regionalism, but in western culture it was always pulsating in and out of fashion; sometimes imitated and sometimes embraced as the divine. Linking back to the concept of the roman villas we still see this practice in cultures in the Middle-East and West-Africa, just to name a couple, where the cultural context demands for a dwelling which is totally closed off from the street. In these buildings we find courtyards transformed into oases, Eden’s paradise. Climatically the barren landscape does not provide a pleasant environment for people to unfold so they bring “nature” into their dwellings. These same actions we can find in the palaces of India or other places where context leaves the dwellers to spend long parts of the day inside.

METHODS OF INQUIRY AND TERMS OF CRITICISM As a tool through my thesis I will develop a Methods of Inquiry to guide the work on the right path. This will first be to establish a series of parameters which are going to be the based on my research and investigation of the precedence studies. These parameters will probably and hopefully be altered as I discover and understands new aspects related to my thesis. The parameters acts like a guideline for me to investigate and analyze each project and uncover the factors relevant to the further development. During my exploration I will catalog all my findings both projects which I find successful and examples which do not fulfill my parameters. I would also like to investigate physical material explorations, to get a hands-on experience of the shapes created by the forces of the elements on nature. In the thesis sketch problem I focused on the threshold between the current urban fabric and my site. This threshold is where one embark out on my site and I investigated different ways to emphasize the transition. The process was driven by many site visits focusing on procession towards the site. One of the product from the sketch problem was a short video generated from pictures taken every twenty step from Fenuiel Hall to the end of the site. This video, with other videos showing the process of making concept models and drawing, was also on an iPad embedded in my thesis proposal boards at the thesis proposal exhibition. The iPad allowed people to physically interact with my boards and work, the same way I hope my thesis project will promote interaction between the city and harbor and humans and nature. For my thesis project to be successful the project needs to show evidences that the building and the experience of the building is enhanced by the presence of nature, through the design process and as an element in the final building. It should be evaluated based on the userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ability to experience the different seasons, time of day, the weather throughout the day and a successful connection between the city and the harbor. The project should also arrange and foster an educational element, both through the sailing school but how the site water management and cleansing of the water in the harbor.

BUILDING SYSTEMS INTEGRATION STATEMENT I want to look into nature as an inspiration for the structural system and have started researching leaves, nuts, and other natural objects to look at the geometric structures and the systems controlling them. In connection to this I have been looking at mathematicians and designers as Helmut Pollman and Neri Oxman. This has led me to topics as QR meshes, biomimicry, de novo tissue, mediated matter, protocell architecture and looking into my own and my peersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; exploration of active matter at the Architectural Association this spring during my visiting semester. My concern with alternative building systems is the cost and practicality issues. Nature has the advantage of being able to design with De Novo materials, cells which can alter into their intended usage. The success of the building systems has to be measured in their feasibility, both in terms of price and practicality. However, a great idea is worth every penny. For the facade I envision a smart skin or ideally a smart envelope. Since the site has a lot of sun exposure the building will benefit from shading devices in the summer period. I want to incorporate a skin or envelope which opens and closes related to the amount of direct sunlight that hits it. This should not be a mechanic system as at the facade of the Arab World Institute in Paris by Jean Nouvel but should open and close due to the material qualities of the layer itself. In the process of designing such an element I will look to how nature has created similar solutions. By having the movement being driven by the material quality I believe the lifespan of the system will be substantially increased. Another system I want to incorporate into my thesis is a tidal marsh area system to help cleanse the inner harbor water. By allowing the water to recover parts of the site by creating channels and beachfronts the water circulation will increase between the wharfs and boost the water quality. These areas will then also function as educational elements to teach visitors. One issue regarding the site is its direct connection with salt water. The salt is a potential hazard to many materials and for instance concrete and steel. Sodium Acetate, a chemical I am also going to use as part of my design phase is sometimes used to protect concrete from salt water. It help close the pores in the concrete so that the salt water does not reach the steel reinforcement bars. However, salt water is no problem as long as the concrete is right.

SITE STATEMENT The site I have chosen for my thesis is the Commercial Wharf along the water front in the North End, Boston, MA. The Commercial Wharf is a part of the historical rich harbor front which used to serve the vast shipping trade in and out of Boston. Now the site holds two restaurants, condominiums and an Inn. The site is located between the residential North End district and the more commercial Downtown district of Boston. The urban site is surrounded by historic landmarks as Paul Revere’s House and Faneuil Hall. Since one of my of my approaches for my thesis is the combination of western and eastern relationship to nature in the built environment the site, located in Boston’s Italy the North End, creates references to the trading hub of Venice back in its heydays. The site is a place where new and exciting products and influences was brought into the city nurturing supply and demand. Through my project I will revitalize this element to Boston by creating a project which will foster new experiences and opportunities not presently available on Boston. The site’s unique location will also educate visitors in how it interacts with the harbor allowing nature to take back some of the shoreline lost through landfill. By creating tidal areas the site will also help cleanse the inner harbor water allowing people to see how nature can help us if we do not overwhelm it. For more information see Programming and Codes Appendix

PROGRAM STATEMENT The program for my thesis is a mixed-use area consisting of a sailing center, two restaurants and public space, a continuation of the Harborwalk. The Sailing center will give visitors a unique experience on the waters of Boston and strengthen the city’s connection with its historic harbor. Boston’s harbor shaped Boston’s importance in history but have not been utilized to its full potential the last decades. My proposed program will help revitalize the area and create a connection between the city and the water, both for locals and tourists visiting Boston. The client, Boston Sailing Center, is one of the country’s leading sailing school with many years of experience. They are currently located in an old Louisiana Paddle Steamer of Lewis Wharf. Their existing facilities does not allow them to expand and take advantage of their full potential. Their mission fits well with my thesis and will allow us to work towards a common goal. The users of the project will be both people living in the greater Boston area but also tourist visiting Boston. The site foster this mix between locals and tourist due to its location between the residential North End and the well known tourist area of Faneuil Hall. For more information see Programming and Codes Appendix

