In-between architecture Miloni Patel
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I would like to thank my teachers who have given me guidence throughout these 5 years. I would like to thank my Dean Mr. Trilochan Chayya for beleiving that i can become an architect. I would also like to thank my mentor Mr. Saahil Parikh, who guided me through this taxing and confusing journey. I would thank my entire family for tolerating me during the final days of thesis. Special thanks to my mother, who was my pillar of strenght throughout and who also gave me company staying awake at night for days no end. Lastly i would like to thank my friends and classmates for making this an experience unforgetful and fun.
acknowledgment 2
abstract statement defination research case studies site analysis process design bibliography
7 8 10 13 22 29 43 50 62
table of contents 3
In- between architecture, which are temporary structures buit under the flyovers, inbetween the middle income and high income houses and on footpaths, are also called as slums. These structures are formed because of increase in migration due to more job oppurtunities in the city. As the rates of the housing increases with increase in economy, the low income class cannot afford them. Eventually they start encroaching upon these in-between spaces which also end up being closer to their work spaces. The growth of these structures is fast and in large proportions, because of the increase in inflow and no possible livable spaces. These in-between structures eventually turn into an eyesore and are not considered as part of the city. Creating a system to deal with this problem, which can be used all around the city to design.
abstract 4
statement
There are many dead spaces within the city which have been inhabitated by low income group. These leftover spaces are rarely considered unworthy of design attention. Ugly, ordinary and out of the way, they present difficult existing conditions and unglamorous realities. These spaces can be termed as In-between spaces which are completly ignored. To identify various problems of these in-between spaces and designing a sustainable system which is generic in nature to deal with such conditions all around the city. This system can be used as a designing tool for to re-design the ever encroching in-between structures.
in-between architecture 5
defination 6
The spaces in between the walls of residential buildings are occupied by temporary structures. Though these structures look temporary they actually are permanent lower class residents. These residents share a symbiotic relationship with the surrounding middle or higher class residents, both share a co-operative or a mutually dependent relationship.These in-between structures are also organic in nature which can grow and eventually spill out at any given time. The hygienic condition of these spaces is very bad as the structure they call house is made up of available scarp material which are very temporary. They also have no system of planned drainage, water and even sometimes electricity, living conditions are very poor. They are not considered as part of the city and the people resort to stealing electricity and water from around them. To identify these in-between architecture all around the city of Mumbai and study the way they work.
Slum population and city size
popula1on 5 83
Total
7
11.06
26
.768
.8
14
2.88
6.8
42
5.81
13.7
309
13.94
32.7
262
5.13
12
640
42.58
100
research 8
Urban
In-‐between
41% 59%
In-‐between
The graphs showing the statistics of the slum population versus the urban population all over India and also of Mumbai. The study of in-between architecture is mainly concentrated on the city of mumbai. From the graphs it is observed that the population of the urban versus the in-between is quite less. Due to the past few years the inflow of people entering Mumbai for work have increased.
Urban
Delhi Kolkata Mumbai Chennai Indore
0
20
40
9
60
80
1500
In-‐between growth Urban growth
1125
750
375
0 1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
The above graphs shows the gradual increase in the in-between versus the urban growth. Through the documentation of the previous year the increase in future is also predicted. Urban non poor
Urban poor
100
75
50
25
0
Underweight children
Deliveries in health facility
access to piped water
access to toilet
The above graphs shows the comparision of various services offered to the urban population versus the in-between. Study shows that even day to day services are not provided, resulting in unhealthy living conditions. The below graph shows within the in- between the services of drainage.
WITH DRAINAGE WITHOUT DRAINAGE 01
53
04
10
56
0
100
Urban areas Inbetween
75
50
25
0
with piped drinking water
Using kerosene and solid fuel
with toilet facility(not shared)
The above graph shows the percentage of houses supplied with various services. Majority of the Inbetween still use kerosene or solid fuel for cooking as they are not supplied with gas pipelnes. Only a few of the in-between have shared toilets, very rarely they would have private toilets. Most of the population use the available spaces to carry out their chores. The graph below shows the statistics of houses made out of scrap material, with windows and the number of people living in a small space.
Urban areas Inbetween
100
75
50
25
0
kaccha or semi pucca houses
with windows
over 7 people per house
Mumbai(population density) Population: 14,350,000 as per 2011 census Land are (sq. km) 484 Density (people per sq km): 29,600 40% of the cities population live in 3.5% of its area. Population density comes out to be 400,000 person per sq km.
