Mine Roodt - Thesis Dissertation 2014 by Mine Roodt

The Design of an Olive Oil Production Facility in the Touws River Valley Mineâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Roodt

Fig 1.1 Map of Touws River (Map: by Breed Rivier Municipality;2014)

i DECLARATION I hereby declare that the dissertation submitted for the M. Tech Architecture: Professional, at the Tshwane University of Technology, is my own original work and has not been submitted to any other institution. All quoted text is indicated and acknowledged in a comprehensive list of references. MinĂŠ Roodt

Elevation of olive oil production facility (Sketch: by author, 2014)

DECLARATION

iii

Submitted by

MinĂŠ Roodt

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree

MAGISTER TECHNOLOGIAE: ARCHITECTURAL: PROFESSIONAL

In the Department of Architecture

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT TSHWANE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

Supervisor: Prof. G.S. Steyn Design Mentor: P. Crafford

November 2014

Opinions expressed and conclusions arrived at are those of the author and cannot necessarily be attributed to the Tshwane University of Technology.

IDENTIFICATION

The Design of an Olive Oil Production Facility in the Touws River Valley

Image of Touws River railway station, (Photograph: by author, 2014)

vi ABSTRACT

At present the South African olive oil industry is highly dependent on international imports due to local olive oil producers being unable to meet the local demand. The need for extra virgin olive oil has increased each year since people have become more aware of the health benefits of the product. Public interest creates a platform for the market to educate the broader public about health benefits, which has caused a gradual, growth in the olive oil industry. This in turn shows that olive oil farms need a public interface, such as an information centre, a shop and tasting room to entice the consumer and create awareness of the quality level of olive oil South Africa has to offer.

A unique opportunity was presented that addresses the problem of limited olive oil production in South Africa by proposing an olive pressing facility in the small railway town of Touws River. Located on the north-western edge of the Draaiberg mountain range and in close proximity to the Touws River Railway station, this design will function as a tourist node. The project proposes to give back to the community and industry on an educational and economical level by enriching the tourist route of the Karoo. The aim of this thesis is to design an olive oil production facility, focusing on the production of extra virgin olive oil and relevant alternative products. The facility will not only function as an agricultural olive press for a private farming concern, but will also act as a community press facility to allow for continuous growth in the olive industry. One of the design objectives is to create a space for information and social interaction. The main building’s size is informed by the size of the productive landscape and formulas were used to calculate the volume of oil produced per hectare. The production process can be followed by the visitor, giving rise to a linear building typology.

In conclusion, this dissertation investigates appropriate responses for the design of an olive oil production facility. Designing such a facility within the Karoo context can create issues that have to be addressed, which require extensive research. These are: • an architectural response to the Touws River climate; • the building typology within the arid landscape; and • the linking of a proposed new intervention in a small rural town in South Africa.

ABSTRACT

vii

CONTENT 1

PRELIMINARIES

INTRODUCTION : [PAGE 1 - 16]

ISSUES OF CONCERN: [PAGE 17 - 46]

PRECEDENT STUDIES: [PAGE 47 - 64]

1.1 The current situation regarding the decline of the small rural South African town 1.1.1 Establishment of small South African towns 1.1.2 The current state of the South African olive industry 1.2 Outline of brief 1.3 Argument 1.4 Aims and objectives 1.5 Research methodology 1.6 Research and design strategy

2.1 An architectural response to the Touws River climate 2.2 The building typology within the arid landscape 2.3 The linking of a proposed new intervention to a small rural town in South Africa

3.1 Olisur: olive oil factory 3.2 Bodega en Los Robles 3.3 Case studies: Morgenster wine and olive estate

Declaration i Identification iv Abstract vi

1.7 Limitations and delimitations

3.4 Case studies: Tokara olive shed

viii CONTENT

ANALYSIS AND APPRAISAL OF THE CONTEXT: [PAGE 65 - 110]

BRIEF, ACCOMMODATION AND PROGRAM: [PAGE 111 - 124]

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT: [PAGE 125 - 154]

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4

Regional context Rural context and history of Touws River Socio-economic context Touws River spatial development framework The site

Brief Client Design criteria Design considerations

6.1 Concept 6.2 Generating from and planning

5.5 Accommodation list

DESIGN RESOLUTION: [PAGE 155 - 184]

TECHNICAL RESOLUTION: [PAGE 185 - 196]

REFERENCES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: [PAGE 197 - 202]

7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7

Locality plan Ground floor plan First floor plan Section A Section B Edge detail and details 3D views and perspectives

INTRODUCTION

1.7 Limitations and delimitations

INTRODUCTION

This dissertation documents the design of an olive oil production facility near the foothills of the Draaiberg mountain range in the Touws River valley. Situated in close proximity to the Touws River railway station, the proposed architectural intervention responds to the current situation of neglected railway towns through the implementation of agri-tourism in the area. The research investigates three main issues of concern namely: • an architectural response to the Touws River climate; • the building typology within the arid landscape; and • the linking of a proposed new intervention in a small rural town in South Africa

Touws River railway town (Sketch: by author,2014)

INTRODUCTION

5 1.1 The current situation regarding the decline of the small rural South African town Small towns are defined as places with a population of less than 50000 inhabitants. Presently South Africa has around 500 small towns that accommodate roughly 3,3million people and make up 8% of the country’s total population (Bernstein, 1996). An investment strategy for effective town development considers the growth and decline of small towns as an international phenomenon that is addressed in different ways in various countries (Van der Merwe, Ferreira & Zietsman, 2005). This decline can also be a result of diverse factors. Rural small towns in South Africa are in a crisis (South Africa, 2014a). Several broad trends cause the crisis: • • • • •

the fluctuating rural population; depopulation; poverty; environmental degradation; and ineffective rural development programmes (South Africa, 2014a)

These broad trends can be seen as factors that influence the state of small rural towns and will be discussed briefly.

Corner of Main and Jane street, Touws River (Panorama: by Author,2014)

Presently more than 60% of South Africa’s population live in urban areas, but according to work done by the National Planning Commission it will increase to 80% by 2050 (South Africa, 2014a). A report regarding migration and changing settlement patterns, defines migration as people changing residences that can lead to population redistribution (South Africa, 2006). Therefore rural migration can be a contributing factor of depopulation in small rural towns (South Africa, 2014a). People migrate to urban areas, because it provides better infrastructure, service delivery and connection to transport nodes. Urban areas provide job opportunities, but people migrating from small towns struggle to compete. The rural areas of South Africa remain the regions of the greatest poverty concentration (South Africa, 2014a). There has been a decline in poverty from 70% in 1993 to 57% in 2008; this decline is said to be the result of people that migrate to urban areas (South Africa, 2014a).

The welfare in households has improved since 2001, because of the increase in social grant expenditure (South Africa, 2014). The agricultural sector is one of the biggest employment sectors in South Africa. The number of commercial farms has declined from 90 422 in 1971 to 39 982 in 2007. This is the result of commercial farms that have become bigger and more capital intensive (South Africa, 2014a). The last factor that influences the state of small rural towns according to the National Planning Commission is the state’s development programmes that fail to meet their intended objectives (South Africa, 2014a). With the above mentioned information one can conclude that small rural towns in South Africa are in decline due to several factors, whether it is economical, social or political that influences the economical development with the area.

INTRODUCTION

7 1.1.1 Historical establishment of small South African towns Small towns were established through the investment in opportunities that allowed for economic growth and development. Thus they were generally established due to the development of the following sectors: agricultural, mining, railway and industrial. The economic growth of all the sectors cannot be compared as some sectors have more potential to grow than others. Small towns in South Africa declined or became stagnant due to the fact that it exhausted the reason for its existence. This reason is quite evident in the prominent small towns that are no longer functioning in the sector that it established itself with, for example: Mining: Cullinan Pilgrims Rest Agriculture: Vredefort Hendrina Railway: Touws river Mantjiesfontein

Cullinan

Pilgrims Rest

Vredefort

(Source: [http://showme.co.za/files/2011/12/ Cullinan-Northern-Gauteng.jpg], edited by author, 2014)

(Source: [http://www.pilgrimsrest.org.za/Royal1. jpg], edited by aurthor, 2014)

(Source: [http://www.free-state-info.co.za/info/ towns/482/images/bottom_images/9.jpg, edited by aurthor, 2014)

INTRODUCTION

Hendrina

Touws River

Mantjiesfontein

(Source: [http://images.fastsellproperties.co.za/ SF008_ZZ00005252_02.jpg, edited by aurthor, 2014)

(Source: Stassen, 1977)

Simonsig Winery field workers (Source: Simonsig, 2014)

10 The small-scale labour intensive agricultural sector was selected for the intended proposed intervention. Even-though it cannot compete with the other subsectors the National Development Plan states that it has the highest potential for expansion that can generate roughly 80000 jobs (South Africa, 2014b). This smaller agricultural sector is more alluring, because of the scale of economies, which may influence producers to be more inclined towards manual labour than to invest in mechanised harvesting (South Africa, 2014b). This agricultural sector includes industries such as macadamias, pecan nuts, rooibos tea, olives, figs, cherries and berries that demand very specific growing conditions (South Africa, 2014b).

The determining factor for a small town in need of an intervention was influenced by the potential agricultural growth and employment of the subsectors, namely:

From the above mentioned agricultural industries, the olive sector has the potential to not only contribute economically to a town on an agricultural level, but also on a tourism level. The link between tourism and agricultural sectors is known as Agri-tourism. According to the National Rural Tourism Strategy Agri-tourism is rural tourism that “attracts visitors to farms or agricultural operations” (South Africa, 2014b). These facilities comprise of agricultural and other business enterprises, which offers the visitor or tourist something to buy, see or do (South Africa, 2014b). Tourism development in South Africa is a new pattern that emerged due to small towns in decline.

• large labour-intensive agriculture; • small-scale labour-intensive agriculture; and • large non-labour intensive industries.

The Department of Tourism (NDT) has developed a National Rural Tourism Strategy. The strategy proposes to develop rural tourism opportunities in South Africa (South Africa, 2012). According to the National Rural Tourism Strategy the strategy’s approach is to “prioritize spatial nodes which have growth potential in order to stimulate growth of the tourism industry in South Africa” (South Africa, 2012). The fact that South Africa’s olive industry is mainly concentrated in the Western and Northern Cape Provinces, guided the placement of the proposed intervention. According to Van der Merwe each small town has a unique sense of place that speaks about the history and culture regarding that specific area (Van der Merwe, Ferreira & Zietsman, 2005). Therefore the small Karoo Town of Touws River was selected as the proposed design study area. Situated on the NorthWestern edge of the Great Karoo, this town was established as a railway town in the late 1800s (Schoeman, 2013:20). Presently the small town is in decline due to the opening of the Hex River tunnel and with the construction of the N1, the need for Touws River train station as a depot decreased. With the train station and N1 this small rural town is well positioned which will be a contributing factor to develop this town economically. This proposed intervention will address the decline of rural small towns in South

Africa through the design of an olive oil production facility that proposes to capitalise on the sense of place, identity as well as the unique climate. The intervention proposes the use of two key factors that could potentially contribute to the local economy namely agriculture and tourism. In this case these two approaches will be combined in the form of Agri-tourism.

INTRODUCTION

Agriculture is one of the primary economic activities in rural areas, and by the year 2030 it has the potential to create close to 1 million new jobs (South Africa, 2014b). Creating jobs within the agricultural sector will come with a set of new challenges, but according to the National Development Plan for 2030, if it is done with the right approach it can contribute to improve the decline of the agricultural sector. This in turn proposes to raise rural income and employment by promoting food production (South Africa, 2014b). Therefore, the proposed intervention’s objective is to identify a small town that is in a stagnant state that has the potential to grow economically through the implementation of agriculture within the area.

11 1.1.2 The current state of the South African olive industry Compared to the major olive producing countries in the Mediterranean, the olive production sector in South Africa is relatively small (Scrimgeour, 2014). South Africaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s olive industry is known for producing high quality olive products (Scrimgeour, 2014). This product standard is due to the South African olive oil industry producing mainly extra virgin olive oil as a main product, whereas in Europe extra virgin forms a smaller percentage of production (Ibid.). The new culture of producing quality olive oil in South Africa renders it competitive with international standards. At recent international olive oil competitions some of South African olive oil products were awarded top honors. The South African olive industry is mainly concentrated in the Western and Northern Cape Provinces that typically have Mediterranean climates suited for olive cultivation (Ibid.). The olive oil industry has many advantages; one of the most evident is the labour intensive process of olive oil production, which would generate employment opportunities. The other benefits are that the harvest season falls outside the deciduous fruit and grape season; the latter being very prominent in the Western Cape.

Lettaskraal olive harvest 2014 (Photograph: A. Roodt, 2014)

Thus the olive industry could greatly contribute to continuous work opportunities. Olive production also represents a lowrisk, long-term investment because of the olive treeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s resilience, almost unaffected by extreme weather. The fruit of the olive tree requires processing in order to render it edible (Oudtshooringinfo, 2008). South Africa thus has the potential to host an expanding industry due to having both the available land as well as the climate. Presently there is an increase in consumption of olive oil influenced by the Mediterranean diet and the awareness of health benefits olive products contain (Scrimgeour, 2014). This expansion of the industry in turn creates an opportunity for falsely labeled products of poor quality marketed as extra virgin olive oil, to be sold at a profit. Subsidised imports unfortunately influence the price-driven consumer to not necessarily purchase local products. This aspect of consumerism negatively impacts on sales of the local product. A comprehensive market research study was conducted by SA Olive that compared the quality of local extra virgin olive oils with imported extra virgin olive oils.

Currently there are more than 2500 registered cultivars in the world and special consideration has to be taken to choose the correct cultivar for the specific region. The annual average olive production is 5 ton/ha, which is comparable with the world standard. High density planting can yield up to 10 tons/ha. The total olive oil consumption of South Africa averages around 5.5 million litres per year (Scrimgeour, 2014). Local producers can only produce 600 000 litres per year, therefore South Africa has to import 80% of olive oil to meet the local demand (Oudtshooringinfo, 2008).

Olive Oil Industry of South Africa

It is evident from the above-mentioned information that the South African olive industry should focus on growth and expansion.

20%

80%

imports local production (Graph: by author, 2014)

The data indicates that there is a need for more olive producing farms in South Africa to be able to meet the demands of the public and reduce the dependency on imports, which will in turn strengthen South Africaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s economy.

Part of the solution is not only to provide a facility for commercial olive oil production in the Touws River Valley, but to create an infrastructure that will raise awareness of the olive oil industry in South Africa.

INTRODUCTION

The aim of the study was to inform the public about the true quality of olive oils available in South Africa. This study revealed that 26% of the imported products were falsely labeled whereas the local products were all sub-standard (Omeros Demetriou, 2012). Currently South Africa has no legislation or regulations governing imports of extra virgin olive oils. It can therefore be concluded that quality testing should be conducted throughout the process (Omeros Demetriou, 2012). There is a need for high quality olive oil production and to educate the consumer about the quality that South Africa has to offer.

13 1.2 Outline of the Brief This dissertation proposes the design of an olive oil production facility on the foothills of the Draaiberg mountain range in the Touws River Valley. Situated in close proximity to the Touws River railway station, the design aims to respond to the current situation of degraded Karoo railway towns through the implementation of agritourism. The design focuses on the production of extra virgin olive oil and table olives. The facility will not only function as a private olive press, but will act as a communal press facility to allow for continuous growth in the olive industry. The facility warehouse within the warehouses functions: • • • • •

will comprise of a cluster of structures placed sensitively productive landscape. The will accommodate the following

main olive oil production facility; administration offices; visitor center; olive product shop and workshop; and restaurant and tasting room.

To respond to the small and sensitive scale of the town, the building can be seen as fragments within the landscape. The clusters of buildings are skewed from the linear axis creating transitional spaces that allow people to gather and interact. The linear design relates to the process of olive oil production that occurs along a linear production model. The façades are at slight angles to emphasise movement and guide visitors to view the stages of olive oil production. The spaces created in the main building will attempt to slow the visitor down, through the creation of viewing platforms, which enhance the narrative and viewing experience of the process. The design objective is to create a space for information and social interaction. This is achieved by permitting the visitor to actively participate in some stages of the production process while learning and appreciating what the olive oil industry in South Africa has to offer. During the olive season visitors will have the opportunity to take part in the harvest by picking olives. This will occur in the months of February to August. This seasonal event will allow visitors to meander in the groves and be introduced to the beginning of the olive production. This will establish an activity point for the community through interaction, participation and education.