USERS

ACTIVITIES

NORTH ENDERS BOSTONIANS LUNCHERS BRUNCHERS TOURISTS

GO BOATING RIDE A BICYCLE WALK THE DOG GO FISHING LEARN ABOUT HISTORY PLAY WITH THE KIDS ENJOY NATURE HAVE A PICNIC GO FOR A RUN TAKE A SCHOOL GROUP GO FOR A SWIM BASK IN THE SUN TAKE IN THE VIEW SEE THE WORKING PORT IN ACTION GO SAILING

PROGRAM

PUBLIC SPACE SAILING CENTRE KAYAK RENTAL OUTDOOR BATH HARBORWALK CAFE/RESTAURANT BEACH DOCKS PEERS

CASE STUDY ANALYSIS Case Studies are an important part in my methods of inquiry. To be able to continue the development of other ideas it better fit my project and perhaps often more important document what ideas that are not relevant or interesting to my project can be very helpful. I try to have a open mind to where and how I find resources for my case studies, they can be a single leaf found on my way home from work, a art piece in a gallery, or a related building project half way around the world. The Oslo Opera house is a good case study for the way it creates a connection between the city and the water. The public space on and around the building attracts many people and the Opera House has become a popular place to visit and hand out spot. The building draw people to the site even though the surrounding area is not developed yet. The Opera House is a good example that a single project can steer the direction of a district, much like the “Bilbao effect”.1 The Hammarby Sjöstad district in Stockholm is a great example of a larger project connection to nature through water. It has great public spaces taking advantage of the natural resources vastly available through the harbor. The project has been very successful from the beginning and provide residents and visitors an unique experience between urban living and nature. The third case study shown here is represented by a leaf. A leaf is an interesting example for how nature design, combining structure and function in one. Nature has been designing for millions of years with trial and error and only allowing the most adaptable designs to continue. By looking to nature I believe we can find solutions to many of our issues and difficulties. One elements easily linked to my thesis is how nature, if allowed to the site can help cleanse the harbor water and therefore increase the harbor front as a resource for the city. For more case studies see Programming and Codes Appendix 1

Term often used for the positive effect generated by the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao

MASSING

The Opera house has a massing which allows people to walk on the roof

CIRCULATION

The roof in converted into a plaza open to the public

ENVELOPE

The roof envelope is created out of one plane which is cut and scored and the extracted

SKETCH PROBLEM During the sketch problem it was important for me to establish the procession to the site and the threshold between the urban fabric and the site. I created a video laps with pictures taken every twenty step from Faneuil Hall to the site. This was placed on an iPad embedded into my presentation boards for the thesis proposal exhibition. In addition to the procession video visitors could also see videos showing the process of making concept models and drawing, pictures from the site and a video of hurricane Sandy’s ravaging from the site. These videos allowed visitors to interact with the boards activating them in the project reflecting how the site will activate and generate interaction between visitors and nature at the site. Another element I worked on for the sketch problem was how to deal with the edge condition of the site and the threshold between the city fabric and the site and further from the site to the water. The edge condition of the site calls for a change in the “feel” somewhere between the city and the water. In the process of the sketch problem it became evident for me that there needs to be a notable threshold at the very beginning of the site, where the site connects with the “main land”, where the site connects with the shorefront. I believe by allowing the water to take back some of the site and creating channels and tidal areas one will be more aware of the presence of nature and strengthen the connection.

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Greenberg, Ken. “The embrace of nature.” Azure 218 (2012): 80-87 The article talks about how nature is imbedded into modern urban developments. I expect the article to provide good arguments to strengthen my thesis idea

Hall, Mildred and Edward. The Fourth Dimension in Architecture: The Impact of Building on Man’s Behavior. Santa Fe, New Mexico: The Sunstone Press: 1975. This book will be used to study Saarinen’s Deere Headquarter but also how building affects man’s behavior.

Harada, Jiro. The Lesson of Japanese Architecture. London: The Studio Limited: re vised 1954. This book will help me look at nature in Japanese architecture and help me define the characteristics of nature. It will also be a tool to study precedence studies and give alternatives to incorporate nature otherwise different from western cultures.

Killing, Alison. “Nestle in: Digging in” C3 Magazine 335 (2012) This article talks about the importance of with the site and using the site as a part of the building. I will intend to use it as a reference for my own relationship to my site.

Nakamura, Toshino, ed. “Deere and Company, 1957-63”, A+U Extra Edition. April 1984. This magazine will be an important element in my study of the Deere Headquarters by Saarinen. If I find this building very relevant to my thesis I wish to visit it in Feb-March of next year.

Pottman, Helmut. Architectural Geometry. Exton, Pa.: Bentley Institute Press: 2007 This book will be a tool to 3d model the structural systems derived from nature

Terzidis, Kostas. Algorithmic Architecture. Routledge: 2012 I will use this book to look at how Wright incorporated his nature study to in his design.

Vanini, Aldo. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Add in the Scape: Incorporated in the Scape.â&#x20AC;? C3 Magazine 335 (2012):36-41 This article talks about how landscape are drawn into buildings and will use this as a vocabulary reference.

Wright, Frank Lloyd. The Future of Architecture. New York: The New American Li brary: 1963. I will use this book to look at how Wright incorporated his nature study to in his design.