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Diagrams showing the materials used. Materials used are generally found in the dumps as the tenants cannot afford fresh building materials. Above the graph showing the percentage of the material used. They simply steal scrap materials from the construction sites. As they cannot afford builders for themseleves, the man of the house constructs the house as per their skill, resulting in shabby houses
WOOD 6% 3% PLASTIC SHEETS 29%
12
BRICK 17%
MUD 11%
CORRUGATED SHEETS 34%
Materials used are plastic sheets, scarp material from clothes, these kinds of materials are for in-between structures on the foothpath or below the flyovers. Brick, clay and timber are also used. These materials are generally used for in-between structures surrounded by high income structures.
CONCRETE BRICK MUD CORRUGATED SHEETS PLASTIC SHEETS WOOD
Type 1
In-between architecture type: Between two buildings. Staying since 20 years. Materials used: Brick and corrugated sheets. This is a mixed type housing with shops in the front and housing in the back. The average size of the houses are 10 ft x 10 ft with 5-6 people living in one house. In the plan the area in yellow is the common spill out area for the houses are there isnt enough space for them to carry on their daily chores. in this case the internal streets are semi public spaces but they are not used often due to the area of the space.
Electricity and water are stolen from the supply sources as these people are not accounted for the citities population. In this case the spill out spaces for the people is quite less, so they start to spill out across the street.
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Type 2
In-between architecture type: Between two buildings. Staying since 8-10 years. Materials used: Corrugated sheets and plastic sheets. The area of the house on average is 6 ft x 6 ft with 4-5 people living in one house. The spill out space is within the boundary of their space, here they don’t spill out the streets. No supply of electricity and water. In this cause the area in orange which is the semi private space is more. Daily activities such as people sitting, playing cards, washing utensils and clothes, etc. take place through out the day. In night time some people of the family mainly male sleep outside due to less space
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Type 3
In-between architecture type: Below the flyover. Staying since 4-5 years. Materials used: Corrugated sheets and plastic sheets or cloth. The area of the house on average is 3 ft x 3 ft with 4-5 people living in one house. The spill out space is within the boundary of the flyover, here they dont spill out onto the streets. No supply of electricity and water. During the night time they sleep outside, only cooking is done inside the structure.
Spaces below the flyover are also considered as inbetween and due to increasing inflow of people. These spaces are also being encroached upon. The spaces are used in various forma all over the city. They are used as parking spaces, storage of scrap material, housing, park, eataries and markets.
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Type 4 In-between architecture type: On the footpaths. Staying since 3-4 years. Materials used: Plastic sheets or scrap clothes. The area of the houses on average are undefined. The flower boxes which are made on the footpaths are used for spaces to sleep. During certain times the footpath is also used as an open school. No water supply or electricity, food is cooked with buring logs of wood or any other scrap found on the streets.
TYPE OF IN-‐ NO. OF LIVING AREA OF A BETWEEN LOCATION PEOPLE FOR NO. HOUSE ARCHITECTURE LIVING OF YEARS
MATERIAL USED
ELECTRICI TY SUPPLY
WATER SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE
IN-‐FORMAL HOUSE BETWEEN TWO FORMAL BUILDINGS
20 YEARS
BRICK AND MUD
YES
WATER SUPPLY ONLY
2-‐3 YEARS
STEEL CORRUGATED SHEETS OR SCRAP MATERIALS DISCARDED BY CONSTRUCTION SITES
NO
NO
STEEL CORRUGATED SHEETS OR SCRAP MATERIALS DISCARDED BY CONSTRUCTION SITES
NO
NO
MALAD
IN-‐FORMAL HOUSE UNDER ANDHERI THE FLYOVER
40 SQ.M
25 SQ.M
6
4
AT RAILWAY STATION
MALAD
30 SQ.M
4-‐5
4-‐5 YEARS
ON FOOTPATHS
JUHU
20 SQ.M
4-‐5
1-‐2 YEARS SHEETS OR
NO
NO
NEAR NALLA OR SOME KIND OF A WATER BODY
JUHU
50 SQ.M
6-‐7
CONCRETE BRICK OR MUD
YES
YES
PLASTIC CLOTH
8-‐10 YEARS
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The chart shows the compilation of various types of in-between all around Mumbai city. The average areas of the houses along with number of people, material, drainge and water supply are also documented. The living conditions in any of the present inbetweens are very unhealty.
case studies 17
ahemdabad: pol housing
The plans show how the houses are placed to create dead ends, which are larger than the streets for large scale community activities. Between two or three clusters of houses the street opens up. The Pol houses are generally in cluster and grow in an organic manner, creating ope spaces shared by clusters. The unique thing about Pol housing are that three walls of a houe are shared with the other houses and the wall facing the street is penetrated for ventilation. The blue cutouta shown in the diagrams are open to sky chowks which help in ventilating the interiors of the house.