The dissertation will investigate three main issues of concern namely: • an architectural response to the Touws River climate; • the building typology within the arid landscape; and • the linking of a proposed new intervention in a small rural town in South Africa

(Sketch; by author,2014)

INTRODUCTION

15 1.3 Argument The issue that drives the argument of this thesis is the need for the reactivation of small rural South African towns, which have been put under threat due to the reduction of economical activities. This economical decline within small rural towns can lead to stagnation, poverty, poor infrastructure and depopulation.

Small towns traditionally were served by only a handful of employment opportunities. Touws River is a typical example: the railways, administration and agriculture were its economic mainstay. Re-activating its agricultural potential would therefore ensure a good social and economical fit. With the unique Mediterranean climate of The Touws River Valley, allows for the opportunity to cultivate with olives that are currently high in demand.

Presently, South African olive oil producers struggle to meet the local demand; this in turn makes South Africa dependent on subsidized international imports, which creates a higher risk of industry collapse. In response to this current situation, the proposed intervention is focused on the design of an olive oil production facility that can create a new node for agriculture and tourism. This in turn can promote economical development within a small rural gem.

Touws River old railway houses. (Sketch: by author, 2014)

16 1.4 Objectives

1.5 Research Methodology The design of an olive oil production facility in the Touws River valley requires the designer to apply different research methods to establish the best response to the design focus area. The research elements consisted of a mixed-method approach which is a combination of qualitative and quantitative research. Relevant information pertaining to the topic of the design can be studied that will give structure to the design process. The mixed-method approach will allow the researcher to identify and have a better understanding of the problem through collecting appropriate information that will be analysed and intending to offer a solution.

Other research elements such as interviews, questionnaires and site visits will be included to determine requirements that are not otherwise available from existing data. 1.6 Research and Design Strategy The design strategy implements various methods and techniques to investigate and address the three issues of concern through: • adhering to the aims and objectives of the design proposal; • the context appraisal that will influence the design relevance: conducting an in-depth site analysis, by means of site visits and photographical documentation; • investigating precedent studies and case studies to give more information pertaining to the proposed building type; • structuring the design brief, building programme and accommodation schedule this will give the designer guidelines to start the design process; • formulating a concept that will represent the main idea;

• developing the design and structural intent of the final design proposal through a consistent process development; • presenting the final project and technical resolution that will reflect the final conclusion of the design process; and • self-evaluation that will allow the researcher to reflect on the design process and knowledge gained from the experience

Presently there is no set guide on how to design an olive oil production facility, as the typology of the building has shifted recently from industrial to mixed-use. With this typology being very new for the olive industry, it is more or less the same typology as a winery. By studying the modern wineries in South Africa, it helped to inform and understand how to plan when working with more than one building typology. 1.7.2 Delimitations

1.7 Limitations and Delimitations 1.7.1 Limitations As Spain is one of the world’s major olive oil production countries, a visit to a Spanish olive facility was not an option. Access to olive oil facilities that are relative to the scale of the proposed design proved to be very difficult, but the access that was granted to small boutique olive production farms were sufficient enough to gain an understanding regarding the process of producing olive oil.

The scope of this facility is only pertaining to the Touws River area situated within the Western Cape Province of South Africa.

INTRODUCTION

The olive oil production facility should: • respond to the historical, cultural and productive landscapes; • establish an agri-toursim node that will uplift the town economically; • connect to the historical Touws River train station to reintroduce tourism; • address climatic responsive design solutions; and • educate the visitor by exposing the narrative of the production process.

ISSUES OF CONCERN

The proposed interventionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s objective is to function as a new agri-tourism node that will form as a platform for education and interaction for the olive industry, within the Touws River Valley. Situated near the foothills of the Draaiberg mountain range compacted with layers of cultural and historical landscapes the site is sensitive within its context, therefore this olive oil production facility should respond accordingly.

This chapter will analyse the main issues of concern: 2.1 An architectural response to the Touws River climate 2.2 The building typology within the arid landscape 2.3 The linking of a proposed new intervention to a small rural town in South Africa

ISSUES OF CONCERN

19 2.1 An architectural response to the Touws River climate “Study nature; love nature; stay close to nature. It will never fail you” Frank Lloyd Wright 1867 – 1959

2.1.1 Relevance and Importance According to Hausladen et al. (2005:179), the characteristics of a site are defined by the climate of the region, the local climate and the microclimate in the immediate surroundings. Therefore the aspects of energy and room climatisation of a building are influenced by the climate and urban context (lbid.). Through integrating the building with its surrounding context and understanding the local circumstances this facility proposes to be energy efficient and improve user comfort. “Every location for a building has its own individual conditions with respect to shading, solar radiation, wind, air pollution and noise” (lbid.). The objective of this issue is to establish the external influences of this specific region so that the proposed facility will be climatically responsive to its immediate environment through the implementation of sustainable design principles.

(Photograph: by author, 2014)

ISSUES OF CONCERN

21 2.1.2 State of knowledge and prior research by others Peter Muller states that, â&#x20AC;&#x153;good design (which incorporates climatic responsive design; passive design strategies and principals) contributes to human thermal comfort, which leads to a reduction in energy consumption by reducing the need for mechanical and/or electrical heating and coolingâ&#x20AC;? (Muller, 2013:104).

South Africa is divided into six distinct climatic zones, indicated on the map above (SANS 204:2011). The study region of Touws River falls under zone 2, which is Temperate Interior (SANS 204:2011). For the relevance of this design, this issue will only focus on Zone 2.

Presently South Africa has started a process that aims to reduce the energy consumption in the built environment (lbid.). SANS 10 400-XA:2011, SANS 204:2011 and various other publications provide a better energy efficient standards that is Deemedto-Satisfy and a method to comply with the National Building Regulations. These requirements are mainly focused on the building envelope construction (lbid.). The design objective is to respond to the climatic region through investigating passive principals and strategies that can allow the building to be energy efficient and adhere to the National Building Regulations.

TOUWS RIVER

Climatic zone map of South Africa. (Source: SANS 204,2011)

According to Peter Muller (Muller, 2013:105), the following passive design strategies and principles are a general guidance for this specific climatic zone: Zone 2: Temperate Interior The best design response is:

• • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

low diurnal temperature range near coast but range increases in the interior; four distinct seasons: summer and winter can exceed human comfort whereas spring and autumn are ideal for human comfort; mild to cool winter with low humidity; and hot to very hot summers, and moderate humidity.

to use passive solar principles; high thermal mass solutions are recommended; to use high insulation levels, especially to thermal mass; to maximize north facing walls and glazing, especially in living areas with passive solar access; to minimize all east and west glazing; to use adjustable shading; to use double glazing and heavy drapes with sealed pelmet’s to insulate windows; to minimize external wall areas; to use cross-ventilation and passive cooling in summer; to use convective ventilation and heat circulation; to position new buildings for solar access, exposure to cooling breezes and protection from cold winds; to draught-seal thoroughly and use entry airlocks;

• • • • • • •

no auxiliary heating or cooling is required in these climates with good design; to use reflective insulation to keep out summer heat; and to use bulk insulation to walls, ceilings and exposed floors.

ISSUES OF CONCERN

Main climatic characteristics:

23 Climatic region of Touws River The small railway town of Touws River is situated on the Southern border of the Great-Karoo (Stassen, 1977:13). Karoo is commonly used to define the vegetation of this specific climatic region (lbid.). Karoo is the African name for a thirstland and perfectly depicts the area of “minimal rainfall, scanty soil, coarse surface rubble, and numerous outcrops of rock concealed by little vegetation other than clumps of hardy renosterbos” (Bulpin, 2001:280). To geologists this landscape is known as the Karoo Sequence and covers almost one half of the area of South Africa (Bulpin, 2001:280). The Karoo “consist of an enormous, high-lying, shallow basin, arid in the South, but where it forms the Highveld of the well –watered Free State, North-West and Northern provinces, it is covered with grass” (Bulpin, 2001:280). TOUWS RIVER

AREA OF THE GREAT KAROO Fig. 2.3

Touws River Valley Landscape (Photograph: by A. Roodt, 2014)

ISSUES OF CONCERN

25 Sustainable Design – Passive Design Strategies and Principles Peter Muller describes a building utilising passive design as a building which creates an indoor environment that utilises little to no electricity, little to no environmentally harmful materials, and a comfortable environment for its occupants (Muller, 2013:107). Human thermal comfort is the temperature range within which approximately 95% of occupants of a building feel thermally comfortable (lbid.). Each person’s comfort level can be influenced by various factors. These factors can be environmental influences such as, the ambient temperature, seasons that determine different weather conditions, the movement of air within a building, the solar radiation exposure and so forth (lbid.). Thermal comfort within a building relates to the performance of the buildings envelope to create comfortable workable environment that should achieve a human thermal comfort level (lbid.). Therefore in order for this design to achieve a required thermal comfort level an investigation of passive design strategies and principles will be discussed briefly.

Passive Design Strategies • • • •

Passive Solar Heating Passive Solar Cooling Passive Ventilation Day lighting

Passive Design Principles • • • • • • • • •

Site and Orientation Building shape, space planning and volume Landscaping Buffer spaces and double facades Insulation Shading Thermal Mass Glazing

Geo-thermal system

Evaporative Cooling

This system makes use of the inherent heat of the earth’s deeper layers. The pipe work is approximately 1,8m under the natural ground level where the earth’s temperature is fairly constant all year round. A liquid coolant circulates through the close circuit of pipe work which is heated or cooled by a heat pump (Muller, 2013:108).

Moisture is added to the airstream through the implementation of a water feature in close proximity to a building. The natural warm air evaporates the water , that changes the air from warm and dry to cool and moist (Muller, 2013:109).

26 Cross Ventilation

Day light harvesting

Shading

This passive ventilation strategy is effective through the use of operable windows on opposing walls that draws air across the occupied space (Muller, 2013:109).

Harvesting natural diffused daylight throughout a building’s interior to ensure acceptable levels of illumination while reducing the need for artificial electric lighting, skylights can contribute towards day lighting (Muller, 2013:110).

Shading of the building reduces summer temperatures, improves comfort and saves energy. The shading of glass will reduce unwanted heat gain, therefor external shading elements such as louvers, landscaping and horizontal overhang can be introduced (Muller, 2013:117).

2.1.3 The findings of research

2.1.4 Principles to be considered • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Fig. 2.4

The buildings should reflect the notion of climatic appropriate architecture while adapting sustainable design through passive design principles and strategies. Selected spaces within an olive oil production facility should be kept at • a constant temperature, and with the harsh semi-arid environment of • the Touws River Valley, the buildings thermal comfort level should be adequate to allow for constant • temperature control and sufficient user thermal comfort. The olive oil production process requires a high volume of energy; therefore the facility should utilize the intensive solar radiation through the use of solar panels.

ISSUES OF CONCERN

The most influential factor of this region has been established as the intense solar radiation that allows for intense temperature fluctuations. The research showed that a building can respond with its surrounding context through the incorporation of passive design principles and strategies that will allow the facility to increase user thermal comfort levels that will lead to the reduction of energy consumption.

27 2.2 The building within the arid landscape “The true basis for any study of the art of architecture still lies in those indigenous, more humble buildings everywhere” Frank Lloyd Wright 1867 – 1959

2.2.1 Relevance and Importance The proposed design is situated within a delicate semi-arid landscape of the Touws River valley, which is layered with a rich history and culture. The building type is industrial and with the scale of such a building it can prove difficult to place within such a sensitive landscape. The design approach should be sensitive towards the history and culture of the surrounding context. Therefore this issue investigates the theories of Critical Regionalism and Vernacular architecture that aims to give a clear understanding of the immediate environment that will influence the design approach.

(Photograph: by A. Roodt,2014)

ISSUES OF CONCERN

29 2.2.2 State of knowledge and prior research by others Site-specific architecture through critical regionalism and vernacular architecture Critical Regionalism: Critical regionalism was an architectural approach taken by many European architects as an alternative to postmodernism (Tzonis, 1990:10). This architectural approach focused on the local conditions rather than simply applying universal principals. The local conditions referred anything from the: • Physical context • Culture • History • Climate • Landscape • Fabric This was seen as a reaction against the international style whose, according to Tzonis “ideals were seen as responsible for the numerous failures that characterized most reconstruction and urban renewal projects realized since World War II” (Tzonis, 1990:10). In his essay on Critical Regionalism and the Design of Identity, Alexander Tzonis explains the concept of regionalism as “an approach to design giving priority to the identity of the particular rather than to universal dogmas” (lbid.).

The term regionalism was firstly debated by philosopher and writer Lewis Mumford and recently architects such as, Alexander Tzonis, Lefaivre and Frampton. In 1924 Lewis Mumford reconstructed the concept of ‘regionalism’ in his book Sticks and Stones, American Architecture and Civilization (Tzonis, 1990:19). According to Tzonis “Mumford juxtaposed an approach to architecture he identifies as regionalism to the ‘imperial’ Beaux Arts architecture”, which Mumford accuses the Beaux Arts as being “negligence of the earth” (lbid.). “Regional” architecture is what Mumford proposed as an alternative, which is architecture based on the perception of place” (lbid.). In an article in the October 11 1947 issue of the New Yorker magazine, Mumford re-introduced the concept of regionalism and accused “the world of architects that have deserted the cause of modern architecture”. This formed a new campaign and resulted in a round table debate, with all major American architects, at the Museum of Modern Art in New York where Mumford posed a question: “What is happening to modern architecture?” (lbid.:20). Therefore “Mumford called for the rethinking of regionalism” (lbid.).

At the end of the 1970’s theorist’s, Alexander Tzonis and Liane Lefaivre identified numerous architects producing work that “emerged out of the specifics of an individual situation” and felt the need to provide a theoretical framework for the presentation of architects’ work that embody regionalism (lbid.:10). According to Tzonis this design approach is to “recognizes the value of the identity of physical, social and cultural situations” (lbid.:11). Alexander Tzonis concludes his essay stating that, “the task of critical regionalism is to rethink architecture through the concept of region.” and that, “what we call the critical regionalist approach to design and the architecture of identity recognizes the value of the singular, circumscribes projects within the physical, social and cultural constraints of the particular, aiming at sustaining diversity while benefiting from universality” (lbid.:11). An example that demonstrates the principles of Critical Regionalism that is relevant to this thesis is discussed below:

In conclusion, the understanding drawn from the research above, is relevant to this design, because the architectural approach of Critical Regionalism focuses on the main local conditions to inform the design process and celebrates the use of new technologies within this capsule of relevant constraints. (All images on layout: Lefaivre & Tzonis, 2003)

ISSUES OF CONCERN

The image above shows three structures designed by Jacques Ferrier on the outskirts Lyon, France. Two of the structures house the factory of a high-tech company and the other structure is the home of the company’s founder, these three are indistinguishable. Jacques Ferrier, the architect, explains that both these type of structures “draw their form from the simple typology of the local industrial farm buildings that dot the landscape around the French city of Lyon, south of Paris”. Ferrier says that, “I have always been interested by the functional structure in the landscape that are shaped by economical constraints in the course of time…” (Lefaivre & Tzonis, 2003:92). Lefaivre and Tzonis state that Ferrier “creates a highly functional and rational workplace for cutting edge software development harmoniously integrated in the rural landscape” (Lefaivre & Tzonis, 2003:92).