MIKKEL DAHL STROMSTAD 41 PARK DRIVE, APT. B BOSTON, MA 02215 THESIS PROPOSAL FALL 2012 IAN F. TABERNER, AIA & DAVID DE CELIS

THESIS PROPOSAL - PROGRAMMING COMMERCIAL WHARF FALL 2012

MIKKEL DAHL STROMSTAD

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION

EXISTING STATE

SITE DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS Site Location Site Plan Property Information Site Pictures Lynch Diagrams Typography Natural and Constructed features Micro Climate Sun Diagrams Traffic Patterns Parking and Public Transportation Adjacent Lands Usage Former Site Use Site Observations Conclusion

8 8 8 9 12 14 15 16 17 20 21 22 22 23 24 26

CODES Zoning Report Building Code Report Accessibility Report Conclusion

28 28 29 30 31

CULTURAL CONTEXT Historic Context Architectural Context Demographic Context Social Issues Political Issues Economic Issues Conclusion

INFORMATIONAL CONTEXT Client Profile Interviews

34 34 34

PRECEDENTS

32 32 33 33 33 33 33

FUTURE STATE

MISSION, GOALS, PR, PR DIAGRAMS & CAPTIONS Mission Issues Goals Performance Requirements PR Design Concept and Captions

40 40 40 41 41 42

COST EVALUATION Building Footprint Massing Studies in 3D Building Efficiency Factor Total Construction Cost

43 43 43 43 44

ENDNOTES

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDIX CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION This document sets to accomplish a well thought out strategy to approach my thesis site and program. The content is based on two main factors, Existing State and Future State, and includes a well researched analysis of the selected site. The site was selected through a process of Lynch diagrams to find the most suitable site in central Boston. Through research and analysis, it has been evident that the most difficult encounter for the success of the project is the political tension to open up the site for the general public, since all the properties are privately owned. This document is set up to give all necessary information needed to continue the thesis process to Schematic design however, it is sensitive to changes in newer editions of applicable codes and zoning laws. The Program intended, at the current situation, to be on the site is a Sailing Center with classrooms and assembly rooms for events, the two restaurants the Boston Sail Loft and Joeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s and public squares. In addition it will be tidal-areas with rush to help clean the inner harbor water.

6 Existing State

EXISTING STATE

SITE DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS

SITE LOCATION The site for my thesis is Commercial Wharf, Boston, MA. Located between Long wharf and Lewis Wharf on the Boston harbor front. The Commercial Wharf is located between the more residential North End and commercial Downtown District. Currently there are two restaurants, two mixed-use buildings, private parking, and a Inn at the site. The restaurants benefits a lot from the tourists visiting the historic important sites nearby the site, Revereâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s House, Fanuiel Hall just to mention a few. In addition to the close proximity to the attractions the site is a part of the harbor walk even though it is not currently well adapted into the walk.

8 Existing State

SITE MAP

PROPERTY INFORMATION Parcel #: Project Address:

1 84 Atlantic Ave. Boston MA 02110

2 86 Commercial Wharf East Boston MA 02110

Lot Size:

91,386 sq ft

206,912 sq. ft.

Parcel ID:

0303028300

0303028080

Owner:

Brown Brothers Harriman

Boston Boat Basin LLC

Property Type:

Residential Condo Unit (0102)

Commercial (0384)

Land Value:

$0 (building $460,500.00)

$4,953,000.00 (Land 3.7, bldg $1.2)

Parcel #: Project Address:

3 104 Atlantic Ave. Boston MA 02110

4 Atlantic Ave. Boston MA 02110

Lot Size:

9,109 sq. ft.

45,201 sq ft

Parcel ID:

0303028000

0303028610

Owner:

One Hundred Atlantic Assc LP

LHU LEO BUK L TS

Property Type:

Commercial (0326)

Commercial Land (0390)

Land Value:

$3,567,500.00 (Land 2.5 Bldg 1.0)

$649,200.00 (Land 0, Bldg 0.6)

Parcel #: Project Address:

5 90 Commercial Wharf East Boston MA 02110

6 88 Commercial Wharf East Boston MA 02110

Lot Size:

7,090 sq. ft.

8,744 sq. ft.

Parcel ID:

0303028040

0303028060

Owner:

Karlson Christopher P TS

Karlson Christopher P

Property Type:

Commercial (0343)

Residential/Commercial (0031)

Land Value:

$1,683,000.00 (Land 0.88 Bldg 0.8)

$1,925,000.00 (Land 1.1, Bldg 0.8)

Parcel #: Project Address:

7 82 Atlantic Ave. Boston MA 02110

Lot Size:

2,916 sq. ft.

Parcel ID:

0303028600

Owner:

Kanter Richard L. TRSTS

Property Type:

Commercial (0327)

Land Value:

$1,011,500.00 (Land 0.4 Bldg 0.6)

Opposite: Figure 5: Site Map with setbacks and property lines

10 Existing State

SITE PLAN

12’ Waterfront Yard Area Setback 35’ Shoreline and end of pier setback

7 4

3 5

6 0

50’

150’ 200’

SITE PICTURES

Figure 6: View from Long Wharf

Figure 7: Outdoor serving at Joeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Restaurant

Figure 8: Barrier for private parking

Figure 9: Condominiums with private parking

Figure 10: View of The Boston Yacht Haven

Figure 11: View back on the city

12 Existing State

Figure 12: Joe’s during “Sandy”

Figure 13: View of Boston Sail Loft and north side of the condominiums

FIGURE 13

FIGURE 8 FIGURE 9

FIGURE 11

FIGURE 12 FIGURE 10 FIGURE 7

50’

150’ 200’

FIGURE 6

LYNCH DIAGRAMS

Path This is important to give people easy access to the building.

Edge I personally do not like obvious edges or barriars in a urban development

Over: Figure 15: Lynch Diagram Opposite: Figure 16: Site Topography

14 Existing State

Node This is important to create a natural place for people to gather, helping to keep the area populated at any time of the day and not create vacant dead spaces

Landmark Landmarks are great elements to help navigate in a city. Having for instance to tall buildings as Handcock and the Pru makes it easier to look at the relationship between the to buildings to find out where you are.