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The diagrams here show how the otla which is the pause between the house and the street merge into each other with respect to the daily activities. The orange is the otla and the yellow is the street. The otla is semi private space shared by only the adjoining houses and the street is the public space shared by a cluster of houses. The blue areas are the open to sky chowks, creating porosity within the huge chunks of masses. the palcement of the pol houses are simple. 4-5 houses share semi- public space, which are also called otla’s. The street is used as a common courtyard. These charecteristics of spaces are also seen with the inbetween areas.
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Sections showing the functiong to the pol houses during summers
The open to sky chowk helps keep the interiors cool. The cold air enters from below into the house and the warm air rises up. The balconies are all protruding out to give shade to the streets and to the otlas as it is always hot during activities through out the day. The plan of the houses are quite simple and linear with all the programs wrapped around the central chowk. The kitchen and the storage room are the only programs which are permanent rest others keep changing according to the weather. This kind of same characteristics are seen within houses in the slums, negating the chowk the programs present are simple.
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micro home solutions A case study on the workings of Micro Home solutions is done. This architecture firm specilaizes in building better homes for the low income group in Delhi. They use sustainable materials, which are low cost and affordable by the lower income groups. They have created a system through which they built, its an entire process revolves around the funds provided by the low income group and how with limited funds they create stable homes. the mangolpuri diaries: why DHS is a great idea!
Family A and B, residents of Mongolpuri, are contemplating expanding their home
Family A opts for DHS, Family B goes to the local moneylender
While the Technical Assistance team works with Family A to plan a new home, Family B goes ahead and starts building a floor above their existing home
Family A’s home is torn down to the ground. Family B’s home contines to go vertical
Family A gets a new, structually safte, well-lit and ventilated home, Family B adds yet another floor on the top
When both homes brave the elements and an earthquake shakes Delhi, Family A’s home continues to shelter them, Family B’s home is dadly reduced to rubble
Micro home solutions have done many projects conserning the low income groups. Their process consists of three main factors: low income, sustainable and stablility.Their projects have been quite successful , dealing with low income group. DHS is really a good idea!
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Before and after of a house during the pilot (Shoba)
Passive ventilation system
Before and after of a house during the pilot (Manesh)
The above drawing shows the passive ventilation system intigrated in the houses to cool them with much cost. The pictures show the before and after of their process. The design of the houses are simple and free flowing and constrution of the houses is their first priority.
22
Timeline of construction process The image below shows the timeline of the construction process, as to how the construction is completed efficiently in less amount of time
Step 1 Excavation to a depth of 55 cm. Reinforced concrete box frame with compacted structure fill
Step 4 Upper half of brick is layed
Step 2 Slab is poured and 1.5 brick layer up
Step 5 Second lift of concrete columns and first floor beams are poured
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Step 3 Columns are formed in 2 lifts per floor so as to minimize voids in concrete pour
Step 6 Upper level floors follow ground floor process
site analysis 24
site plan
For designing a generic process a test site is selected. The selected site is in Juhu, behind Mithibai college. The in-between has nalla on one side and mid-income residential structures.The site is linear with only one main access.
25
From the top and the outside the enire site seems as a huge block, beacause of the closeness of the houses and narrow streets.
26
The blue areas are the common public spaces which are open to the sky. These cutouts make the block look porus.
27
The houses started taking form creating cracks which are streets connecting the blue areas.
28
The strret in yellow starts creating spaces and niches which act as semiprivate spaces shared by 2-3 houses
29
The internal of the houses are simple and divided into two parts. as per the weather the programs in these spaces changes same as the pol houses
30
The upper plan showing more houses. The houses surrounding the open blue areas start receeding creating a tunnel to allow light.