31 Vernacular Architecture Tom Porter describes Vernacular Architecture as “a traditional language of building, usually of unknown authorship, constructed from local materials to suit their native setting, indigenous climate and specific local needs” (Porter, 2004:203) Understanding the Vernacular Architecture of the Karoo In the 1950’s South African architect, Gabriel Fagan, traveled extensively across South Africa in his aeroplane, conducting site visits. He took this opportunity to document the “unpretentious rural architecture” particularly focusing on the flat-roofed ‘Brakdak’ buildings that are innate to the dry regions of South Africa, that he feels are “often not truly valued”. (Fagan, 2008:1) In 2007 Fagan contributed his photographs to an exhibition that gain wide interest that made him realise that “there was a nostalgic longing for the simple buildings, so modest and similar, yet each with its own identity, economically planned and built with basic materials – mud stone, wood and sometimes whitewashed with lime. Each is planned with care and aptly detailed with good proportions and symmetrical facades to contribute to the serenity of the street as a whole” (Fagan, 2008:1).

Gabriel Fagan’s study of simple country buildings showed flat roofs or “Brakdak” as a common building method in the arid and semi arid regions of the Karoo.

This example of Karoo vernacular architecture illustrates the use and layering of locally resourced materials to create a thermal mass to protect the occupant from the harsh exterior conditions. Therefore this shows that the architecture responding to the climate in the simplest form.

(All images on layout: Fagan, 2008)

ISSUES OF CONCERN

To understand the construction concept of flat roofs ‘Brakdak’, the following images illustrate the Ladismith district ruins along the Montagu-Ladismith road. The ruins consist of a “shepherd’s hut with clayed-up walls forming two rooms each of roughly 3m by 5m. The collapsed roof was of brak on bagging tied over Spanish reed with a runner reed between each pair of beams” (Fagan, 2008:112). Over the parapet walls is a layer of flat stones that protects the walls all around. According to Fagan “these cottages had clearly sprung from the very earth which is now reclaiming them” (Fagan, 2008:112).

33 Another example of brak roofs is a farm building of Breinaald in the Langkloof, Montagu district. This building is situated on a bend of the Touws River road. The occupant, Mrs. H. du Plessis, states that after heavy rains the brak roof was prone to leak and therefore it was helpful to keep brak near the house to fill the cracks. (Fagan, 2008:146). She continues to say, â&#x20AC;&#x153;that after a few years it was necessary to replace the entire roofâ&#x20AC;? (Fagan, 2008:146). This example illustrated that the roof served the purpose of protection against the harsh climatic conditions, but will occasionally fail due to severe rainstorms. Taking the replacement of the roof into consideration the locally resourced materials enhances the sustainability of the building, due to the fact that the materials can be replaced with minimal economical implication.

ISSUES OF CONCERN

(All images on layout: Fagan, 2008)

35 2.2.3 The findings of research Frank Lloyd Wright states “A desert building should be notably simple in outline as the region itself is sculptured: should have learned from the cactus many secrets of straight-line-patterns for its forms, playing with the light and softening the building into its proper place among the organic desert creations – We do not yet understand such pattern in form because it is an attribute of a very high and perhaps older culture” (Paul,2003:13) The architectural approach of the new olive oil production facility should respond to the critical regionalism of the area by focusing on the local conditions namely: • Physical Context • Culture • History • Climate • Landscape • Urban Fabric

Physical Context: Draaiberg Mountain range

(Photograph: by author, 2014)

Culture: The way the people of Touws River live

(Photograph: by author, 2014)

History: Incorporating the Touws River railway station as a design generator, as it was the reason way the town was established

(Photograph: by author, 2014)

Climate: Intense Solar Radiation

Landscape: Low Mountain Hills and unique Karoo vegetation

2.2.4 Principles to be considered

(Photograph: by author, 2014)

Urban Fabric: Understanding the physical aspect of the town, including building types, movement routes, and open spaces

(Photograph: by author, 2014)

• the new facility should respond to the critical regionalism of the area that will focus on the local conditions and incorporate the use of sustainable materials; • the building design will incorporate efficient thermal mass to allow for a comfortable working environment; and • the materials used in the design should be sourced locally to reduce the building’s carbon footprint.

ISSUES OF CONCERN

(Photograph: Coetzee, 2011)

With the harsh climatic conditions of this semi-arid region, architectural principles can be derived from the vernacular architecture of this particular region that can influence the design considerations. Flat roofs (brakdakke) of the Karoo illustrates the principles of using locally resourced materials and the application thereof. However, the use of a flat roof will not be appropriate, as this facility will be an industrial building type that requires large open volumes which brak roofs are not designed to span. Nevertheless, principles of the flat roof can still be incorporated as it shows the need for thermal mass to respond to the climatic conditions and the use of locally resourced materials.

37 2.3 The linking of a proposed new intervention to a small rural town in South Africa 2.3.1 Relevance and Importance The following photograph shows the current condition of the Touws River railway station. According to the municipal area manager Mr. N Fourie the cause of the current burnt down state has not been identified. (Fourie, 2014) The need for the train station depleted as a main railway depot, which resulted in the train station becoming dilapidated. With no activity and no economical function the train station became stagnated and as a result the building shows no sense of community ownership.

(Photograph: by author, 2014)

ISSUES OF CONCERN

39 The Touws River train station is the main connection with the small town of Touws River as it was the main reason for the town’s establishment. The design proposes to incorporate the train station as the main arrival point for visitors to the town, thereby re-establishing the station as the main activity node within the area. Two of South Africa’s most prominent tourism trains, Rovosrail and The Blue Train, pass through the Touws River train station, as it is on the main route from Pretoria to Cape Town, however they don’t stop in Touws River as there is currently no activity or tourism infrastructure.

PROPOSED SITE

TOUWS RIVER TRAIN STATION

(Image source: Google earth, 2014, edited by author)

ISSUES OF CONCERN

(Sketch: by author, 2014)

41 The new olive oil production facility proposes to be a new node for tourism and therefore it is situated in close proximity to the Touws River train station. However, the new intervention and existing train station is not visually connected. Therefore, the visitor has to be guided toward the new facility through visual or physical elements. This issue investigates the connection between the train station and the new intervention, as it will generate activity within the historical district of the town and therefore, creating more tourism within the area.

DESIGN INTERVENTION AS NEW NODE FOR AGRITOURISM

LINK BETWEEN DESIGN INTERVENTION AND TRAIN STATION

DESIGN INTERVENTION AS NEW NODE FOR AGRITOURISM

(Image source: Google earth, 2014, edited by author)

CURRENT SITUATION REGARDING THE ACTIVITY AROUND THE TOUWS RIVER RAILWAY STATION

PROPOSAL FOR THE TRAIN STATION BRIDGE CROSSING, THAT WILL CONSIST OF REDESIGNING THE BRIDGE INTO A CAFE AND BAR FOR TOURIST AND VISITORS (All sketch on page: by author, 2014)

ISSUES OF CONCERN

INFORMATION CENTER AND MUSEUM PROPOSAL FOR TRAIN STATION THAT CAN GENERATE MORE ACTIVITY. BARRIERS BETWEEN TRAIN STATION AND CONTEXT SHOULD BE MORE VISUALLY PERMEABLE.

43 2.3.2 State of knowledge and prior research by others In order for people to move from one space to another, it is important to understand how people perceive their environment. In his book The image of the City , Kevin Lynch explains his theories on how people perceive their cities. According to Lynch quoted in (R.T. Le Grates, 1996, 99) people structure their perception of cities into recurring elements. Lynch quoted in (lbid.) argues, “if designers understand how people perceive these elements and design to make them clear, they can create more imaginable and more psychologically satisfying cities” Lynch (lbid) identifies these city elements as follows: • • • • •

Paths Edges Districts Nodes Landmarks

Paths:

Edges:

Districts:

“Are the channels along which the observer moves. They are seen as the predominant element, and people observe the city while moving through it. The other environmental elements are arranged along these paths.”

“Are the linear elements not considered as paths, they structure the boundaries between two areas. For many people they serve as important organizing features”

Are the medium-to-large sections of the city, which the observer mentally enters ‘inside of’“

Walking trails and vehicle paths that will lead to the olive factory. The trails can move over the mountain and weave through the garden of ruins that will add another layer of history. The design functions will lead of these trails.

The river, mountain, train tracks and secondary roads create natural and man-made edges. These elements structure the boundaries between different transitional zones.

Train station, olive groves, garden of ruins and the proposed complex of buildings can be seen as the different ‘districts’ within this design proposal.

44 Nodes: “Are the points, the strategic spots in a city into which an observer can enter. They may also be called cores as they are typically the intensive foci of districts”

2.3.3 The findings of research

Landmarks: “Are another type of point-reference, they are a simply defined physical object that for all practical purposes they symbolize constant direction” CITY ELEMENTS

These city elements are seen as physical elements that give a person sense of direction, which will allow them to understand the specific environment in which they can move. Some of the elements are prominent and others less, but they emphasise a space of transition, therefore linking the two nodes of activity.

Draaiberg mountain range situated behind the Touws River train station.

Although these elements refer to a city, it can still be relevant to this design as the proposed design is fragmented over the landscape, which creates a need for visitors to have a sense of direction and appreciate the spirit of place.

APPLIED TO DESIGN

(All sketch on layout: by author, 2014)

According to Tom Porter, the spirit of a place or genius loci refers to any specific quality that defines the experience of a place (Porter, 2004;88). These qualities can be related to the unique landscape of the Karoo area, with the distinctive fauna, flora and historical setting. Therefore, this design should implement certain elements that will guide the visitor to move from the train station to the new intervention that can unfold the historical and cultural layers of a small Karoo town.

ISSUES OF CONCERN

Train station with new proposed history museum & olive oil production facility with commercial entities

Norberg-Schulz (1980:5) states that, “man dwells when he can orientate himself within and identify himself with an environment.”

(Image source: Google earth, 2014, edited by author)

46 2.3.4 Principles to be considered

PROPOSED WALKING TRAILS WITH VIEWPOINTS

The new design proposal should link with the existing train station through the use of physical and natural elements, to guide the visitor on a journey.

• • • •

New proposed walking trails and vehicle paths should be clearly marked with directions and general information on that specific area.

• The journey should emphasise • • • the sense of place through viewpoint • platforms. VEHICLE ROUTE

PROPOSED INFORMATION CENTRE Proposed walking trail (All sketch: by author, 2014)

ISSUES OF CONCERN

• • • • •

PRECEDENT STUDIES

3.1 Olisur: olive oil factory 3.2 Bodega en Los Robles 3.3 Case study: Morgenster wine and olive estate 3.4 Case study: Tokara olive shed

PRECEDENT STUDIES

49 3.1 Precedent 1: Olisure Olive Oil Factory Location: La Estrella, VI Región, Chile Architect: Guillermo Hevia (GH+A) Year: 2008 Function: Olive Oil Production Facility Building area: 2800 square metres 3.1.1 Background The Olisur olive oil factory designed by Chilean architectural company, GH + A (Guillermo HevIa Architects), is located 230km south west of Santiago in Chile’s central valley. (ThePlan, 2014) This innovative olive oil processing facility is situated on the hills of San José de Marchigue surrounded by an 1800-hectare olive grove. (Ibid.) This project addresses the use of simple technologies that take advantage of the local climate to create a more sustainable building. (FloorNature, 2014)

The programme of the facility consists of the complete olive production cycle from pressing to storage, administration, marketing and a tasting and selling outlet. (ThePlan, 2014) Therefore, this precedent is investigated to understand the typology and what new technologies are to be incorporated to allow the building to be more sustainable.

50 3.1.2 Analysis PROGRAMME – FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION This facility comprises of two geometrically simple volumes. (ThePlan, 2014) The main building houses the production and storage functions that also gives form to the linearity of the building. (ThePlan, 2014)

This system which produces hot and cold air, services the entire main volume; this air is then circulated by a heat pump as it is required seasonally (Ibid.). The ventilated facades maintain interior comfort-zone temperatures through natural ventilation and a reflective pond placed near the entrance creates a cooling effect. (Ibid.) For natural lighting the main building relies on zenithal lighting instead of artificial lighting. (DeZeen, 2009)

PRECEDENT STUDIES

SUSTAINABLE PRINCIPLES The sustainable energy features of the facility are that, each volume is heated and cooled separately by the energy efficient geothermal system and heat pump. (ThePlan, 2014) This temperature controlled environment is extremely important for the spaces containing the production process and storage of oil barrels as the oil has to be kept at a constant temperature.

The administration offices are located in a lower volume that slightly protrudes away from the north-facing façade. (InHabitat, 2009) This longitudinal building is terraced, creating different levels to make up for the level differences of the slopes. (DeZeen, 2009)

SCALE The scale of the facility does not contrast with the productive landscape through the inclusion of openings within the façade that interrupts the rhythm of wooden boards. (FloorNature, 2014)

(All images on layout: Archdaily, 2009)

The sketch exploring the building within the productive landscape. (All sketches on layout: by author, 2014)

52 3.1.3 Principles to be considered • the programme of this facility should function in a linear manner, as the process is linear, through the grouping of different volumes. Therefore, the form will follow the function;

• the scale required for this facility is severe and can be in harmony with the landscape by including a rhythm on the façade that can mimic the tree lines. The scale can also be brought back to human scale by interrupting the rhythm through the use of shapes protruding out of the façade creating an overhead plane.

PRECEDENT STUDIES

• sustainable design principles, such as geothermal cooling and heating, natural ventilation and natural lighting, should be introduced to create a thermal comfort level that will contribute to an effective working environment and the production of good quality olive oil without consuming excessive energy; and

53 3.2 Precedent 2: Bodega en Los Robles Location: Architect: Year: Function:

San Fernando, Chile José Cruz Ovalle 2002 Organic Vineyard

3.2.1 Background Designed by Jose Cruz Ovalle Architects in 2002, the Bodega en Los Robles wine cellar is the first organic vineyard in Chile. (RAEL, 2009:138) The importance of the design, for client and architect, was that the “architecture should reflect the values of a winery that focuses on making wine through organic growing and processing methods.” (Ibid.) Through the use of innovative green technologies and materials, the placement of the complex of buildings responds sensitively to the context of the vineyard and the immediate environment. (Ibid.) Therefore, this precedent is investigated to understand the placement of multiple buildings within the productive landscape and how the inbetween spaces can be defined.

(Image: RAEL, 2009:138)

54 3.2.2 Analysis COMPLEX OF BUILDINGS PLACED ON A SYMMETRICAL AXIS The wine cellar complex consists of several large warehouses that are organised along a symmetrical axis parallel to the vineyard. (Rael, 2009:138)

INTERSTITALL SPACES CREATED BY SKEWED PLACEMENT PRECEDENT STUDIES

Dynamic interstitial spaces are created by slightly skewing each warehouse from the axis; this in turn creates spaces which guests pass while visiting the winery. A Venturi-effect is also created by the skewed placement of the buildings that increases airflow around the buildings to promote a cool environment for wine storage (Ibid.) CONNECTION BETWEEN ARCHITECTURE AND THE LANDSCAPE According to Rael, “these displacements create a spatial relationship between the buildings that encourages a connection between the architecture and the landscape by defining views to the vineyard and creating spaces where people can gather to discuss the production of wine” (Ibid.)

(All sketches on page: by author, 2014)

The sketch exploring the structure and spaces.

56 3.2.3 Principles to be considered • the proposed olive facility’s complex should be placed on a symmetrical axis, parallel to the olive groves;

• the facility should have defining views towards the productive landscape that will connect the architecture with the landscape.

(All sketches on layout: by author, 2014)

PRECEDENT STUDIES

• the skew placement of the different buildings along the axis should emphasise spaces that people can gather while visiting the production facility. The placement can also be linear with only the walls skewed that will propose to emphasise the movement route; and

57 3.3 Case Study 1 Morgenster Wine & Olive Estate Location: Somerset West, CapeTown Architect: Not confirmed. Year: 1711 Function: Olive Oil Production Facility Building area: 2800 square metres 3.3.1 Background History of Morgenster 1711 to present Morgenster Wine & Olive Estate is a 300-year-old estate, cultivating olive and wine since 1711. Situated in Somerst West, this estate forms part of the Western Cape wine region. Morgenster estate was once part of the farm Vergelegen, owned by the governor Willem Adriaan van der Stel that was sold and divided into four portions due to his corrupt practices. In 1711 Jacque Malan bought one of the four portions of the land and named it De Morgenster, meaning ‘morning star’. A large traditional H-shaped house, wine cellar and numerous outbuildings were constructed under the care of his only son Daniel. After Daniel’s death his widow and her new husband constructed Morgenster’s famed six gables. (Morgenster, 2014)

In 1992 the new owner Giulio Bertand focused on preserving and restoring the historic buildings of the estate. He also realised the potential of the terrior to produce wines and olives of remarkable quality. With his lifelong motto of only producing the best, Morgenster is internationally acclaimed for its good quality in wine and olive oil. Morgenster was studied to investigate the typology of an olive oil producing facility in South Africa. This investigation also focuses on the olive oil process and how they have transformed a historical wine cellar into an efficient olive production facility.