District Having the building in the city center makes it easier for more people to travel to the site with public transportation

SITE TYPOGRAPHY 63.7 0

137.5 85.6 117.5 77.4

67.1 66.0

113.9

125.3

65.8 73.8

61.3

62.7

67.3

60.0

77.3

71.2

85.5

84.0 67.6 109.7 107.1

107.7

85.8

59.5

61.4

91.5

65.1 1.5

77.4

107.9

67.8

69.3

71.4

84.3

69.9

117.4 61.8 61.1

81.2

86.0 83.4

77.3

113.0

109.5

83.7

85.6

67.3

79.3 93.5 92.4

63.3 83.0 65.4

125.1 77.6 9.8

63.3

104.5 71.5 95.7

79.6

65.4

121.1

107.7

58.5

59.6

62.4

76.1 83.9

4 85.5

130.3 123.7 111.1

67.8 110.8 67.8

60.8 62.9

111.6 79.5

107.9 109.3

129.3

69.3

61.7

83.6

108.0 109.9

66.0

75.1 69.3 92.2 77.4

71.4 73.8

91.5 85.8 94.985.6

84.0

71.9 67.6

64.3 65.3 107.9 77.3 67.1 108.0 104.1 103.8

109.7

65.4

85.9

84.3 86.6

113.0 81.2

81.1 93.5 107.1 71.2

113.9 79.3

109.5

NATURAL FEATURES AND VEGETATION Natural Features:

Harbor, Sea grass

Vegetation:

Christopher Columbus Waterfront Park Rose Kennedy Greenway

BUILT ENVIRONMENT

Figure 17: Site Map, Natural Features and Built Environment

16 Existing State

TEMPERATURE AND SNOWFALL

Figure 18: Temperature, Rel. Humidity and Direct Solar

Figure 19: Diagram description

Figure 20: Average Snowfall per wind direction (inch)

Figure 21: Average snowfall per month (inch)

Figure 22: Average Snowfall (inch)

Figure 23: Rain fall per month

RAINFALL

18 Existing State

Figure 24: Wind direction per month

PREVAILING SEASONAL WINDS

SHADOW DIAGRAM

October 1st

July 1st

April 1st

January 1st

8 AM

Figure 25: Shadow Patterns

20 Existing State

12 PM

4 PM

TRAFFIC PATTERN

Pedestrian Traffic Vehicular Traffic

10 min 5 min

Figure 26: Traffic

PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION AND ADJACENT LAND USE T-STATION Haymarket Government Center Downtown Crossing South Station

FROM SITE 10 min 10 min 12 min 16 min

Legend

BUSS STATIONS WITHIN 5 MIN Atlantic Ave @ Commercial Wharf 4 Commercial St @ Fleet St 4 Atlantic Ave @ State St 4, Trolley Tour Bus Congress St @ Hanover St 4, 92, 93 Congress St @ North St 4, 92, 93, 191, 192, 193, 325, 326 Congress St @ State St 4, 92, 93, 191, 192, 193 Lewis Wharf Parking Marketplace Center Garage Government Center Garage Parcel 7 Garage Fanuiel Hall Parking

St ity Un

lan

Old North Church

Fire Station

Lincoln Wharf

Hanover Av

N Washington St

Cutillo

t rS no

Pa Branch Library ra me ter St

North Square

et S

n Wh

arf

Sargent's Wharf

Eastern Av

St n oo St John's M

Pilot House

Ri ch d St

arf Lewis Wh

lto

No rth

Ausonia Homes

City of Boston Printing Office

Cr os sS t

Langdon Pl

lem

Fle

Parochial School Paul Revere Sacred Heart House Church

Mo Park rto nS t

Gard en C ourt St

Unio

t sS wi Le

Still

Clark

Commercial

North End et S

Murp hy C t

Harr is S t

St Stephan's Church

North End Community Health Center

Cooper St

Wig

North St

N Margin St

Endicott St

inc

ne tS t

Polcari Park

Nazarro Community N Center Be n

Thacher St

Lynn St

h Station

Salutation

Eliot School

Paul Revere Mall

North Bennet Street School

Battery St

afe

Ë&#x2021;

er art Ch

he Cle

Ma rga ret

PARKING:

1 Family Residential 2 Family Residential 3 Family Residential Apartments/Condos Mixed Use (Res./Comm.) Commercial Institutional Industrial Open Space Surface Parking Main Streets District MBTA Stations MBTA Surface Subway Lines MBTA Underground Subway Lines Commuter Rail Below Ground Commuter Rail Water Transit Facilities Water Transit Routes Bus Routes

n t

North End Nursing Home Vent Building/ Parking Garage Dog Park

Haymarket

Columbus Housing

t yS ur db Su

ne to ks ac Bl St

Kennedy l Building

Com

St ress Cong New

City Hall Plaza

City Hall

merc

ial W

har

tic

Union Park/ Holocaust Memorial

lan

Creek Square

Chistopher Columbus Park

La Salt

Clinton St

Curley Memorial Pl

Figure 27: Adjacent Land Usage and MBTA stations

22 Existing State

250

500 feet

FORMER SITE USE The Site is made with landfill in the period between 1804 and 1832. Historically it has been a busy fishing pier and storage. After the commercial fishing stopped it has been recreational sailing. The old storage building is transformed into condominiums. The Site is dead compared to its busy days as a fishing center. Boston used to be the third biggest port in the British empire after London and Bristol. Top Left: Figure 28: Map of Boston 1774 Top Right: Figure 29: Map of Boston 1832

Under: Figure 30: Historic Site pictures

SITE OBSERVATIONS DENSITY/CROWDING: The patio at Joe’s restaurant is a popular place to sit down and have a bit even on a cold day. The place provide views of the water and good “people-watching” opportunities.

Figure 31: People group up at the restaurant patio

People use the benches at the end of the Commercial Wharf. These benches provide a great escape from the city life. Small groups and individuals use these benches often.

Figure 32: People escaping everyday city life

24 Existing State

WAYFINDING/ORIENTATION

The main entrance to the site is blocked off with a staffed barrier to control that only residents and guests at the Boston Yacht Haven passes. All parking on the site is private for the condominiums.

Figure 33: Staffed barrier at the entrance

Right before the site, in Columbus Park is a green arcade directing people from the fanuiel hall tourist area towards the site.