31
diagram showing the documentation of types of houses on site. Ground floor
32
First floor
33
sections showing the site conditions and the public spaces. Graph showing the percentage of types. Houses
Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 5 0
12.5
25
37.5
34
50
The first diagram shows the evolution of the in-between structures. Initially structures started coming up randomly leaving spaces in-between. Due to the increase in need of space to live the spaces started to fill up and enventually structures strated coming up vertically. Initial growth was horizontal and then it strted vertical. The graphs show the inferences observed from the site study
Public Semi private
Public VS Semi private
0
20
40
60
Street Built up
80
STREET VS BUILT UP
Street open courtyard
0
STREET VS OPEN
0
15
30
45
Open Built up
15
30
45
60
60
With toilets Without toilets Toilets
OPEN VS BUILT UP
0
15
30
45
35
60
0
17.5
35
52.5
70
Site conclusions Site consists of total 200 houses. Number of people in the entire settlement are 2500-3000 in the area of 7000 sq.m Amount of water stolen per day: 325.5 liters. There is 7.5 liters of water available per person per day for their daily chores and activities. Present condition has almost 6-9 people living in 4sq.m-8sq.m areas. For electricity an external line is connected. The electricity is stolen, to preserve less of electricity is used and all activities are done outside the houses.
36
37
process 38
Site is surrounded by three main side: road-which is the only main entrance, nalla and housing. The above diagram shows the direction of air and rain in grey and the direction of maximum sunlight in yellow throughout the year. The diagram on the left shows the sides affected by the harsh sunlight. The areas in red receive maximum heat, then orange and the area receiving managable heat in yellow. Keeping these weather and other site cinditions in mind, a sustainable system is designed.
39
To provide for water a sustainable process of solar still is intergarted into the design. The solar still must be placed facing south to receive maximum sunlight. In the solar still rainwater is collected and through the process of evaporation and condensation water is distilled and ready to use. Different sizes of solar still produce different volumes of water. Natural ventilation is a passive strategy using both wind and temperature difference to cool or ventilate spaces. The benefits from natural ventilation include improved air quality.
Stack ventilation, maximum performence when inlet and outlet areas are equal and minimum Cross ventilation plan, wind wall side should be 5-1X stack height is 11 ft. width of window
Cross ventiltion section, maximum performance when inlet and outlet are placed at diagonal in both plan and section.
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Diagram showing the process of green roof. Green roofs are another sustainble process for cooling the internal houses. This system is also integrated in the design.
Module 1 - 2m x 3m
Module 2 - 2.5m x 4m
Module 3 - 2.5m x 4.4m
Three different modules are designed and the sizes of the modules are decided as per the number of people living in the modules.
The three modules are placed in various combinations. The commom public courtyard is shared by 10 houses. And the semi private courtyards are shared by 4-5 houses.
41
The modules are placed in various combinations, having a common courtyard shared by 10 houses. The semi private spaces are created by creating niches.
42
Gradiation showing the placement of modules from light(smallest) to dark( largest). Next plan showing the placement of modules on the upper floor.
43
Green spaces are first level courtyards shared by 1015 houses.
44
design 45
LEVEL PLAN @ 0.3M
46
LEVEL PLAN @2.5M
47
LEVEL PLAN @4.5M
48
LEVEL PLAN @6.8M
49
ROOF PLAN
50
bathroom bathroom
bathroom bathroom
bathroom
kitchen
kitchen
kitchen
om
living ro om
living ro
living room
e
ac ivate sp
semi pr
semi private space
bathroom
bathroom
kitchen
kitchen om
living ro
-
semi pri vate space
om
living ro
om
living ro
-
semi pri vate space
kitchen
om
bathroom
living ro
bathroom
kitchen
kitchen
om
living ro
bathroom
-
semi pri vate space
bathroom
kitchen
m
living roo
om
living ro
kitchen
bathroom
Detailed plan @ 0.3m
Detailed plan @ 2.5m
51
bathroom bathroom kitchen kitchen
living room
om
living ro
kitchen
i-
om
living ro
semi pr vate space
bathroom
om
living ro
om
living ro
kitchen
bathroom kitchen
bathroom kitchen
bathroom
om
living ro
i-
semi pr vate space
om
living ro
kitchen
bathroom bathroom kitchen
bathroom kitchen
om
living ro
living room
Detailed plan @ 4.5m
m
bedroo m
bedroo
void
void bedroom
void
void
void m
bedroo
m bedroo
m bedroo
-
semi pri vate space
void
void
m
bedroo
m
bedroo
bedroom void
void
Detailed plan @ 6.8m
52
Detailed roof plan
section 1
53
section 2
section 1
54
section 3
section 4
55
section 5
section 6
56
MHS self construction report- book www.microhomesolutions.org
bibliography 57