The 200 year old wine cellar at Morgenster.

58 3.3.2 Analysis The floors within the facility were redone to allow for sufficient drainage, as the facility has to be constantly cleaned if there are oil spills. The production facility is linked with the storage and settling room through stainless steel pipes that transfer the oil from the final stage of processing to the stainless steel settling tanks.

The Olive Cellar that is divided into three main spaces namely, the processing facility, office space in the middle and settling and storage room. The spaces of the processing facility and storage tanks have no cross ventilation or natural light, which requires allot more florescent lights.

The storage and settling room are filled with stainless steel settling tanks that stores all the different cultivar olive oils. A cooling system is introduced, as the settling tanks have to be kept at a constant temperature of 16-18 degrees Celcius. The settling tanks were designed for these spaces as the volumes are very low, therefore they needed more thanks that resulted in very limited moving space between the tanks.

Against the side of the building is a covered exterior area that is used to store the table olive tanks. This space is also designated for the delivery of the olives after harvest. They bring the olive crates in with a forklift to place it in the processing machine. The volumes of the spaces are very low and are not as functional to allow big machinery to enter, as this building was originally a wine cellar.

The olive oil process finishes at the main warehouse that is located around 500m from the olive cellar. The warehouse houses the final storage tanks where they blend the different olive cultivars to make their speciality blends. The bottling, labeling and final storage also take place at the main warehouse. All the dry goods are stored with the final product. The warehouse has a U-shape that allows trucks to deliver and receive goods.

(All photographs on layout: by author, 2014)

PRECEDENT STUDIES

The olive oil production facility is located in the Estateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s historical wine cellar. The approach to the olive cellar is emphasized with an avenue of trees creating a perspective that frames the historical H-shaped manor house. Entering the building gives a sense of remembrance, as you go back to the 1700.

(Photograph: by author, 2014)

60 3.3.3 Principles to be considered • incorporate sustainable systems that will allow storage and processing spaces to be temperature controlled;

• allow sufficient space for the delivery of products;

• allow for enough movement space between stainless steel storage tanks; and

• provide exterior covered spaces for storage;

• design rooms with higher volume to compensate for the height of the machinery.

(All sketches on page: by author, 2014)

PRECEDENT STUDIES

• The olive oil process follows a linear pattern therefore the new proposed design should incorporate a linear typology to cater for all the required programs; • all programs should be in close proximity to one another for ease of the production process;

61 3.4 Case Study 2 Tokara Olive Shed Location: Stellenbosch, Cape Town Architect: Visser Kapper de Bruin Architects Year: 2000 Function: Olive Oil Production Facility and Delicatessens

3.4.1 Background The olive shed project of Tokara began in 2000 with the establishment of a 4ha olive grove. The groves are plated on the steepest slopes of the farm historically known as ‘De Hel’, that means ‘steep heights’ in Dutch. (Tokara, 2014) Tokara’s olive grove expanded from 4ha in 2000 to 20ha in 2014, and as the olive groves expanded so did the production facility. (Tokara, 2014) Therefore it is important to understand that there should always be room for growth of such a facility. In 2013 they had a successful harvest that produced 30 000 litres of olive oil, but in 2014 due to unpredictable weather conditions they had a small harvest and had to buy in 80% of their olives from the Breederivier valley and Franchoek. (Van Eeden, 2014)

An interview was conducted with Petrus van Eeden (2014), the oil maker at the Tokara olive shed. This precedent was investigated to understand the current situation within the olive oil industry of South Africa. The programme of such a high-end production facility was analysed to understand the method of production and what spaces are required. The other factor was how people are more aware of the olive industry, by incorporating a delicatessen into the facility’s programme.

(All photographs on layout: by author, 2014)

62 3.4.2 Analysis Production Facility • • • • • • • •

Basement – dry storage, dispatch and storage of table olive Pump room Delivery – the turn circle has proven difficult for trucks Covered storage Olive oil production room Settling tanks

• • • • •

Laboratory Gas storage Storage tanks Bottling room Offices

PRECEDENT STUDIES

63 Delicatessen • • • • • • • •

Kitchen Delivery Deli & Store Indoor and Outdoor Seating Bathrooms Boardroom Offices Restaurant

(All photographs on page: by author, 2014)

64 The Tokara farm receives its water from different sources, as it is not connected to the municipal water line. The water is mainly used for irrigation of the groves and the olive oil process. The main water source comes from the Te Waters Kloof Dam and from the regional mountains.

3.4.3 Principles to be considered are: • to create a sustainable process – re-use all waste material for compost;

• adhered to a linear design layout; the form should follow the function; and

As the user of the facility, Mr. van Eeden suggested that the layout or planning of such a facility should be logical and each step of the process should follow onto one another.

PRECEDENT STUDIES

The process of olive oil can be very sustainable as the Pumice, which is the waste product is re-used as compost. It is spread out and left to dry, and then worked in with the compost that is later placed as fertiliser on the groves.

An employee of the facility Mr. Petrus van Eeden is an everyday user of the facility and according to him; the facility is not practical due to: • spaces being situated on different levels; • multiple corridors which are not very functional; and • insufficient provision for liquid drainage in process area These issues can be a result of the facility that expanded due to the farm that increased.

• to incorporating a delicatessen that will serve as a platform to educate people about the olive industry.

(All sketches on page: by author, 2014)

ANALYSIS AND APPRAISAL OF THE CONTEXT

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5

Regional context Rural context and history of Touws River Socio-economic context Touws River spatial development framework The site

ANALYSIS AND APPRAISAL OF THE CONTEXT

67 4.1 Regional Context The study area is located within the Western Province of South Africa. The Western Cape Province is located on the south-western tip of the African continent that covers a geographical area of 129 370km2 which makes up 10.6% of South Africa’s land area. (Cape Winelands District, n.d.) Since 1652 the Western Cape proved to be a suitable producer of certain agricultural products. This heritage of farming has continued though education, training and research facilities and continues new development that promotes the sector locally and internationally. (Elsenburg, n.d.) The Western Cape’s agricultural sector can be distinguished from the rest of South Africa’s, largely due to its physical and geographical differences. The region’s distinctive winter rainfall provides agricultural conditions for a unique diverse crop mix. The production stability of the region contributes to the stable and relatively adequate winter rainfall and a well-developed infrastructure. The agricultural sector of the Western Cape is seen as the primary pillar of their economy, that covers an area of 11,5 million hectares.

The Western Cape generates approximately 20% of the total value of South Africa’s agricultural production. (Ibid.) Wine, wool, and ostrich related products and fruit are currently the key export products of the Western Cape. According to Elsenburg these products are good value for money due to the high quality standards and competitive prices. (Ibid.)

68 (Photograph: A. Roodt, 2014)

ANALYSIS AND APPRAISAL OF THE CONTEXT

69 The Western Province is divided into 6 districts namely: West Coast, Winelands, Karoo, Garden Route & Klein Karoo, Overberg, and Cape Town. (Western Cape Tourism, 2007) For the intention of this design, this study will only focus on the Winelands district. The Winelands district consists of five local municipalities namely: Drakenstein, Stellenbosch, Witzenberg, Breede Valley and Langeberg. The Winelands district is known for the agricultural production of world-class wine, quality fruit, cheese and olives, due to the ideal Mediterranean climate. These areas are seen as the “pearls” of South Africa’s rural and small-town sub-regions that currently have a diverse level of development. (Cape Winelands District, n.d.) The National Planning commission of South Africa has identified key driving forces that inform the municipality’s direction for longterm growth. One of the key forces states that, Africa is one of the worlds fastest growing markets, with an annual growth rate of 2,3%, which is double that of Asia. Another stated that due to Table Mountain’s designation as one of the Seven Natural Wonder of the World, the tourism of the country is expected to increase between 15-20% (CNdV Africa Planning and Design CC, 2013.).

WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE

TOUWS RIVER

WINELANDS DISTRICT

TOUWS RIVER

(Source: http://www.localgovernment.co.za/provinces/view/9/ western-cape, 2013)

70 Therefore there is potential to invest in opportunities of tourism within this region. The Western Province has begun a process of focusing on the tourism potential within the region as a way to improve job creation through using the main economical function of agriculture and combining it with the tourism industry. This is known as agritourism. EXAMPLES: Wineries of South Africa Babylonstoren

ANALYSIS AND APPRAISAL OF THE CONTEXT

(All photographs on page: by author. 2014)

71 4.2 Rural Context and History of Touws River

Touws River was established as a railway town in the late 1800s, on the foothills of the Draaiberg mountain range (Schoeman, 2013:20). Situated 185km North-East of Cape Town, the transition in the landscape is abrupt, from the green valleys of the Southern Cape to the arid plains of the Karoo. (Central Karoo Info, n.d) Touws is the Khoi word for â&#x20AC;&#x153;gateâ&#x20AC;? and the town is seen as the gateway into the Great Karoo, since it is situated on the Southern edge of the Great Karoo (Schoeman, 2013:20). The town is also located near the river of the same name, which separates the historical district from the main town.

(All images on layout: Stassen, 1977)

72 The Touws River train station was part of the railway line between Worcester and Matjiesfontein and was seen as the busiest part of the line due to the banking of locomotive trains that had to go over Hex River Pass. (Schoeman, 2013:20) The opening of the Hex River tunnel and the construction of the N1 decreased the need for the Touws River train station as a depot. This decline in activity has lead to the stagnation of this small rural South African town. Presently the town has an open air museum that is seen as a graveyard for old steam engines. (Kellet & Williams, 2006:291)

The main CBD area was established in the 1950â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s- 1960â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, this was in response to the N1 national highway, which had become increasingly more important as a transport route. The CBD acts as a link to the old rail way village that is across the rail line. The CBD is currently very dilapidated, but comprises of a main shopping street that is known as Jane Street. At the intersection of Jane and Main Street comprises of a cluster of small shops (lbid.).

ANALYSIS AND APPRAISAL OF THE CONTEXT

The original informal settlement, above the railway line is laid out in response to the rail line and is seen as the historical center of the town (CNdV Africa Planning and Design CC, 2013.).

(Images on page: Stassen, 1977)

THE TOUWS RIVER

TOUWS RIVER TOWN CENTRAL

TOUWS RIVER LOW COST HOUSING TOUWS RIVER HISTORICAL TOWN

ANALYSIS AND APPRAISAL OF THE CONTEXT

TOUWS RIVER TRAIN STATION

75 Topology: The landscape is characterized with wide plains of rolling hills that are enclosed by low mountains (CNdV Africa Planning and Design CC, 2013.). The location of the Touwsriver region has potential for renewable energy as this region experiences high levels of solar radiation.

ANALYSIS AND APPRAISAL OF THE CONTEXT

(Photograph: A. Roodt, 2014)

77 Climate: As Touws River falls part of the Great Karoo it experiences hot and dry weather in the summer months as temperatures can exceed above 40°. During the winter months the first rains arrive and snow falls on the peaks of the mountain ranges that result in cold temperatures. (Kellet & Williams, 2006:291) The Touws River region has a predominant winter rainfall that gives the climate the name “Mediterranean”. According to the agricultural potential report: “The mean annual precipitation for the area is between 150 - 470mm, with an average of 300 mm, which peaks in late winter (July to August). The area is subject to seasonal drought, but the most influential climatic factor is undoubtedly temperature. The mean daily maximum is 27,4°C. Frequent high daily temperatures with relatively low rainfall on aridified soil result in extreme evaporative potential, 2 014mm and with a mean rainfall of only 300mm. The mean annual moisture stress (which is the percentage of days of the year when the evaporative demand is more than double the soil moisture supply) is a full 76%. This means that for 285 days of the year, the evaporation is more than double the available soil moisture. These are very inhospitable conditions for dry-land cultivation and it is no wonder that it is no longer widely practiced in the general area” (Coetzee, 2011.).

• Touws Rivers Climatic Information: (Napier, 2000: 96) Summer Rainfall: 62mm to 250mm Winter Rainfall: 250mm to >750mm January Temperatures: 20°C to 23°C July Temperatures: 7°C to 10°C Prevailing Winds: S to S-E in summer W to N-W in winter Relative Humidity: 50% inland Hours Sunshine: <60% in South to 80% in North

(All photographs on page: A. Roodt, 2014)

Rain Seasons

Averaged Temperature

Sunshine

(All images on page: Sunbird Publishers, 2008,)

ANALYSIS AND APPRAISAL OF THE CONTEXT

Averaged Annual Rainfall

79 Fauna Indigenous animals of the western cape province of South Africa.

Bontebok

Gemsbok

Springbok

(Source: [http://public.blu.livefilestore.com,] 2014)

(Source: [http://www.katjapia.com], 2014)

(Source: [http://3.bp.blogspot.com], 2014)

Flora: The diversity of vegetation is influenced by the big mountain ranges that encircle the area. The regionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s vegetation consists of small common Karoo plants and shrubs, such as the renosterbos and fynbos, which grow in abundance due to the annual winter rainfall.

(Image: Sunbird Publishers, 2008,)

Ostritch

Puffadder

Riverine Rabbit

(Source; [http://www.timeslive.co.za], 2014)

(Source: [http://www.outdoorphoto.co.za], 2014)

(Source: [http://www.givengain.com], 2014)

Souther Pale Chanting Goshawk (Source: [http://www.buckhambirding.co.za],2014)

Kankerbos (Source: [https://c1.staticflickr.com], 2014)

Real Sugarbush

Renosterbos

(Source: [http://images.bidorbuy.co.za], 2014)

(Source: [http://www.plantzafrica.com], 2014)

Kapokbos

Karee Tree

(Source: [https://orangegrovekaroo.files.wordpress.com], 2014)

(Source: [http://www.plantzafrica.com], 2014)

ANALYSIS AND APPRAISAL OF THE CONTEXT

Common Guarri (Source: [http://www.plantzafrica.com], 2014)

81 N1 TO JHB

Presently the region of Touws River’s main economical function is based on small scale agricultural services for the few farms in the region. Agriculture is mostly based on farming with Merino sheep and goats. (Central Karoo Info, n.d) The Town of Touws River is presently not seen as a tourist destination due to the poverty and dilapidation of the area. However, this town has numerous activities and historical landmarks that can help in reintroducing tourism to this small town, namely: (Central Karoo Info, n.d)

N1 TO CAPE TOWN

MONTAGU TOUWS RIVER

WORCESTER

ROBERTSON

• the steam engine graveyard; • the loganda Pillars that used for astronomical calculations in the late • 1880’s; • the kaggakamma reserve to the north has ancient bushman painting sites dating back 6000 years ago. The reserve is also home to a variety of wildlife and bird species; • bird watching is a popular activity and is seen as a good introduction to the endemics of the Karoo; • the town is also situated on the National flowers route that bursts into full colour every spring. The region is also home to the Cape’s indigenous Fynbos, succulent Karroo plants and Renosterveld vegetation.

DE DOORNS

BEN-ETIVE NATURE RESERVE

AQUILA GAME RESERVE TOUW LOCAL AUTHORITY NATURE RESERVE

BOKKIERIVIERE NATURE RESERVE

ANYSBERG NATURE RESERVE N1 TO JHB

N1 TO CAPE TOWN

(Graphic: by author, 2014)

LANDMARK: Loganda Pillars

LANDMARK: Steam engine graveyard

(Image source: Google earth, 2014, edited by author)

ANALYSIS AND APPRAISAL OF THE CONTEXT

By introducing the Touws River station as a destination stop on the travel rail line of the famous Rovos and Bluetrain can help establish this town as a tourism node.