Figure 34: Green arcade through Columbus Park

CONCLUSION The reason for the location of the site is mostly based on the objective that it in the threshold between the residential North End and the more commercial and tourist area of Downtown. Making the site very accessible for both locals and tourists visiting Boston. Another essential element with the site, is its edge condition between the city and the harbor. The connection with the water will provide the necessary elements needed for my program for the thesis. The existing condition of the site does not foster a connection between the city and the water. Site is blocked off at the “bottle neck” by the barrier put in place to keep unwanted cars away from the private parking. This private first part of the site discourage a lot of people to walking out onto the site, even thought the end of the site is a public area. After conversations with residents at the site it seems it is one of there “hidden” agendas to keep the general public away from the area. After reviewing the sun diagram study, it is evident that the site gets lots of direct sunlight that the community could benefit from a public open space. The site’s slight bend maximizes the solar exposure and will help attract people throughout the year. In the summer, the sea breeze will help cool visitors will the cold winter winds from northwest will be blocked by the buildings. It is also evident that the neighborhood is in a critical phase to renovate and be more attractive for people. Therefore, it is important that the building help to accelerate this process and reconnect Boston with its harbor front, a process seen in so many modern cities the last years.

26 Existing State

CODES ZONING COMPLIANCE REPORT The Project Site is located in the Harbor park District: North End/Downtown Waterfront, as described in Article 42A of the Boston Zoning Code. Zoning requirements for the North End Waterfront Subdistrict specify uses and dimensional standards. The maximum height is 55 feet and a maximum Floor Area Ratio (F. A. R.) of 2 is allowed for projects. The Project Site also lies within the City’s Restricted Parking Overlay District, which establishes parking accessory to commercial uses as a “conditional” use. The site is also governed by the Urban Renewal Area Overlay, Groundwater Conservation Protection Overlay, and requires Waterfront Yard Area ZONING INFORMATION: Applicable Zoning Regulation:

Harbor park District: North End/Downtown Waterfront

Zoning Designation:

Article 42A

Special District Designation:

North End Waterfront Subdistrict - Urban Renewal Area Overlay District - Groundwater Conservation Protection Overlay District

Proposed usage:

Allowed (Restaurants are conditional)

DIMENSIONAL INFORMATION Lot Size:

148,214 sq. ft. (land), 371,358 sq. ft. (total property)

Perimeter:

2,286’ 2 9/16”

DIMENSIONAL RESTRICTIONS (SETBACKS): Shoreline, excluding Piers:

35’

Sides of Piers:

12’

Ends of Piers:

35’

Waterfront Yard Area depth:

12’

Allowed Height:

55’

F. A. R.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: Parking Requirements:

Restricted Parking (overlay) District, off-street parking

Open Space Requirements:

50%

Other Special Restriction:

Waterfront Yard Area requirements

28 Existing State

BUILDING CODE REPORT Building Code Information: Applicable Building Code: Primary Use Group:

2009 IBC + Mass. Amendments A-2 and A-3

Accessory Use Areas: Mixed Use: Special Use Area:

A-4 F-1

Proposed Construction Type: Height and Area Allowed (Table 503):

II - A 65’

Sprinkler System: Actual Height and Area Increase

Yes N/A

Actual Height and Area of Project Building:

unknown

Fire Separation Distance (602): % of Allowed Openings (705.8):

10’ < X < 30’ No Limit

Level Unknown

Total Occupant Load Required Number of Exits at least 2

Level Unknown*

Occupant Load Unknown*

Men Fixtures Unknown*

Number of Exits at least 2

Women Fixtures Unknown*

Lavatories Unknown*

*Note: All interview subjects mention that they needed more space for rest rooms in current local tion

ACCESSIBILITY REPORT MASS. ARCHITECTURAL ACCESS BOARD REGULATION: 521 CMR SECTION 6, 10, 14, 15 Section

Part

6 10 14 15 C 20 21 22 23 D 24 26 28 30 33 34 39 41

Space Allowance & Reach Ranges Public & Common Use Space Places of Assembly Detention Facilities Accessible Route Curb Cuts Sidewalks Parking and Passenger Loading Zones Ramps 25 Doors and Doorways 27 Elevators 29 Public Toilet Room 32 Dressing, Fitting, and Changing Rooms Storage 35 Controls 40 Signage

Entrance Stairs Floor Surfaces Kitchens Table and Seating Alarms

AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT (ADA): Section

4.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.2

4.3 4.3.1 4.5 4.12 4.13 7 11 12

Minimum Requirements Accessible Site & Exit Calculations: New Construction Accessible Building: New Construction Space Allowances - Doors, Drinking Fountains, Toilet Facilities, Storage Shelving and Display Units, Emergency Warning Sys tems, Building Signs, Public Telephones, Assembly Areas Accessible Routes General - Halls Ground Floor and Surfaces Windows Doors Business Mercantile Judicial Legislative & Regulatory Facilities Detention & Correctional Facilities

The requirements force the design to include all potential users and not discriminate anyone. Ramps, rails and visual contrasts, among many other elements, are used to strengthen the usability of the building and site. The courtrooms in particular are designed from a standard which emphasis on the user friendliness of the building. Note: Programming and Codes - Accessibility form is located is attached in Appendix I

30 Existing State

CONCLUSION The code reports gives the main framework and guidelines from which the buildings have to apply. It give a starting ground for the designers of which they can create from. The buildings codes give a list of elements which the building needs to house to satisfy the usage of all users. The codes provides a minimum of what is expected of the building. The site has quite strick zoning requirements to open space and public accessibility however these will probably not be an issue since I want to incorporate a lot of public space. My project is for the city not corporate/economic interests.

CULTURAL CONTEXT

The site was originally part of the natural harbor of Boston but has been create by landfill Top Left: Figure 35: Site map from 1630 Top Right: Figure 36: Site map from 1774 Under Left: Figure 37: Site map from 1832 Under Right: Figure 38: Site map from 1868

HISTORIC CONTEXT The site has long historic roots as part of the Boston waterfront. Even thought, the commercial fishing from the site is not a present factor anymore. The local community still has strong ties to the harbor history, the site is rarely used.

ARCHITECTURAL CONTEXT The rich architectural diversity of this area ranges from harbor storage buildings, the long wharf hotel residential high-rises and smaller traditional North End building, as the John Revere House.

32 Existing State

DEMOGRAPHIC CONTEXT AND SOCIAL ISSUES The residential buildings on the site are high-end condominiums. The North End community holds both old-timers to the area and young professionals enjoying the cafes and restaurants. The area has a high density and there is much room for new projects to give the area a new injection or change in demography.

POLITICAL ISSUES The condominium units are a legal stronghold on the site. The rumor has it that they control much of the site with the help of lawyers. On Lewis Wharf the city has just recently started to enforce the parking ban on the end of that site. A policy that probably going to come to the Commercial Wharf after a while if the condominiums are not able to fight if off. The property of the Boston Yacht Haven has changes owners several times the last couple of years. On of the times the property was sold was because the owner was put in jail. There has also been several rumors that there has been big development plans for this property but non of them has been realized.

ECONOMIC ISSUES The site is of high economic value due to its location and is privately owned by several different owners.

CONCLUSION There site requires quite a bit of public intervention to allow the proposed plans for the site. In m Opinion this can be fought with the means of the greater good. Now the site is only for the few people living in the condominiums while the site can become a great escape for all Bostonians and tourist visiting the Fanuiel Hall area and the harbor front.

INFORMATIONAL CONTEXT CLIENT PROFILE The main client for this project is the Boston Sailing Center, founded in 1977 with 8 Soling boats. They are currently located in an old Louisiana paddle steamer docked at the Lewis Wharf. The Boston Sailing Center operates as a low-cost sailing club with several different price categories allowing a wide specter of people to participate. The Center benefits from the central location and allows guests easy access to the harbor island and tours along the waste New England shoreline. In addition the Center partners and also have boats available in the Bahamas, the Caribbean, Florida, Mexico, the South Pacific and the Mediterranean. Mission: “Our mission is to offer safe, enjoyable and informative sailing experiences for members, students and corporate guests. We look forward to welcoming you to Boston Harbor.” Secondary clients are the two restaurants now located on the site, the Boston Sail Loft and Joe’s Restaurant. They have different concept and approached from each other and will probably get new facilities during the design of my thesis.

INTERVIEWS The interview are done at several different site visits over the last couple of months. Instead of interviewing people from one client I decided to spread the interviews to get a wider perspective from several clients, since I have three clients. The question asked was as follows: 1. What are the goals and missions to the ____? 2. What do you like about the current location and facilities of ____? 3. What are the issues with the current location and facilities of _____? 4. What would you like a new _____ to facilitate which you do not do no? 5. What do you see as a solution to _____ issues? 6. How do you see the _____ in five years?

WADE EDWARDS - DIRECTOR, BOSTON SAILING CENTER Mr. Edwards focuses on that their mission for the sailing center is to have fun while sailing in a safe environment. The purpose of the center is to allow people to have fun sailing not to bring in as much profit as possible. Their current location is great but the facilities on the old Louisiana paddle steamer is more of a marketing tool than a good facility for the necessary use for the center. The Steamer does not provide enough space for storage, rest rooms, classrooms, kitchen or event space which can provide extra income through corporate events. Ideally they would also like to have a maintenance space/area/dry-dock so they can repair the sailboats on-site and not have to depend on a workshop in East Boston. They hope to team up with the city to provide extra space for them and a good connection with the landlord. In five years they hope that much stays the same, they have been fortunate and seen an increase in users over the last couple of years and are financially stable. For the next five years they hope to get better resources and facilities (see Appendix for full interview).

34 Existing State

JAMIE TIPPING - OWNER, BOSTON SAIL LOFT The Boston Sail Loft and intentionally lower its prices to separate themselves from many of the pricey restaurants in the neighborhood, a policy that has kept them around for 27 years. They were one of the few local restaurants and bars who survived the Big Dig. Their current location provide great foot-traffic past the restaurant, close to the water and they also benefit greatly from the close proximity to the North End, the clients are a good mix between tourists, locals, and ages. The issues with the site is the lack of space for storage and rest rooms, in addition it is hard to find parking in the area, few people drive to the restaurant. The residents in the condominiums donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t want Joe and Jane around the site. For the future they are hoping for more space and hoping for that the success of the restaurant continues (see Appendix for full interview). HENRY FAALAND - OFFICE MANAGER, OTIS & AHEARN REAL ESTATE This is a business on the Commercial Wharf which I am not bringing into my project. I do not see the use for having a real estate business at a location like this. However, I interviewed them to get their perspective of the current condition. Mr. Faaland mentioned that their location provided great frontage and window space for all the foot-traffic past the site. Also the proximity to the condominiums at the site and North End community provided many clients and costumers. He pointed out the issues with parking and that there is no supermarket in the area, leaving him to have to bring lunch from home or having to go to the local restaurants. He also mentioned that having more people coming to the site will benefit their business.

PRECEDENTS THE OSLO OPERA HOUSE Snohetta, 2008 Oslo, Norway

Figure 39: Oslo Opera House Figure 40: Oslo Opera House, ground floor plan

CHARLES RIVER BOAT HOUSE B1 Studio Project, Mikkel Stromstad Fall 2009

Figure 41: Boat House Figure 42: Boathouse, ground floor plan

HAMMARBY SJร STAD City of Stockhold, 1991Stockholm, Sweden

Figure 43: Hammarby Sjรถstad Figure 44: Hammarby Sjรถstad, master plan

36 Existing State

MASSING

CIRCULATION

ENVELOPE

Figure 45:

Figure 47:

The Opera house has a massing which allows people to walk on the roof

The roof in converted into a plaza open to the public

The roof envelope is created out of one plane which is cut and scored and the extracted

Figure 48:

Figure 49:

Figure 50:

The Boathouse has separate building pass due to security

The Circulation is driven by the different private and public areas

the envelope is open out towards the water to allow view

Figure 51:

Figure 52:

Figure 53:

Mass is maximized to allow lots of direct sunlight into the buildings

Circulation is nurtured to strengthen the connection between the neighborhood and water

The Envelope of the building are opened and the neighborhood is made transparent, available to the public

Private Public

38 Future State

FUTURE STATE

INFORMATIONAL CONTEXT MISSION STATEMENT The mission of the new Commercial Wharf is to strengthen the connection between the city and the harbor. By incorporating nature into the spaces the place will be enhanced and nurture experiences not elsewhere experienced in a urban city. The Wharf will allow locals and tourists a unique experience out on the water, both through tours but also exploring by them self. It shall provide spaces where people can sit down and watch an active harbor, eat, bathe, sail, kayak and learn about sailing and how the site can help cleanse the inner harbor water. The mission statement emphasizes the importance that the building needs to function in a proper and sustainable manner to be a successful project. It is not enough that the Wharf looks good but, its function and connection to nature is important to be a well-planned project.

ISSUES 1.

CONNECTION The site has lost its connection between the city and the water due to the “private” zone created by the condominiums, which blocks of the site.

PARKING Parking is a pressing issues named by all interviewed. By creating subterranean parking site can be easier accessible and help strengthen the entire neighborhood

the 3.

VISIBILITY Visibility is important to help draw tourist from the Fanuiel Hall and Long Wharf area. By having an iconic/beacon the project can help expand the amount of people visiting the site

OPENNESS It is important to maintain a high level open and public space so that people don’t feel blocked at the site

CLIMATE Since the site can be quite windy and cold at times it is important to create public spaces which are protected from the cold prevailing winds

IMAGE The site can benefit from being a hip and trendy place when it re-opens to the public. If people don’t visits in the beginning it might not be as successful as if it is launched with media

40 Future State

GOALS 1. 2. 3.

The Project shall increase the number of people visiting the site Provide a comfortable environment for all parties involved Incorporate nature into the building

PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS 1.

The Project shall increase the number of people visiting the site a. Opening up the existing private part of the site b. Incorporate program that will bring people to the site, read sailing center c. Create interesting and inviting public spaces

Provide a comfortable environment for all parties involved a. Indirect daylight should be used as much as possible b. Sailing center should be designed driven by workflow c. Create publicly safe spaces where people feel safe to nurture fun

Incorporate nature into the building a. Nature can be a part of the design phase b. Allow elements of nature be present in the final project c. Allowing nature to take back some of the site gained by landfill

Goal 1

CONCEPT DIAGRAMS

Figure 55:

Figure 56:

A - Remove private surface parking and barrier

B - A focal point, visual and programmatic

C - Create public spaces with views of the water

Figure 57:

Figure 58:

Figure 59:

A - Give a sense of time

B - Driven by workflow

C - Create spaces which have good visibility and creates a protective zone

Figure 60:

Figure 61:

Figure 62:

A - Using the golden ratio

B - Incorporating nature into the spaces

C - Allow the water to take back parts of the site

Goal 3

Goal 2

Figure 54:

42 Future State

COST EVALUATION MASSING STUDIES IN 3D

Figure 63: Massing Model

BUILDING EFFICIENCY FACTOR Net Assignable Area Building Gross Area Overall Building Efficiency

74,107 sq. ft. 30,000 sq. ft. 0,404

TOTAL CONSTRUCTION COST Net Assignable Area Building Gross Area

Overall Building Efficiency

74,107 30,000

0.404

A B C

Building Cost Fixed Equipment Site Development

$10 487 250,00 $838 980,00 $1 573 087,50

Total Construction

$12 899 317,50

E F G H J

Site Acquisition / Demolition Movable Equipment Professional Fees Contingencies Administration Cost

Total Budget Required

44 Future State

$3 000 000,00 $838 980,00 $773 959,05 $1 289 931,75 $128 993,18 $18 931 181,48

ENDNOTES GRAPHICS Figure 1: Figure 2: Figure 3: Figure 4: Figure 5: Figure 6: Figure 7: Figure 8: Figure 9: Figure 10: Figure 11: Figure 12: Figure 13: Figure 14: Figure 15: Figure 16: Figure 17: Figure 18: Figure 19: Figure 20: Figure 21: Figure 22: Figure 23: Figure 24: Figure 25: Figure 26: Figure 27: Figure 28: Figure 29: Figure 30: Figure 31: Figure 32: Figure 33: Figure 34: Figure 35: Figure 36: Figure 37: Figure 38: Figure 39: Figure 40: Figure 41: Figure 42: Figure 43: Figure 44:

State of Massachusetts, (Mikkel Stromstad) City of Boston, (Mikkel Stromstad) Downtown Boston, (Mikkel Stromstad) Site Map, Boston, (Mikkel Stromstad) Site, (Mikkel Stromstad) View from Long Wharf, (Mikkel Stromstad) Outdoor serving at Joe’s Restaurant, (Mikkel Stromstad) Barrier for private parking, (Mikkel Stromstad) Condominiums with private parking, (Mikkel Stromstad) View of The Boston Yacht Haven, (Mikkel Stromstad) View back on the city, (Mikkel Stromstad) Joe’s during “Sandy”, (Mikkel Stromstad) View of Boston Sail Loft and north side of the condominiums, (Mikkel Stromstad) Site Map with site photo directions, (Mikkel Stromstad) Lynch Diagram, (Mikkel Stromstad) Site Topography, (Boston Redevelopment Authority) (re-d. Mikkel Stromstad) Site Map, Natural Features and Built Environment, Nolli plan, (Mikkel Stromstad) Temperature, Rel. Humidity and Direct Solar, (Autodesk Ecotech) Diagram description, (Autodesk Ecotech) Average Snowfall per wind direction (inch), (Autodesk Ecotech) Average snowfall per month (inch), (Autodesk Ecotech) Average Snowfall (inch), (Autodesk Ecotech) Rain fall per month, (Autodesk Ecotech) Wind direction per month, (Autodesk Ecotech) Shadow Patterns, (google earth) Traffic Patterns, (Bing.com map, re-design by Mikkel Stromstad) Adjacent Land Usage and MBTA stations, (Boston Redevelopment Authority) Map of Boston 1774, (Boston Public Library) Map of Boston 1832, (Boston Public Library) Historic Site pictures, (Boston Public Library) People group up at the restaurant patiol, (Mikkel Stromstad) People escaping everyday city life, (Mikkel Stromstad) Staffed barrier at the entrance, (Mikkel Stromstad) Green arcade through Columbus Park, (Mikkel Stromstad) Site map from 1630, (Boston Public Library) Site map from 1774, (Boston Public Library) Site map from 1832, (Boston Public Library) Site map from 1868, (Boston Public Library) Oslo Opera House, (photo unknown) Oslo Opera House, ground floor plan, (Snohetta) Boathouse, (Mikkel Stromstad) Boathouse, ground floor plan (Mikkel Stromstad) Hammarby Sjöstad, (photo unknown) Hammarby Sjöstad, master plan, (City of Stockholm)