83 4.3 Socio-Economic Context The Touws River area has a scattered low-density population that is concentrated in the town. According to the (CNdV Africa Planning and Design CC, 2013.) there is currently very little local employment. For most residents of Touws River, job opportunities are situated outside of the town. The Breede Valley Karoo labour centres consist out of: • private nature reserves; • agriculture; • maintenance on the renewable energy Solar farm; and • seasonal labour within the Hex River valley. Presently most of the residents of the town live off social grants from the government, which is seen as the main source of income. N1 TO CAPE TOWN

(Graphic: by author, 2014)

84 N1 TO JHB

AQUILA PRIVATE NATURE RESERVE

TOUWS RIVER SOLAR ENERGY FACILITY

HEX RIVER VALLEY AGRICULTURAL WORK

ANALYSIS AND APPRAISAL OF THE CONTEXT

MONTAGU AGRICULTURE

ROBERTSON AGRICULTURE

85 4.4 Breede Valley Municipality Touws River Final Spatial Development Framework 2013

(Images on layout: CNdV Africa Planning and Design CC, 2013)

ANALYSIS AND APPRAISAL OF THE CONTEXT

(Graphic: by author, 2014)

88 Zoning

Train Station Buildings

Religious Buildings

Recreational Buildings

Residential

Hospitality

Primary Access Routes

Commercial Entities

Informal Housing

Municipal Buildings

Agricultural Buildings

Health and Well Being

ANALYSIS AND APPRAISAL OF THE CONTEXT

Educational Facilities

(Image source: Google earth, 2014, edited by author)

90 Town Edge and Developed Areas

CBD Historical Railway Houses

Industrial

ANALYSIS AND APPRAISAL OF THE CONTEXT

Low Cost Housing

(Image source: Google earth, 2014, edited by author)

92 The Touws River

Vegetation

ANALYSIS AND APPRAISAL OF THE CONTEXT

Touws River

(Image source: Google earth, 2014, edited by author)

94 Access to Town

Secondary Road

Dirt Road

ANALYSIS AND APPRAISAL OF THE CONTEXT

Main Road (N1)

(Image source: Google earth, 2014, edited by author)

96 Urban Proposal

Emphasize secondary entrance to town, that passes the steam productive landscape and historical train station.

Agricultural landscape as you enter the town of Touws River.

Breede Valley Municipality Spatial Development Framework ANALYSIS AND APPRAISAL ANALYSIS AND OF THE CONTEXT APPRAISAL OF THE CONTEXT

Olive Corridor to great a gateway the proposes to link the 3 districts of the town. Urban park to link old railway town with CBD.

Allow for access and choice regarding physical barriers such as the river and train tracks.

Site Analysis

97 4.5 The Site The chosen site is situated on the northwestern side of the town Touws River, against the Draaiberg Mountain range. It is bordered between the main rail line and the Touws River to the west and by the mountain range to the east. Approaching the town from the north, this site can be seen as the entrance into the town. On approach, this site is easily overlooked and its unique historical layers are lost.

(Photograph: A. Roodt, 2014)

ANALYSIS AND APPRAISAL OF THE CONTEXT

99 The history of the site dates back a few hundred years, when it was used for the first coloured establishment. The houses are all in ruins, since the coloured community was relocated in new houses on the eastern side of the town that is now seen as the informal settlement of Touws River. Ruins of the stone houses are still visible on the site, which was built with locally resourced materials. In the late 1800â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s new railway houses were developed on the site as the Touws River train station gained importance as a locomotive depot.

(All images on page: Stassen, 1977)

100 Presently the site is abandoned and all that remains are the ruins of the first informal stone settlement and the foundations of the first railway development. There has been no new development or rehabilitation of the ground since the train station has lost its importance. Most of the railway buildings have been demolished including the locomotive depot shed and is only remembered by the foundations that are left. According to the Breede River municipality the site is currently subdivided and owned by Transnet and private owners. It can be proposed that due to the impact on the landscape of the previous Transnet buildings, they can be potential investors to rehabilitate the current site through the cultivation of olives.

(Photograph: A. Roodt, 2014)

ANALYSIS AND APPRAISAL ANALYSIS AND OF THE CONTEXT APPRAISAL OF THE CONTEXT

The zoning of the site is industrial as it is part of the Transnet rail line properties. The buildings in close proximity of the site are mainly industrial and agricultural sheds.

101 This Facility proposes to be a new node for tourism and agriculture, therefore one of the main site selection criteria was visibility from all access routes passing the town. The following sketches show the exploration of site selection.

(All Sketches on layout: by author, 2014)

102 Criteria of Site Selection

ANALYSIS AND APPRAISAL OF THE CONTEXT

103

(Image source: Google earth, 2014, edited by author)

104 View from N1 highway

ANALYSIS AND APPRAISAL OF THE CONTEXT

(Photograph: by author, 2014)

105

opportonities & constraints

(Image source: Google earth, 2014, edited by author)

106 View from train tracks

ANALYSIS AND APPRAISAL OF THE CONTEXT

(Photograph: by author, 2014)

107

108 View from secondary road

ANALYSIS AND APPRAISAL OF THE CONTEXT

(Photograph: by author, 2014)

109 OPPORTUNITIES

CONSTRAINTS

• Close to local transport node (Touws River Train Station & N1) • Visible from the main road (N1), secondary road and from oncoming trains. • Accessible to all users, namely: workers, staff and visitor. • Near the historical district of Touws River. • Enough open space to plant olive groves • Opportunity to uplift the small dilapidated town, by introducing an agri-tourism node • The site is historically significant within the town, with ruins of the first settlement, and has to be treated with sensitivity. • Opportunity for the new olive oil facility to be used as a communal press, as it is situated within the agricultural sector

• Barriers formed by, train tracks and river, therefore safe alternative access should be introduced. • Situated on a steep slope, therefore the design will have to accommodate different level changes • The facility will have to adapt to the site’s contours that will give the facility a north-western sun exposure, therefore the design should adapt accordingly.

110

ANALYSIS AND APPRAISAL OF THE CONTEXT

(Photograph: A. Roodt, 2014)

111

BRIEF, ACCOMMODATION AND PROGRAMME

112

BRIEF, ACCOMMODATION AND PROGRAM 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4

Brief Client Design criteria Design considerations BRIEF, ACCOMMODATION AND PROGRAMME

5.5 Accommodation list

113 5.1 Brief The development of an olive oil production facility is a proposed architectural intervention that response to the current situation of stagnating small South African towns. The proposed intervention will not resolve all issues related to the stagnation of the town, but will act as a foundation for more economical development within the area. The design will focus on the reactivation of the town, through the implementation of an agricultural and tourism node that celebrates the historical significance of the small railway town of Touws River. Stagnation within small South African towns can be a result of many key issues; one of which is unemployment, therefore the new proposed facility is situated close to the town centre for ease of access. The predetermined design criteria have key factors that focus on how the design can respond to the historical, economical and social needs of the study area.

Aim and Purpose of a such a new facility in a small rural South African town The facility will: • aid in the reactivation of a small railway town; • provide job opportunities closer to town; • rehabilitate the broken landscape; • and create an educational platform for the olive industry and community. The facility’s role is to generate a new node of activity that will allow passing visitors on the train or main road to feel the need to explore the area, thereby acting as a catalyst for agricultural tourism.

114

BRIEF, ACCOMMODATION AND PROGRAMME

(Sketch: by author, 2014)

115 Transnet Fraight logistics chain in South Africa

5.2 Client The olive oil production facility in the Touws River valley will be developed in collaboration with commercial and private investors that will benefit from the development of such a facility. The table below explains the primary and secondary investors and what their role will be within the development of the project, it also states what their benefits will be.

Private Farmer

TOUWS RIVER OLIVE SHED

Investors (Source [http://www.transnet.net], 2014)

Connection to the project

Property Rights

Capital Investor

With the proposed new economical Would like to invest in the growing activity node it will aid in the South African olive oil industry. maintenance cost of the train system.

Benefits

116 PRASA Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa

(Source [http://www.prasa.com], 2014)

Restoration of Train Station

Breede River valley municipality

(Source [http://www.breedevallei.gov.za], 2014)

Community economical investment

(Source [http://www.saolive.co.za], 2014)

Investors

Using the facility in collaboration with private owners as headquarters of the non-profit organisation that strives toward excellent olive oil in the South African market can be seen as an advantage.

BRIEF, ACCOMMODATION AND PROGRAMME

Through the restoration of the historical With investing in the new proposed train station it will contribute to more facility it will aid in the economical tourists that will sustain future restoration regeneration of this small Karoo town. or development projects.

South African Olive Industry Association

117 5.3 Design Criteria

Harvesting renewable energy

Design Criteria

Criteria in Conflict

Configurations (Sketches on layout: by author, 2014)

Must limit solar radiation into the building

Include green technologies to regulate thermal comfort

The production of olive oil is high in With building placed along the contours With the harsh semi-arid climatic conditions, the facility has to be energy. The Touws River region has the facility will face North-West. kept at an constant temperature for a high level of solar radiation that the production of olive oil and to can be utilised as a renewable energy create a habitable thermal comfort source. level.

By incorporating solar panels in the The use of vertical louvres as a Introducing a geothermal heating design will allow the building to be secondary skin over openings will limit and cooling system that will be the amount of solar radiation into the more sustainable and help with more sustainable. building. regulating the interior temperature of the facility.

118

Big volumes to be ventilated.

Building will be facing predominantly The production of olive oil requires This facility can be seen as an west so there is a limit to western higher volumes for the different types industrial building that will require a light. of machinery. big structure.

Cross ventilation

Natural lighting

Bring it down to human scale

Relating the scale back to the town

Incorporating secondary building Fragmenting the building over the elements will make the scale landscape can minimise the overall overwhelming for visitors. impact of this big facility and will naturally capture viewpoint towards the small town.

BRIEF, ACCOMMODATION AND PROGRAMME

Warm air extracted from roof ventilators The use of skylights will allow for placed in intervals. more natural light.

119 5.3 Design Criteria

Courtyard spaces

Design Criteria

10.

Constant visual link to the production Include the Touws River train station process

The facility will stretch over a large In order for people to understand and The depletion in use of the train area that will require people to walk a appreciate the production of olive oil, station has resulted it being great distance from point a to point b. they have to be exposed to it. vandalised.

Criteria in Conflict Designing courtyard spaces that will Positioning movement routes through Including the use of the train station act as resting nodes on the visitorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; the different phases or exposing the as one of the departure points for journey. The courtyards will also act as production through visual links. tourists to the olive facility, can micro climates between the buildings. regenerate it.

Configurations (Sketches on layout: by author, 2014)

120

11.

Include ruins

Ruins of the first colour settlement borders the production facility.

BRIEF, ACCOMMODATION AND PROGRAMME

The ruins can be incorporated to be used as a garden of ruins walking trail that will expose the history of the site.

121 5.4 Design Considerations The design of the olive oil production facility will be informed by specific design considerations including the: • configuration of buildings to be sensitive to the site; • building aesthetics and response to context; • user; and • integrated rural master plan.

Configuration of buildings to be sensitive to the site:

Building aesthetics and response to context:

The user:

The complex of buildings configuration are informed by the following factors:

The aesthetics will relate to the industrial train sheds within the area that will indicate the industrial nature of the facility’s programme. The scale of the facility will have a gradual transition, by placing the bigger scaled buildings more towards the mountain edge and the smaller scale building towards the town.

The proposed facility will cater for a number of different users, namely:

• historical ruins that create a definite edge on the site; • the slope will allow the building to be placed along the contours creating a fragmented pattern along the contour; • viewpoint toward the town will influence the placement of spaces; and • where the building will be best viewed from the train station and main road.

tourists; staff; field workers; and the community The main focus of the facility will be on the production of olive oil and table olives that will mainly be running in the winter season. The secondary focus will be on the manufacturing of different olive products, which will be handmade by the community at the different workshops. The the harvesting season only lasts a few months.

122 Integrated rural master plan:

To ensure that the proposed intervention is successful the following factors have to be taken into account in order for the design proposal to fit into its environment: • restoration of the Touws River train station that will act as main entry point for tourist and create more activity; • safe public access to new development; • linking the new development with the small rural town; and • introducing a tourism node along the • main road.

BRIEF, ACCOMMODATION AND PROGRAMME

(Sketch: by author, 2014)

123 5.5 Accommodation List The olive oil production facility’s programme has been calculated on the area of the productive landscape. The future vision of the olive farm will be a total of 250ha, but will only start with 125ha. Therefore, the facility allows for the provision for future expansion. The calculation has been done for the total area of 250ha by Gerrie Duvenage who is Morgenster’s manager in the olive oil division: (Duvenage, 2014) The productive landscape will consist of the following cultivars (spacing = trees per ha): FS17 20% (6 x 3m = 555/ha) Arbequina 20% (6 x 3m = 555/ha) Frantoio 20% (6m x 4m = 416/ha) Coratina 20% (6 x 4m = 416/ha) Don Carlo 20% (6 x 4m = 416/ha) The combinations of cultivars are needed, as some cultivars have to cross-pollinate in order to produce fruit. According to Duvenage, the calculation for tons of olive oil per ha can be done on an average of 10 ton per ha in a good year’s harvest. (Production will be less in bad years, but the highest figures are used to do the calculation)

10ton/ha x 20% = 2000 liters/ha x 250ha = 500,000 litres 20 x 25 000 litre storage tanks 10 settling tanks of 5000 litre capacity The proposed building complex will be divided into public and private facilities. • Private olive oil production facilities:

• Private administration facilities:

• Public facilities:

• storage for goods received; • table olive production; • storage for dry goods and final products; • processing facility; • waste area; • battery and boiler room; • storage and settling tanks; and • bottling area

• • • • •

• • • • • • • • • •

staff reception; staff parking; administration offices; boardroom; and olive makers office

visitors’ reception; visitors’ parking; shops; workshops; café; restaurants; kitchen; waste area; deliveries; and staff and visitors’ parking.

124

BRIEF, ACCOMMODATION AND PROGRAMME

(Sketch: by author, 2014)

125

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

126

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 6.1 Concept 6.2 Generating from and planning

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

(All sketches in chapter 6: by author, 2014)

127

6.1 Concept Building on the historic contour line The historic contour line refers to the ruins of the first railway settlement West of the town of Touws River. The idea of building on the historical contour line can be seen as a reference or guide from the past. The stone wall ruins indicate that each building was placed in response to the contour line, thus all the stone wall ruins creates an unseen reference line. Therefore the proposed design should respond to the steep geographical context similar to the ruins as it has to follow along the line of the site contours.

128

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

129 6.2 Generating from and planning

130

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

131

132

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

133

134

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

135

136

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

137

138

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

139

140

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

141

142

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

143

144

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

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146

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

147

148

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

149

150

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

151

152

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

153

154

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

155

DESIGN RESOLUTION

7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7

Locality plan Ground floor plan First floor plan Section A Section B Edge detail and details 3D views and perspectives

DESIGN RESOLUTION

156

157

158

DESIGN RESOLUTION

159

160

DESIGN RESOLUTION

161

162

DESIGN RESOLUTION

163

Dirt Road

The Olive Shed Railway Platform

Secondary Road

Main Entrance

Dirt Road Olive Groves

Dam

The Touws River Visitors Parking

Bus Parking

Workers Quarters Workshop and Deli

Delivery Entrance

Visitors Reception

Visitors Parking

Railway Line

Staff Reception

Market Square

Olive Oil Production Facility Restaurant Workers Quarters

Dry Storage Olive Harvest Storage

Proposed Community Park

Dam

Garden of Ruins Walkway with various viewpoints

Railway Houses

Main Street with Olive Tree Corridor

Touws River Historical Train Station with new Proposed Museum and Information Center New Proposed Restaurant Bridge

Start of Garden of Ruins Walkway with various viewpoints

LOCALITY PLAN_scale 1:1000

Draaiberg Mountain Range

Garden of Ruins

Olive Delivery Platform

Covered Parking

Store Room

164

DESIGN RESOLUTION

165

GROUND FLOOR PLAN_scale 1:200

166 DESIGN RESOLUTION

FIRST FLOOR PLAN_scale 1:200

167

SECTION A_scale 1:100

168

DESIGN RESOLUTION

169

SECTION B_scale 1:100

170

DESIGN RESOLUTION

171

NORTH WEST ELEVATION

172

DESIGN RESOLUTION

173

SITE ZONING Legend Building Complex Olive Delivery Market Square Historical Ruins Olive Groves

FACILITY ZONING

174 DESIGN RESOLUTION

SITE ZONING

Legend Building Complex Olive Delivery Market Square Historical Ruins Olive Groves

FACILITY ZONING

175

Legend Building Complex Olive Delivery Market Square Historical Ruins Olive Groves

FACILITY ZONING Legend Olive Oil Production Facility Visitors Reception Deli and Olive Product Shop Restaurant Olive Grove Viewing Platform

CIRCULATION

176 Building Complex Olive Delivery Market Square Historical Ruins Olive Groves

FACILITY ZONING Legend Olive Oil Production Facility Visitors Reception Deli and Olive Product Shop Restaurant Olive Grove Viewing Platform

CIRCULATION

DESIGN RESOLUTION

Legend

177

Legend Olive Oil Production Facility Visitors Reception Deli and Olive Product Shop Restaurant Olive Grove Viewing Platform

CIRCULATION Legend The olive Process Visitor Staff

SUSTAINABLILITY

Legend Visitors Reception Deli and Olive Product Shop Restaurant Olive Grove Viewing Platform

CIRCULATION Legend The olive Process Visitor Staff

SUSTAINABLILITY

DESIGN RESOLUTION

Olive Oil Production Facility

178

179

Legend The olive Process Visitor Staff

SUSTAINABLILITY Legend Daylight Harvesting Water Harvesting Geotermal System Solar Harvesting

Legend Visitor Staff

SUSTAINABLILITY Legend Daylight Harvesting Water Harvesting Solar Harvesting

DESIGN RESOLUTION

The olive Process

180

181

182

DESIGN RESOLUTION

183

184

DESIGN RESOLUTION

185

TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION

TECHNICAL RESOLUTION

186

187 N1 TO

CAPE

TOWN N1 TO

NNES

BURG

JAN ES

TR EE

TOUWS RIVER

JOHA

DONKIE RIVER

PROPOSED OLIVE GROVES

ERF 245 MA

IN S

TRE

800

840 860 880 900 920 940 960 980

HIG

H ST REE

TOU TRA WS R IN S IVER TAT ION

820 DRAAIBERG MOUNTAIN

TRAIN TRACKS

Entrance

DIRT ROAD 157,138 Erf Boundary

5m Building Line

TOUWS RIVER

ERF 245 ary

ound

ing

Build

Line

Parking

PRESERVE OF HISTORICAL FOUNDATION FOR PROPOSED NEW MARKET SQUARE 2m Building Line

LOCALITY PLAN Scale 1:2000

STUDY AREA

780

si ty

PROPOSED OLIVE GROVES

233,909 Erf Boundary

rf B

00 450,

T of shw Te an ch e no Un Ar lo iv ch gy er ite

Delivery Area

47,711

127,643

C ech. A D ON rchitec O T ture C R Prof U A ess M C iona EN T l TA TI O N

PRESERVED HISTORICAL BUILDING RUINS

D ep ar tm TP en SS to 0 f

ur e

2m Building Line

80,000 Erf Boundary

PROPOSED NEW BUILDING COMPLEX

2m Build Line

M .T

800,000 Erf Boundary

Name

Miné Roodt_208212524

SITE PLAN Scale 1:100

Project description

The design of an Olive Oil Production Facility in the Touws River Valley Date OUT

29 July 2014

Scale:

As indicated

GSEducationalVersion

Date IN

4 September 2014

Sheet No./No.

1/9

188

TRAIN TRACKS

Entrance

DIRT ROAD 157,138 Erf Boundary

5m Building Line

TECHNICAL RESOLUTION

ERF 245 Erf

Bou

ding

Buil

Line

Parking

2m Building Line

PRESERVE OF HISTORICAL FOUNDATION FOR PROPOSED NEW MARKET SQUARE

STUDY AREA

780 PROPOSED NEW BUILDING COMPLEX Delivery Area

PRESERVED HISTORICAL BUILDING RUINS

2m Build Line 800,000 Erf Boundary

47,711

PROPOSED OLIVE GROVES

127,643

233,909 Erf Boundary

,000

450

dary

189 783

5 000

7 000

57 000

2 380

Hunter Douglas fixed vertical ALUMINIUM louvers per manufacturers specification

200

980mmx35mm thick Marlon ST Range Multiwall POLYCARBONATE vertical glazing

200x100x6mm MILD STEEL (IPE) I-beam bolted to portal frame

Hunter Douglas fixed vertical ALUMINIUM louvers

Stair Note: 1500mm width MILD STEEL STAIRCASE Tread:170mm Riser: 300mm with MILD STEEL handrail

1000mm High BRICK wall

GOODS RECEIVED

Wall Height: 1000 mm

200x400x6mm MILD STEEL I-column

Flowcrete epoxy resin floor finish

5 000

17 700

UFFL 100 000 2 500

2 500

786

2 500

fall to trench

1 5 000

2 500

5 000

230

Flowcrete epoxy resin floor finish

UFFL 99 830 2 500

5 000

7 180

500

230

PUMP ROOM

Flowcrete epoxy resin floor finish

1 050

140

WASTE AREA 2 500

1000mm High BRICK wall

200

400 3 520

2 980

3 245

100x100x3mm MILD STEEL hollow core column

3 100 FALL

230mm brick infall walls

600x600mm SUMP

2 500

RAMP

Flowcrete epoxy resin floor finish

olive hopper to manufactures spesification

screed to fall 18mm Stainless Steel Linear waste water channel

200x400x6mm MILD STEEL I-column

outline of administration block

UFFL 98 980 400x300 mm precast concrete trench drain

Acoustical joint

screed to fall

1000mm High BRICK wall

Tread: 300mm Riser: 170mm

UFFL 100 000

screed to fall

2 600

3 050

7 405

Line of 200x400mm Galvanized Mild-steel overhead beam

2 500

EXTERIOR STAIRS 3

500

5 000

Line of overhead Galvanized Mild-steel IPE 200X100mm

100mm ∅ uPVC waste pipe

IPE 200 MILD STEEL Beam 2 500 2 500

position of control system

Flowcrete epoxy resin floor finish

line of 150x50mm BALAU pergola above spaced 500mm c/c

Flowcrete epoxy resin floor finish

PRESS ROOM B

GOODS RECEIVED Acoustical joint

screed to fall

2 443

500 230 50

230 230

position of control system

500

PLATER BOX 1

500

Flowcrete epoxy resin floor finish

500

125

position of water point

MILD STEEL handrail

50mm ∅ uPVC waste pipe

6 365

RAMP

Flowcrete epoxy resin floor finish

785

200x400x6mm MILD STEEL I-beam

230

1 500

Stainless Steel gully

RAMP

980mmx35mm thick Marlon ST Range Multiwall POLYCARBONATE vertical glazing fixed to GALVANISED MILD STEEL hollow core tubing with standard ALUMINIUM sheet clamps

line of 200X75X3mm MILD STEEL parallel flange channel above

2 200

230

PLATER BOX

MILD STEEL handrail

RAMP

Flowcrete epoxy resin floor finish

400x300 mm precast concrete trench drain

600x600mm SUMP

125 2 150

200

FALL 2 142

2 550

200

2 500 2 300

UFFL 100 000

5 000

2 350

200

sink

Flowcrete epoxy resin floor finish

200

28 175

2 050 2 450

PREPARATION ROOM

screed to fall

18mm Stainless Steel Linear waste water channel

Line of Olive Gantry to manufacturers detail

olive hopper to manufactures spesification 15 000

1 000

screed to fall

UFFL 98 980

14 834

1 800

4 800

14 669

200

14 503

14 338

screed to fall

UFFL 98 980

14 172

14 007

13 841

13 675

13 510

screed to fall

Flowcrete epoxy resin floor finish

3 100

Acoustical joint

PRESS ROOM A

200x100x6mm MILD STEEL (IPE) I-beam bolted to portal frame

980mmx35mm thick Marlon ST Range Multiwall POLYCARBONATE vertical glazing

2 200

7 150

980mmx35mm thick Marlon ST Range Multiwall POLYCARBONATE vertical glazing

784

UFFL 100 000

Line of Portal Frame Structure up-stand column

5 000 4 800

400

5 000

200

1 105

Flowcrete epoxy resin floor finish

6 900

624

12 600 12

2 503

2 669

2 835

4 770

2 Line of roof above

EXTERIOR STAIRS 2 Tread: 1000mm Riser: 170mm

VISITOR'S ENTRANCE

424 400x300 mm precast concrete trench drain

Line of expanded MILD STEEL cladding

Tread: 1000mm Riser: 170mm 1

Line of roof above

Line of gantry structure above

2 000

200

6 900

4 800

1 100

10 200 200

4 800

150mm Ø upvc storm water to main storm water connection

2 112

1 100

EXTERIOR STAIRS 1 200

200

PLATER BOX

230

1 330

14 800

230

2 520

400x300 mm precast concrete trench drain

39 900

220

9 800

220

T of shw Te an ch e no Un Ar lo iv ch gy er ite

A 6 900

57 000

5 000

7 000

ur e

5 000

D ep ar tm TP en SS to 0 f

5 000

787

C ech. A D ON rchitec O T ture C R Prof U A ess M C iona EN T l TA TI O N

600x600mm SUMP

M .T

GROUND FLOOR PLAN Scale 1:100

Name

Miné Roodt_208212524 Project description

The design of an Olive Oil Production Facility in the Touws River Valley Date OUT

29 July 2014

Scale:

As indicated

GSEducationalVersion

Date IN

4 September 2014

Sheet No./No.

2/9

190 783

5,000

57,000

5,000

7,000

57,000

EXTERIOR STAIRS 1

0,5mm thick concealed fix Brownbuilt GALVANISED STEEL wall cladding with Globalcoat™ finish to one side

EXTERIOR STAIRS 2

CONCRETE Roof Note: ROOFCOTE ALLUMINIUM Paint on Abe 4mm abedex waterproofing membrane on 20mm cement screed to fall to fullbore outlets min 1:100 UFFL 104 420

WALKWAY

Hunter Douglas fixed vertical ALUMINIUM louvers

980mmx35mm thick Marlon ST Range Multiwall POLYCARBONATE vertical glazing

Stair Note: 1500mm width MILD STEEL STAIRCASE Tread:170mm Riser: 300mm with MILD STEEL handrail

MILD STEEL handrail 980mmx35mm thick Marlon ST Range Multiwall POLYCARBONATE vertical glazing

200x400x6mm MILD STEEL I-column

7,150

Flowcrete epoxy resin floor finish

doub

le vo

UFFL 104 420

Line of Olive Gantry to manufacturers detail

PRESS ROOM A doub

hopper 14 834

14 669

14 503

14 338

14 172

14 007

13 841

13 510

13 675

UFFL 98 980

PLATER BOX

5 2,050

RAMP

4 sink

Flowcrete epoxy resin floor finish

PLATER BOX 1

Hunter Douglas fixed vertical ALUMINIUM louvers per manufacturers specification

2,450

2,050

28,175

785 200x400x6mm MILD STEEL I-beam

600x600mm SUMP

980mmx35mm thick Marlon ST Range Multiwall POLYCARBONATE vertical glazing

2,450

15 000

lum

le vo

Flowcrete epoxy resin floor finish

lum

7,150

OFFICE AREA

784

Tread: 1000mm Riser: 170mm

5,875

4,770

ROOF

Tread: 1000mm Riser: 170mm

1,105

150mm Ø upvc storm water to main storm water connection

outline of administration block

7,405

ROOF

hopper

Coprox cement waterproofing floor finish screed to fall

screed to fall

UFFL 104 240

screed to fall

7,318

0,5mm thick concealed fix Brownbuilt GALVANISED STEEL wall cladding with Globalcoat™ finish to one side

980mmx35mm thick Marlon ST Range Multiwall POLYCARBONATE vertical glazing

100 ∅ x 0,6mm Chromadek GALVANISED STEEL rainwater down pipe fixed to I-column with GALVANISED STEEL bracket

100 ∅ MILD STEEL full bore to manufacturers specification

600x600mm SUMP

786

3,245

WASTE AREA

PUMP ROOM

Flowcrete epoxy resin floor finish

UFFL 99 830

UFFL 100 000

si ty

3,332

230mm brick infall walls line of 150x50mm BALAU pergola above spaced 500mm c/c

4,800

0,200

4,800

0,200

29,800

0,200

9,800

0,200

T of shw Te an ch e tm en SS no Un to 0 fA lo iv rc hit gy er e

A 0,200

6,900

57,000

5,000

10,000

7,000

ur e

5,000

D ep

5,000

10,000

787

C ech. A D ON rchitec O T ture C R Prof U A ess M C iona EN T l TA TI O N

600x600mm SUMP

FIRST FLOOR PLAN Scale 1:100

Name

Miné Roodt_208212524 Project description

The design of an Olive Oil Production Facility in the Touws River Valley Date OUT

29 July 2014

Scale:

As indicated

GSEducationalVersion

Date IN

4 September 2014

Sheet No./No.

3/9

TECHNICAL RESOLUTION

Hunter Douglas fixed vertical ALUMINIUM louvers per manufacturers specification

Hunter Douglas fixed vertical ALUMINIUM louvers below

100 ∅ x 0,6mm Chromadek GALVANISED STEEL rainwater down pipe fixed to Icolumn with GALVANISED STEEL bracket

191 783

B 5,000

C 5,000

D 5,000

E 5,000

F 5,000

G 5,000

H 5,000

J 5,000

K 5,000

L 5,000

100 ∅ x 0,6mm Chromadek GALVANISED STEEL rainwater down pipe fixed to Icolumn with GALVANISED STEEL bracket

ROOF

galvanised MILD STEEL purpose made portal frame spaced at 5000 mm centres maximum

1,069

3,382

2,313

Valley

784

2,613

CONCRETE Roof Note: ROOFCOTE ALLUMINIUM Paint on Abe 4mm abedex waterproofing membrane on 20mm cement screed to fall to fullbore outlets min 1:100

2,613

100 ∅ x 0,6mm Chromadek GALVANISED STEEL rainwater down pipe fixed to I-column with GALVANISED STEEL bracket

galvanized STEEL cross-bracing

M 7,000

0,5 mm thick galvanised MILD STEEL standard Brownbuilt ridgecap flashing

200x400x6mm MILD STEEL I-column

7,150

200X75X20X3 mm thick galvanised MILD STEEL purlin bolted to portal frame at 1039 mm centres maximum

785 200x400x6mm MILD STEEL I-beam

2,050

5 2,050

5 4

4 2,450

2,450

0,8mm thick galvanised MILD STEEL purpose made gutter 100mm thick galvanised MILD STEEL down pipe

3 galvanized STEEL cross-bracing

ROOF

7,405

CONCRETE Roof Note: ROOFCOTE ALLUMINIUM Paint on Abe 4mm abedex waterproofing membrane on 20mm cement screed to fall to fullbore outlets min 1:100

Valley

7,405

0,5mm thick concealed fix Brownbuilt galvanized steel roof sheeting with a Globalcoat™ finish to one side and fixed to purlins with fixing clips.

outline of administration block

hopper screed to fall

screed to fall

screed to fall 100 ∅ x 0,6mm Chromadek GALVANISED STEEL rainwater down pipe fixed to I-column with GALVANISED STEEL bracket

100 ∅ MILD STEEL full bore to manufacturers specification

786

3,245

screed to fall

si ty

line of 150x50mm BALAU pergola above spaced 500mm c/c

5,000

7,000

787

C ech. A D ON rchitec O T ture C R Prof U A ess M C iona EN T l TA TI O N

D ep

ur e

5,000

T of shw Te an ch e tm en SS no Un to 0 fA lo iv rc hit gy er e

ROOF PLAN Scale 1:100

Name

Miné Roodt_208212524 Project description

The design of an Olive Oil Production Facility in the Touws River Valley Date OUT

29 July 2014

Scale:

As indicated

GSEducationalVersion

Date IN

4 September 2014

Sheet No./No.