46 Endnotes

8 8 8 9 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 13 14 15 16 17 17 17 17 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 23 23 24 24 25 25 32 32 32 32 36 36 36 36 36 36

Figure 45: Figure 46: Figure 47: Figure 48: Figure 49: Figure 50: Figure 51: Figure 52: Figure 53: Figure 54: Figure 55: Figure 56: Figure 57: Figure 58: Figure 59: Figure 60: Figure 61: Figure 62: Figure 63:

Oslo Opera House, Massing Diagram, (Mikkel Stromstad) Oslo Opera House, Circulation Diagram, (Mikkel Stromstad) Oslo Opera House, Envelope Diagram, (Mikkel Stromstad) Boathouse, Massing Diagram, (Mikkel Stromstad) Boathouse, Circulation Diagram, (Mikkel Stromstad) Boathouse, Envelope Diagram, (Mikkel Stromstad) Hammarby Sjรถstad, Massing Diagram, (Mikkel Stromstad) Hammarby Sjรถstad, Circulation Diagram, (Mikkel Stromstad) Hammarby Sjรถstad, Envelope Diagram, (Mikkel Stromstad) Goal Diagram 1 - A, (Mikkel Stromstad) Goal Diagram 1 - B, (Mikkel Stromstad) Goal Diagram 1 - C, (Mikkel Stromstad) Goal Diagram 2 - A, (Mikkel Stromstad) Goal Diagram 2 - B, (Mikkel Stromstad) Goal Diagram 2 - C, (Mikkel Stromstad) Goal Diagram 3 - A, (Mikkel Stromstad) Goal Diagram 3 - B, (Mikkel Stromstad) Goal Diagram 3 - C, (Mikkel Stromstad) Massing Model, (Mikkel Stromstad)

37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 43

Note: All Maps are based on map from Boston Redevelopment Authority

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Boston Redevelopment Authority. Boston Zoning Codes Harbor park District: North End/Downtown Waterfront North End Waterfront Subdistrict Urban Renewal Area Overlay District Groundwater Conservation Protection Overlay District Duerk, Donna P. Architectural Programming: Information Management for Design, Van Nostrand Reinhold, NY, 1993 International Code Council. International Building Code 2009, Lynch, Kevin. The Image of the City, The MIT Press, Cambridge MA 1988 Massachusetts Architectural Access Board. 521 CMR ProQuest. Digital Sanborn Maps, 1867-1970 Boston Public Library U.S. Department of Justice. Americans with Disabilities Act Zeisel, John. Inquiry by Design: Tools For Environments-Behavior Research, Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, Monterey, CA, 1980

48 Annotated Bibliography

APPENDIX CONTENTS CODE WORK SHEETS Zoning Compliance Use Groups Height and Area - Construction Type Occupant Load Calculation Part I Occupant Load Calculation Part II Accessibility

page 28 page 29 page 28 page 29 page 29 I

INTERVIEWS Wade Edwards - Director, Boston Sailing Center Jamie Tipping - Owner, Boston Sail Loft Henry Faaland - Office Manager, Otis & Ahearn Real Estate

II III IV

APPENDIX I

Mikkel Stromstad, 617-510-6647 or +47 988 60 350, mikkelds@gmail.com Thesis Project

Commercial Wharf, Boston, MA

Sailing center, two restaurants, public outdoor space

521 CMR, Massachusetts General Laws Chapter 22 and Section 6, 10, 13A, 14 & 15

Project shall comply to guidelines 4.1 - 4.35, unless otherwise provided. 4.1.2.5 (a) Accessiblility Parking 4.1.3.19 (a) Seating in Assembly Areas 1 to 25 1 ADA Parking 4 to 25 1 wheelchair 26 to 50 2 ADA Parking 26 to 50 2 wheelchairs 51 to 75 3 ADA Parking 51 to 300 4 wheelchairs 76 to 100 4 ADA Parking 301 to 500 6 wheelchair 101 to 150 5 ADA Parking over 500 6, plus 1 additional for each new 100 4.2.3 Wheelr chair Turning Space - he space required for a wheelchair to take a 180-degree turn is 60 “ clear space 4.2.4.1 Size and approach - minimum clear floor/ground space required to accomodate one wheelchair is 30”x48” 4.3.10 Egress - Accessible routes serving any accessible space or element shall also serve as a means of egress for emer gencies or connect to an accessible area of rescue assistance.

The requirement forces the design to include all potential users and not to discriminate anyone. Ramps, rails and contrasts, among many other elements, are used to strengthen the usability of the building and site. The assembly spaces in the sailing center are in particular designed from a standard which emphasis the user friendlyness.

50 Appendix

APPENDIX II

APPENDIX III

52 Appendix

APPENDIX IV

MIKKEL DAHL STROMSTAD 41 PARK DRIVE, APT. B BOSTON, MA 02215 PROGRAMMING AND CODES FALL 2012 WILL MELCHER & MATTHEW SCHEXNYDER