4/9

192 M

L 7,000

5,000

Structural bracing

TECHNICAL RESOLUTION

outline of intermediate space outline of administration block

Hunter Douglas fixed vertical ALUMINIUM louvers per manufacturers specification

UFFL 104 420

POLYCARBONATE vertical wall cladding to detail

UFFL 100 000

UFFL 100 000 NGL

NGL

NORTH-WEST ELEVATION SCALE 1:100 7

8,675

GALVANISED STEEL Brownbuilt Ridgecap flashing

4,600

7,400

3,250

7,400

4,600

GALVANISED STEEL Brownbuilt Ridgecap flashing

8,675

POLYCARBONATE vertical wall cladding to detail

200x400x6mm MILD STEEL I-column

50x50x3mm MILD STEEL square tubing with 3mm MILD STEEL EXPANDED METAL MESH

Hunter Douglas fixed vertical ALUMINIUM louvers per manufacturers specification

200x75x25x3mm MILD STEEL purlin outline of intermediate space

UFFL 104 420

FACE BRICK FLUSH JOINTS

UFFL 104 420

BALAU pergola IPE 200 MILD STEEL Beam Hunter Douglas fixed vertical ALUMINIUM louvers per manufacturers specification

200x400x6mm MILD STEEL I-beam

200x400x6mm MILD STEEL I-column

UFFL 100 000

5,000

D 5,000

E 5,000

F 5,000

UFFL 100 000 NGL

NGL

G 5,000

UFFL 100 000

POLYCARBONATE vertical wall cladding to detail

NGL

SOUTH-WEST ELEVATION SCALE 1:100 A B

100x100x3mm MILD STEEL hollow core column

NORTH-EAST ELEVATION SCALE 1:100 J K

H 5,000

5,000

M 7,000 GALVANISED STEEL Brownbuilt Ridgecap flashing

Structural bracing

Brownbuilt FIBREGLASS (GRP) concealed fix roof sheeting Brownbuilt concealed fix GALVANISED STEEL side cladding GALVANISED MILD STEEL purpose made box gutter to detail Hunter Douglas fixed vertical ALUMINIUM louvers per manufacturers specification

Brownbuilt FIBREGLASS (GRP) concealed fix roof sheeting GALVANISED MILD STEEL purpose made box gutter to detail POLYCARBONATE vertical glazing to detail Purpose made MILD STEEL portal frame sections

6mm MILD STEEL flange 50x50x3mm MILD STEEL square tubing with 3mm MILD STEEL EXPANDED METAL MESH

T of shw Te an ch e tm en SS no Un to 0 fA lo iv rc hit gy er ec si tu re ty

Brownbuilt concealed fix GALVANISED STEEL roof sheeting

200x400x6mm MILD STEEL I-column 75x75x3mm MILD STEEL angle iron pre-welded to main structure 200x75x25x3mm MILD STEEL purlin

outline of administration block

200x400x6mm MILD STEEL I-column

IPE 200 MILD STEEL Beam

FACE BRICK FLUSH JOINTS outline of intermediate space

D4 D1

UFFL 100 000 NGL

D4 D1

100x100x3mm MILD STEEL hollow core column

Brownbuilt concealed fix GALVANISED STEEL side cladding

D4 D1

UFFL 104 420 Joint bracket

FACE BRICK FLUSH JOINTS

BALAU pergola

FACE BRICK FLUSH JOINTS

C ech. A D ON rchitec O T ture C R Prof U A ess M C iona EN T l TA TI O N

M TP

Precast CONCRETE coping UFFL 104 420

Stay roller

UFFL 100 000 NGL

Name

MinĂŠ Roodt_208212524 Project description

SOUTH-EAST ELEVATION SCALE 1:100

The design of an Olive Oil Production Facility in the Touws River Valley Date OUT

29 July 2014

Scale:

As indicated

GSEducationalVersion

Date IN

4 September 2014

Sheet No./No.

5/9

193

0,58mm GALVANISED STEEL Brownbuilt Ridgecap flashing

8 675

0,5mm thick concealed fix Brownbuilt GALVANISED MILD STEEL roof sheeting with a Globalcoat™ finish

4 600

7 400

3 250

20°

40°

75x75x3mm MILD STEEL angle iron bracket

0,5mm thick concealed fix Brownbuilt GALVANISED STEEL roof sheeting with Globalcoat™ finish to one side and fixed to purlins with standard fixing clips.

200x75x25x3mm MILD STEEL Purlin 0.6mm GALVANISED MILD STEEL purpose splash flashing 0.6mm GALVANISED MILD STEEL purpose made gutter 0.6mm GALVANISED MILD STEEL purpose cover flashing

30mm thick high density rigid extruded POLYSTYRENE Isoboard insulation spaced 1400mm maximum

200x75x25x3mm MILD STEEL purlin 75x75x3mm MILD STEEL angle iron

200x75x25x3mm MILD STEEL purlin 75x75x3mm MILD STEEL angle iron prewelded to portal frame structure

35mm thick x 980mm wide Marlon ST Range Multiwall POLYCARBONATE roof covering at 2˚

7 080

40x40x3mm thick hollow core MILD STEEL square tubing fixed to MILD STEEL lipped channel with 6mm self tapping screws

0.6mm galvanized MILD STEEL purpose made box gutter to detail 0,5mm thick concealed fix Brownbuilt GALVANISED STEEL wall cladding with Globalcoat™ finish to one side

6mm MILD STEEL flange

Hunter Douglas fixed vertical ALUMINIUM louvers fixing mechanism per manufacturers specification

200x75x20x3mm thick cold rolled mild steel lipped channel welded to 75x75x3mm thick hot rolled mild steel angle iron welded to mild steel portal frame column

Hunter Douglas fixed vertical ALUMINIUM louvers per manufacturers specification

WAITING AREA

Purpose made MILD STEEL portal frame sections bolted together with M16 bolt and nut set

Flowcrete epoxy resin floor finish

0,8 mm thick Bond-Dek® galvanized steel pre-primed for painting on one side composite interlocking permanent formwork spaced at 3000 mm centers maximum

purpose made mild steel portal frame column spaced at 5000mm centres

Flowcrete epoxy resin floor finish

6 mm LAMINATED SAFETY GLASS with ALUMINIUM frame

PRODUCTION MANAGER'S OFFICE

200X75X3mm MILD STEEL parallel flange channels

Precast CONCRETE coping

2 742

200x100x6mm MILD STEEL (IPE) I-beam bolted to portal frame

purpose made MILD STEEL portal frame column spaced at 5000mm centres 200x75x20x3mm thick cold rolled MILD STEEL lipped channel

230 mm BRICK wall

IPE 200 MILD STEEL Beam

UFFL 100 000

400mm BRICK wall

PVC waterstop joint

400x300mm precast CONCRETE trench drain with 50mm drop-in GALVANISED STEELgrating NGL

200x100x50mm STONE pavers on 50mm thick compacted river sand bed

200x400x6mm MILD STEEL I-column

STAINLESS STEEL linear drainage UFFL 100 000

100x100x3mm MILD STEEL hollow core column

4 470

4 240

4 420

100 ∅ x 0,6mm Chromadek GALVANISED STEEL rainwater down pipe fixed to I-column with GALVANISED STEEL bracket

Flowcrete epoxy resin floor finish to slope

Flowcrete epoxy resin floor finish

STAINLESS STEEL linear drainage

1 020

UFFL 100 000

75x100x3mm MILD STEEL angle iron bolted to hollow core column

CONCRETE shoe

UFFL 99 830

1 000

Flowcrete epoxy resin floor finish to slope

1 020

NGL

PRESS ROOM B

POLYCARBONATE vertical glazing to detail

PRESS ROOM A 2 020

UFFL 100 000

6 mm thick MILD STEEL flange bolted to portal frame

200X75X3mm MILD STEEL parallel flange channels

PREPARATION ROOM

UFFL 104 420 150x50mm BALAU pergola

200x400x6mm MILD STEEL I-beam

3 840

980mmx35mm thick Marlon ST Range Multiwall POLYCARBONATE vertical glazing fixed to GALVANISED MILD STEEL hollow core tubing with standard ALUMINIUM sheet clamps

200x100x50 mm STONE pavers on 50mm thick compacted river sand bed

4 040

4 420

40x40x3mm thick hollow core MILD STEEL square tubing

100 ∅ MILD STEEL full bore to manufacturers specification

IPE 200x100x6mm MILD STEEL beam

6 mm thick MILD STEEL flange welded to portal frame for continuous support around column

5 440

400x300mm precast CONCRETE trench drain with 50mm drop-in GALVANISED STEEL grating

230 mm in-fill Brick wall

200x400x6mm MILD STEEL I-beam

75x75x3mm thick hot rolled MILD STEEL angle iron welded to MILD STEEL portal frame column 6 mm thick MILD STEEL flange bolted to portal frame

UFFL 104 240

6 mm thick MILD STEEL flange

200x400x6mm MILD STEEL I-column

3 640

200x100x6mm MILD STEEL (IPE) I-beam bolted to portal frame

400

6mm MILD STEEL flange

1 000

650

200X75X3mm MILD STEEL parallel flange channel

CONCRETE Roof Note: ROOFCOTE ALLUMINIUM Paint on Abe 4mm abedex waterproofing membrane on 20mm cement screed to fall to fullbore outlets min 1:100

100x140x3mm MILD STEEL angle iron fixed to brick column

UFFL 100 000

255

400

200X75X3mm MILD STEEL parallel flange channel

170 1 040

Shear stud UFFL 104 420

11 500

0,5mm thick concealed fix Brownbuilt GALVANISED MILD wall cladding with Globalcoat™ finish to one side

Compacted ground fill in layers of 150mm think max.

200 x 600mm Concrete Foundation

255

CONCRETE shoe PVC waterstop joint

200 x 600mm Concrete Foundation 1200 x 1200 x 500mm Foundation Pad Edge Detail A

Floor Note: Flowcrete EPOXY RESIN floor finish on 15mm minimum self-leveling SANDCEMENT screed to slope on 85mm thick reinforced concrete surface bed on85mm thick reinforced concrete surface bed on Under Surface Bed green Gundle membrane on Compacted ground fill

800 x 800 x 500mm Foundation Pad

1600 x 1600 x 500mm Foundation Pad 1600 x 1600 x 500mm Foundation Pad

C ech. A D ON rchitec O T ture C R Prof U A ess M C iona EN T l TA TI O N

D ep

ur e

T of shw Te an ch e tm en SS no Un to 0 fA lo iv rc hit gy er e

si ty

SECTION A-A SCALE 1:50

Name

Miné Roodt_208212524 Project description

The design of an Olive Oil Production Facility in the Touws River Valley Date OUT

29 July 2014

Scale:

As indicated

GSEducationalVersion

Date IN

4 September 2014

Sheet No./No.

6/9

NGL

GSEducationalVersion

EDGE DETAIL 01 SCALE 1:20

UFFL 98 980

CONCRETE shoe

UFFL 100 000

200x100x50 mm STONE pavers on 50mm thick compacted river sand bed

6mm MILD STEEL flange

6 mm thick MILD STEEL flange bolted to portal frame

200X75X3mm MILD STEEL parallel flange channels

UFFL 104 420

400 mm Hunter Douglas Aerofin Aluminum Vertical Louvers fixed to IPE 200 with purpose made fixing bracket

100x40x2 mm thick Aluminum hollow core mounting tube

Purpose made Aluminium Flashing fix to MILD STEEL hollow core tubing

40x40x3mm thick hollow core mild steel square tubing fixed to lipped channel with 6mm self tapping screws

200x75x20x3mm thick cold rolled mild steel lipped channel welded to 75x75x3mm thick hot rolled mild steel angle iron welded to mild steel portal frame column

35mm thick x 980mm wide Marlon ST Range Multiwall polycarbonate roof covering fixed to hollow core tubing with aluminum sheet clamps

0,5mm thick concealed fix Brownbuilt GALVANISED MILD wall cladding with Globalcoat™ finish to one side and fixed to purlins with fixing clips.

0.6mm GALVANISED MILD STEEL purpose cover flashing

0.6mm GALVANISED MILD STEEL purpose made gutter

0.6mm GALVANISED MILD STEEL purpose splash flashing

200x75x25x3mm MILD STEEL Purlin bolted to 75x75x3mm Mild Steel angle iron pre-welded to portal frame structure

30mm thick high density rigid extruded POLYSTYRENE Isoboard insulation fixed over MILD STEEL purlin spaced 1400mm maximum

0,5mm thick concealed fix Brownbuilt GALVANISED MILD STEEL roof sheeting with a Globalcoat™ finish to one side and fixed to purlins with fixing clips.

0,58mm GALVANISED STEEL Brownbuilt Ridgecap flashing fixed to Brownbuilt roof covering with standard S1 clip

Detail2 3

Compacted ground fill in layers of 150mm think max.

400x300mm precast CONCRETE trench drain with 50mm drop-in GALVANISED STEELgrating

35mm thick x 980mm wide Marlon ST Range Multiwall polycarbonate vertical glazing fixed to hollow core tubing with aluminum sheet clamps

200X75X3mm MILD STEEL parallel flange channels

Flowcrete epoxy resin floor finish to slope

WAITING AREA

200X75X3mm MILD STEEL parallel flange channels

200x100x6mm MILD STEEL (IPE) I-beam bolted to portal frame

1600x1600x500mm Foundation Pad

200 x 600mm Concrete Foundation

230 mm BRICK wall

Detail 2

Detail1 4

20°

Floor Note: Flowcrete EPOXY RESIN floor finish on 15mm minimum self-leveling SAND-CEMENT screed to slope on 85mm thick reinforced concrete surface bed on85mm thick reinforced concrete surface bed on Under Surface Bed green Gundle membrane on Compacted ground fill

NGL

100 ∅ x 0,6mm Chromadek GALVANISED STEEL rainwater down pipe fixed to I-column with GALVANISED STEEL bracket

40x40x3mm thick hollow core MILD STEEL square tubing fixed to MILD STEEL lipped channel with 6mm self tapping screws

200x75x20x3mm thick cold rolled MILD STEEL lipped channel welded to 75x75x3mm thick hot rolled MILD STEEL angle iron welded to MILD STEEL portal frame column

purpose made mild steel portal frame column spaced at 5000mm centres

Flowcrete epoxy resin floor finish to slope

PRESS ROOM A

200x100x6mm MILD STEEL (IPE) I-beam bolted to portal frame

200x100x6mm MILD STEEL (IPE) I-beam bolted to portal frame spaced at 2500mm

Shear stud

0,8 mm thick Bond-Dek® galvanized steel pre-primed for painting on one side composite interlocking permanent formwork spaced at 3000 mm centers maximum

purpose made MILD STEEL portal frame sections bolted together with M16 bolt and nut set

M16 bolt and nut set

6mm MILD STEEL flange

200x75x25x3mm MILD STEEL purlin welded to purpose made MILD STEEL angle iron welded to portal frame structure

0,5mm thick concealed fix Brownbuilt GALVANISED MILD wall cladding with Globalcoat™ finish to one side and fixed to purlins with fixing clips.

MILD STEEL portal frame cut to fit GALVANISED STEEL purpose made box gutter

Compacted ground fill in layers of 150mm think max.

Detail 1

40°

TECHNICAL RESOLUTION

s es of

Miné Roodt_208212524

As indicated

29 July 2014

Date OUT

Scale:

S TP M

N O

4 September 2014

Date IN

7/9

Sheet No./No.

The design of an Olive Oil Production Facility in the Touws River Valley

Project description

Name

I T T C A A NT Ar R . E h T ec .T N M M O U C OC D e ur ct ite ch

l na

ity rs ve ni y U g e lo ture an no chitec hw ech t of Ar s T f T men o part 0

194

195

0,5mm thick concealed fix Brownbuilt (406) GALVANISED MILD STEEL roof sheeting with a Globalcoat™ finish to one side and fixed to purlins with standard Brownbuilt fixing clips.

Marlon ST Range standard ALUMINIUM "U" channel fixed to bottom of polycarbonate sheet Marlon ST Range standard ALUMINIUM sheet clamps fixed to MILD STEEL square tubing

Marlon ST Range standard breather tape fixed to bottom of sheet concealed with standard ALUMINIUM "U" channel

30mm thick high density rigid extruded POLYSTYRENE Isoboard insulation fixed over MILD STEEL purlin spaced 1400mm maximum

0.6mm GALVANISED MILD STEEL purpose cover flashing pop riveted to MILD STEEL square tubing

Standard Brownbuilt D2 bracket fixed to insulation with self drilling screw

35mm thick x 980mm wide Marlon ST Range Multiwall polycarbonate roof covering fixed to hollow core tubing with standard ALUMINIUM sheet clamps

200X75X3mm MILD STEEL parallel flange channels

Brownbuilt concealed fix profile stop-ending lipping at 20˚

200

142

Long wafer head, self drilling

40x40x3mm thick hollow core MILD STEEL square tubing fixed to MILD STEEL lipped channel with 6mm self tapping screws

ALUMINIUM endcap

200x75x25x3mm MILD STEEL purlin welded to purpose made MILD STEEL angle iron welded to portal frame structure

0.6mm GALVANISED MILD STEEL purpose S1 splash flashing pop riveted to gutter and roof covering

75x75x3mm MILD STEEL angle iron pre-welded to portal frame structure

400 mm Hunter Douglas Aerofin Aluminum Vertical Louvers fixed to IPE 200 with purpose made fixing bracket

0.6mm GALVANISED MILD STEEL purpose made gutter 60

200x100x6mm MILD STEEL (IPE) I-beam bolted to portal frame with 6mm MILD STEEL base plate

200x75x25x3mm MILD STEEL Purlin bolted to75x75x3mm MILD STEEL angle iron pre-welded to portal frame structure at 1039 mm centres maximum

2mm GALVANISED MILD STEEL purpose cover flashing

190

245

0,5mm thick concealed fix Brownbuilt (406) GALVANISED MILD STEEL roof sheeting with a Globalcoat™ finish to one side and fixed to purlins with fixing clips.

200X75X3mm MILD STEEL parallel flange channels welded to MILD STEEL I-beam

75x75x3mm Mild Steel angle iron pre-welded to portal frame structure MILD STEEL portal frame precut to fit GALVANISED STEEL purpose made box gutter

225

100

200x75x25x3mm MILD STEEL Purlin bolted to 75x75x3mm Mild Steel angle iron pre-welded to portal frame structure 300

900

Alcoa ALUMINIUM window frame fixed to 50x50x3mm thick MILD STEEL square tubing with 6mm SAFETY GLASS Alcoa ALUMINIUM window frame fixed to 50x50x3mm thick MILD STEEL square tubing

DETAIL 1 SCALE 1:10

0,5mm thick concealed fix Brownbuilt (406) GALVANISED MILD STEEL roof sheeting with a Globalcoat™ finish to one side and fixed to purlins with standard Brownbuilt fixing clips.

50x50x3mm thick MILD STEEL square tubing

200x75x25x3mm MILD STEEL purlin welded to purpose made MILD STEEL angle iron welded to portal frame structure 75x75x3mm MILD STEEL angle iron prewelded to portal frame structure

100

2mm Flowcrete EPOXY RESIN floor finish on 5mm self levelling CEMENT SCREED

400 S

200

35mm thick x 980mm wide Marlon ST Range Multiwall polycarbonate roof covering fixed to hollow core tubing with standard ALUMINIUM sheet clamps

Long wafer head, self drilling and self tapping ten screw 48

160

35mm thick x 980mm wide Marlon ST Range Multiwall polycarbonate roof covering fixed to hollow core tubing with standard ALUMINIUM sheet clamps

100 20

Brownbuilt concealed fix profile stop-ending lipping at 20˚

Standard Brownbuilt D2 bracket fixed to insulation with self drilling screw

0,8 mm thick Bond-Dek® GALVANISED STEEL pre-primed for painting on one side composite interlocking permanent formwork spaced at 3000 mm centers maximum

200X75X3mm MILD STEEL parallel flange channels

6mm MILD STEEL flange welded to MILD STEEL portal frame

Shear stud

M16 bolt and nut set

RUBBER washer

si ty T of shw Te an ch e tm en SS no Un to 0 fA lo iv rc hit gy er e

200

ur e

D ep

Standard Hunter Douglas MILD STEEL fixing to MILD STEEL parallel flange channels

6 mm thick MILD STEEL flange bolted to portal frame

200X75X3mm MILD STEEL parallel flange channels

DETAIL 3 SCALE 1:10

DETAIL 2 SCALE 1:10

200

200x75x25x3mm MILD STEEL purlin welded to purpose made MILD STEEL angle iron welded to portal frame structure

200

C ech. A D ON rchitec O T ture C R Prof U A ess M C iona EN T l TA TI O N

75x75x3mm MILD STEEL angle iron pre-welded to portal frame structure

200x100x6mm MILD STEEL (IPE) I-beam bolted to portal frame

100x40x2mm MILD STEEL rectangular tubing support structure 200x100x6mm MILD STEEL (IPE) I-beam bolted to portal frame with 6mm MILD STEEL base plate

40x40x3mm thick hollow core MILD STEEL square tubing fixed to MILD STEEL lipped channel with 6mm self tapping screws

188

M10 Hexagon bolt

145

200 188

385 purpose made MILD STEEL portal frame sections bolted together with M16 bolt and nut set

180

806

Name

Miné Roodt_208212524 Project description

The design of an Olive Oil Production Facility in the Touws River Valley Date OUT

29 July 2014

Scale:

As indicated

GSEducationalVersion

Date IN

4 September 2014

Sheet No./No.

8/9

GSEducationalVersion

DETAIL 4 SCALE 1:10

UFFL 98 980

NGL

UFFL 100 00

400x300mm precast CONCRETE trench drain with 50mm drop-in GALVANISED STEELgrating

300

60 190 50

180 170

99°

DPC

230mm FACE BRICK wall with flush joints

10mm MILD STEEL baseplate bolted to concrete column

35mm thick x 980mm wide Marlon ST Range Multiwall polycarbonate vertical glazing fixed to hollow core tubing with aluminum sheet clamps

40x40x3mm thick hollow core MILD STEEL square tubing fixed to MILD STEEL lipped channel with 6mm self tapping screws

200x75x20x3mm thick cold rolled MILD STEEL lipped channel welded to 75x75x3mm thick hot rolled MILD STEEL angle iron welded to MILD STEEL portal frame column

purpose made mild steel portal frame column spaced at 5000mm centres

Flowcrete epoxy resin floor finish to slope

PRESS ROOM A

6mm MILD STEEL baseplate

200x100x6mm MILD STEEL (IPE) I-beam bolted to I-beam

200x100x6mm MILD STEEL (IPE) I-beam bolted to MILD STEEL portal frame

Line of Portal Frame structure up stand column and foundation

6 47

Shear stud

0,8 mm thick Bond-Dek® GALVANISED STEEL pre-primed for painting on one side composite interlocking permanent formwork spaced at 3000 mm centers maximum

6 188 6

6 188 200 6 6 6

437 450

1600x1600x500mm Foundation Pad

200 x 600mm Concrete Foundation

93°

131 900

1970 1970

424

DETAIL 4 PLAN SCALE 1:10

980 980 980 980 980

UFFL 104 420

624

TECHNICAL RESOLUTION

2mm Flowcrete EPOXY RESIN floor finish on 5mm self levelling CEMENT SCREED

s es of

Miné Roodt_208212524

As indicated

29 July 2014

Date OUT

Scale:

N O

4 September 2014

Date IN

9/9

Sheet No./No.

The design of an Olive Oil Production Facility in the Touws River Valley

Project description

Name

e ur

S TP M

a ep

I T T C A A NT r A h. TR E ec .T N M M O U C OC D ct ite ch

l na

ity rs ve ni U ogy r e e l tu an no chitec hw ch of Ar Ts f Te ment o rt

35mm thick x 980mm wide Marlon ST Range Multiwall polycarbonate vertical glazing fixed to hollow core tubing with aluminum sheet clamps

40x40x3mm thick hollow core MILD STEEL square tubing fixed to MILD STEEL lipped channel with 6mm self tapping screws

200x75x20x3mm thick cold rolled MILD STEEL lipped channel welded to 75x75x3mm thick hot rolled MILD STEEL angle iron welded to MILD STEEL portal frame column

Line of Portal Frame structure up stand column and foundation

purpose made mild steel portal frame column spaced at 5000mm centres

196

197

REFERENCES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

198

199 Elsenburg. N.d. Agricultural statistics in Brief. [Online] Available from: http://www. elsenburg.com/economics/statistics/start.htm [Accessed on: 30/09/2014] FAGAN, G. 2008. Brakdak: Platdakke in die Karoo. Cape Town: Breekstraat Publications FloorNature, 2014. GH + A (Guillermo Hevia Architects): olive oil factory in Chile. [Online] Available from: http://www.floornature.com/projects-commerce/project-gha-guillermo-hevia-architects-olive-oil-factory-in-chile-9254/.[Accessed on: 17/09/2014]

References Bernstein, A. 1996. South Africa’s small towns [pdf]. CDE Research, No.2, 2 May 1996. Available from: http://cde.org.za/images/pdf/SAs%20Small%20Towns%20 Reprints%20pdf.pdf [Accessed: 19/07/2014] BULPIN, T.V. 2001. Discovering Southern Africa. Cape Town: Tafelberg Cape Winelands District. Cape Winelands Overview. [Online] Available from: http://www.capewinelands.gov.za/SitePages/Cape%20Winelands%20Overview.aspx [Accessed on: 30/09/2014]

FOURIE, N. 2014. Interview. Touws River. (Notes in possession of author) HAUSLADEN, G., DE SALDANHA, M. LIEDL, P. & SAGER, C. 2005. Climate Design: Solutions for Buildings that can do more with less technology. Germany: Birkhäuser. InHabitat, 2009. Eco Olive Oil Factory by Guillermo Hevia Architects. [Online] Available from: http://inhabitat.com/olive-oil-factory-by-guillermo-hevia-architects/ [Accessed on: 17/09/2014] KELLET, F., WILLIAMS, L. 2006. Footprint South Africa. UK: Footprintbooks LEFAIVRE, L. & TZONIS, A. 2003. Critical Regionalism: Architecture and Identity in a Globalized World. Munich: Prestel.

CentralKarooInfo. General Information. [Online] Available from: http://www.centralkaroo-info.co.za/region. [Accessed on: 30/09/2014]

Lynch, K. 1996. The city image and its elements. In The image of the city. R.T. Le Gates, F. Stout (Eds).The city reader. Available at: http://www.laboratoriorapu.it/LPU_sito/download/Materiali_Papers/02b_08.03.26_ Lynch-anthology.pdf. [Accessed on: 01/11/2014]

Coetzee, K. 2011. Hartbeeskraal (Farm 1/36), Touwsriver: Agricultural Assessment Report. [Online] Available at:http://www.eeu.org.za/downloads/touwsrivierdocuments/Appendix%208.2_Agricultural%20Potential%20Report.pdf. Accessed on 1 November 2014.

Morgenster, 2014. The History. [Online] Available from: http://www.morgenster. co.za/Page.aspx?PAGEID=3055&CLIENTID=1003 [Accessed on: 08/10/2014]

CNdV Africa Planning and Design CC. 2013. Breede Vallei Spatial Development Framework. [Online] Available at: http://www.bvm.gov.za/bvmweb/images/SDF/ Final2013/Breede%20Valley%20Spatial%20Development%20Framework%20-%20 Final%20(12%20April%202013).pdf. Accessed on 1 November 2014. In-text reference is CNdV Africa Planning and Design CC, 2013. DeZeen, 2009. Olisur olive oil factory by GH + A Architects. [Online] Available from: http://www.dezeen.com/2009/02/04/olisur-olive-oil-factory-by-gh-a-architects/ [Accessed on: 17/09/2014]

MULLER, P. 2013. Architective: Building construction standards for South Africa. Paarl: Paarl Media OMEROS DEMETRIOU. 2012. South Africa’s New Gold Standard [Online]. The olive oil times. Available from: http://www.oliveoiltimes.com/opinion/south-africa-new-gold-standard [Accessed: 13/09/2013] NAPIER, A. 2000. Enviro-friendly methods in small building design for South Africa. Alaric Napier.

200 Oudtshooringinfo, 2008. The Klein Karoo is well suited for olives. [Online]. Available from: http://www.oudtshoorninfo.com/kleinkaroo. [Accessed: 13/09/2013] PAUL, L. 2003. Desert Retreats: Sedona Style. New York: Universe. PORTER, T. 2004. Archispeak: An illustrated Guide to Architectural Terms. London: Spon Press. RAEL, R. 2009. Earth Architecture. New York: Princeton Architectural Press SANS 204:2011, ‘Energy efficiency in Buildings’, ed. 1, South Africa Buro of Standards, Pretoria, South Africa, 2011.

SCHOEMAN, C. 2013. The Historical Karoo: Traces of the past in South Africa’s Arid Interior. Cape Town: Zebra Press SOUTH AFRICA. Statistics South Africa. 2006. Migration and changing settlement patterns multilevel datat for policy [pdf] [Online]. Available from: http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/Report-03-04-01/ Report-03-04-01.pdf [Accessed: 17/07/2014] SOUTH AFRICA. Department of Tourism. 2012. Rural Tourism Strategy. [pdf] [Online] Available from: http://www.tourism.gov.za/AboutNDT/Branches1/domestic/ Documents/National%20Rural%20Tourism%20Strategy.pdf [Accessed: 08/10/2014] SOUTH AFRICA. Department of the Presidency, 2014a National Planning Commission: Material conditions diagnostics [pdf] [Online]. Available from: http://www.npconline.co.za/MediaLib/Downloads/Home/Tabs/ Diagnostic/Diagnostic_Material_Conditions.pdf [Accessed: 11/07/2014] SOUTH AFRICA. Department of the Presidency. 2014b. National Development Plan 2030: Our future – make it work. [pdf] [Online] Available from: http://www.npconline.co.za/MediaLib/Downloads/Downloads/ NDP%202030%20-%20Our%20future%20-%20make%20it%20work.pdf [Accessed: 08/10/2014]

Tokara, 2014. Tokara Olive Oil. [Online] Available from: http://www.tokara.co.za/ olive-oil/olive-oil-products/ [Accessed on: 08/10/2014] Van der Merwe, I.J., Ferreira, S.L.A., Zietsman, H.L. 2005. An investment strategy for effective town development in the Western Cape, South Africa [pdf]. Urban Forum, Vol.16, No.4, October – December 2005. Available from: http://link.springer. com/article/10.1007/s12132-005-0008-x [Accessed: 18/07/2014] VAN EEDEN, P. 2014. Interview. Stellenbosch. (Notes in possession of author). Western Cape Tourism. 2007. Western Cape Tourism and Accommodation. [Online] Available from: http://www.thewesterncape.co.za/. [Accessed on: 30/09/2014]

REFERENCES

SCRIMGEOUR, J. (john@buffetolives.net). 2014. The need for an Olive Oil Processing Factory in the Highveld. [Email to:] Roodt, M. (m.roodt88@gmail.com) Jul. 4.

STASSEN, J.H. 1977. Touwsrivier – Daos ab 1877-1977. Worcester: Standard Electric Press Ltd. ThePlan, 2014. Olisure Olive Oil Factory and Offices. [Online] Available from: http://www.theplan.it/J/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=488%3Aolis ur-olive-oil-factory-and-offices&Itemid=1&lang=en [Accessed on: 17/09/2014]

201

Acknowledgements I would like to sincerely thank the following people for their love and support throughout my studies: My heavenly Father for giving me the gifts, ability and strength to complete my studies Andreâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; and Marlene Roodt My family and close friends Phillip Crafford Mel Stander Micheal Burt Scott Thompson Maxine Swanepoel Matthew Perdon Ulrike Lustig Skye Pottas Johan Roodt - Lettaskraal Olives Hestie Roodt - Lettaskraal Olives Gerrie Duvenhage - Morgenster Olive and Wine Estate Petrus van Eeden - Tokara Olive Shed Linda Costa - Olives go Wild Jo Jacinto - AMT Composites Adam Steen - Breede River Municipality Mr. N. Fourie - Touws River Municipality THANK YOU.

202

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS