On Strategic Non-Violent Conflict by minnhein khant

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On Strategic Nonviolent Conflict:

Thinking About The Fundamentals Robert L. Helvey

The Albert Einstein Institution t,fvfbwf tdkifpwdkif; tzGJ@

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Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

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Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

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Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

aus;Zl;wiftodtrSwfðyv$m EdkifiHwumt=urf;rzuf yÉdyuQajz&Sif;a&;Ïme (International Center on Nonviolent Conflict) rS yDwm tufumref; (Peter Ackerman) ESifh tar&duefjynfaxmifpk +idrf;csrf;a&;ody`H (United States Institute of Peace) rS [m&D,uf [ifh*pf (Harriet Hentges) wdk@. tav;teufESifh wpdkufrwfrwf tm;ay; wdkufwGef;r_ r&SdcJhygv#if/ Tpmtkyfudk usaemf 'kucQ H+yD; a&;jzpfvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg? (USIP) rS vkyfief;tpDtpOft&m&Sd rpPpf *sL'D bmqvl; (Ms. Judy Barsalou) . pdwf±Snfr_ESifh tm;ay;r_wdkufwGef;r_rsm;udkvnf;/ todtrSwfðy aus;Zl;&Sd a=umif; az:jyvdkygonf? tJvfbwftdkif;pwdkif;toif; (Albert Einstein Institution) udkwnfaxmifolvnf;jzpf/ toif;. vuf&Sdt}uD; wef; ynm&Sifvnf;jzpfaom a'gufwm*sif;&Syf (Dr.Gene Sharp) u oHk;oyfcsufrsm;/ t=uHðycsufrsm;jzifh taumif; qHk; aus;Zl;ðycJhygonf? olonf r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJqdkif&m ynme,fy,fwGif/ xl;xl;jcm;jcm; =oZm}uD;ol jzpfaeojzifh/ ol.pmtkyftawmfrsm;rsm;wGif/ ol onfr#wwfodvdrfrmpGm aqG;aEG;xm;+yD;jzpfaom bmom&yfESifh ywfoufI pmtkyfwpftkyfa&;xkwf&rnfudk usaemf csDwHkcswHkjzpfcJhrdygonf? wpfae@rSmusaemfh pmtkyf ta=umif; aqG;aEG;=upOf/ olonf t=urf;rzufyÉdyuQajz&Sif;a&; r[mAsL[mESifh ywfoufIorRmusrf;pmozG,f jzpfaom/ “t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_Edik fiHa&;ESifh tm%m&SifpepfrS 'Drdkua&pDpepfodk@” (The politics of Nonviolent and From Dictatorship to Democracy) pmtkyfudk a&;om;+yD;jzpfaeojzifh/ usaemfhpdwfxJwGif a&;&efvufwGef@ rwifrusjzpfaeonfrsm;udk ol@tm;usaemfajymjychJygonf? TwGifol. wkH@jyefr_rSm “orRmusrf;pmeJ@ywfoufvdk@ pmtkyfawG b,favmufa&;om;+yD;cJh+yDvJ” [lIjzpfygonf? pmoifcef;wpfcef;rSm aqG;aEG;jcif;/odk@r[kwf oif=um;ydk@csjcif;ðyonfh tcgrsKd;ESifhrwlyJ/ pmzwfolwdk@. xifjrifcsufrsm; udk =um;emjcif;/ ar;cGef;rsm;ajz=um;jcif; ðyEdkifrnfr[kwfojzifh/ usaemf. tpfudkjzpfol z&ifh[JvfaA;u t,lcH±Hk; a&S@aewpfOD;. a0zefa&;rsufpdrsKd;jzifh/ pmrl=urf;tqifhqifhudk zwf+yD;/ wdwdusus&Sd&rnfhtcsufrsm;udk a0zef axmufjy cJhygonf? uGefpwifhpf rJ'dk;pf (Constances Meadows) onf/ jyifqifwnf;jzwfp&mt"dutcsufrsm;udk axmufjy &if;/ pmrludk }udrfzefrsm;pGmjyefay;&mY pdwfysuf[ef wpfcsufuav;r# rjycJhyg? usaemfhawG;ac:r_ESifh/ zdESdyfoltpdk;&rsm;udk t=urf;rzufenf;jzifh wdkufyGJqifjcif;ta=umif; ydkrdkodjrifvma&;/ TwdkufyGJ rsKd;udk ydkrdkusifhoHk;vma&;ESifhywfoufI usaemf.wpdkufrwfrwfaqmif±Gufr_wdk@tay: =oZmanmif;cJhol trsm;tjym; &Sdygao;onf? rsm;vGef;I trnfrsm;yif raz:jyEdkifawmhyg? Tyk*~dKvfrsm;tm;vHk;udk usaemf *k%fðyygonf? rnfodk@jzpf ap/ TpmtkyfwGifygaom trSm;t,Gif;/ odk@r[kwf vpf[if;r_wpfpHkw&mtwGuf usaemfwGifom vHk;0wm0ef&Sdyg onf? Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

rdwfquf ed'gef; 20-&mpkonf/ rSwfwrf;wifcJh+yD;or#ordkif;wGif t=urf;qHk;t&rf;qHk; &mpkjzpfcJhonf? urBmppf}uD;ESpfcka=umifh ppfom; ESifht&yfom;aygif; oef; (200) ausmf aoa=ucJh&onf? xdk@jyiftuef@towf&Sdaomfvnf; tvm;wlyif a=umufruf zG,faumif;vSaom vGwfajrmufa&;ppfyGJrsm;/ EdkifiHodrf;ydkuf ppfyGJrsm;/ EdkifiHa&;ESifh bmoma&;,Hk=unfcsufrsm;udk t a=umif;ðyI jynfoltcsif;csif;=um;wGif jzpfyGg;aom jynfwGif;ppfrsm; [lIvnf; &Sdygao;onf? 20-&mpktwGif;rSm/ vufeufudkifyÉdyuQ wdkufyGJjywfaomae@[lI wpfae@rS &SdrS&Sdyghrnfvm;[kyif rqdkEdkifay? ody`HESifhenf;ynmwdk;wufr_rsm;u/ vufeufudkifyÉdyuQrsm;tzdk@ ppfa&;ypfrSwfrsm;udk wdk;Iwdk;I zsufqD;ypfEdkifaom ypPnf;enf;emrsm;jzifh jznfhqnf;ay;ovdk/ onfhxufydkIyif}uD;rm;aom u|Jul;a&yg tpGef;xGuf zsufqD;r_rsm;vnf; &Sdwwfygonf? qdkvdkonfrSm t&yfom;rsm;. toufESifh tdk;tdrfypPnf;rsm;udk r&nf±G,fyJ ysufpD;apjcif;yifjzpfyg onf? TtpGef;xGuf wGJzufzsufqD;r_rsm;onf oufqdkif&mvufeufrsm;. zsufqD;EdkifpGrf;a=umifhomruyJ/ toHk; ðyaom vufeufta&twGuf tqrwefrsm;jym;r_a=umifhvnf; jzpfonf? Ed_if;,SOfcsuft& tukeftusoufom aom tzsufpGrf;tm;jyif;vufeufrsm;jzpfonfh "gwkESifhZD0vufeufrsm;onf/ o,f,lydk@aqmif&mwGifaomfvnf; aumif;/ toHk;ðy ypfcwf&mwGifaomfvnf;aumif;/ vG,fulvGef;vSaoma=umifh t&yfom;jynfolrsm;tay: tpGef; xGuf/ wGJzufzsufqD;Edkifr_rSm a=umufcref;vdvdyif jzpfapygonf? (1990) ckvGeftapmydkif;ESpfrsm;twGif;/ oJuEWm& rkefwdkif; (ppfqifa&;) wGif/ toHk;ðycJhaom wdusAHk;rsm; (smart bombs) ta=umif;az:jyaom owif;rsm;a=umifh/ tar&duefjynfolrsm;u ppfa&;wdkufcdkufr_rsm;onf v#ifjref/ wdus/ aocsmonf[k vGJrSm;pGm ,Hk=unfoGm;cJh=uonf? odk@&mwGif (2003) ckESpfqef;ydkif;u/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpku }uD;rSL;onfh r[mrdwf!Gef@aygif;tzGJ@u tD&wfudk wdkuf cdkuf&mppfyGJwGif tus,ftjyef@toHk;ðycJhaom ypfrSwftwdtuscsdefudkufAHk;rsm; (precision guided munitions) usJ cscJhjcif;udk AHk;usJcswdkufcdkufjcif;twGu/f pHðyzG,f tqifhwpf&yf[k rowfrSwfoifhay? ta=umif;rSm ‚if;AHk;rsm;twGuf yHhydk;ay;&aom enf;ynmrsm;/ aiGukefa=u;ustaetxm;udk tus,ftjyef@toHk;ðy&ef wwfEdkifaom wdkif;jynf r&Sd oavmuf &Sm;yg;aeygao;onf? odk@jzpf&m jynfwGif;ppftygt0if/ uef@owfppfyGJrsm;twGif;rSmyifv#if acwfopfppfyGJ . t"du'%f&m'%fcsufrsm;ukd qufvufcHpm;ae&olrsm;rSm t&yfom;rsm;om jzpfygonf? 20-&mpk.aemufqHk;q,fpkESpf(2) pkwGif/ qdkAD,uf,leD,HESifh taemuftkyfpkwdk@. ppfat;ppfyGJ csKyf+idrf;pðycJhojzifh/ ydkv#Haeaomvufeufi,frsm;/ tajrmufvufeufrsm;/ av,mOfrsm;/ ppfoHk;armfawmf,mOfrsm;ESifh trsKd;aygif;rsm; pGmaom cJ,rf;rsm;/ EdkifiHwumvufeufaps;uGufodk@ v#HusI tvG,fwul &&SdvmEdkifcJhavonf? vufeufopf rsm;xkwfvkyf&mY &if;ESD;r_tay:&vmrnfh pD;yGg;a&;tusKd;tjrwf (qdkvdkonfrSm/ ypPnf;ta&twGufrsm;rsm; ydkxkwf vmavav/ ypPnf;wpfckcsif;.ukefpm;&dwfrsm;udk av#mhusvmonfhoabm jzpfygonf?) tm;jzifhrsm;aoma=umifh/ Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

0,folrsm;tzdk@ vufeufrsm;udk ydkIoufomaomaps;ESkef;jzifh 0,f,lEdkifapygonf? EdkifiHrsm;ESifhpD;yGg;a&;ukr`%Dwdk@u rdrdwdk@.ta&mif;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;apv$wfum/ vufeufxkwu f kefrsm;udk tòydifa=umfjim a&mif;csapygonf? Todk@ vufeufaps;E_ef;oufomr_ESifh vG,fvG,fulul&&SdEdkifr_rsm;a=umifh/ urBmESifht0Srf; t=urf;zufyÉdyuQrsm;udk w&dyf&dyf jrifhwufvmap&ef/ t}uD;tus,f tm;ay;cJhygonf? Tppfa&;qdkif&m ody`Henf;ynmrsm; wdk;wufr_ESifh zsuftm;jyif;vufeufrsm;ysH@ESH@r_wdk@a=umifh/ ay:xGuf vmapaom ar;cGef;wpfckrSm/ yÉdyuQtusKd;qufonf ESpfzufpvHk;twGuf ysufpD;&mysufpD;a=umif; jzpfapEdkifonf[kqdkygu/ rdrd wdk@. ta=umif;csif;&m/ rlwpfpHkw&mtwGuf wdkufcdkuf&onfrSm wefzdk;&Sdygawmhrnfavm;/ wdkufcdkuf&usKd; eyfygOD;rnf avm[lI jzpfygonf? EdkifiHwpfck. vlom;t&if;tjrpfESifh pD;yGg;a&;t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk t}uD;tus,fysufpD;apygu/ rnfolu atmifEdkifol[k aºuG;a=umfEdkifygawmhrnfavm? ppfEdkifoluyifv#if ppfwdkuf&jcif;.&nfrSef;csufudk r&&Sdap Edkifawmhyg? Todk@aom ysufpD;qHk;yg;r_rsm;udk jrifawG@&onfY/ &efzuftcsif;csif;wdk@onf ppfwm;qD;a&;ESifh aphpyfaqG; aEG;a&;rl0g'rsm;jzifh/ ppfyGJudk a&Smif&Sm;Edkifa&; ydkIydkI óud;yrf;vmcJh=uygonf? ppfwm;qD;a&;rl0g'rsm;onf txl;ojzifh nLuvD,mppfyGJudk wm;qD;&mY xda&mufcJhygonf? rnfodk@jzpfap/ ppfwdkufEdkifaompGrf;tm;csif; csdefcGifv#mr#ae atmif rwnfaqmufEdkifao;aomae&mrsm;Y/ vufeufudkifyÉdyuQrsm; qufvufjzpfyGg;aeacsonf? xdk@tjyif/ vlrsKd;a&;ESifh bmoma&;ta=umif;tcsufrsm;uJaomae&mrsm;Y yÉdyuQudk pwifoifh/ rpwifoifh wGufcsufqHk;jzwf =u&mY/ olwdk@. rlvypfrSwf &nfrSef;csufudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcifrðyawmhonfh tjzpfrsKd;vnf; &Sdwwfonf? wdkufyGJ0if&usKd;eyfaom ar#mfrSef;csuf/ pHowfrSwfcsufrsm;&SdouJhodk@/ wGef;vSefypf=u&rnfh zdESdyfr_rsm;vnf; tpOf&Sd aevdrfhOD;rnf jzpfonf? tcsKd@aomjy\emrsm;udk aphpyfaqG;aEG;jcif;enf;oufoufjzifh ajz&Sif;I r&Edkifyg? odk@aomf vnf;/ zdESdyfcHae&aom vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;wpfcktzdk@ vufeufudkifwdkufyGJwpfckwnf;om/ a±G;cs,fp&m enf;vrf; r[kwf wef&m? ta=umif;rSm/ tpdk;&u ppfwyfESifh tjcm;aom EdkifiHa&;t& tusyfudkifcdkif;apEdkifonfh zdESdyfr_u&d,mrsm;udk csKyfudkifxm;wwfaoma=umifhjzpfonf? Todk@jzifh tzdESdyfcHjynfolwdk@tzdk@ acgif;iHk@cHrnfavm/ ta&;edrfh&efaocsm oavmufjzpfaeaom vufeufudkifwdkufyGJjzifh xcsrnfavm[laom vrf;ESpfoG,fteufrS wpfvrf;udk a±G;&efom &Sdawmhonf[k qdkvdkjcif;r[kwfyg? EdkifiHa&;ajymif;vJr_jzpfap&eftwGuf/ óud;yrf;&mY vufeufudkifwdkufyGJESifhrwljcm; em;aom wwd,a±G;vrf;wpfck &Sdygao;onf? ‚if;rSm “r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJ” yifjzpfonf? T pmtkyfxJwGif r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJqdkonfESifh ywfoufI/ atmufygtwdkif; t"dy`g,fzGifhxm;yg onf? “yÉdyuQtaetxm;udk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmoHk;oyfr_/ &ifqdkifae&aom òydifzuftkyfpkrsm;. tm;aumif; csuf/ tm;enf;csufrsm;/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_enf;em. obm0/ pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_ESifh vdktyfaom enf;emrsm;tjyif/ txl;ojzifh T wdkufyGJtrsK;d tpm;. r[mAsL[majrmuf tajccHrlrsm;tay: wGif/ tajccHa&;qGJcsrSwfxm;aom r[mAsL[m pDru H def; wpf&yfESifhtnD/ az:aqmifaom t=urf; 1 rzuwdkufyGJyif jzpfonf?” jrefrmEdkifiH/ b,fvm±kpf/ tD&ef/ wdbufESifh ZifbmabGEdkifiHrsm;&Sd 'Drdkua&pDa&;wdkufyGJrsm;onf/ zdESdyfoltpdk;&qdk;rsm; udk xdkufwefaom &nfrSef;csufrsm;twGuf wGef;vSefv_yf&Sm;ae=uonfh t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJrsm;. pHerlemjzpfygonf? rif;qdk;rif;npfrsm;. tkyfpdk;r_rsm; tqHk;owfapa&;ESifh jynfolwdk@twGuf w&m;r#wr_ESifh +idrf;csrf;a&;udk aqmifusOf; ay;&eftwGuf wdkufyGJ0ifae=uygonf? Tpmtkyfudk/ zdESdyfaomtpdk;&rsm; (odk@r[kwf) EdkifiHjcm;odrf;ydkufxm;r_udk vufeufudkifwdkufyGJqif&mrSaeI tajymif; tvJwpf&yftjzpf t=urf;rzufenf;vrf;rsm;udk±Sm}uHae=uonfh/ odk@r[kwf t=urf;rzufenf;emrsm;udk udk,fwdkifprf; oyf vkyfaqmifae=uonfholrsm;twGuf taxmuftul jzpfwefaumif;.[laom ar#mfvifhcsufjzifh a&;om;cJhjcif; 1

Gene Sharp, There Are Realistic Alternatives, (Boston: The Albert Einstein Institution, 2003), 38. Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

jzpfygonf? TpmtkyfrSm t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJESifhywfoufI “rnfodk@vkyfaqmif&rnf[laom vkyfenf;” pmtkyf wpftkyf r[kwfyg? odk@aomfvnf;/ rif;qdk;rif;npftpdk;&rsm;udk qef@usifae=uaom/ r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_. tajccHausm&dk;qdkif&mtcsufrsm;udk tpDtpOfwusjyefvnfpOf;pm;I vkyfaqmif=unfh&ef wdkufwGef;tm; ay;aom vkyfief;pOfwpf&yfom ay;ygonf? TtxJwGif oabmw&m;a&;&m az:jycsufrsm;/ r[mAsL[majrmuf pDrH udef;a&;qJGjcif;/ xda&mufr_&Sda=umif; jyo+yD;jzpfonfh r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJqifE$Ja&;twGuf ppfqif a&;pDrHudef;rsm; yg0ifygonf? Tpmtkyfudk zwfolrsm;taejzifh/ oifwef;0ef;usifY óuH&ouJhodk@/ azmfjyygbmom&yf ta=umif;t&mqdkif&m aqG;aEG;csufrsm;udk/ zwf&vG,fulap&ef pDpOfxm;a=umif; awG@&Sd&ygvdrfhrnf? r[mAsL[majrmuft=urf;rzufwdkufyGJonf/ vufeufudkif yÉdyuQrSaeI tjcm;tajymif;tvJwpf&yftaejzifh toHk;ðy Edkifavmufatmif/ tqifhjrifhygonf? ta=umif;rSm/ Todk@t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJa=umifh toufqHk;±SkH;&r_/ tdk;tdrfypPnf; ysufpD;apr_vnf; enf;yg;aomta=umif; wpfa=umif;a=umifhvnf; jzpfygonf? Todk@rjzpfonfhwdkif/ t=urf;rzuf wdkufyGJonf zdESdyfcsKyfcs,af om tpdk;&rsm;udk zufðyifwdkufcdkuf&mY xda&mufaomwdkufyGJwpf&yfjzpfa=umif;udk tawG@tñuHrsm;u jyocJh+yD;jzpfonf? ppfa&;t&atmifyGJonf &efzuf.qufvufwdkufcdkufEdkifpGrf;ESifh qufvufwdkufvdk aom qENudkzsufqD;ypfjcif;tm;jzifh &&Sdjcif; jzpfygonf? Tae&mY t=urf;rzufr[mAsL[monf/ vufeufudkif wdkufyGJ.&nf&G,fcsufESifh jcm;em;r_ r&Sdyg? rwljcm;em;aom vufeufpepfrsm;udk toHk;ðy&mYom uGmjcm;ygonf? Tpmtkyfygta=umif;t&mudk wpfpHkw&mu|rf;0ifoGm;+yD;aomtcgY/ pm±SkoltcsKd@taeESifh rSm;,Gif;pGm aumufcsuf cszG,f&SdonfrSm/ r[mAsL[majrmuft=urf;rzufwdkufyGJ wdkufa&;twGuf/ r[mAsL[mESifh taxmuftulðypDrHudef; rsm; a&;qGJ&mwGif/ ±SkyfaxG;eufeJvGef;&um;/ &Sifoefr_t&SdqHk;ESifh bÀma&; tawmifhwif;qHk;twdkuftcH tkyfpkrsm; omv#if Tvkyfief;wm0efudk aqmif±GufEdkifvdrfhrnf[k xifoGm;Edkifygonf? trSefrSm r[kwfyg? r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJ.tajccHtcsufrsm; toHk;csa&;twGuf yGJOD;xGufajcvSrf;rSm/ TtajccHt csufrsm;ta=umif;udk pOf;pm;=unfh&efjzpf+yD;/ Tpmtkyfonf Ttcsufrsm;ta=umif; aqG;aEG;jy±Hkomru/ wpfpHkw&maomv_yf&Sm;r_wGif TtajccHtcsufrsm; toHk;csa&;udpPudk/ pm±Skolrsm;taejzifh pOf;pm;=unfhEdkifap&efvnf; vrf;zGifhay;xm;ygonf? T pmtkyfonf av,mOfarmif;vufpGJpmtkyfESifhrwlyg? vdkufem&rnfh tao;pdwfppfaq;csufrsm;pm&if; (check list) vnf; ryg&Sdyg? tm%m&SifpepfrSaeI 'Drdkua&pDodk@ ul;jymif;a&;aqmif±Guf&mY oif.pOf;pm;awG;ac:r_udk vrf;!$efay; rnfht,ltqrsm;ESifh t=uHðycsufrsm; “ppfaq;csufpm&if;”wpfapmifom yg&Sdygonf? r[mAsL[majrmuft=urf;rzufwdkufyGJ bmom&yfESifhpyfvsOf;aom a&;om;r_/ odk@r[kwf aqG;aEG;r_rSefor#tay:wGif aus;Zl;&SdonfrSm/ tJvfbwftdkif;pwdkif;toif;}uD;. t+rJwef;t}uD;wef;ynm&Sif/ a'gufwm*sif;&Syfjzpfygonf? ol onf yÉdyuQrsm;ta=umif;udk q,fpkESpf (5) pkeD;yg;r# prf;oyfppfaq; avhvmcJhygonf? a'gufwm*sif;&Syfonf atmufpzdk@wuUodkvf wufa&mufaepOf (1960-64) ckESpfwGif vlr_tiftm;. oabmobm0ESifh t=urf;rzufv_yf &Sm;r_rsm;wGif ‚if;.tcef;u¾qdkif&m todtjrifwpf&yfudk xlaxmifcJhygonf? TonfrSm ppfa&;yÉdyuQoabm obm0ESifhywfoufI/ uavmhZ0pf (Clausewiz) .awG@&SdcsufuJhodk@yif/ tajccHozG,f ta&;ygvSygonf? Tpm tkyf. tcef; (1) rS (4) txd tcef;rsm;onf t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJoabmw&m;ESifh usifhoHk;r_qdkif&m ol.awG@&Sdcsuf tawmfrsm;rsm;tay:rS tajccHxm;jcif; jzpfygonf? a'gufwm*sif;&Syf. ajrmufrsm;vSpGm xkwfa0a&;om;cJhaom pm tkyfrsm;teuf/ twGJ (3) wGJyg “t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. EdkifiHa&;” pmtkyf (1973) ESifh “tm%m&SifpepfrS 'Drdkua&pD odk@” pmtkyf (1993) wdk@onf/ r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJta=umif; avhvma&;twGuf txl;ta&;yg aom t&if;cHpmtkyfrsm; jzpfygonf? tar&duefajcvsifwyft&m&Sdtjzpf vkyfoufESpf (30) jynfhvkjynfhcifumvY/ (1987- 88) ckeSpfwGif/ tar&duef =unf;wyfrawmf/ t}uD;wef;t&m&SdtaeESifh/ [m;bwfwuUodkvf/ EdkifiHwuma&;&mA[dkXmeY usaemfwufa&muf aepOf/ t=urf;rzuf ta&;,la&;vkyfief;tpDtpOf (Program for Nonviolent Sanctions) ESifhywfoufaom tpnf;ta0;wpfckwGif/ a'gufwm*sif;&SyfESifh qHkcJh&ygonf? ol@bmom&yfta=umif;udk olu “r[mAsL[majrmuf Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJqdkwm[m EdkifiHa&;tm%modrf;ydkufjcif;/ 'grSr[kwf tjcm;olawGudk EdkifiHa&;tm%mvufrJhjzpf oGm;atmif vkyfjcif;yJjzpfygw,f? 'g[m a±$jynfat;0g' (Pacifism) vnf;r[kwfzl;? usifh0wfw&m;qdkif&m/ bmom w&m;qdkif&m ,Hk=unfcsufvnf; r[kwfzl;?” [k pwifrdwq f ufay;cJhygonf? Tpum;vHk;rsm;u usaemfhudk zrf;pm;cJh ygonf? ta=umif;rSm/ usaemf.tm±HkcHpm;odudk AD,uferfppfyGJacwfumv/ “yef;yGifhurf;vm=uaom uav;rsm;/ +idrf;csrf;a&;qENjyolrsm;ESifh ppfr_xrf;Oya'udkzDqefolrsm;u v$rf;rdk;cJhaoma=umifhvnf; jzpfygonf? xdktcsdefupI *sif;&Syfonf EdkifiHa&;tm;aumif;aom TwdkufyGJo¿mef. rlrsm;/ tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh usifhoHk;enf;rsm;udk odjrifa&; wGif rdrd.vrf;!$efq&mtjzpf/ zdESdyfr_qef@usif;a&;wGifyg0ifaeolrsm;. awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk ajz=um;&mY vkyfaz: udkifzuftjzpf/ yk*~dKvfa&;qdkif&mrdwfaqGaumif;wpfa,muftjzpf tusKd;aqmifcJhygawmhonf?

tcef; (1)

EdkifiHa&;tm%m. oabmw&m; EdkifiHa&;tm%mqdkonfrSm tm%mudkifpGJxm;olu &nfrSef;csufrsm;jynfhajrmufapa&;twGufoHk;aom enf;vrf;rsm;/ =oZmoufa&mufapjcif;rsm;/ zdtm;ay;wdkufwGef;jcif;rsm;. tvHk;pHkta=umif;w&m;jzpf+yD;/ (tm%mtoHk;ðyjcif;/ qk vm'frsm;/ zdtm;ay;jypf'%fcwfr_rsm;) vnf; tygt0ifjzpfygonf? txl;ojzifh tpdk;&/ EdkifiHawmfESihf twdkuftcH tkyfpkrsm;. &nfrSef;csufrsm;aygufajrmufa&;twGuf toHk;ðy&aomta=umif;w&m; jzpfygonf? a'gufwm*sif;&Syf “t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. EdkifiHa&;”pmtkyrf S tm%m&Sdatmifóud;yrf;jcif;onf vlom;tm;vHk;ESifh vlom;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. obm0 arG;&mygt*Fgtpdwftydkif; wpf&yf jzpf[ef&Sdavonf? Todk@óud;yrf;r_onf EdkifiHtcsif;csif;t=um;/ tpdk;&rsm;twGif;/ aumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;tcsif; csif;t=um;ESifh ‚if;wdk@twGif; jzpfyGg;onfomru/ aemufqHk; rdwfaqGrsm;tcsif;=um;rSmyg jzpfyGg;wwfygonf? 2 omrefjynfolwdk@tu|rf;w0ift&SdqHk;&SdEdkifonfrSm/ tcGefaiGcGJa0owfrSwfjcif;ESifhywfoufaom tm%mwdkufyGJrsm; jzpfygonf? a&S@aewyfzGJ@rsm;/ pnf;&Hk;wdkufwGef;ol avmfbDorm;rsm;ESifh jynfol@qufqHa&;u|rf;usifolrsm;. tzGJ@ tpnf;rsm;onf rdrdwdk@udk,fpm;ðyaom jynfolwdk@. tusKd;pD;yGg;rsm;udk udkifpGJum/ tvdk&Sdaom tcGefaiGcGJa0owf rSwfcsuf/ odk@ r[kwf tusKd;tjrwf&Sdaom tpdk;&uefx&dkufpmcsKyfrsm;&&Sdatmif óud;yrf;=uygonf? wpfcgw&HY tcGef xrf; jynfolwdk@twGuf/ Todk@aomb¾cGJa0owfrSwfr_rsKd;. tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;onf oHo,jzpfzG,f&m &Sdonf? T cGJa0owfrSwfr_rsKd;twGuf qHk;jzwfcsufusapEdkifaom =oZmt&Sdeft0gudkvnf;/ trsm;jynfolwdk@taeESifh rjrif&yJ &Sd wwfonf? Oyrm- tar&duefjynfaxmifpk/ umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xme. bwf*sufoHk;pGJyHkudk jzef;oef;oHk;oyf=unfhvdkuf v#if/ ppfwyfurvdkcsifygyJvsuf (txl;ojzifh acwfaemufus/ 'DZdkif;yHknHhzsif;/ odk@r[kwf rvdktyfaomtydkppfvufeuf ypPnf;rsm;udk) Oya'ðyolv$wfawmftrwfrsm;u xdk;ay;aeaom udpPrsm;udkvnf; rawG@csifrjrifcsif tqHk;jzpfonf? tpdk;&u rnfonfhudpPtwGuf/ &HyHkaiGaxmufyHh &efa±G;cs,fqHk;jzwfoenf; qdkonfrSm em;vnf&cufygonf? txl; ojzifh txl;tusKd;pD;yGg;rsm;udpPESifh rdrd&nf&G,fcsuftwGuf pnf;&Hk;ae=uaom avmfbDorm;rsm;ta=umif; aumif; 2

a'gufwm*sif;&Syftaejzifh vlr_a&;qdkif&mtm%mESifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&mtm%mwdk@t=um; jcm;em;uGJjym;r_udk axmufjycJhygonf? “vlr_a&; tm%mqdkonfrSm tusOf;tm;jzifh tjcm;olrsm;.ðyrlusifh=uHr_rsm;udk ajymif;vJatmif aqmif&GufapEdkifaompGrf;&nf[k t"dy`g,zf GifhqdkEidk f +yD;/ oG,f0dkufIaomfvnf;aumif;/ wdkuf&dkufaomfvnf;aumif;/ vltpktzGJ@. v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ xdkodk@v_yf &Sm;r_rsm;rS tjcm;aomvlpkrsm;tay:tusKd;oufa&mufapjcif;tm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ aqmif&GufEdkifygonf? EdkifiHa&;tm%mqdkonf rSm tvm;wl vlr_a&;tm%mrsKd;yifjzpf+yD;/ EdkifiHa&;&nf&G,fcsuftwGuf toHk;ðy=uygonf? ” t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. EdkifiHa&; pmtkyf/

(Boston: Porter Sargent Publishers, 1973) I: 7. Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

aumif;rodaom omrefjynfolrsm;taeESifh ydkIem;vnf&efcufcJEdkifygonf? aumufcH&&SdvmaomtcGefawmfaiGrsm; udk/ tprStqHk;txd oHk;pGJyHkyifv#if 'Gd[yGg;p&m jzpfonf? tpdk;&Ïmersm;u rdrdwdk@udk,fwdkifaz:aqmif&efwm0ef&Sdae aom/ Oya'rsm;udk tm;aysmhcsdeJ@oGm;atmif vufwpfvHk;jcm; vkyfypfvdkuf=uaomtcgY/ ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;odrf; a&;orm;rsm;u tHh=o=u&onf? aumufcH&&Sdxm;aomtcGefawmfaiGudk oHk;pGJr_onf 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm;Y/ EdkifiHa&; jy\emwpf&yf tjrJwapjzpfonf? ‚if;uyif/ tm%mxdef;csKyfa&;ESifh tm%mtay:=oZmoufa&mufa&;twGuf/ vltrsm; óud;yrf;=uyHk rsufESmpmudk xif[yfjyaeygawmhonf? tcGefawmfaiGcGJa0oHk;pGJr_ESifhywfoufaom tusKd;pD;yGg;òydifqdkifr_xuf/ tusKd;qufrsm;pGm ydkIeufeJonfrSm tpdk;&udk xdef;csKyfaomenf;jzifh tm%m&,la&;wdkufyGJESifh ‚if;tay: tajccHaomtkyfpdk;olESifh tkyfpdk;cHvlwef;pm;wdk@. qufqH a&;udpPyif jzpfygonf? “vGwfvyfr_ESifh rif;qdk;rif;npftkyfpdk;r_”(qENpGJjzifhoHk;pGJvdkuaf om pum;vHk;rsm;jzpfa=umif; 0efcHygonf?) wdk@t=um;&Sd umv±Snf}uD;wpfckwGif/ csdefcGifv#mr#m;OD;u rif;qdk;rif;npftkyfpdk;r_zufodk@ omaeygu/ tzdESdyfcHwdk@taejzifh ajymif;vJypfvdkaom qEN&SdaernfrSm rkcsjzpfonf? rnfuJhodk@tajymif;tvJ jzpfapvdkoenf;? rnfodk@rnfyHk ajymif;vJypfrnfenf;/ qkdonfrSm tm%m.oabmobm0ESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm;ta=umif;wdk@ukd tzd ESdyfcHjynffolwdk@ odjrifem;vnfxm;r_tay:wGif rlwnfygonf? a'gufwm*sif;&Syfu vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;&Sd tm%m. tajccHudk &Sif;jy&mY/ yHkpH (2) rsKd;udk azmfjyygonf? (wpfrsKd;rSm ausmufwdkifozG,fcdkifrmonfh tm%myHkpHjzpf+yD;/ usefwpfrsKd;rSm A[koabmqefonfh/ trsm;vufcHtodtrSwfðyxm;aom yHkpHjzpfygonf?) ausmufwdkifozG,f tm%moabmw&m; (The Monolithic Theory of Power) a'gufwm*sif;&Syf &Sif;jyaomEdkifiHa&;tm%m. yHkpHwpfckrSm/ ausufwdkifozG,f tm%moabmw&m; 3 jzpfonf? T oabmw&m;t& tm%mudk cdkifrmawmifhwif;+yD;/ tajymif;tvJr&Sdaom tm%mtaqmufttHkwpfck. xdyfxuf wGif/ A[dkðyxm;onfhyHkpHtjzpf o±kyfaz:jyonf? (yHk 1-udk=unfhyg?) T ausmufwdkifozG,ftm%moabmt& azmfjy =uonfrSm tm%mudkvufudkifðyxm;olrsm;/ ta=umif;trsKd;rsKd;a=umihf tajymif;tvJ&SdEdkifaomfvnf;/ tm%mzGJ@ pnf;xm;yHkrSm/ rajymif;rvJ worwfwnf; wnf&Sdaernf jzpfonf? tm%monf yd&rpfyHk c&kc|efo¿mef txufrS atmufpD;qif;ouJhodk@ wnf&Sdae+yD;/ ausmufpdkifausmufom;jzifh wnfaqmufxm;onfhozG,f azmfjy=uonf? T wnfaqmufyHktwGif;wGif tm%maygif;zGJ@pnf;r_a=umifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ odk@r[kwf tjyifrSaeI ajymif;vJypfvdk aomqEN rnfodk@yif&Sdap/ ajymif;vJvdrfhrnfr[kwf? Tt,ltqt& ,lqonfrSm/ jynfolvlxkrsm;onf tm%m vufudkifxm;olwdk@. pdwf&if;aumif; apwem/ au|;arG;axmufyHhr_ESifh qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; tay:rSmom/ rSDwif;aexdkif =u&onf[k ,lqonf? Ttm%mudk rnfodk@rnfyHkusifhoHk;rnfqdkonfudk tkyfpdk;oluom qHk;jzwfrnf? olwdk@uvdk vm;onfrSm/ Ttm%mtaqmufttHk.ydkifqdkifr_udk tpDtpOfwus&Sd+yD;/ w&m;vnf;0ifaoma±G;aumufyGJjzpfpOf jzifh tajymif;tvJvkyfay;vdkonf? odk@aomfvnf;/ tm%m&Sifrif;qdk;rif;npftpdk;&wpf&yff. vufatmufY a±G; aumufyGJvkyfay;&ef qHk;jzwfcsufudk/ tkyfpdk;oluom csrSwf+yD;/ a±G;aumufyGJ&vm'frsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh óudwif owfrSwf+yD; jzpfaewwfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHrS AdkvfcsKyfae0if;ESifh ZifbmabGEdkifiHrS a&mbwfrl*gbDwdk@onf a±G;aumufyGJ ukvm;zefxdk;jcif;udk a±G;aumufyGJ.jzpfpOf./ r&Sdrjzpfvkyfief;wpfcktjzpf jrifae=uaom tm%m&Sifrsm;. pH erlem yk*~dKvfrsm; jzpfygonf? wpfcgw&HY tm%m&Sifwdk@onf twGuftcsufrSm;+yD;/ rdrdwdk@tvdk&Sdaom a±G;aumufyGJ&vm'f twdkif;jzpfrvmwwfyJ &Sdwwfonf? Oyrm- jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd ppftpdk;&onf (1990) jynfhESpfwGif a±G;aumufyGJ usif;yay; cJhaomfvnf;/ a±G;aumufyGJ±SkH;edrfhoGm;aomtcg wkefv_yfoGm;cJh&ygonf? Trar#mfvifhaom ta&;edrfhr_udkwkH@jyefonfh taejzifhaqmif&GufcsufrSm/ ppftpdk;&onf rJqEN&Sifwdk@. qENudkvufcH&ef jiif;y,fcJh+yD;/ twdkuftcHEdkifiHa&;acgif; aqmiftrsm;tjym;udk zrf;qD;cJhygonf? 3

a'gufwm*sif;&Syf. EdkifiHa&;tm%mqdkif&m oabmobm0udk/ tjynfhtpHkzwf&_vdkygu t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. EdkifiHa&; pmtkyf/ twGJ (1) pm 7-rS 10 txdwGif awG@Edkifygonf? Tazmfjyyg&Sif;vif;csufed'gef; rdwfqufr_tydkif;wGif/ a'gufwm*sif;&Syfu EdkifiHa&;tm%mzGJ@pnf; xm;yHkudk vGJrSm;oabmaygufae=uyHkudk &Sif;vif;jyxm;ygonf? Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

tm%m&Siftpdk;&wdk@onf/ olwdk@.jynfolvlxkrsm;u TausmufwdkifozG,f tm%mwnfaqmufxm;r_ukd vufcH=u aomtcg/ odk@r[kwf zdtm;ay;r_a=umifh vuf!d_;axmif acgif;ndwfcyfrqdwfae=uaomtcg/ oabmacG@=uygonf? olwdk@onf tm%mudkifxm;onf[laom tcsufoufoufa=umifhom/ tkyfpdk;&eftrdef@tm%m&&Sdxm;=u+yD;/ tkyfpdk;cH wdk@.qENudk ab;csdwfum/ tkyfcsKyf tm%may;cdkif;ap=uygonf? jynfolwdk@.wm0efrSm tkyfcsKyfolwdk@tvdkusvdkufem emcH±dk;usKd;&efom jzpfonf? TyHkpHwGif tñuH;0ifaom EdkifiHawmf.twif;t=uyfcdkif;apr_ðyEdkifaomtm%monf/ t"dutoHk;ðyaom/ vdkufemap&ef w&m;0iftwif;t=uyfwdkufwGef;aom u&d,mjzpfonf? (20) &mpkwGif Todk@ om"u trsm;tjym;awG@&ygonf? (1930) ckESpfvGefESifh (1940) ckESpfvGef ESpfrsm;twGif;Y/ qdkAD,ufacgif;aqmif *sdK;Zufzf pwmvifonf ol.tm%m vufudkifxm;r_udk/ trSefwu,f +cdrf;ajcmufaeonf/ odk@r[kwf +cdrf;ajcmufEdkif acs&Sdonf[k ,lq&aom/ vloef;aygif; (20) cef@udk/ owfjzwfcJhygonf? Tyrm%onf/ 'kwd,urBmppftwGif;u *smr%DESifhwdkuf&aomppfyGJtwGif;/ aoqHk;cJh&aom qdkAD,ufEdkifiHom;OD;a&ESifh twlwlyif jzpfygonf? rif;qdk;rif;npfudk t=urf;rzufyÉdyuQajz&Sif;enf;jzifh/ wGef;vSefz,f&Sm;ypfrnfqdkv#if ausmufwdkifozG,f tm%m taqmufttHkyHkpH/ awG;xifxm;r_ pdwf"gwftaESmiftzGJ@rS ±kef;uefxGuf+yD;rSomv#if/ jzpfEdkifygonf? Tausmufwdkif ozG,f tm%mzGJ@pnf;r_o¿meftm;vHk;&Sd wu,fhtm%mcGJa0jzef@jzL;xm;yHkudk/ cGJjcrf;avhvm az:xkwftuJjzwf &yg rnf? ausmufwdkifozG,f tm%myHkpHonf/ tm%m&Sifwdk@taejzifh rnfodk@rnfyHk tm%m&,lyHk/ udkifpGJxdef;csKyfusifhoHk; yHkESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;udk v$Jajymif;usifhoHk;yHkwdk@udk cGJjcrf;avhvm&mY txl;toHk;0ifaom u&d,mwpfckjzpfygonf? tu,f I Todk@tm%mwnfaqmufxm;yHkudk vufudkifðyI/ EdkifiHa&;ajymif;vJr_udk pOf;pm;&mY }uD;rm;aomtuef@towf &Sdaeygvdfrfhrnf? a&G;cs,fzG,fvrf;rsm;vnf; enf;aeygvdrfhrnf? “ajymif;vJr_twGuf tdyfrufrufaeolrsm;”taejzifh/ ausmufwdkifozG,f tm%mzGJ@pnf;r_yHkpHudk odjrif&efta&;}uD;aomfvnf;/ tdyfrufrsm;udk taumiftxnfaz:&mYrl/ tm%m/ tm%m&&SdyHkESifh qHk;±SkH;yHkwdk@udk vHk;0rwljcm;em;aomtjrifjzifh/ “A[k0g'-trsm;vufcHr_”udk vrf;!$eft*Fg&yf tjzpf/ tpm;xdk;xm;&Sd vkyfaqmifrSom/ ydkI atmifjrifr_&zG,f &Sdayrnf? A[koabmqefonfh/ trsm;vufcHaomtm%myHkpH (The Pluralistic Model of Power) tm%m.oabmobm0udk odjrifem;vnf&ef/ taxmuftulay;aom aemufxyfyHkpHwpfckrSm/ a'gufwm*sif;&Syfu A[koabmqefonfh/ trsm;vufcHaomyHkpHtjzpf &nf!$ef;azmfjyygonf? (yHk 2- udk =unfhyg?) Toabmw&m;onf tm%mudk xdyfwGifpkpnf;xm;vsuf cdkifrmawmifhwif;+yD;/ rajymif;vJaom taqmufttHk&Sdonfh ausmufwdkifozG,f tm%mzGJ@pnf;r_ yHkpHESifh rwlyg? ,ckoabmw&m;u/ A[koabmqef/ trsm;uvufcH+yD;/ cdkifcHhjcif;vnf;r&Sdaom EdkifiH a&;tm%mudk az:jyygonf? tm%m.t&if;tjrpfrsm;onf vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;weHwvsm;&Sd jynfolrsm;xJwGif wnf&Sd aea=umif; az:jyygonf? tm%mudkifxm;olurl/ trsm;jynfoloabmnDrSom/ cGifhðyaomtm%mudkom usifhoHk;Edkif cGifh&Sd=uygonf? wpfenf;qdk&aomf tkyfpdk;olrsm;onf jynfolwdk@.cGifh ðyr_ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif±Gufr_wdk@t&omv#if tkyfpdk;Edkifygonf? xdkodk@ cGifhðyr_ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif±Gufr_wdk@udk vdkvdkvm;vm;ay;jcif;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ twif; tusyfwdkufwGef;Iaomfvnf;aumif; &&SdEdkifygonf? Todk@cGifhðyr_onf vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;&Sd tcsKd@aomolrsm; zufu/ zgodzgom rodusKd;u|Haejcif;a=umifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ emcH±dkusKd;EGHatmif oGefoifxm;aom ,Ofaus;r_ "avhxHk;pH rsm;a=umifhaomvnf;aumif; &&SdEdkifygonf? rnfodk@yifjzpfap/ A[koabm trsm;vufcHaomtm%mpHjy yHkpH. ta&; }uD;qHk;tcsufrSm/ tkyfpdk;oltm; jynfolwdk@u tm%m.t&if;tjrpfrsm; ay;xm;tyfxm;=ujcif;jzpf+yD;/ rdrdwdk@0dkif;0ef;ay;xm;aomtm%m. t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk ray;yJjyefxdef;odrf;xm;jcif;tm;jzifh/ tkyfpdk;cGifhay;xm;r_udk jyefvnf ±kyfodrf;Edkif=uygonf? a'gufwm*sif;&Syf.tvdkt&/ A[koabm trsm;vufcHonfh tm%m.oabmobm0udk em;vnfa&;twGuf/ tc&musaom tm%m. t&if;tjrpf (6) ck&Sdygonf? Ttcsurf sm;udk aemufydkif;wGif qufvufaqG;aEG;azmfjyyg rnf? Tt&if;tjrpfrsm;udk toHk;ðyI csKyfudkifEdkifa&;/ tm%mv$rf;rdk;a&;/ odk@r[kwf =um;xm;acszsufa&;twGuf óud;yrf;&mY toHk;csEdkif=uygonf? Ttm%mt&if;tjrpfrsm;udk tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ toif;rsm;wGif awG@=u&+yD;/ tcef; (2) wGif aqG;aEG;azmfjyxm;ygonf? tm%m.axmufwdkifrsm; (Pillars of Support) [kac:qdk=uygonf? Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

1? trdef@tm%m trdef@tm%monf tkyfpdk;cGifh&a&;ESifh tkyfpdk;cHjynfolwdk@ emcHatmifvkyfa&;twGuf tajccHjzpfonf? a±G;aumufyGJ &vm'frsm;udk rsm;aomtm;jzifh tkyfcsKyfcGifhtrdef@tm%mw&m;0ifr_jzpfapatmif vkyfjcif;tjzpf!$ef;qdkazmfjyavh &Sdonf? TtwGufa=umifhyif wpfygwDtm%m&Siftpdk;& tawmfrsm;rsm;u a±G;aumufyGJrsm;usif;yay;ygonf[k ajymqdkae=ujcif;jzpf+yD;/ rJyHk;rsm;udk udk,fhzmomjznfh=uygonf? rJqEN&Sifrsm;udk a=umufvef@atmifðyxm;jcif;/ twdkuf tcHwdk@. rJqG,fv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk csKyfcs,fuef@owfxm;jcif;/ rdrdzufu ta&;edrhfaom&vm'fukd todtrSwðf y&ef jiif;qefjcif;/ todtrSwfrðyjcif;rsm; aqmif&Gufavh&Sdygonf? w&m;0ifjzpfr_onf tpdk;&wdkif;twGuf/ txl; ta&; }uD;vS+yD;/ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya't&ay;tyfxm;aom trdef@tm%mudk csKd;azmufjcif;/ odk@r[kwf w&m; r0if&yfwnfaeaom tpdk;&jzpfonf[k rSwf,lcH=u&jcif;onf/ EdkifiHwGif;rSma&m/ EdkifiHwumtodkif;t0dkif;wGifyg olwdk@tzdk@ qdk;±Gm;aomtusKd;qufrsm;ESifh ñuH&apwwfygonf? jynfwGif;Y trsm;odw&m;0ifjzpfr_ qHk;±SHk;jcif;onf/ EdkifiHa&;twdkuftcHrsm;zufu w&m;0ifr_&Sda=umif; az:jyonfh t"du ta=umif;tcsuf}uD;wpf&yf jzpfvmygonf? EdkifiHa&;twdkuftcHHrsm;u “vlr_yÉdnmOfpmwrf;”qdkif&m tajc cHoabmw&m;udk udkifpGJum/ jynfolESifh tpdk;&t=um;csKyfqdkxm;onfh oabmwlnDr_udk csKd;azmufonf? tpdk;&tae jzifh EdkifiH.zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk vufa&mufusL;vGehfazgufzsufygonf[k qdkEdkif=uonf? TtajccHoabm udk axmufjyI/ tpdk;&tay:emcHa&;/ axmufcHtm;ay;a&;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif±Gufa&;wm0efrsm;udk jiif;y,fEdkifonf? jynfyYrl tpdk;&wpf&yf. w&m;0ifjzpfr_qHk;±SkH;jcif;a=umifh/ xdktpdk;&tay: pD;yGg;a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;t&ta&;,lr_rsm; cs rSwfay;&ef awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk EdkifiHwumtodkif;t0dkif;u vufcHvmapEdkifonf? pD;yGg;a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;oydwf arSmufr_rsm;a=umifh TuJhodk@aomtpdk;&rsm;udk csdeJ@tm;aysmhapEdkifonf? awmiftmz&duEdkifiH&Sd tom;ta&mifcGJ jcm;aomtpdk;&ESifh jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd ppftm%m&Siftpdk;&wdk@wGif tvm;wljzpfysufcJhygonf? (2000) ckESpfu ZifbmabG EdkifiHudk +Adwdo#"eo[m&tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHtjzpfrS &yfqdkif;xm;vdkufjcif;onf/ rl*gbDtm; udkvdkeDEdkifiHrsm; tjzpfrS 'Drdk ua&pDEdkifiHrsm;tjzpfodk@ ul;jymif;+yD;jzpfaom/ 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&rsm;t=um;wGif wpfajy;wnf; 0ifa&mufxdkif&ef zdwf ac:jcif; rðya=umif;udk/ tav;teufaz:jyvdkufjcif;yif jzpfonf? xdk@tjyif tm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;tzdk@ wdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfxm;r_ qdk;&Gm;pGmwdkufpm;cHvm&aomtcg/ 'Drdkua&pDtwdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;tzdk@ jyifyrS b¾ma&;ESifh pdwf"gwfa&;axmufcHtm;ay;r_rsm; ydkI&&SdvmzG,f jzpfEdkifygonf? odk@aomfvnf;/ Todk@ EdkifiHwumaxmufcHtm;ay; r_rsm;oufoufr#jzifh tpdk;&wpf&yfudk tm%mrSz,f&Sm;ypf&ef rvHkavmufyg? xdk@tjyif TuJhodk@aomzdtm;ay; ta&;,laqmif±Gufr_rsm;onf/ tpdk;&xuf jynfolvlxkay: ydkIxdcdkufepfemapr_&Sdygu/ aumif;usKd;xufqdk;usKd;udk jzpfay:apwwfygonf? (2 ) vlom;t&if;tjrpfrsm; tpdk;&udkaxmufcHtm;ay;aom/ yl;aygif;aqmif±Gufaom/ vdkufavsmjcif;ðyaom vlta&twGufonf tpdk;& wpf&yf . tm%mtwGuf ta&;w}uD;tqHk;tjzwfay;aom tcsif;t&mwpfck jzpfygonf? Todk@qdkjcif;jzifh/ tu,fI jynfoltrsm;pk}uD;u/ vuf&Sdtm%m&acgif;aqmifrsm;udkoabmrusygu/ tpdk;&tajymif;tvJrkcsjzpf&awmhrnf [k qdkvdkjcif; r[kwfyg? ajymif;vJ&ef tvm;tvmjzpfwefacs&Sdae+yD[kom qdkvdkygonf? ordkif;wpfav#mufvHk;wGif/ vl enf;pkuav;u/ vlrsm;pk}uD;tay: zdESdyftkyfcsKyfcJhr_om"ursm;jzifh jynfhESufaeygonf? wpfenf;qdk&aomf/ r[m AsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJonf/ vlxktrsm;pk}uD;. wufºuGaom axmufcHtm;ay;r_ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif±Gufr_ r&Sdygu atmifjrifEdkfifrnf r[kwfyg? 'Drdkua&pDa&;wdkufyGJwGif/ ta&twGufonf ta&;}uD;vSygonf? (3) u|rf;usifr_rsm;ESifh todtjrif Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

tkyfcsKyfyHkpepfrsm;onf/ tyHk}uD;ydkI ±SkyfaxG;eufeJvmcJhygonf? (21) &mpktpY/ tar&duefjynf axmifpkorwudk urBmay:wGif =oZmwduUr t}uD;qHk;yk*~dKvftjzpf trsm;u vufcHtodtrSwfðyxm;=uygonf?odk@jzpfonfhwdkif/ =oZmtm%mt}uD;qHk;aom tESDtkyfpdk;olonf/ av,mOfrsm;ESifh ava=umif;tpDtpOfrsm;xdef;odrf;jcif;/ yifv,f a&a=umif;Oya' usifhoHk;jcif;/ &mZ0wfr_qdkif&m pHkprf;avhvmr_rsm;aqmif±Gufjcif;/ tcGefawmfaiGaumufcHjcif;/ ppfa&; pDrHudef;rsm;a&;qGJjcif;/ &duQmjzef@a0jcif;/ qufoG,fa&;uGef,ufrsm;wnfaqmufjcif;ESifh ðyjyifxdef;odrf;jcif; vkyfief; wm0efrsm;ESifh wðyHwr}uD;&Sdaeaom tjcm;u|rf;usifr_rsm;ta=umif;rsm;udk tenf;tusOf;om odEdkifonf? odk@ r[kwf vHk;0od&Sdrnf r[kwfacs? qdkvdkonfrSm trsm;jynfolwdk@u jznfhqD;ay;aom u|rf;usifr_rsm;ESifh todtjrif rsm;a=umifh tpdk;&.vkyfief;tqifhqifh vnfywfaejcif; jzpfonf? Todk@aom tusKd;aqmifay;r_rsm;r&Sdv#if tpdk;& wpf&yf òydvJoGm;ayvdrfhrnf? (4) vufqkyfvufudkifjyIr&aom ta=umif;tcsufrsm; ‚if;wdk@.ta&;ygr_udk twdtuswdkif;wmazmfjy&efcufcJhaomfvnf;/ rjrif&aomta=umif;rsm;jzpfonfh bmomw&m; udk;uG,f,Hk=unfr_/ emcHr_ESifh usKd;EHGr_tay: vlwdk@.oabmxm;rsm;/ wm0efodpdwf"gwf/ odk@r[kwf ,Ofaus;r_"avhxHk; wrf;qdkif&mpH owf rSwfcsufrsm;uJhodk@aom tcsufrsm;wdk@onf/ tpdk;&ESifh jynfolwdk@. qufqHa&;tay: tusKd;ouf a&mufr_ &Sdygonf? Oyrm- “bk&m;ocifay;tyfoem;aom rif;wdk@.tcGifhtm%m”(divine right of kings) wnf &m vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tcsKd@Y vltawmfrsm;rsm;u/ wdkif;jynftkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfolwdk@onf urBmajray:wGif bk&m;ocif. udk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;jzpfonf [laomt,ltqudk vufcHxm;cJhaom umvwpfckyif &SdcJhzl;ygonf? tpdk;&rif;udk remcHjcif;onf bk&m;ocifudk remcH&ma&mufonf[k ,lqonf? *syefEdkifiHY jynfh&Siftifyg,mudk bk&m;vnf;jzpf/ bk&ifvnf;jzpf[k ,Hk=unfcJh=uonf? 'Drdkua&pDonf tESDywf0ef;usiftajctaersKd;Y &SdaeEdkifrnfr[kwfyg? (21) &mpk odk@ul;ajymif;vmaomumvYyif/ tcsKd@aomtpdk;&rsm;xJY/ tpPvrfbmomESifh a±S;±dk;pOfvmEdkifiHa&;tm%mwdk@ aygif; rdoGm;aom jzpf&yfrsm; &SdcJhao;onf? “qDZmhydkifypPnf;udk qDZmhxHjyefvnfay;tyf&ef”qdkonfrSm vHk;0avsmfuefonfh tqdk[kqdkapOD;awmh/ qDZm trSefwu,fwrf;ydkifqdkifonf qdkaomt&mrsm;ESifhywfoufIawmh/ yxrOD;pGm jiif;ckef aqG;aEG;&ayvdrfhOD;rnf? wu,fawmh 'Drdkua&pDqdkonfrSm tkyfpdk;ol.vuf0,f&Sd rnfonfhtm%mrqdk/ jynfolwdk@ xHrS “acs;iSm;xm;jcif;omjzpf+yD;”/ T,Hk=unfr_tay:rSmom tajccHqHk;jzwf Edkifayrnf? (5) ±kyf0wWKt&if;tjrpfrsm; “ESJykavGr_wfoludk ydkufqHay;oluom aw;oGm;udk a±G;cs,fcGifh&Sdonf?” [laompum;onf EdkifiHa&;ESifhtrSefouf qdkifaom pum;jzpfonf? pD;yGg;a&;/ &kyf0wˆKypPnf;/ obm0t&if;tjrpf/ qufoG,fa&;ESifh o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;wdk@udk xdef;csKyfxm;jcif;onf jynfolwdk@tay:tm%musifhoHk;Edkif&ef/ ta&;}uD;aomtcsufwpfck jzpfonf? Oyrm-pdkufysKd; ajrrsm;udk/ EdkifiHawmfydkifðyvkyfxm;jcif;onf/ v,f,mvkyfief;jzifh toufarG;ae=u&aom/ rdom;pkrsm;. b0rsm;. ta&;}uD;aom u¾udk EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u xdxdrdrdcsKyfudkifxm;vdkufjcif;yif jzpfonf? tvm;wlyif pmaypDppfwnf; jzwf qifqmjzwfawmufr_ }uD;pdk;aomEdkifiHrsm;Y/ owif;pm*sme,favmuwGif yg0ifygwfoufaeoltm;vHk;. b0 rsm;udk tpdk;&ucsKyfudkifxm;vdkufjcif;yif jzpfonf? odk@r[kwf =oZmv$rf;rdk;xm;vdkufEdkifonf? a&eHvkyfief;udk EdkifiHydkif vkyfxm;aom EdkifiHrsm;Y/ jynfolrsm;xHrS tcGefawmfaiGudk rSDcdktm;xm;ae&ef rvdkawmhay? jynfolwdk@. tcGefawmf aiGtay:wGif tm;xm;p&mrvdkawmhaoma=umifh/ tpdk;&u b¾maiGoHk;pGJjcif;udk tdyfxJrSxkwfoHk;onfhtwdkif; pdwf wdkif;us tm%mwnfapawmhonf? (6) tjypfay; ta&;,lr_rsm; Oya'ESifh pnf;rsOf;rsm;tygt0if/ tpdk;&.Oya'rsm;udk vdkufemaxmufcHatmif tusyfudkifEdkifpGrf;onf jynfolvlxk. axmufcHr_/ yl;aygif;aqmif±Gufr_ESifh vdkufavsmr_tay: rlwnfygonf? tjypf'%fay; ta&;,lr_udk/ jypf'%fcwf&ef twGufESifh vufrcHEdkifzG,ftðytrlwdk@udk wm;qD;&eftwGuf usifhoHk;ygonf? ta&;,lr_rsm;xda&mufap&eftwGuf Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

uGyfrsufjcif;/odk@r[kwf axmif'%fcsrSwfjcif;rsm;uJhodk@ tvGef=urf;wrf;onfh/ jyif;xefonfhvkyf&yfrsKd; rvdktyfyg? tvkyfcef@tyf&efjiif;y,fjcif;/ odk@r[kwf tvkyf&yfqdkif;ypfjcif;/ tem;,lydkifcGifh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk &kyfodrf;jcif;/ ynm oif=um;cGifhESifh tvkyf&mxl;wdk;wufrnfhtcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk jiif;y,fjcif;/ c&D;oGm;vmr_udk xdef;csKyfjcif;/ (EdkifiHul; vufrSwf xkwfray;yJxm;jcif;)/ ydkifqdkifonfhypPnf;udk “jynfolydkifodrf;rnfhpm&if;” xJ xnfhoGif;jcif;/ aomufoHk;a& jzwfawmufjcif;ESifh tjcm;ta&;,lr_rSefor#udk xdxdrdrdusifhoHk;I emcHr_&vmap&ef aqmif&GufEdkifygonf? wpfygwD tm%m&Sif}uD;pdk;&m tcsKd@EdkifiHrsm;Y owif;jyef=um;a&;avmurSyk*~dKvfrsm;onf/ rdrdwdk@a&;onfhpmudk rdrdudk,fwdkif qifjcifwnf;jzwfae=u&ygonf? ta=umif;rSm/ tpdk;&u pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;jzef@csDr_udk xdef;csKyfjcif;/ odk@r[kwf a&'D,dk/ ±kyfjrifoH=um;xkwfv$ifhr_ vdkifpifrsm;udk±kyfodrf;jcif;tm;jzifh/ pmtkyfwdkufrsm;ESifh owif;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk ydwfyifEdkif pGrf;&Sdaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? Todk@aomta&;,lr_rsm;onf ae&mtESH@tjym; jzpfyGg;ae=uygonf? tjypfay; ta&;,lr_onf tpdk;&wdkif;.vufoHk;u&d,mjzpfygonf? trsm;tm;jzifh ‚if;wdk@udk vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;udk qef@usifxdcdkufapaom vkyf&yfrsm;ESdrfeif;a&;twGuf oHk;avh&Sd=uygonf? tjcm;tcsdefrsm;Yrl tpdk;&.EdkifiHa&; &nf±G,fcsuftwGuf jynfolvlxkudk t=urf;zuf+cdrf;ajcmuf&efESifh '%fcwf&efvufeuftjzpfoHk;=uygonf? Oyrm/ emZD*smr%Donf *smrefppfwyfodrf;ydkufxm;r_ qef@usifa&;ajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; aemufxyfrvkyfatmif wm;qD; onfhtaejzifh/ 0dkif;}uD;csKyf'%fcwfenf; (collective punishment) udkoHk;cJhygonf? T&mpkta&mufY tpPa&; tpdk;&u 0dkif;}uD;csKyf'%fcwfenf;udk/ t=urf;zufvkyf&yfrsm;[ef@wm;a&;enf;vrf;tjzpf/ oHk;&ef w&m;r#wa=umif; az:jycJhygonf? vlyk*~dKvfwpfOD;wpfa,muf.vkyf&yftwGuf/ vltkyfpkwpkvHk;udk tjypfay;'%fcwfjcif;onf/ tajccH vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azgufr_wpf&yf jzpfygonf? Todk@enf;vrf;udk xda&mufaom[ef@wm;r_wpfcktjzpf toHk;0ifonf qdkonfrSmvnf; rsm;pGm oHo,jzpfzG,f &Sdygonf? Todk@ 0dkif;}uD;csKyf'%fcwfjcif;ESifh vkyf=uHowfjzwfjcif;rsm;onf/ ar#mfvifh&nfrSef;xm;onfh&nfrSef;csufESifh qef@usifzufjzpfaom/ tusKd;oufa&mufr_rsm;udkvnf; jzpfapEdkifygonf? 0dkif;}uD;csKyf'%fcwfr_onf t=urf;zufvkyf&yfrsm; aemufaemifrvkyfatmif [ef@wm;&ma&mufonfxuf/ vufpm; acs vufwkH@jyef&efom oHEMdXmefcs=uonfhtjzpfodk@ a&mufoGm;apEdkifygonf? tusOf;csKyf tcef; (1) wGif tm%m. tajccHyHkpH (2) ckudk pDppfwifjyxm;ygonf? ausmufwdkifozG,f tm%mwnfaqmufxm; onfhyHkpHu o±kyfaz:jyonfrSm/ jynfolwdk@u tkyfpdk;oltay: rSDwif;aexdkif&m/ tajymif;tvJuif;rJhonfh tm%m taqmufttHkwpfckxJwGif usifhoHk;aom tm%mjzpfonf? A[koabm trsm;vufcHaom yHkpHuaz:jyonfrSm/ TtqdkESifh vHk;0rwljcm;em;pGm/ tkyfpdk;olu jynfolvlxk tay: rSDcdkvsuf usifhoHk;aom tm%mjzpfygonf? jynfol wdk@u tkyfpdk;oltm; ay;xm;aomtm%m. t&if;tjrpfrsm;udkvnf; az:xkwfjyxm;ygonf? Ttm%m. t&if; tjrpfrsm;udk tkyfpdk;olxHrSaeI jyef±kyfodrf;vdkufygu/ olwdk@wiG f tkyfpdk;EdkifpGrf; r&SdEdkifawmhatmif aqmif&GufEdkfifyg onf? ydkI &Sif;vif;pGmazmfjy&v#if/ tpdk;&wpf&yf. ae@w"l0vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk cGifhvnf;ðy/ qufvufIvnf; wnfwH@ae atmif xdef;odrf;ay;aom wnfaqmufxm;yHk/ taqmufttHktrsKd;rsKd;udk tpdk;&. “tm%m axmufwdkifrsm;”tjzpf azmfjyxm;cJhygonf? odk@jzpf&m/ tpdk;&twGif;ESifh jyify&Sd/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ toif;tyif;rsm;wGif/ tm%m. t&if; tjrpfrsm;udk awG@&SdEdkif=uygonf? (yHk-3/ tm%m. axmufwdkifrsm;udk =unfhyg?) tm%m&Siftpdk;&tm; twdkuftcH ðyaeolrsm;tzdk@vnf;/ axmufwdkifrsm; vdktyfygonf? ta&;}uD;aom axmufwdkifrsm; ododomomcsdeJ@tm;enf; oGm;v#if/ tpdk;&jzpfap/ twdkuftcHjzpfap òydvJusoGm;Edkifygonf? taqmuftOD;wpfckwGif ‚if;udkaxmufulusm;uef xm;aom tpdwftydkif;rsm; csdeJ@,dkifqif;oGm;v#if/ tdrfwpfvHk; ol@tvdkvdk òydusoGm;ouJhodk@ jzpfygonf?

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

tcef;(2 ) axmufwdkifrsm; xdkodk@w+yD;um;/ 'vdkifvu qrfqGefudk Todk@ajym.? “ighudkajymyg? ig olwdk@twGuf qkawmif;ay;ygrnf? oif. cGeftm;onf tb,fae&mrSm wnfaeygoenf;? olwdk@udk tb,fodk@tvJxdk;EdkiftHhenf;?” *syf*sufpf (Judge.16-6) tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ toif;tyif;rsm;wGif +yD;cJhaomtcef;rSmaz:jyxm;onfh/ tm%m. t&if;tjrpfrsm; aygif;pyfyg0if aeygonf? TtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk toHk;cszefwD;xm;aom/ tm%m.t&if;tjrpfrsm;a=umifh/ tpdk;&u tkyfpdk;Edkifae jcif;jzpfonf? tpdk;&rsm;tm;vHk;onf tm%m.axmufwdkifrsm;udk tm;xm;r_&Sd=u+yD;/ rnfonfh axmufwdkifrsm;udk ydkItm;xm;oenf;qdkonfrSm/ tpdk;&wpfckESifh uGJjym;jcm;em;r_ &Sdygonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif/ wpfygwDtm%m&Sif tpdk; &rsm;onf twdkuftcHwdk@. axmufwdkifrsm; wdk;csJ@vmr_ESifh tiftm;wdk@udkuef@owf&efóud;yrf;=uygonf? r[m AsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJwpfckwGif/ OD;pD;!$ef=um;olrsm; tav;xm;tm±Hkpdkufoifhaom tcsufonf/ t"d utm;jzifh axmufwdkifrsm;aexm;wus pDpOfjcif;ESifh axmufwdkifrsm;.xda&mufr_pGrf;yum;wdk@udk wnfaqmufjcif; qdkonfrSm xl;qef;aom tHh=ozG,f udpPr[kwfyg? axmufwdkifrsm;az:xkwfowfrSwfjcif; tpdk;&wpf&yfudk twdkuftcHðyolrsm;u/ t=urf;rzuf r[mAsL[mwpfckcsrSwf&ef pwif pOf;pm;&mY/ axmufwdkifrsm; az:xkwfowfrSwfjcif;ESifh cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmoHk;oyfjcif;wdk@onf tajccHusaom vkyfaqmifcsufjzpfonf? tpdk;&.t"du axmufwdkifrsm;udk csdeJ@tm;aysmhoGm;atmif/ odk@r[kwf ysufpD;qHk;yg;oGm;atmifrvkyfEdkifoI EdkifiHa&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_ jzpf&ef/ tpdk;&tajymif;tvJjzpf&ef tvm;tvmr&Sdyg? odk@jzpf&m tm%m&Siftpdk;&udkt=urf;r zufwdkufyGJqifaeol rsm;taejzifh/ ta&;ygaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ toif;tyif;rsm;udk txl;tm±Hkpdkufae=u&ayrnf? &JwyfzGJ@/ ykvdyfwyfzGJ@ “umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;&efESifh tvkyftaºuG;ðy&ef”[laomaqmifyk'fonf/ urBmwv$m;&Sd&JÏme trsm;pku jynfol vlxktm; jyo&efóud;pm;aomtoGifo¿mef (image) jzpfygonf? odk@aomfvnf;/ trSefwu,fumuG,fapmifh a&Smufay;aeaom/ tvkyftaºuG;ðyaeaomolrsm;rSm/ rnfonfhtcgur# jynfolvlxk r[kwfcJhacs? trSefwu,fwGif tpdk;&. TtjrifomqHk;ESifh rjrifcsiftqHk;jzpfaeaom “rsufESm”onf/ jcpm;+yD;zdESdyfaom tpdk;&rsm;udk umuG,f apmifha&Smufay;aejcif;ESifh tvkyftaºuG;ðyjcif;wm0efudkom xrf;aqmifaeygonf? jcpm;r_ pepfwus/ tESH@tjym;jzpfaeaomEdkifiHY/ tpdk;&tajymif;tvJjzpf&ef/ rjzpfEdkif[k r[kwfv#ifaomfrS. ðyjyif ajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;rsm; jzpfay:&ef tvGefcufcJwwfonfrSm/ a,bk,sawG;=unfhv#ifyif odEdkifygonf? 'Drdkua&pD&Sd Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

aom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;Yyifv#if/ &JwyfzGJ@twGif;Y jcpm;r_tjrpfwG,foGm;ygu/ &JwyfzGJ@0ifrsm;u tpD&ifcHae=u& aom yk*~dKvfrsm;udk z,f&Sm;ypfjcif;tm;jzifhomv#if/ ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;udk vkyfEdkifayonf? e,fajr&JwyfzGJ@rsm;udk e,fajrqdkif&m a±G;aumufwifajr‡mufcH&aom t&m&Sdrsm;. }uD;=uyfr_atmufwGifxm;jcif;jzifh/ aumif;aomtcsuf rSm jynfolwdk@ u &JwyfzGJ@0ifrsm;.vkyf&yftay: wdkuf&dkufwm0ef&Sdoludk udkifwG,fEdkifjcif;yifjzpfonf? EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m &JwyfzGJ@xm;&Sdaom EdkifiHrsm;Y e,fajrtqifhrSm&Sdaom &JwyfzGJ@0ifrsm;.tðytrltay: v$rf;rdk;&efóud;pm;&onfrSm ydkI tcufawG@&ygonf? jynfolwdk@taeESifh&JwyfzGJ@0ifwdk@. oabmxm;ESifhtðytrlwdk@udk ajymif;vJypf&eftwGuf/ tpdk;&tajymif;tvJjzpfap &ef apmihfqdkif;aep&m rvdktyfyg? &Jwdk@ESifhywfoufI pGJrSwfxm;oifhaomtcsuftcsKd@&Sdygonf? yxrtcsufrSm &Jrsm; onf/ a,bk,stm;jzifh olwdk@tr_xrf;&m vlr_todkif;t0dkif;twGif;Yyif aexdkifavh&Sdjcif; jzpfygonf? xdk@a=umifh olwdk@.rdom;pkrsm;/ aqGrsKd;rsm;/ todtu|rf;ESifh rdwfaqGrsm;onf (Oyrm-ausmif;rsm;/ pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;rsm;/ bmom a&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh vlr_a&;tkyfpkrsm;) ESifh qufqHa&;uGef,ufwpfcktjzpf aygif;zGJ@xm;vsufom;jzpfaeygonf? odk@jzpf&m tpdk;&u vlr_todkif;t0dkif;twGif;&Sd tpdk;&qef@usifa&;orm;rsm;udk/ &mZ0wfaumifrsm;/ olv#Kdrsm;/ odk@ r[kwf t=urf;zuform;rsm;tjzpf 0g'jzef@onf qdk=uygpdk@? tpdk;&.0g'jzef@csdr_udk tuJjzwf&mY &Jwdk@u/ rdrdwdk@ 0ef;usifudk udk;um;p&mtjzpf =unfh±SkEdkifygonf? 'kwd,urBmppftwGif;/ aemfa0;vlrsKd;wdk@. *smrefodrf;ydkufr_ qef@ usifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_udk okawoeðy&if;/ aemfa0;EdkifiHwGif aexdkifcJhzl;aom a'gufwm*sif;&Syfu/ *smreftm%mydkifwdk@. trdef@udk “opPm&SdpGm”az:aqmifay;cJhaom/ e,fajrcH&Jwdk@.ta=umif;rsm;udk t&omcHI =unfEl;pGm jyefajymif;ajym jycJhygonf? jzpf&yfwpfckY e,fajrcH&Jrsm;u tzrf;cH&rnfhol. rdom;pkrsm;ESifhqufoG,f+yD;/ xdkoludk zrf;rnfht&m&Sdrsm; u rnfonfhae@/ rnfonfhem&D/ rnfonfhrdepfwGif tdrfwdkif&ma&mufvma&mufzrf;qD;vdrfhrnfjzpfa=umif;ESifh xdkoludk apmifhqdkif;awG@qHk&ef today;ygrnfhta=umif; arwWm&yfcHcJhonf[k qdkygonf? 'kwd,tcsufrSm/ a,bk,stm;jzifhajym&v#if zdESdyfoltpdk;&wpf&yf. trdef@rsm;udk taumiftxnfaz:aqmifay;ae &aom &JwyfzGJ@0ifrsm;udk jynfolvlxk.&efoltjzpf rjrifoifhyg? olwdk@onf usqHk;aeaompepfwpfckudk tvkyftau|; ðyae=uonfh aus;u|efrsm;om jzpfygonf? z,f&Sm;ypf&ef vdktyfonfrSm pepfomv#ifjzpfonf? 'Drdkua&pDvl@tzGJ@ tpnf;udk tvkyftau|;ðy&efESifhumuG,fapmifha&Smufay;&eftwGuf/ avhusifhr_ESifhu|rf;usifr_rsm;&Sdaeaom/ ±dk;om; onfh *k%fðyavmufzG,f&m yk*~dKvfrsm; r[kwf=uyg? wu,fawmh vlowfr_/n‡if;yef;ESdyfpufr_/ odk@r[kwf vk,ufr_rsm; jzifh &mZ0wfr_a=umif;t& w&m;pGJqdk&rnfhol tcsKd@vnf; ‚if;&JwyfzGJ@twGif;Y &Sdaumif;&SdaeEdkifygonf? z,f&Sm;rnfqdk v#if Tyk*~dKvfrsm;udkom uGufIz,f&Sm;oifhygonf? &JwyfzGJ@twGif; tr_xrf;aeoltm;vHk;udk z,f&Sm;ypf&ef roifhyg? ppfwyf tm%mwnf+rJa&;twGuf ppfwyftoHk;ðyjcif;udk/ tm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;u “EdkifzJ”wpfcsyf[k jrif=uygonf? vlr_tzGJ@ tpnf;twGif; aexdkifvkyfudkifae=u&aom &JwyfzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifhrwlyJ/ ppfwyfwyfzGJ@rsm;udk ppfwyfydkiftdk;tdrf/ aps;e,f ajr/ aq;±HkESifh ausmif;rsm;xm;&Sdvsuf/ t&yfzuf vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh wpfOD;wjcm;cGJjcm;xm;avh&Sd=uygonf? trsm; jynfolESifh Todk@cGJjcm;xm;jcif;onf/ ppfwyfESifht&yfom;rdom;pkrsm;t=um; yk*~dKvfa&;qufqHa&; &Sdrvm&av atmif [ef@wm;xm;ouJhodk@ jzpfaeygonf? twdtvif;jzpfyGg;aeaom EdkifiHa&;yÉdyuQrsm;wGif/ tpdk;&u ppfwyf udkoHk;&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufaomtcgY/ ppfwyfwyfzGJ@rsm;taejzifh t=urf;zuf&mY xdef;odrf;vkyfaqmif&avatmif/ ol wdk@tzdk@ pdwf0ifpm;r_/ tusKd;pD;yGg; rufvHk;odyfr&SdvSyg? (1988) ckESpf/ jrefrmEdkifiHESifh aemufwESpft=um w±kwfEdkifiHwdk@ wGif jzpfyGg;cJhaomvlxktHkºuGr_rsm;Y tpdk;&wdk@onf/ avmavmq,fta&;tcif;jzpfyGg;aom ae&ma'o.jyifyrS ajcvsifwyfzGJ@rsm;udk ac:,lI acsr_ef;ap&ef apcdkif;cJhygonf? Todk@aomusiftajctaeqdk;rsm;wGif/ ppfom;rsm;onf e,fajrcH&JwyfzGJ@rsm;ESifh t&yfom;vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;xufydkIvnf; trdef@emcHwwfonf/ tm;udk;&onf[k tm%mydkifwdk@u ,lq=uygonf? {&mrqENjyyGJ}uD;rsm;jzpfvmp&m&Sdonf[k óudwifwGufrdaom tcsKd@EdkifiHrsm;Y/ ppfwyfoHk;&efvdktyfrnfhtajctaersKd;zefwD;ay;&eftwGuf/ txl;avhusifh/ txl;vufeufu&d,mwyfqifxm;aom t"du±k%f;ESdrfeif;a&;wyfzGJ@rsm;vnf; zGJ@xm;wwf=uygonf? Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

ppfwyf. t&yfom;qENjyuef@uGufolrsm;tay:ESdrfeif;vdkpdwf avsmhenf;oGm;a&;twGuf/ pDrHudef;a&;qGJ&mY tc&m usonfrSm ppfom;wdk@.toufESifh ‚if;wdk@rdom;pkrsm;. touftEW&m,ftwGufpdk;&drfp&mrvdka=umif;/ 'Drdkua&pD pdk;rdk;r_atmufwGif usifh0wfvdkufemaom ppfr_xrf;aumif;rsm;twGuf vHkðcHpdwfcs&aom tem*wf&Sdrnfjzpfa=umif; wdk@udk/ ppfom;rsm;,Hk=unfvmatmif em;csay;=u&efjzpfonf? ppfwyf wyfzGJ@rsm;taejzifh/ trdef@udkrnfodk@ wkH@jyefoenf;qdkonfhtcsufrSm/ wyfrSL;rsm;.oabmxm;/ wefzdk;xm;r_ rsm;ESifh rdrdu|rf;usifr_tay: av;pm;pdwfwdk@u =oZmv$rf;rdk;xm;ygonf? ppfwyft&m&Sdwdk@onf rdrdwdk@udk,frdrdwdk@ jynfcspfpdwf"gwf&Sdonf/ opPm&Sdonf/ EdkifiHa&;t& a&S;&dk;pGJqefonf[k jrifavh&Sd=uonf? &Hzef&HcgY olwdk@.u|rf;usifr_ ydkif;qdkif&mudk av;pm;vdkufema&;pdwf"gwfa=umifh/ EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifr_udk rsufuef;ozG,faxmufcHtm;ay;vdkufem wwf=uonf? ta'ghzf [pfwvmvufatmuf&Sd *smrefppfOD;pD;tzGJ@onf/ [pfwvm. EdkifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufrsm;udk oabmwljcif;r&Sd=uaomfvnf;/ zl;[m;acgif;aqmif}uD; (Fuehrer) . tvdkudk jznfhqD;ay;rnfh ppfa&;pDrHudef;rsm;udk a&;qGJay;cJh=uzl;onf? Tae&mY t"dutcsufrSm *smref±dkif;pwufv$wfawmf (German Reichstag) &Sd t}uD;qHk; ygwD. acgif;aqmiftaejzifh/ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'ESifhtnD 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf cef@tyfcHxm;&aom/ [pfwvm udk w&m;0iftkyfcsKyfoltjzpffowfrSwfxm;=uaoma=umifh jzpfonf? ppfwyf,Ofaus;r_xJodk@/ 'Drdkua&pDwefzdk;rsm;oGwfoGif;ay;jcif;onf/ t&yfom;jynfolwdk@tay: ppfwyf.tiftm;}uD; vSaompGrf;yum;udk roHk;pGJEdkifap&ef/ uef@owf&mY t"duusaom ta=umif;tcsufwpfckjzpfonf? aemuftcsuf wpfckrSm/ 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&vufatmufwGif rdrdwdk@onf ta&;ygaom tqifhae&mwpfckrSaeI yg0if&vdrfhrnf[laom ppfwyfacgif;aqmifrsm;. todyifjzpfonf? Tta=umif;tcsuf ESpfckpvHk;twGuf tcsdef,l&efvdktyfouJhodk@/ T t,ltqrsm; ouf0ifvmap&ef rnfodk@rnfyHk wdk;jr‡ifhay;rnfenf;[laomtcsufrsm;udk csichf sed fpOf;pm;&efvt kd yfyg onf? (2000) ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv/ uef@uGufqENjyol axmifaygif;rsm;pGmu/ ygvDrefudkodrf;ydkufvdkufaomtcgY/ qm;AD;,m;t=urf;rzufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_tzdk@ xdcdkufusqHk;r_enf;&jcif;ta=umif;rSm/ ppfwyfu “EdkifiHa&;udpP”wGif 0ifryg &ef qHk;jzwfcJhaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? (vlwpfOD; ESvHk;a&m*ga=umifh aoqHk;cJhjyD;/tjcm;wpfOD;rSm ,mOfrawmfwqjzpf r_a=umifh qmAD;,m; ta&;awmfyHkumvtwGif;/ aoqHk;cJhygonf?) 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_. atmifjrifr_udk jrifomae& +yD;/ ppfr_xrf;rsm;uvnf; rDvdkqdkApfvGefumvwGif/ rdrdwdk@twGuf tqifhae&mwpfckckudk ar#mfrSef;vdkae=uygonf? T tcsufrsm;u ppfwyftay:v$rf;rdk;cJhonfrSm oHo,&SdzG,f r[kwfacs? t&yfzuf0efxrf;rsm; t&yfzuf0efxrf;rsm;tzdk@ z,fusOfxm;cH&jcif;/ jypfwifcH&jcif;/ avSmifajymifuJh&J@cH&jcif;ESifh tESdrfcH&jcif;rsm;ñuH&wwf ygonf? &Hzef&HcgY Ttpdk;&jAL±dku&ufrsm;udk yk±Gufqdwt f Hkwpfcktjzpf jrifavh&Sd=uygonf? (olwdk@.tao;tzGJ tvkyfrsm;vkyf&if;/ tcef;usOf;uav;rsm;xJwGif [dk[dkonfonfvl;vmacgufwkef@ oGm;ae&aom trnfrJh/ rsufESmrJh/ pOf;pm;qifjcifr_rJh axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom vkyfom;rsm;udk Ed_if;,SOfazmfjy=ujcif; jzpfygonf?) odk@aomfvnf;/ yk±GuftHk ±S drSDcdkol “bk&ifr”ESifhtvm;wlpGm/ EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;onfvnf;/ Tomrefvkyf±dk;vkyfpOf[k xif&aom vkyf aqmifr_rsm;udk vkyfaqmifae=uaom/ emcHr_vnf;&Sd/u|rf;usifr_vnf;&Sdol t&yfom;0efxrf;rsm;r&Sdygu qufvuf&yf wnfEdkifrnf r[kwfyg? trdef@ rsm;udk taumiftxnfay:atmif aqmif±Gufay;rnfholrsm;rSm/ Tyk*~dKvfrsm;yifjzpf onf? olwdk@u pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk xkwfjyefay;=uonf? tcGefawmfrsm; pnf;=uyfaumufcHay;onf? bwf*suf rsm; a&;qGJay;onf? ausmif;rsm;udk vnfywfv_yf&Sm;aponf? tcsuftvufb%f (database) axmifaygif;rsm;pGm xJodk@ tcsuftvufrsm; xnfhoGif;ay;onf? tpdk;&twGufypPnf;rsm; 0,f,lay;onf? ava=umif;oGm;vmr_ESifh oabFmqdyfrsm;udk xdef;odrf;=uyfrwfay;onf? oH&Hk;rsm;udk vnfywf 0efaqmifr_ay;onf? qufoG,fa&;pepfrsm;udk xdef;odrf;xm;ay;onf? wu,fawmh tpdk;&.,EW,m;rsm; v_yf&Sm;vnfywfaeapaom vkyfief;wm0efrSefor#udk/ xdkolrsm;u aqmif±Gufay;ae=uonf? olwdk@r&Sdv#if rnfonfhtpdk;&r# rvnfywf rv_yf&Sm;Edkifacs?

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

tpdk;&ajymif;vJa&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDðyjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf/ r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJqifae=uaom twdkuftcHtkyfpkrsm;taejzifh/ Todk@vkyfaqmifae=uaom tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;/ tvkyform;rsm;. axmufcHtm;ay; r_ &&Sda&; ta&;}uD;yHkudk em;vnfxm;oifhonf? odk@&mwGiftpdk;&tvkyform;rsm;. b0&yfwnfa&;onf ‚if;wdk@. tpdk;& tvkyf&Siftm; emcHaer_tay:wGifom wnfaea=umif;ESifh Todk@qdkv#if tkyfpdk;ol. tjcm;aom axmufwdkif rsm; t}uD;tus,fcsdeJ@oGm;+yD jzpfa=umif;/ &Sif;vif;pGm rawG@jrif&ao;ciftxd/ Ttvkyform;rsm;onf tpdk;&udk twdtvif; qef@usif0Hh=urnf r[kwfyg? rnfodk@yifjzpfap/ twdkuftcHv_yf&Sm;r_udk/ tpdk;&tvkyform;rsm;u (ay: ay:xifxifr[kwfonfhwdkif) ESpfESpfumumyg0ifr_onf v_yf&Sm;r_.wdk;wufa&;twGuf tusKd;&Sdapygonf? odk@aomf vnf; xdktjrifu ajymifaxmufcHr_ rjyap&ef/ uef@owfxm;=uygonf? owif;rD'D,m 'Drdkua&pDðyjyifajymif;vJa&; vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_atmifjrifzdk@qdkv#if/ rdrd&nf±G,fxm;aom y&d\wfxH rdrd.today; pum;rsm;a&mufap&ef/ qufoG,fay;ydk@p&m enf;vrf;&Sd&ygrnf? Ttcsufudk tm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;uodojzifh/ tESD enf;vrf;rsm;udk ydwfyifuef@owf&ef óud;pm;=uonf? tifwmeufavvSdkif;ppfqifa&; (cyber warfare) Ïmersm; zGifh vSpfxm;jcif;/ uGefjyLwm/ zufpfydk@pufydkifqdkifr_ odk@r[kwf toHk;ðyr_udk uef@owfcsKyfcs,faom jyif;xefonfh Oya'rsm; xkwfjyefjcif;rsm; ðyawmhonf? Oyrm/ jrefrmEdkifiHonf “vdkifpifrJh”qufoG,fa&;pufrsm; vuf0,fxm;&Sdr_twGuf ESpf ±Snfaxmif'%frsm; csrSwfavh&Sdaom EdkifiHjzpfonf? +*dKvfwkzkef;ydkifqdkifr_ESifh toHk;ðyr_udk uef@owfr_rsm;vkyfonfh tjyif/ tpdk;&onf jynfolvlxkxH owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ra&mufatmifóud;pm;onfhtaejzifh/ twdkuftcHtkyfpk wdk@. yifv,f&yfjcm;rS &kyfjrifoH=um;ESifh a&'D,dktoHv$ifhcsufrsm;udkvnf; aESmifh,Sufay;wwfao;onf? pme,fZif;ESifh tjcm;aom jynfwGif;vlxkqufoG,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk/ zdEdSyfoltpdk;&rsm;u tvG,fav; xdef;csKyfuef@ owfxm;Ekdifonf? pmtkyf/ r*~Zif;/ owif;pmrsm;udk jzef@a0jcif;rðyrDrSmyif/ wifjy&rnfhpDppfa&;tzGJ@rsm;xm;&Sdjcif; onf Todk@xdef;csKyf&ef tvGefxda&mufvSonf? yHkESdyf+yD;rS y,fcH&aoma=umifh/ aiGtukeftusrcH&ap&ef udk,fwdkif qifjcifxdef;odrf; qifqmjzwfawmufr_vkyf=u&onf? pme,fZif;rsm;ESifh tjcm;pmtkyfwdkufrsm;/ ±kyfjrifoH=um;ESifh a&'D,dkxkwfv$ifha&;Ïmersm; vdkifpif±kyfodrf;cH&jcif;/ ypPnf;u&d,mrsm;todrf;cH&jcif;/ ydkif&SifESifhpmwnf;rsm;udk udk,fxd vufa&mufjcdrf;ajcmufcH&jcif; ponfwdk@udkvnf; aqmif&Gufavh&Sdfonf? TjynfwGif;uef@owfcsufrsm;udk ausmfv$m; &mY ,cktcg/ yifv,f&yfjcm;rSaeI xkwfv$ifhr_rsm; acwfpm;vm+yDjzpfonf? Oyrm-aemfa0;EdkifiHrSaeI toHv$ifh aom jrefrmtoHv$ifhÏme&Sd+yD;/ tD&eftwdkuftcHrsm;u wD[D&efòrd@&Sd yk&d\wftwGuf/ twdkuftcHacgif;aqmifrsm; ESifhawG@qHkar;jref;cef;rsm;udk umvDzdk;eD;,m;jynfe,frSaeI f±kyfjrifoH=um;xkwfv$ifhay;ae=uonf? wdkif;jynfwpfjynf . jyifyrSaeIvlxkqufoG,fa&;vkyfief;vkyfI&a=umif;udk/ qm;AD;,m;'Drdkua&pDa&;v_yf&Sm;r_uvnf;/ om"ujycJh ygonf? vufurf;pm±Guf tav;csdefwef (60)ausmfudk wdkif;jynfxJodk@ cdk;oGif;ay;ydk@cJh+yD;/ (2000) ckESpfa±G;aumufyGJ rwdkifrD &uftenf;i,ftwGif; jzef@a0cJh=uonf? pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;tkyfpk A[dkOD;pD;csKyfudkifr_rsm;vGef;aom/ qdk±S,fvpf wpfygwDtm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;vufatmufrSmyifv#if/ pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;&Sif rsm;onf/ pD;yGg;a&;wGif ta&;ygaomtcef;u¾rSaeI yg0ifcJh=uonf? olwdk@u tpdk;&uaxmufyhHay;jcif; rðyEdkif onfh/ ukefypPnf;rsm;ESifh 0efaqmifr_rsm;udkf jynfolvlxkxHjzef@jzL;ay;EdkifcJh=uonf? pm;oHk;ukefypPnf;rsm;jywfvyfr_ a=umifh jynfolrsm;.tvdkrusr_rsm;/ EdkifiHa&;oabmaqmifonfh v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tjzpf roufa&mufap&ef/ tpdk;&wdk@u w&m;r0ifarSmifcdka&mif;0,fr_rsm;udk &Hzef&Hcgqdkovdk/ rsufpdrSdwfIcGifhðyxm;ay;cJh=uonf? pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;&Siftkyfpkrsm;/ txl;ojzifhEdkifiH&yfjcm;&Sdtiftm;pkrsm;/ EdkifiHpHkvkyfief;&Siftkyfpkrsm;ESihf qufqHvkyfudkif&m Y tqkd;zufvnf; &SdEdkifao;onf? TtcsufrSm EdkifiHwumpD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;taejzifh/ ydkIyGifhvif;aom/ 'Drdk ua&pDpepfusifhoHk;onfh tpdk;&rsm;ESifhtvkyfvkyfudkif&onfxuf/ tm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;ESif tvkyfvkyf&onfudk ydkI Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

oabmus=uonf? vkyfief;qdkif&moabmwlnDr_wpfck&&eftwGuf/ tm%mudkifxm;oludk rufvHk;ay;vdkufonfESifh vkyfydkifcGifh&Edkif+yD;/ tjyeftvSefyl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&rnfhae&mvnf; tenf;i,fom&Sdonf? vkyfief;cGiftajctae/ vkyf cESifh or*~udpPrsm;udk/ tm%mudkifxm;olv$Jtyfvdkuf+yD;/ olwdk@u jidrf0yfydjym;r_&SdpGmESifh u|rf;usifvdrfrmpGmqufvuf aqmif&GufoGm;vdrfhrnf? owdðyp&mtcsufrSm EdkifiHwumpD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;taejzifh/ tpdk;&wpf&yfonf 'Drdk ua&pDtpdk;&jzpfonf/ tm%m&Siftpdk;&jzpfonf qdkonfudktxl;wvnf pdwf0ifpm;r_r&Sd=ujcif;yif jzpfonf? olwdk@ twGufta&;t}uD;qHk;udpPrSm tusKd;tjrwfomv#if jzpfonf? 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_wpfcktwGuf/ cufcJaomvkyfief; wm0efwpfckrSm TpD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;udk/ tajymif;tvJjzpfvmawmhrnf/ xdkukr`%Drsm;taejzifh tem*wfwGif olwdk@.vkyfaqmifcJhr_rsm;onf tenf;qHk;awmh zufvdkufjcif;r[kwf[k tjrifcH&avatmif aqmif&Gufvmap&ef wdkufwGef;=u&rnfh udpPyif jzpfonf? taumif;zufu=unfhv#if/ jynfwGif;ESifhEdkifiHjcm;vkyfief;&Siftkyfpkrsm;=um;wGif vkyfief;csif;qufpyfaeaom uGef&uf rsm; &Sdae=ujcif;yifjzpfonf? olwdk@twGuftusKd;&Sdrnfqdkv#if olwdk@onf'Drdkua&pDa&;wdkufyGJtwGuf aiGa=u;/ quf om;/ t=uHay;yk*~dKvfrsm;tygt0if ta&;}uD;onfh t&if;tjrpfrsm; axmufyHhay;Edkif=uonf? vli,frsm; wpfygwDtm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;. pdk;&drfylyefcsufwpfckrSm/ tpdk;&u uruxðy/ csKyfudkifr_&SdaomEdkifiHa&;oGwfoGif;r_rS ty/ tjcm;aom EdkifiHa&;pnf;&Hk;oGwfoGif;r_rsm; vli,fxkrsm;twGif; a&mufrvmap&ef ydwfyifwm;qD;a&;yif jzpf onf? ausmif;om;ESifhvli,frsm;taejzifh/ tpdk;&.wnfjidrfaer_tay:jcdrf;ajcmufaom tiftm;pkwpf&yfjzpfvmcGifh ray;or# umvywfvHk;/ twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;taejzifh/ EdkifiHa&;jymif;vJr_wGif t&Sdef}uD;rm;aom/ tpOftvm tm;jzifh a&S@csDwyfozG,faqmif&GufcJhaom tiftm;pkrsm; uif;rJhaeayvdrfhrnf? ausmif;om;rsm;taejzifh/ twdkuf tcHEdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifrvmapa&;twGuf/ tpdk;&rsm;vkyfavhvkyfx&Sdaomenf;vrf;tcsKd@rSm/ trsm;od=u onfhtwdkif;yif jzpfygonf? Oyrm/ tpdk;&udkay:ay:xifxifqef@usifolrsm;udk ynmoif=um;cGifhydwfyifjcif;yifjzpfyg onf? xdk@tjyif ausmif;rsm;udk ydwfxm;jcif;/ vltrsm; rpka0;Edkifatmif wuUodkvfaumvdyfrsm;udk ae&mtESH@tjym; cGJjzef@csxm;jcif;rsm; aqmif&Guf=uygonf? vGwfvyfpGmajymqdkcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGmpka0;cGifhwdk@udk uef@owfydwfyifaom Oya'trsKd;rsKd;csrSwf+yD;/ csKd;azgufolrsm;udk ESpf±Snfaxmif'%frsm;vnf; csrSwfEdkifygonf?tpdk;& uruxðyaom vli,ftpDtpOfrsm;csrSwf+yD;/ twdkuftcHEdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;udk jcdrf;ajcmufay;r_twGuf xdk ausmif;om;rsm;udk/ aiG a=u;/ &duQm/ t0wftxnfESifh vufeufrsm;udkyif axmufyHhay;wwfygonf? vli,frsm;onf/ awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_.a&S@wef;wGif rnfonfhtwGufa=umifh pGef@pGef@pm;pm;yg0ifvdk&oenf; qdkonf ESifhywfoufI tcsKd@yk*~dKvfrsm;u &Sif;jy&ef óud;pm;=uygonf? ta=umif;rSm vli,frsm;onf/ “qHk;±SkH;p&mbmr#r&Sd” =uaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? a,bk,stm;jzifh vli,fwdk@rSm tvkyftudkif&&Sda&;twGuf ajymyavmufaom oHa,m ZOf tquftoG,fvnf; r&Sdacs? xdk@tjyif rdom;pkwm0efrsm;udk t"duwm0ef,lae=u&olrsm; r[kwfonfrSmvnf; trSefyifjzpfonf? olwdk@onf vli,fyDyD b0udk,pfrl;cHkrifr_ESifh ig raoEdkifzl;[laom/ vli,fyDyDwufºuG,Hk=unfpdwf vnf; jyif;jyae=uonf? wdkufyGJwGif; olwdk@yg0if&jcif;twGuf tenf;i,faom ta=umif;tcsufrsm;om &Sdygonf? ta=umif;rSm olwdk@rSmydkIyif ta&;}uD;aomt&mrsm; (olwdk@.b0rsm;ESifh olwdk@tem*wfrsm;) qHk;±SkH;&p&m&Sdaom a=umifh jzpfygonf? TonfrSm v_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifjcif;jzifh qHk;&_H;&efta=umif;vnf; r&Sdyg? vGwfvyfI/ w&m;r#w onfh vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;wGif aexdkif&jcif;tm;jzifh/ vli,frsm;twGuf ydkIyif aumif;usKd;&SdapEdkifygonf? TtcsufrSm vli,frsm; yg0ifvmap&ef wGef;tm;ay;aomtcsufjzpfygonf? i,f±G,folwdk@onf trsm;tm;jzifh rif;qdk;rif;npf tkyfpdk;r_atmufu olwdk@.tusOf;pHb0udkvnf; awG;awmajzodrfhEdkifjcif; r&Sd=uyg? xdk@tjyif/ ajymif;vJr_rjzpfEdkif[k ajymv#ifvnf; vufrcHwwf=uyg? jzpfpOf±Snf}uD;wpfck. tqifhawmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSm yg0ifcJhzl;jcif;r&SdyJ/ vli,f wdk@rSm twkESifhtppf/ trSm;ESifhtrSefwdk@udk cGJjcm;odEdkifaom arG;&mygZmwdpdwfvnf; &Sdaewwf=uygonf? Todk@tawG;t ac:t& &Sif;vif;jywfom;aeaoma=umifhom/ olwdk@udk aphaqmfwGef;tm;ay;onfhozG,f jzpfaeygonf?

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

ausmif;om;rsm;ESihf tjcm;aomi,f&G,fonfh vli,frsm;udk/ 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_xJodk@ oGwfoGif;pnf;&Hk;&efpOf;pm;wdkif;/ owdðy&rnfh tcsufwpfcsuf &Sdygonf? olwdk@rSm tkyfpktrsKd;tpm;taeESifhajym&v#if/ tjrJwap pGef@pm;vkyfaqmifvdk pdwfjyif;jyolrsm; jzpf=uygonf? wdus&Sif;vif;aom vrf;!$efr_ESifh pnf;urf;rsm;csrSwfay;jcif; r&Sdygu/ olwdk@.vkyf&yf rsm;onf tvGeftu|Hjzpfvmwwf=u+yD;/ v_H@qGwdkufwGef;ygu/ olwdk@onf tm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;vufudkifðyaom vl qdk; vlrdkuftrltusifhrsKd; jyovmEdkifygonf? v_yf&Sm;r_wpfckwGif yg0ifolwdkif;twGuf “vdkufem&efusifh0wfpnf;rsOf;” &Sd&ef ta&;}uD;ygonf? txl;ojzifh vli,ftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGuf ydkI ta&;}uD;ygonf? tzsufvkyfief;rsm; avsmhyg; apa&;twGuf/ avhusifhay;jcif;/ tm;aumif;aomacgif;aqmifr_ay;jcif;jzifh usifh0wfpnf;urf;rsm;vdkufemap&ef avh usifhwnfaqmufay;&ef txl;vdktyfygonf? tvkyform;rsm; urBmtESH@v$rf;ðcHa&;jzpfpOf. tiftm;pkrsm; (forces of globalization) a=umifh/ ae&mtESH@tjym;&Sd tvkyform; rsm;. b0rsm;udk ydkI tcufawG@apygonf? ukr`%Drsm;u vkyfcaps;oufomaom ae&mrsm;odk@ ajymif;a±$@rnf[k +cdrf;ajcmufxm;aoma=umifh/ pufr_zGH@òzd;+yD;EdkifiH}uD;rsm;wGif or*~rsm; tm;aysmhoGm;ygonf? zGH@òzd;qJEdkifiHrsm;Y tpdk;& rsm;onf ukefxkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm; ajymif;a±$@vmjcif;jzifh/ &&SdEdkifonfh pD;yGg;a&;tusKd;tjrwfrsm;udk ydkIpdwf0ifpm; =uygonf? xdktwGufa=umifh tajccHvkyfief;cGifvHkðcHa&;/ oifhav#mfr#waom vkyfc/ odk@r[kwf tvkyform;tcGifh ta&;rsm; ab;csdwfxm;vdkuf=uygawmhonf? 'Drdkua&pDpepf/ w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;ESifh vGwfvyfpGmtoif;tyif;zGJ@pnf; cGifhwdk@onf/ tm%mcsdefcGifv#m rnDr#r_udk ðyjyifay;Edkifonfh ajcvSrf;tqifhrsm;jzpf+yD;/ odk@rSom tvkyform;rsm;tcGifh ta&;csKd;azmuf/ rw&m;ðyr_rsm; ay:aygufvmaprnf jzpfonf? tvkyform;rsm;udkpnf;±Hk;&mY tcuftcJ&SdEdkifygonf? odk@&mwGif toif;tzGJ@pvdkufonfESifh pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfr_onf tvsiftjref ysH@ESH@oGm;Ekdifygonf? ydkvefEdkifiH'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_udk jyefavhvm=unfhygu/ *'ef@pfòrd@ (Gdansk) oabFm usif;&Sd v#yfppftvkyform;rsm;u/ oydwfparSmuf+yD;aemufydkif;wGif wr[kwfcsif;atmifyGJcHoGm;cJhonfh ta=umif;udk awG@&ayvdrfhrnf? r[mAsL[majrmuft=urf;rzufwdkufyGJudk OD;pD;tpDtpOfa&;qGJolrsm;tzdk@/ tav;xm;&rnfh tvkyform;tiftm;pk u¾wpfckrSm o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;ESifh ‚if;ESifh qufE$,faeaomvkyfief;rsm; jzpfygonf? ukefpnfrsm;/ vlrsm;ESifh 0ef aqmifr_rsm;. ul;oef;oGm;vmr_ wpfpHkw&mjywfawmufoGm;ygu/ tpdk;&tzdk@ csufcsi;f qdkovdkyif pD;yGg;a&;ESifh EdkifiH a&; xdcdkufp&mta=umif; jzpfvmEdkifygonf? wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif r[mAsL[mcsrSwfolrsm;taejzifh vlxkwGif&duQmESifh tjcm; r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfaom ukefypPnf;rsm;jywfvyfoGm;ygu/ óudwif&nf±G,frxm;aomtusKd;qufrsm; jzpfvmwwf onfudkvnf; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;xm;&ef vdktyfygonf? bmoma&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; bmoma&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf/ ordkif;wav#mufvHk;wGif rif;qdk;qif;npfqef@usifa&; EdkifiHa&;wdkufyGJrsm;Y ta&;yg aom tcef;u¾rSaeI yg0ifcJhonf? (trsm;tm;jzifh tajymif;tvJtwGuf óud;yrf;aomzufwGif &yfwnfcJh=u+yD;/ wpfcgw&HYrl Todk@r&yfwnfcJh=uyg?) olwdk@usifvnfv_yf&Sm;&m vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;tESH@tjym;Y/ Tbmoma&;tzGJ@ tpnf;rsm;onf/ vlukefxHrsm;rSaeI atmufajctv$mrsm;txd/ bmomt,ltqa&;&mt&/ b¾ma&;t&yg tquftoG,f uGef&ufrsm; &Sdaewwfygonf? xdk@tjyif bmoma&;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf/ avmuDa&;t&a&m/ avmukwW&ma&;t&yg ynmwwfxm;olrsm;jzpfavh&Sd=u&m/ trsm;tm;jzifh olwdk@aemufvdkuf=unfndKolrsm;ESifh olwdk@.vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udkod&Sdxm;=uolrsm;u av;pm;r_cH=u&ygonf? tjcm;olrsm;.oabmxm;ESifh tðytrl rsm;tay: =oZmv$rf;rdk;ajymif;vJapEdkif=uygonf? vlwdk@.usifh0wfw&m;ESifh bmomw&m;qdkif&me,fy,fxufydkI =oZmv$rf;rdk;Edkif=uygonf? twdkuftcHv_yf&Sm;r_twGif;odk@/ olwdk@yg0ifvmjcif;tm;jzifh bmoma&;&_axmifhtjrifudk Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

xnfhoGif;&Sif;jyvmEdkifap+yD;/ olwdk@onf twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;twGuf ta[mtajymtaumif;qHk;aomolrsm; yif jzpfvmEdkifonf? odk@&mwGifolwdk@onf/ tvm;wl rif;qdk;rif;npftpdk;&. tvGefusOf;ajrmif;aomtusKd;pD;yGg; twGufvnf; =oZmv$rf;rdk;Edkifol/ tajymta[maumif;olrsm; jzpfvmEdkifygonf? odk@jzpf&m v_yf&Sm;r_acgif;aqmif rsm;taejzifh/ bmoma&;acgif;aqmifrsm;. axmufcHtm;ay;r_&atmif/ vkyf&mYvnf;aumif;/ olwdk@.raumif;aom =oZmv$rf;rdk;r_udk ypfy,f&mYvnf;aumif; u|rf;usifvdrfrm&ygvdrfhrnf? tpdk;&ESifh roufqdkifaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (tJef*sDtdkrsm;) tpdk;&.wdkuf&dkufcsKyfudkifr_/ uGyfuJr_wdk@ESifh uif;vGwfpGmv_yf&Sm;aqmif±GufEdkifaom tkyfpk/ odk@r[kwf/ tzGJ@tpnf; rSef or#onf 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifvmaumif;onfh tvm;tvm&Sdaom tiftm;pkrsm;jzpfygonf? EdkifiHwum&Sd tpdk;&r[kwfaomtzGJ@tpnf; (tJef*sDtdk) rsm;onf &efyHkaiG±SmazGay;Edkif=uygonf? EdkifiHtrsm;tjym;&Sd jynfolvlxk rsm;wdk@ESifh qufoG,fay;Edkifonf? vdktyfaomu|rf; usifr_qdkif&mtwwfynmwdk@udk tjcm;wpfyg;rSaeI &,lay;Edkif onf? tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;&Sd 'Drdkta&pDv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rS &&Sdaomtjrifrsm;udk zvS,fa0iSay;Edkifonf? odk@aomfvnf; wpfcg w&HwGif jynfwGif;&Sd (tJef*sDtdk) tzGJ@rsm; aqmif&GufEdkifaomvkyfief;rsm;rSm rsm;pGmtuef@towf&SdvS+yD;/ &HyHkaiGrSm vnf; tenf;tusOf;om&Edkifygonf? jynfwGif;rSm &Sdaeonfjzpfap/ jynfyrSvmaom (tJef*sDtdk) rsm;xJrSmjzpfap/ &Hzef&Hcg tpdk;&owif;ay;rsm; ðrSyfEx SH m;wwf=uygonf? odk@&mwGif trsm;tm;jzifh TudpPonf ajz&Sif;&efodyfrcuf cJvSaom udpPjzpfygonf? t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJwpfckwGif (tJef*sDtdk) wpfck. ta&;ygaomwefzdk;rSm/ jynfolvlxktm; wdkuf&dkuf 0efaqmifr_ay;Edkifjcif;ESifh/ Todk@0efaqmifr_ay;jcif;tm;jzifh jynfolvlxktaejzifh tpdk;&tay:tpp/ t&m &mwGif rSDcdktm;xm;ae&aomtaetxm; rvdkawmha=umif; jyoEdkifjcif; jzpfygonf? (tJef*sDtdk) rsm;. aqmif±Guf csufrsm;onf jynfolvlxk}uD; emcHvmatmifvkyfa&;twGuf/ tm%m&Siftpdk;&wdk@wGif vdktyfaeaom tusyfudkif a&;aESmifóud;udk/ (tenf;i,fqdkapOD;awmh) tm;aysmhoGm;apygonf? wpfygwDtm%m&Siftpdk;&tay: jynfolwdk@rSDcdktm;xm;ae&r_ avsmhyg;oGm;atmifvkyf&mY/ (tJef*sDtdk) wpfck. tpGrf; xufyHkudk txift&Sm;az:jyaomom"uwpfck/ (1962) ckESpf AdkvfcsKyfae0if;tm%modrf;+yD;/ r=umrDumvwGif jrefrm EdkifiHY jzpfyGg;cJhygonf? EdkifiH.taemufzufjcrf;/ &cdkifjynfe,fwGif a&ab;'kuQESifh ñuHawG@cJh&ygonf? owif;&onfESifh uufovpfomoemðytzGJ@wpfzGJ@u/ tultnDvdktyfaea=umif;udk wdkif;jynf.tjcm;ae&mrsm;ESifh tdENd,jynfY&Sdae aom omoemðytzGJ@rsm;xHodk@ a=u;eef;ay;ydk@ ta=umif;=um;cJhygonf? wkH@jyefr_u v#ifjref+yD;xda&mufvSonf? pm; p&m/ t0wftxnfESifh tdrfaqmufypPnf;rsm; &ufydkif;twGif;rSm a&mufvmcJhonf? aemufqHk;wGif tysuftpD;rsm; udk tuJjzwf=unfh±Sk&eftwGuf/ tpdk;&u tzGJ@rsm;apv$wfvdkufaomtcgY tpdk;&. tultnDrvdktyfawmha=umif; ESifh/ jynfolwdk@u rdrdwdk@zgomajz&Sif;+yD;jzpfa=umif; awG@=u&onf? TudpPESifhywfoufI AdkvfcsKyfae0if;u a'golykefx um/ c&pf,efomoemðytzGJ@rsm;udk jrefrmEdkifiHrS ESifxkwfp&mta=umif; jzpfvmcJhonf? rnfodk@jzpfap/ 'Drdkua&pDzufawmfom;rsm;udk owday;vdkaomtcsufrSm/ (tJef*sDtdk) rsm;onf olwdk@udk,fydkif tpDt pOfrsm; &Sdaewwfjcif;yif? TtpDtpOfrsm;onf rnfodk@aom tpDtpOfrsm;jzpfa=umif; em;vnfxm;&efvdktyf+yD;/ 'Drdk ua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_. yef;wdkifrsm;/ &nfrSef;csufrsm;ESifh udkufnDr_&Sd-r&Sd pDppf=unfh&efvnf; ta&;}uD;ygonf? axmufcHtm;ay;r_rsm;&Edkifonfh/ tjcm;aomt&if;tjrpfrsm;rSm u|rf;usifol ynm&SiftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ EdkifiHa&;ygwD rsm;/ EdkifiHjcm;pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;tpdk;&rsm; (wpfEdkifiHcsif;taeESifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHwumtzGJ@ tpnf;rsm;taeESifhaomfvnf;aumif;)/ jzpf=uygonf? &yf&Gm/ vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; wnf&Sdaeonfh/ pdwf0ifpm;r_ tvdkuf pkpnf;wnfaxmifxm;onfh/ tkyfpki,fuav;rsm;udkvnf; uGufcsef rxm;oifhyg? ‚if;wdk@rSm tyfcsKyftoif;/ trJvdkufESifhig;r#m;toif;rsm;/ pmzwftoif;rsm;/ bmompum;avhvma&;tkyfpkrsm;/ armfawmfqdkifu,f toif;rsm;/ ajcvsifESifhawmifwuftoif;rsm;/ iSufavhvma&;toif;rsm;/ '*Fg;pkaqmif;oltoif;rsm;/ O,smOftoif;rsm;ESifh tm; upm;toif;rsm;uJhodk@aom tkyfpkrsm;jzpfonf? r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufa&;wdkufyGJonf tm%mt&if; tjrpfrsm;udk csKyfudkif&efomru/ vlxk}uD;u wufºuGpGmyg0if yl;aygif;r_&vmap&efvnf; óud;yrf;aqmif&Guf&ef vdktyf Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

onf? Todk@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;Y tm%mt&if;tjrpfrsm; wnf&Sdaeonfhtjyif/ pkaygif;vkyfaqmifr_ vkyfief;rsm;twGuf zGJ@pnf;yHkrsm;vnf; toifh&Sd+yD; jzpfaewwfonf?

tcef; (3) emcHr_ “vlonfrlvtpu vGwfvyfol jzpfonf? ,ckawmh ae&mtESH@oHóud;rsm;jzifh wkyfaESmifcHae&onf? ” ,ef; *suf &l;qdk; (vlr_ yÉdnmOf pmtkyf 1/ tcef; 1 rS) Jean Jacques Rousseau The Social Contract, Book 1, Chap 1

txufazmfjyyguJhodk@aom tqdktrdef@rsm;udk t"dy`g,fzGifhqdk&ef/ óud;yrf;onfhtaejzifh a'gufwm*sif;&Syfu atmufyg ar;cGef;rsm;udk xkwfqifhcJhonf? tkyfpdk;olwpfa,mufonf {&mrrsm;jym;vSaom ol.tkyfpdk;cHjynfolrsm;tay:/ EdkifiHa&;pdk;rdk;r_&&Sd Edkifjcif;ESifh ‚if;. pdk;rdk;r_udk xdef;xm;Edkifjcif;wdk@rSm tb,fha=umifhygenf;? Tr#rsm;jym;vSaom tkyf pdk;cs,fvS,fcHvlrsm;u rdrdwdk@tusKd;pD;yGg;rygrSef; odygvsufESifh tb,fa=umifh tkyfpdk;oltm; ±dkusKd; emcHae&ygoenf;? 4 txufygtqdktrdef@ESifh ywfoufI/ a'gufwm*sif;&Syfxkwfqifhvdkufaom ar;cGef;rsm;onf/ vltrsm;emcH&aom ta=umif;&if;udk/ twGif;usus cGJpdyfoHk;oyfr_twGuf ol.tajccHjzpfonf? Ttcef;onf/ xdkcGJjcrf;pdyfjzmoHk;oyfr_ ta=umif;udk tus,fw0ifh az:jyygonf? A[koabm/ trsm;vufcHaom tm%mzGJ@pnf;r_ yHkpH (tcef;- 1)/ tm%m t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk axmufwdkifrsm;jzpfvmap&ef/ tH0ifcGifusjzpfatmif pDpOfjcif; (tcef;-2)/ ESifh emcHr_wdk@onf r[m AsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJoabmw&m;ESifh usifhoHk;yHkenf;emrsm;udk em;vnfa&;twGuf tajccH tkwfjrpf }wd*HozG,f ta=umif;tcsuf}uD; (3) ckjzpfygonf? xdk@a=umifh trsm;jynfolwdk@ rnfonfhtwGufa=umifhemcH&oenf; (wpfcgw&H olwdk@vHk;0rESpfòrd@aom ta=umif;udpPrsm;twGuf toufay;&onftxdyif emcHwwf=uygonf?) qdk onfudkf *Ce% em;vnfxm;&ef txl;yifvdktyfygonf? emcHr_onf “EdkifiHa&;tm%m.ESvHk;om;”yif jzpfygonf? tkyfpdk;ol wpfOD;OD;tzdk@ jynfolwdk@.emcHjcif;r&Sdygu tkyfpdk;Edkifrnfr[kwfyg? TtajccHtcsufonfyif t=urf;rzuf tHwkr_wdkufyGJ/ r[mAsL[mrsm;csrSwf&onfh tajccHyif jzpfygonf? tu,fI rdrw d @kd .&nfreS f;csuo f nf tm%m&Sif rsm;/ tjcm;aom wpfygwDtm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;. tkyfpdk;cHygrnfhta=umif;/ vdkvdkvm;vm; cGifhðyxm;r_udk jynfolrsm; u jyefvnf±kyfodrf;vmatmif/ vSkH@aqmf&efqdkygu rdrdwdk@taejzifh/ jynfolwdk@ rnfonfhtwGufa=umifh emcH=u&o enf;qdkonfhta=umif;udk a&S;OD;pGm em;vnfoabmaygufxm; oifhygonf? tusifhygaejcif;

Ibid., 18. Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

vltrsm;. emcH&aomta=umif;&if;rSm/ emcH&aom tusifhygaejcif;a=umifh jzpfonf? u|Ekyfwdk@wGif tm%m&Sdolrsm; udk emcHwwfaom tusifhygvmcJh=uonf? u|Efkyfwdk@arG;uif;puwnf;u trdef@tm%matmufrSm aexdkifcJh=u& onf? u|Efkyfwdk@trsm;pktzdk@ trdef@tm%monf rdbrsm;/ tpfudktpfrrsm;/ tbdk;tbGm;rsm;/ tjcm;aqGrsKd;rsm;qDrS aeI pwifvmcJhonf? aemufydkif;wGif ausmif;q&mrsm;/ &Jrsm;ESifh aemufqHk;trdef@tm%m.oauFwrsm;oauFw rsm;qDodk@yif v$Jajymif;oGm;=uonf? Oyrm/ u|Efkyfwdk@onf tusifhygaeojzifh (vloluif;rJhaomvrf;qHkrsm;rSmyifv#if) ,mOftcsufjyrD;udk emcHae=uonf? ppfwyfrsm;wGif wyfom;opfoifwef;. t"du&nf±G,fcsufwpfckrSm/ emcHr_tusifhtopfrsm;udk zefwD;ay;&efjzpfonf? wyfom;opfonf oifwef;q&m. trdef@twdkif; csufcsif;ESifh c|if;csufr&Sd vdkufvkyf&eftwGuf avhvmoif=um;cH=u &onf? em&Daygif;rsm;pGm xyfwvJvJ teD;uyftrdef@ay;I oifwef;armif;jcif;/ rjywf+cdrf;ajcmufI }uD;=uyfuGyfuJ jcif;wdk@onf/ acwfopfppfqifa&;twwfrsm;twGuf rvdktyfvSyg? odk@&mwGif trdef@em cHwwfaomtusifhygatmif tenf;enf; tzHkzHkjzifh avhusifhzGH@òzd;apygonf? xdk@tjyif vufeuftoHk;ðyenf;uJhodk@aom/ tajccHppfa&;twwfrsm; onf xyfjyefwvJvJavhusifhr_a=umifh tvGefusifhom;&aeojzifh/ wrifpOf;pm;aep&mrvdkawmhyJ/ vufeufudk tusifh ygaeonfhtwdkif; toHk;ðyEdkifygonf? tusifhygaejcif;qdkonfrSm tb,fodk@jzpfa=umif;udk u|Efkyfwdk@aq;vdyfpGJaeolrsm; todyifjzpfygonf? aq;vdyfrnfr# rsm;rsm; aomufrdcJh+yDenf;/ rodyg? rnfonfhtcsdefwGif pwifaomufcJhoenf;? rrSwfrdyg? aq;vdyfaps;E_ef;rwefwq jrifhaev#ifvnf; aq;vdyfjzwfjcif; rðyacs? aq;vdyfaomufjcif;jzpfap/ trdef@tm%mudkemcHjcif;tygt0if tjcm;t usifhwpHkw&mudkjzpfap/ azsmufypf&eftwGuf u|Efkyfwdk@taeESifh taotcsmoHEMdXmefcs qHk;jzwfcsufcs&ygvdrfhrnf? qHk; jzwfcsufta=umif; rdrdudk,frdrdvnf; rjywfowday;ae&ygrnf? xdk@tjyif Ttusifhudkazsmufypf&ef ta&;}uD; a=umif;udkvnf; xyfcgxyfcg t}udrf}udrf jyefIowday;ae&ygrnf? ta&;,lcH&rnfudka=umufjcif; ta&;,lcH&rnfudka=umufjcif;onf/ emcH&jcif;. aemufxyfta=umif;&if;wpfck jzpfygonf? Oya'udkcsKd;azgufygu csKd; azgufoludk EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u tm%moHk;I ESdyfuGyfEdkifygonf? aiGtajrmuftrsm; '%fwyfcH&Edkifonf? tpdk;&u ypPnf;rsm; odrf;Edkifonf? axmifoGif;tusOf;csEdkifonf? ‚if;. Oya'udkremcHonfhtwGuf uGyfrsufowfjzwfjcif;yif ðyEdkifygonf? ta&;,ljcif;. &nf±G,fcsufrSm Oya'wpfckckcsKd;azgufoludk '%fcwf&efESifh/ odk@r[kwf xdkOya'udk jzpfap/ tvm;wlOya'udkjzpfap/ tjcm;olrsm; remcHyJ rae0Hhatmif vkyf&efjzpfonf? emcHr_&Sdatmifvkyf&mY rif;qdk;rif;npf wpfOD;onf/ vlxkaxmufcHudkvdkvm;aom tpdk;&rsm;xufydkI/ Todk@a=umufpdwfudktoHk;csI tkyfcsKyfjcif;udk toHk; ðyygonf? udk,fusKd;pD;yGg; wzufu tpdk;&udkcg;cg;oD;oD;rkef;onf[kajym+yD;/ tjcm;wzufu tpdk;&udkwufºuGpGm qufvufaxmufcHtm;ay; aeolrsm; &SdEdkifygonf? xdkolrsm;. udk,fusKd;pD;yGg;rsm;ESifh &&Sdaeaom qkvm'frsm;ta=umif;udk pDppf=unfhygu/ Todk@ 'Gd[jzpfae&aom tcsufudkaumif;pGm oabmaygufEdkifygonf? Oyrm/ vlxkqef@usifa&; (odk@r[kwf) &ufpuf=urf; ñuwfaomrl0g'rsm; az: aqmifay;jcif;twGuf vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@0ifrsm;udk/ rnfonfhyk*~dKvfa&;qkvm'frsm; jyefay;yg oenf;? &mxl;wdk;jr‡ifhay;jcif;/ ol&Jaumif;qkwHqdyfrsm;ay;jcif;/ *k%fðyjcif;/ txl;tcGifhta&;rsm;/ t+idrf;pm;vpmwdk@ jzpfEdkifygonf? EdkifiHawmfu pD;yGg;a&;u¾rsm;udk csKyfudkifaomEdkifiHrsm;Y vltrsm;pkonf tpdk;&vkyfief;rsm;Y 0if a&muf vkyfudkif=u&ygonf? TEdkifiHrsm;Y tvkyfrðywfa&;onf vlwpfa,muf. udk,fusKd;pD;yGg;jzpfEdkifygonf? ta=umif;rSm tjcm;ajymif;p&m tvkyfr&Sdaoma=umifhjzpfygonf? tcsKd@olrsm;taejzifh/ tm%m&Sif tpdk;&rsm;udk axmufcHtm;ay;aer_twGuf odomaom aiGa=u;qkvm'frsm; &Edkifygonf? vlxkraxmufcHaomtpdk;&udk udk,fusKd; pD;yGg;tcGifhta&;rsm;a=umifh axmufcHtm;ay;aeolwdkif;udk ±Skwfcsjcif; rðyoifhyg? Todk@ðyvkyf&ef olwdk@ta=umif;jy Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

csufESifholwdk@ &SdaeEdkifygonf? tjcm;a±G;p&mr&Sd[k tawmfrsm;rsm;u xifrSwfae=uygonf? u|Efkyfwdk@.wm0efrSm remcHjcif;tm;jzifhvnf;/ olwdk@.udk,fusKd;pD;yGg;rsm; &&SdEdkifa=umif; jyo&efyif jzpfygonf? TtvkyfrSmvnf; cufcJ onfhwm0ef jzpfygonf? vl@usifh0wf usifh0wft& vdkufemaqmif&Gufa&;todonf/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wdkif;rSm &Sdaeaom jzpf&dk;jzpfpOfudpP jzpfonf? Todk@ emcHa&;usifh0wfonf atmufygtwdkif;ay:xGufvmygonf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. trsm;aumif;pm;a&;? ? Oy'rsm;onf EdkifiHol Edkifom;tm;vHk;udk um uG,fapmifha&Smufay;onf[k apm'uwufEdkifygonf? tcsKd@Oya'wdk@onf u|Efkyfwdk@tm; tjcm; aomvltcsKd@. vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;udkqef@usifaom vkyf&yfrsm; (anti-social behavior) (vk,uf r_/ vlowfr_/ rk'def;r_) rS umuG,fapmifha&Smuf ay;ygonf? tcsKd@Oya'rsm;url vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. trsm;aumif;usKd;aqmif±Gufjcif; (ukefypPnf;rsm;ESifh 0efaqmifr_rsm; cGJa0ay;jcif;/ vli,frsm;udk ppfr_xrf;&efqifhac:jcif;/ tcGefaumufcHjcif;) rsm;twGuf tmrcHcsufay;ygonf? wcgw&HY u|Efkyf wdk@onf tajymif;tvJjzpfv#ifvnf; xl;+yD;aumif;vmrnfr[kwf[k ,Hk=unfaeojzifh/ rdrdwdk@ rkef;wD;aom tpdk;&udkemcHjcif;tm;jzifh/ trsm;aumif;usKd;vkyf&ma&mufvdrfhrnf[kyif cHpm;rdwwf =uygonf? *sdK;Zufzf pwmvifonf tppftrSef tm%m&Sifwpfa,muf jzpfygonf? vloef;aygif; rsm;pGmwdk@u/ ol@udkemcHonfrSm emcHjcif;onf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wpfckvHk;.bHktusKd;pD;yGg;t& jzpf onf[k xifjrif,Hk=unf=uaoma=umifh jzpfonf? pwmvifonf vlaygif;oef; (20) ausmfudk owfjzwfcJhr_twGuf wm0ef&Sdonf[k odcJh=u&+yD;onfh aemufydkif;rSmyifv#if/ tcsKd@aom ±k&Sm; vlrsKd;wdk@u “wcsdefu a±$xD;aqmif;cJh&onfh ae@&ufrsm;”udk wrf;waeacsao;onf? xdk@tjyif rdrdwdk@tcsif;csif; zdtm;ay;wdkufwGef;r_uvnf;/ Tvl@usifh0wfydkif;qdkif&mudpPrsm;udk vdkufemr_ twGuf xif[yfaz:jyaeygonf? owdðy&eftcsufrSm/ rdrdwdk@tcsif;csif; zdtm;ay;wdkufwGef;r_ onf ESpfzuftusKd;oufa&mufapygonf? ‚if;onf vlrsm;. trltusifhajymif;vJa&;wGifvnf;/ toHk;0ifaom enf;emu&d,mwpfckjzpfygonf? vlom;vGef tcsufrsm; &Hzef&Hcg wdkif;jynftkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfolwdk@udk vl@xufvGef vlpGrf;aumif;rsm;uJhodk@/ ewfozG,f yifhajr‡mufajymqdkonfrsm; &Sdwwfygonf? tkyfpdk;olwpfa,mufta=umif;ESifh ywfoufI bkef;wHcdk;ESifhjynfhpHkonf/ odk@r[kwf/ bmomw&m; wpfckcku zefqif;xm;aomyk*~dKvfjzpfoa,mif qdk=uygonf? xdktkyfpdk;oludk remcHa&;ta=umif; vHk;0rpOf;pm;&J avmufatmif jzpfae&ygonf? ta'ghzf [pfwvm bkef;rD;aevawmufycsdefY rnffolu ol@udk remcHbJae0Hhrnfenf;? Tol&Jaumif;udk;uG,fr_onf ESpfoHr%d±Snf=umaom ordkif;&SdcJhavonf? &mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGmyif/ vlwdk@onf “ewf ozG,frif;bk&ifrsm;”(god-kings) ESifh “bk&m;ocifu ay;oem;aom rif;wdk@.tm%m” (divine right of kings) [laom t,lrsm;udk vufcHxm;cJh=uygonf? Tbk&m;ocif tkyfpdk;r_xlaxmifa&;enf;vrf;. rluGJwpfckrSm tD&efEdkifiH wGif jzpfyGg;cJhaom (21) &mpk. bmoma&;ESifh EkdifiHawmftpdk;& a&maxG;xm;r_yif jzpfygonf? TemcHa&;ta=umif; tcsufudk wefjyef&mY/ u|Efkyfwdk@taejzifh trSefw&m;udk azmfjy&ef vdktyfygonf? vlom;onf bkef;wcdk;ESifht&m&m jynfhpHk/ zefqif;Edkifol r[kwfa=umif;ESifh tkyfpdk;olonf bk&m;ocif. udk,fpm;vS,fawmfvnf; r[kwfa=umif;&Sif;vif; ap&ygrnf? tkyfpdk;olrsm;ESifh wpfpdwfwpf0rf;wnf;tjzpf rSwf,ljcif;

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

tcsKd@olrsm;u rdrdwdk@.tkyfcsKyfolrsm;udk rdrdwdk@rdom;pk. tEG,fudk,fyGg;rsm;tjzpf jrif=uygonf? abmvHk;toif; wpf oif;udk tm;ay;olrsm;u/ xdktoif;Edkifv#if 0rf;om+yD;/ ±SkH;v#if0rf;enf;onfhtjzpfrsKd;ESifh cyfqifqifwlygonf? tkyfpdk; olwpfOD;onf/ vlyk*~dKvfwpfOD;csif;. udk,fyGg;jzpfvmwwfavonf? txl;ojzifh jynfolwdk@ESifh tkyfpdk;olwdk@onf vGwf vyfa&;wdkufyGJuJhodk@aom/ cufcJ=urf;wrf;onfh tawG@tñuHrsm;udk/ twlwuG vufwGJjzwfoef;vmcJhv#if Todk@cH pm;csufrsKd; jzpfwwf=uygonf? (Todk@vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ0ifrsm;teuf/ xif&Sm;olrsm;wGif [dkcsDrif;/ AdkvfcsKyfae0if; ESifh a&mbwf rl*gbDwdk@ tygt0ifjzpfygonf?) Todk@ rdom;pkudk,fyGg;tjzpfrSwf,ljcif;onf/ vlwpfOD;. emcHa&; ta=umif;tcsufwpfckjzpfaeygu/ TuJhodk@ tm%m&SifozG,ftkyfpdk;ol jzpfaeolESifh wpfpdwfwpf0rf;wnf;tjzpf rSwf ,ljcif;onf/ usKd;a=umif;qDavsmfr_r&Sdawmha=umif; em;csay;&ygrnf? zmodzmomaeI at;csrf;aeaome,fy,f tcsKd@olwdk@onf/ rdrdwdk@. ae@pOfb0tay: xdcdkufvmrnf[k enf;enf;av;r#yif rxif&aomOya'rsm; (tm;vHk; r[kwfonfhwdkif) trsm;pkESifhywfoufv#if/ ‘aeomoy/ avnmu’[k qdkwwf=uonf? Oya'udk olwdk@vdkufemonf rSm/ rvdkufemv#if ydkIwefzdk;}uD;}uD;ay;&zG,f&Sdonf[k xif=uaoma=umifh jzpfonf? a,bk,stm;jzifh ajym&v#if Oya'trsm;pkESifh ywfoufI/ Todk@rSwf,ljcif;onf usKd;a=umif;qDavsmfonf[k qdkEdkifygonf?odk@jzpfonfhwdkif/ tajccH vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh vGwfvyfcGifhudk ydwfyifuef@owfaomOya'rsm;u/ Todk@zmodzmomaeI at;csrf;ae aom ae&mpnf;xJodk@/ usL;ausmf0ifvmaomtcgY jy\emjzpfvmygonf? 'Drdkua&pDzufawmfom; twdkuftcHwdk@ .wm0efrSm/ Todk@ usL;ausmfcsif;eif;0ifvmr_udk ta&;rpdkufyJaejcif;onf/ roifhavsmfa=umif;/ vlxktay: wdk;I wdk;I uef@owfcsKyfcs,fvmr_rsm; csrSwfvmrnfhta&;a=umifh/ vlwpfOD;csif;. vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;vHk;yg;yg;vmEdkifaom tajctae/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tay: u|efðyr_udk tm;ay;&m a&mufapa=umif;udk jynfolvlxkudk csjyvSkH@aqmfay;&rnf jzpfygonf? rdrdudk,frdrd,Hk=unfpdwfuif;rJhjcif; ta=umif;trsKd;rsKd;a=umifh tcsKd@aomolwdk@rSm/ rdrdudk,frdrd ,kH=unfpdwfr&Sd=uay? rdrd. tuJjzwfcsuf/ odk@r[kwf remcHyJaeEdkifatmif rdrdudk,frdrdvkyfEdkifpGrf;/ awmfvSefEdkifpGrf;udk ,Hk=unfpdwf r&Sd=uacs? tm%m&Sifpepfjzifh q,fpkESpf aygif;rsm;pGm aevmcJh=u&aomEdkifiHrsm;Y/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udpP&yfrsm;ESifh ywfoufI qHk;jzwfcsufcs&aom tawG@tñuH r&SdcJh=uacs? odk@r[kwf rdrdwdk@. acgif;aqmifr_udk zGH@òzd;wdk;wufap&ef tcGifhtvrf;r&Sd jzpfaewwfonf? rdrdwdk@tay: tkyfpdk;olu qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwf&mY/ rdrdwdk@xuf t&nftcsif;ydk&Sd=uonf[k tcsKd@olrsm;u xifcsifxifae=uay vdrfhrnf? ckcHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf ta&;}uD;aomtcsufrSm/ tcsKd@olrsm;u tpdk;&udk jzpfjzpfajrmufajrmuf tmcHEdkif rnfr[kwf/ odk@r[kwf rdrdwdk@vGwfajrmufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rSm yg0ifaqmif±GufI atmifjrifEdkifrnf r[kwf[k txifa&muf aeEdkifonfh tcsufyifjzpfonf? tkyfpdk;olwdk@.vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;ESifh ywfoufI/ rdrdwdk@.tuJjzwfEdkifpGrf;tay: vlxk ,Hk=unfr_ jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&efESifh/ TtuJjzwfcsufrsm;tay: tajccHI v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;aqmif&Gufvmjcif;onf/ t=urf;rzuf wdkufyGJatmifjrifa&;twGuf tvGefta&;}uD;vSygonf? w&HwcgY vltrsm; Todk@“zmodzmomae =ujcif;”twGuf/ u|Efkyfwdk@ xifjrif,lqaomudpPonf “rdrdudk,frdrd ,Hk=unfpw d f uif;rJhaejcif;”a=umifhvnf; jzpf aewwfygonf? tusOf;csKyf jynfolwdk@u rdrdwdk@tay: tkyfpdk;aeolrsm;udk/ rnfonfhtwGufa=umifh emcHae&aomta=umif;&if;rsm;udk u|Efkyfwdk@ pDppf+yD;oGm;cJh+yD jzpfonf? 5 Tqef;ppfcsufrsm;t&/ emcHjcif;onf “obm0uspGm jzpfysufaeonf” [laom tqdkudk acsy xm;ygonf? vlom;wdk@onf ADZt&udku ±dkusKd;&eftzdk@ ygvmonf r[kwfacs? emcHr_onf t"dutm;jzifh/ 5

Ibid., 19-25. Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

tusifhygaer_/ a=umufpdwfESifh tusKd;pD;yGg;wdk@. aygif;pnf;xm;r_yif jzpfygonf? (tusifhygaer_ESifh tusKd;pD;yGg;wdk@udk ajymif;vJypfI &ygonf? a=umufpdwfudkrl ausmfv$m;I jzpfEdkifygonf?)

tcef;(4) t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJ. vkyfenf;tqifhrsm;ESifh enf;vrf;rsm; “usaemfajymEdkifaomtcsufrSm/ rdrd. udk,fawG@prf;oyfppfaq;r_rsm; ydkIeufeJvmavav/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_udk vlom;. t}uD;rm;qHk;tiftm;tjzpf ydkI ,Hk=unfvmavav jzpfonf?” r[wWr/ au/ *END M.K.Gandhi

vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wpf&yfudk tm%m&SifpepfrSaeI/ 'Drdkua&pDpepfodk@ul;ajymif;atmif óud;yrf;&mY/ rnfonfhvrf;udka±G; cs,fonf jzpfap/ cufcJonfcsnf; jzpfygonf? tu,fItwdkuftcHv_yf&Sm;r_u a±G;cs,fvdkufaomvrf;onf/ t=urf;rzufa&; r[mAsL[mjzpfygu/ t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJ0ifaeolrsm;onf/ tkyfpdk;olESifh tkyfpdk;cHwdk@t=um; tm%m qufqHa&;wGif rdrdwdk@tvdk&Sdaom tajymif;tvJrsm; zefwD;ay;&menf;vrf;rsm;/ odk@r[kwf/ vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;udk pOf;pm;oifhygonf? a'gufwm*sif;&Syfu “tm%mqufqHa&; ajymif;vJr_twGuf vkyfxHk;vkyfenf; (4) ck”udk az: xkwfwifjycJhygonf? ‚if;wdk@rSm pdwfajymif;atmifvkyfjcif;/ vdkufavsmaphpyfjcif;/ tusyfudkifjcif;ESifh òzdcGJjcif;wdk@jzpf onf? ‚if;wdk@u tm%mqufqHa&;&Sd ajymif;vJa&;tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh ywfoufaomtcsuftvufrsm;udk =unfhjrif &mY tajccHausm&dk;pHrsm;tjzpf taxmuftulay;ygonf? Tt=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_trsKd;tpm;rsm;onf tajymif; tvJjzpfay:apa&;enf;vrf;taeESifh toHk;0ifonfomru/ ,cifuvkyfaqmifcJh=uaom t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; . tusKd;oufa&mufr_rsm;udk jyefvnftuJjzwf&eftwGufvnf; toHk;0ifygonf? Ttcef;wGif t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_trsKd;tpm;opf trsm;tjym; (uef@uGufjcif;ESifh azsmif;zswdkufwGef;jcif;/ yl;aygif; aqmif±Gufr_rðyyJ aejcif;/ 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;) udkvnf; rdwfqufay;xm;ygonf? a'gufwm*sif;&Syf az:xkwfjyxm; aom enf;vrf; (198) rsKd;udk aemufqufwGJtcef; (2) wGif=unfhyg? vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; EdkifiHa&;ESifhvlr_a&;tajymif;tvJrsm;az:aqmif&eftvdk@iSm/ r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJt,ltqudk oabmw&m;rSaeI vufawG@tjzpfodk@ ul;ajymif;ay;&ygrnf? oabmw&m;rSaeI vufawG@odk@ul;ajymif;a&;wGif/ tajymif;tvJwGif ta&;}uD;onfrSm/ tkyfpdk;olwdk@.oabmxm;ESifh tðytrlrsm;tay:=oZmoufa&mufa&;twGuf/ twdkuftcHwdk@u a&G;cs,faom pdwfóudufvkyfxHk;vkyfenf;/ odk@r[kwf/ vkyfief;pOfa±G;cs,fr_yif jzpfygonf? xdkrSwzef

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

Todk@a±G;cs,fr_u jynfolESifhtpdk;&wdk@t=um; wnf&SdaeaomqufqHa&;wGif/ tvdk&Sdaomajymif;vJr_rsm; jzpfay:ap a&;twGuf enf;vrf;rsm;a±G;cs,fr_tay:wGif =oZmoufa&mufapygrnf? 6 pdwfajymif;atmifvkyfjcif; qef@usifzuftiftm;pkwpfckudk/ tajymif;tvJjzpfay:atmif vkyfaqmif&mY/ usifhoHk;aomvkyfxHk;vkyfenf;/ odk@r [kwf/ vkyfief;pOfwdk@onf/ wdkufyGJtqifhtoD;oD;&Sd t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. &nf±G,fcsuf/ odk@r[kwf tusKd;ouf a&mufr_wdk@ESifh oufqdkifygonf? wdkufyGJ0ifv_yf&Sm;aeaomtkyfpk. t}uHðywifjycsufrsm;/ odk@r[kwf/ awmif;qdkcsuf rsm;udk vufcHvdkufjcif;tm;jzifh/ tpdk;&twGuf tusKd;&SdEdkifonf[k,lqygu/ em;csI&aom tajctaersKd;&Sdwwfyg onf? pdwfajymif;atmifvkyfjcif;enf;onf wdkufyGJ0ifv_yf&Sm;aeaomtkyfpktwGuf rsm;pGmtusKd;jzpfxGef;apygonf? tpdk;&u tajymif;tvJvkyfay;&ef vdkufavsmay;vdkufjcif;tm;jzifh/ twdkuftcHacgif;aqmifrsm;. *k%foduQmESifh w&m;0ifr_vnf; jrifhwufvmEdkifygonf? tpdk;&ESifhxdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifr_vkyfv#if ñuHawG@p&m&Sdonfh ab;tEW&m,frsm; vnf; avsmhenf;oGm;ygonf? xdk@tjyif ydkIta&;}uD;onfrSm yÉdyuQ.aemufydkif;tqifhrsm;wGif/ qufvufvkyf aqmif&rnfhudpPrsm;twGuf/ rdrdtiftm;udk xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifjcif;yif jzpfonf? odk@&mwGif Ttqifhedrfh zdtm;ay; v_yf&Sm;r_om&Sdaom TvkyfxHk;vkyfenf;onf/ w&m;rJhvGef;aom/ tm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;udk qef@usif&mY xda&mufr_ r&SdvSyg? rnfodk@yifqdkapumrl jy\emudk a&G;cs,ftoHk;ðyjcif;/ Tenf;udk rnfodk@jr‡ifhwifaqmif&Gufrnfenf; [laom enf;vrf;udk pepfwusaqmif&Gufygu/ tvGef=urf;ñuwfaomtpdk;&rsm;udkyif/ qef@usif&mY &Hzef&Hcg atmifjrifr_rsm; &wwfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHppftm%m&Sifpepfqef@usifa&;wGif/ pdwfajymif;atmifvkyfjcif;enf;udk atmifjrifpGm usifhoHk;cJhzl;ygonf? ‚if; udpPrSm rlvwef;ausmif;rsm;wGif t*Fvdyfpmoif=um;a&;udpPESifh ywfoufaeygonf? (1962) ckESpf/ ppfwyftm%m odrf;+yD;aemufydkif;wGif/ AdkvfcsKyfae0if;u t*Fvdyfbmompum;onf jrefrmEdkifiHtwdwfudkvdkeDb0. ajc&mvuf&m wpfck jzpfonf[kqdkum/ rlvwef;tqifhwGif t*Fvdyfpmoif=um;ay;awmhrnfr[kwfa=umif; a=unmcJhygonf? xdk tcsdefu jrefrmvlrsKd;trsm;tjym;onf t*Fvdyfbmompum;udk oHk;pGJae=u+yD;/ tqifajyaeaom/ 'kwd,bmom pum;wpfckvnf; jzpfygonf? apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;uvnf; Todk@ajymif;vJvdkufjcif;onf/ roifhavsmfa=umif; axmufjycJh=uonf? jrefrmjynfolwdk@udk EdkifiHjcm;t,ltqrsm;/ =oZmt&Sdeft0grsm;ESifh tqufjzwfypf&ef&nfpl;+yD;/ t*Fvdyfpmoif=um;&ef tcGifhtvrf;ydwfyifvdkufjcif;onf jyÏmef;xm;aom/ tus,ftjyef@pmayqifqmwnf;jzwf jzwfawmufa&;Oya'udk qufvufwdk;csJ@vdkufjcif;om jzpfonf? wuUodkvfoif=um;ydk@cscsufrsm;Yvnf; t*Fvdyfpm jzifh oif=um;aejcif;udk uef@owfcJhonf? q,fpkESpf (2) ckausmf=umt+yD;wGif/ tpdk;&onf Tqifqmjzwfawmufr_ a=umifh }uD;rm;aom tusKd;qufrsm;ay:xGufvma=umif; rsuf0g;xifxif jrifawG@vm&avonf?tvkyform;rsm;ESifh tv,fwef;tqifhrefae*smrsm;u EdkifiHwumqdkif&m pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;ESifh ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; bmompum;jzifh qufoG,ftvkyfvkyfjcif; rðyEdkifaomEdkifiHwGif/ EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;ðrSyfESHolrsm;u puf±Hktvkyf±Hkrsm; wnfaxmifvkyfudkif&ef 0efav;=uonf? taemufEdkifiHrsm;&Sd wuUodkvfrsm;Y jrefrmEdkifiHwuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;udk rsm;rsm;pm;pm; vuf rcHawmhay? &efukefaq;wuUodkvfrS bGJ@&rsm;onfyif/ EdkifiHjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif aq;ukocGifhr&awmhacs? EdkifiHjcm; wGif txl;ðybmom&yfrsm; oif=um;cGifh r&Edkifawmhacs? pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;&Siftodkif;t0dkif;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDa&;v_yf&Sm;ol rsm;u t*Fvdyfbmompum;oif=um;cGifh us,fus,fjyef@jyef@&&Sda&;twGu/f ESpfaygi;f rsm;pGm wifjyajymqdkvmcJh+yD; aemufydkif;wGif/ ppftpdk;&u tav#mhay;cJhjcif;rSm/ Todk@cGifhðyvdkufjcif;tm;jzifh olwdk@.tusKd;pD;yGg;twGuf taxmuf tul&rnf[k udk,fwdkif,Hk=unfvmaoma=umifh jzpfonf? r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJonf/ tm%mt&if;tjrpfrsm;udkwdkufcdkufjcif;jzpfonf [laom tcsufudk/ jyefpOf;pm;=unfhv#if/ tpdk;&tm%maxmufwdkifrsm;udk pdwaf jymif;vmatmifvkyfjcif;onf tvGeftusKd;&Sda=umif; 6

Todk@ vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;ESifh enf;vrf;rsm;udk tus,fod&Sdvdkygu/ a'gufwm*sif;&Syfa&;om;aom t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJ. EdkifiHa&; pmtkyf twGJ (2) (3) (The Politics of Nonviolent Action, Vols. II and III) udk =unfhyg? Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

awG@&rnf jzpfonf? TjzpfpOf. yxrajcvSrf;rSm tpdk;&tzGJ@tpnf;0ifrsm;ESifh ypfrSwftzGJ@tpnf;0ifrsm;tm;/ olwdk@ onf wpfOD;csif;taejzifh “jynfol@&efolrsm;”r[kwfa=umif;/ trSefwGif/ 'Drdkua&pDvl@tzGJ@tpnf;Y olwdk@onf tusKd; ðyolrsm;tjzpf }udqdkjcif;/ wefzdk;xm;jcif;ESifh av;pm;jcif;cH&rnfjzpfa=umif; em;vnfoabmaygufatmif óud;yrf;& rnffjzpfonf? T&nfrSef;csuf aygufajrmufoGm;onfESifhwòydifeuf/ ypfrSwftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS tzGJ@0ifrsm;taejzifh/ EdkifiHa&;tajymif;tvJvkyf&ef vdktyfonfqdkaomtcsufESifh aemufvmrnfhðyjyifajymif;vJa&; awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk ydkI vufcHvG,fvm=urnfjzpfonf? aemufydkif;wGif ydkIv_yf&Sm;ajymif;vJap&ef awmif;qdkvm=urnf jzpfonf? pdwfajymif;vmatmifvkyfjcif;onf/ 'Drdkua&pDzufawmfom;tiftm;pkrsm; wdk;csJ@a&;ESifh }uHhcdkifawmifhwif;atmifvkyf a&;twGuf t"duvkyfxHk;vkyfenf; jzpfonf? 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&vufatmuf&Sdb0ESifh wpfygwDtm%m&Siftpdk;& vuf atmuf&Sdb0rsm;/ uGmjcm;yHkudk 0g'jzef@csdr_ESifh urBmwv$m;&Sd t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_owif;rsm;udk u|rf;usifvdrfrmpGm toHk;csjcif;onf/ tajymif;tvJjzpfay:a&; óud;yrf;r_udk rsm;pGm taxmuftuljzpfapygonf? qENjyjcif;/ oydwf arSmufjcif;/ uef@uGufjiif;y,fjcif; (boycott) ESifh tjcm;uef@uGufqENjyr_o¿mefrsm;ta=umif;az:jyaom owif; rsm;onf/ vlxkoabmxm;udk&dkufcwfEdkifaom om"ursm;jzpfygonf? ta&;t}uD;qHk;rSm/ “reufjzeftwGuf tar#mftjrif”ESifh TjrifuGif;jzpfvmatmif rnfuJhodk@vkyfI&Edkifonf[laom t,ltqudk jynfolvlxkxHodk@ wifjy &ef jzpfygonf? pdwfajymif;vmatmifóud;yrf;r_. tm;taumif;qHk;tcsufrSm/ tm%m&Siftpdk;&tm;qef@usifolrsm;. &JpGrf;owWdudk jyojcif;yif jzpfygonf? zdEdSyfr_udk jynfolvlxku &J&J&ifh&ifhqef@usifjyvdkufjcif;onf t=urf;rzufuef@uGufqENjyol rsm;tm; ol&Jabma=umifolrsm;tjzpfjzifh jrifaeaom tpGJudkcGmcsypfvdkufEdkifapygonf? ppfajrjyifwGif/ ppfom;rsm; u jyoaom &JpGrf;owWdjzpfap/ zdESdyfaomtpdk;&udk tHwk&ifqdkifaomt=urf;rzufppfonfawmfrsm;u jyoaom &JpGrf;owWdyifjzpfap/ &JpGrf;owWdudk wpfavmuvHk;u av;pm;todtrSwfðyonfyif jzpfygonf? wpfcgw&HY/ twdkuf tcHrsm;ESifh olwdk@.rdom;pkrsm; cHpm;&aom/ a=uuGJzG,ftjzpfqdk;rsm;u zdESdyfolrsm;a&m/ tzdESdyfcHrsm;.oabmxm; rsm;tay: rSmyg t}uD;tus,f&dkufcwf =oZmoufa&mufr_ &SdapEdkifygonf? &JpGrf;owWdudk wdkufyGJ0ifolwdk@. aoG;xGuf oH,dkjzpfr_jzifhom/ tpOfwdkif;wmavh&Sdonfr[kwfyg? rdrdvyk faqmifcsuf. tusKd;qufrsm;udk &J&J&ifqdkifvdkjcif;onf om/ owWdudk wdkif;wmaomaywH tppfjzpfygonf? Oyrm- (1776) ckESpfwGif/ tar&duefvGwfvyfa&; a=ujimpm wrf;udkvufrSwfa&;xdk;olrsm;u/ t*Fvefbk&ifudk tmcHzDqefvsuf &JpGrf;owWdudkjyocJh=uovdkyif/ tom;ta&mifcGJ jcm;r_ yaysmufa&; “xdkifoydwf”wGif yg0ifcJh=uaom (1950) ckvGefESifh (1960) ckvGefESpfrsm;u jynfol@tcGifhta&; v_yf&Sm;olrsm;onfvnf; &JpGrf;owWdudk jyocJh=uolrsm; jzpfygonf? Todk@tmcHzDqefa&;vkyfaqmifcsuf(2) ckpvHk; a=umifh/ trsm;jynfolwdk@u t}uD;tus,f pGef@v$wfpGef@pm;yg0ifolwdk@. wdkufyGJ&nfrSef;csufrsm; w&m;r#wa=umif;udk csifhcsdefod&SdvmEdkif=uygonf? vdkufavsmaphpyfjcif; wpfcgw&HY/ tpdk;&wpf&yfu 'Drdkua&pDa&;v_yf&Sm;r_tiftm;pkrsm;. arwWm&yfcHcsuf/ odk@r[kwf/ awmif;qdkcsufrsm; udk vdkufavsmwwfygonf? Todk@vdkufavsm&onfrSm twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;tay: av;pm;r_/ odk@r[kwf tvdkuf od,Ofaus;vmr_a=umifh r[kwfyg? vlr_a&;wif;rmr_udk ajzav#mhvdkjcif;/ EdkifiHjcm;tpdk;&rsm;. oabmxm;tay: &dkuf cwfr_&Sdapvdkjcif;/ trsm;jynfolwdk@. aumif;usKd;csrf;omudkvdkvm;onf[k jynfolrsm;.csD;rGrf;r_udk cHvdkjcif;wdk@a=umifh om jzpfEdkifygonf? odk@r[kwf jy\emwpfckudk twdkuftcHrsm;u toHk;rcscif olwdk@.tusKd;pD;yGg;twGuf/ ydwfqdk@vdk aoma=umifhvnf; jzpfEdkifygonf? tpdk;&taejzifh rvkyfaqmifvsif rjzpfawmhavmufatmif tusyfudkifcH&onfhtae txm; r[kwfyg? Tjy\emrsm;onf/ vdkufavsmvdkufjcif;tm;jzifh rdrdtusKd;pD;yGg;udk wdkuf&dkuf+cdrf;ajcmufaejcif; r&Sd onfhtjyif/ jy\emtcsKd@wGif twdkuftcHwdk@udk tav#mhay;vdkufjcif;tm;jzifh/ rdrdtm;enf;&mjyonf r[kwfa=umif;/ wGufcsufrdIvnf; jzpfygonf? trSefwGif/ tm%mudk tpdk;&u/ tºuGif;rJhcsKyfudkifEdkifpGrf; avsmhyg;usqif;vmae+yD;/ jynfolwdk@u tpdk;&tay:rkef;wD;r_jzpfapEdkifaomjy\emrsm;ukd &ifqdkifEdkifpGrf;vnf; r&Sdawmhacs? wygwDtm%m&Sif tpdk;&. Tpwdoabmvdkufavsmr_rsm;udk/ owif;rsm;urSefrSef az:jyay;=uygonf? &efukef ppftpdk;&ESifh uGefjrLepf Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

w±kwfjynfacgif;aqmifwdk@onf/ taemufEdkifiHrsm;rS acgif;aqmifrsm;/ EdkifiHodk@ tvnftywfvma&mufaomtcgrsm; Y/ EdkifiHa&;ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk wpdyfwydkif;vdkufavsmonfhtaeESifh/ tusOf;om;tenf;i,fudk v$wfay;avh&Sd=uygonf? tpPa&;tpdk;&onfvnf;/ ygvufpwdkif;wdk@tay: vlom;qefpGmðyrl&ef/ tar&dueftpdk;&. arwWm&yfcHcsufudk vdkufavsmonfhtaeESifh [efjyvkyfaqmifcsufrsm; rSefrSefvkyfaqmifavh&Sdygonf? tpdk;&u vdkuf avsmay;&ef a±G;cs,fvdkufaomudpPrsm;onf/ a,bk,stm;jzifh cdk;vdk;ckvkjzpfaeaomudpPrsm;jzpf+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@udk vdkuf avsmajz&Sif;vdkufv#ifvnf;/ olwdk@.tm%mwnf+rJr_udk +cdrf;ajcmufrnf r,lqaomudpPrsm; jzpfygonf? vwfwavmOyrmrsm;t&/ twdkuftcHwdk@tm; tpdk;&uvdkufavsmay;r_rsm;wGif/ [efjyvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;rSaeI/ vGwfvyfaoma±G;aumufyGJrsm; usif;yay;jcif;txd yg0ifwwfygonf? Oyrm- (1988) ckESpfwGif vpfoltm;eD;,m; EdkifiH&Sd uGefjrLepftpdk;&udk/ jynfolrsm;u wpfae@wjcm;wdk;I uef@uGufqENjyaejcif;udk wkH@jyef&mY/ EdkifiHawmfaumifpD u 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_.awmif;qdkcsufjzpfaom/ vpfoltm;eD;,m;bmompum;udk ±Hk;oHk;bmompum;tjzpf cGifhðy a&;ESifh/ ordkif;0ifae&mrsm;wGif trsKd;om;tvHv$ifhxlcGifhðya&;twGuf tajccHOya'udkjyifqifay;a&; awmif;qdkcsufudk vdkufavsmjcif;tm;jzifh wif;rmr_rsm;ajyavsmhoGm;rnf[k ar#mfvifhchJ=uygonf? TwGif “yl;wGJaumfrwD” “q*sK'pf” (Sajudis) ESifh tjcm;axmufcHa&;tkyfpkrsm; acgif;aqmifaom/ 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_onf tvGefus,fjyef@vmcJh+yD;/ ydkrdkatmifjrifvmygonf? odk@ESifh tpdk;&. Todk@[efjyvdkufavsmr_oufoufr#jzifh ra=ueyfEdkif=uawmhacs? 7 tusK;d &vm'frSm/ twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;tay: ,Hk=unfudk;pm;r_wdk;wuf&&Sdvm+yD;/ 'Drdkua&pDajymif;vJa&;tiftm;pk tjzpf zGH@òzd;vmcJhjcif; jzpfonf? bmoma&;0wfðycGifhay;&ef (2002) ckESpfu/ quf'ef[lpdef.qHk;jzwfcsufonfvnf;/ vdkufavsmjcif;ESifhywfoufI ,ae@acwf. aemufxyfom"uwpfck jzpfonf? quf'ef[lpdefonf tD&wfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk tºuGif;rJhcsKyfudkifxm; onfhwdkif/ b*~'ufòrd@ qifajczHk;&Sd bmoma&;taqmuftOD;wpfckqDodk@/ vlaxmifaygif;rsm;pGm pk±Hk;csDwufcGifhay;&ef/ &Sd;,dkufbmom0ifrsm;. awmif;qdkcsufudk vdkufavsmay;cJh&onf? [lpdeftaeESifh Tawmif;qdkcsufudk ydwfyifvdku/ jiif;y,fI &Edkifygonf? TuJhodk@ydwfyifr_udk tm%mwnfap&ef/ ol@wGif ppfwyfESifhykvdyfwyfzGJ@rsm; trSef&Sdaeygonf? odk@jzpfonfhwdkif/ olvdkufavsmcJhonfrSm Ttcsufudkta=umif;jyI v_H@aqmfr_rsm;/ ol@.tkyfpdk;r_udk twdtvif;ESifh &kef;&if;qefcwf qef@usifr_rsm; aemufxyfaygufuGJrvmatmif/ a&SmifEdkifrnf[k ar#mfvifhrdaoma=umifhjzpfEdkifyg onf? 8 vGwfvyfaoma±G;aumufyGJusif;yay;&ef awmif;qdkr_udk vdkufavsmjcif;onf/ tm%m&Siftpdk;&wpf&yfu vdkufavsm ay;Edkifaom/ tpGrf;ukef vdkufavsmr_wpf&yf jzpfygonf? odk@jzpfonfhwdkif/ TuJhodk@aom a±G;aumufyGJtm;vHk;eD;yg;. &dk;ajzmifhrSefuefr_rSm oHo,yGg;zG,f jzpfygonf? (20) &mpk.aemufqHk;q,fpkESpf (2) cktwGif;Y wygwDtm%m&Sif tpdk;&rsm;u/ olwdk@.EdkifiHe,fededwftwGif;/ “vGwfvyfaom” a±G;aumufyGJrsm; cGifhðyay;cJhaom/ om"utrsm;tjym; &SdcJhygonf? jrefrmEdkifiH. (1990) jynfhESpf jynfvHk;u|wfa±G;aumufyGJOyrmu/ jynfolwdk@.a±G;cs,fr_&vm'fudk tm%m&Siftpdk;& wdk@u rnfodk@rnfyHk uvdefusyHkta=umif; o±kyfaz:jycJhavonf? jrefrmEdkifiH. ppftm%m&Sif AdkvfcsKyfae0if;/ tm%m rS qif;ray;rD aemufqHk;vkyfcJhaom w&m;0ifvkyfaqmifcsufrSm/ ygwDpHka±G;aumufyGJrsm; usif;yay;&ef awmif;qdkoGm;cJh onf? ol. (1988) ckESpf/ ZlvdkifvtwGif; tjidrf;pm;r,lrD/ vaygif;rsm;pGmtwGif;Y ygwDpHka±G;aumufyGJtygt0if EdkifiHa&;ajymif;vJr_rsm; vkyfaqmif;ay;&ef/ awmif;qdkqENjyyGJrsm; jzpfyGg;aecJhonf? AdkvfcsKyfae0if;. ,lqcsufrSm/ ygwD pHka±G;aumufyGJa=umifh/ tm%m&Sifpepftm; twdtvif; qef@usifaer_rsm; yaysmufroGm;onfhwdkif/ avsmhyg;oGm;Edkif 7

Grazina Miniotaite, Nonviolent Resistance in Lithuania: A Story of Peaceful Liberation, (Boston: The Albert Einstein Institution, 2002), 30. 8

tpD&ifcHpmrsm;t&/ quf'rf[kpdwfu TcsDwufyGJudk rnfonfhqdik f;ykwf/ acgif;pD;r# udkifaqmifcsDwufjcif; rðy&[laom uef@owfcsufjzifh cGifhðycJhjcif; jzpfygonf? csDwufolrsm;u vufcHcJh=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; rsufjrifoufaowpfOD;tajymt&/ csDwufolrsm;u ajcoHjyif;jyif; eif;I csDwufcJh=u+yD;/ olwdk@.ajcoHrsm;udk aemufxyfvrf;axmifhwpfckrSwdkif =um;cJh&onf[k qdkygonf? Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

vdrfhrnf[k ,lqxm;cJhonf? ol.tpdk;&u/ a±G;aumufyGJudk ukvm;zefxdk;EdkifaompGrf;&nf&Sda=umif;vnf;/ jyocJh+yD; jzpfojzifh/ twdkuftcHrsm; ar#mfvifhcsufxm;p&mr&Sdavmufatmif/ tuGJuGJt+yJ+yJjzpfaernfh a±G;aumufyGJrsKd;Y/ rJ aocsm tEdkif&rnf[k AdkvfcsKyfae0if;u ,Hk=unfaecJhonf? 9 ta&;}uD;onfrSm jzpfEdkifzG,f&Sdaomvdkufavsmr_twGuf ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk a±G;cs,f&mY/ vdkufavsmr_ay;vdkufyg u tkyfpdk;olrsm;tzdk@ trsm;jynfolrsm;a&S@wGif/ “rsufESmyef;vS”apavmufaomudpPrsm;udk az:jy&ygrnf? wpfcsdef wnf;rSmyif/ tpdk;&.vdkufavsmr_onf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. }uD;xGm;vmaeaom/ tiftm;udkxif[yfjyae a=umif;/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk wdk;wufaumif;rGefaprnfh ajymif;vJr_rsm;twGuf aoG;xGufoH,dkjzpfp&mrvdkyJ &apEdkif a=umif;udk/ jynfolvlxktaeESifh em;vnfxm;apoifhygonf? pdwfajymif;atmifvkyfjcif;ESifh vdkufavsmjcif;wdk@. aygif; pyftusKd;oufa&mufr_rsm;a=umifh/ vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;udk ydkrdktiftm;&Sdvmap+yD;/ aemufxyf tiftm;aumif;aomv_yf &Sm;r_rsm;twGufyifv#if/ óudwifjyifqifEdkifygonf? wpfygwDtm%m&Siftpdk;&wdk@onf/ twdkuftcHwdk@. EdkifiHa&;ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;awmif;qdkcsufudk vdkufavsm=u&mY/ trsm;tm;jzifh a±G;aumufyGJenf;udk toHk;csavh&Sdygonf? jynfolvlxktwGuf raumif;aomtcsufrSm/ a±G;aumufyGJ onf/ vGwfvyf+yD; w&m;r#wr_&Sdvdrfhrnf/ jynfolvlxkrsm;onfvnf; tpdk;&.+cdrf;ajcmufr_udk ra=umufyJ &yfcHEdkifpGrf; &Sdrnf/ odk@r[kwf/ rJa&wGufjcif;ESifh ywfoufI ±dk;om;r_&Sdatmif/ EdkifiHwumapmifh=unfholrsm;u tmrcHEdkifpGrf;&Sdrnf [lI/ twdkuftcHacgif;aqmifrsm;u/ ±dk;tpGm ,lqwwf=ujcif;yifjzpfonf? (2000) ckESpf qm;AD;,m;a±G;aumufyGJ rsm;ESifh (2002) ckESpf/ ZifbmabGa±G;aumufyGJwdk@onf/ r±dk;om;aoma±G;aumufyGJrSaeI vdrfnmxm;aom &vm'f rsm; ay:xGufvmcJhyHk om"ursm; jzpfygonf? qm;AD;,m;Y/ EdkifiHa&;twdkuftcHwdk@u/ rJ±Hkrsm;rSaeI bJvf*&dwfòrd@a±G;aumufyGJ±Hk;csKyftxd/ a±G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfh }uD;=uyfa&;pepfwpf&yfudk wnfaxmifxm;EdkifcJhygonf? olwdk@onfaumif;pGmavhusifh+yD;/ pnf;±Hk;zGJ@pnf;xm;aom/ “rJyHk;vufa&Smif”(GET OUT THE VOTE) v_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@0ifrsm; xm;&Sd+yD;/ tpdk;&u rJcdk;&efóud;pm;ygu vkyf aqmifrnfh pDrHcsufwpf&yfudkvnf; csrSwfxm;cJh=uygonf? rJa&wGuf&mÏmersm;rSaeI twdkuftcHtkyfpkwdk@ apmpD;pGm &&Sdxm;aom &vm'frsm;u/ 'Drdkua&pDzufawmfom;rsm; tEdkif&a=umif; jyoaeonf? w&m;0if&vm'frsm;udk pkaygif; ra&wGufrDrSmyif t±SHk;tEdkifudk a=ujimvdkuf=uonf? tpdk;&u ‚if;wdk@.rJa&wGufr_t& twdkuftcHtkyfpkrJtEdkfifr& a=umif;/ a=ujimvdkufaomtcgY jynfolvlxku vrf;ay:xGuf+yD;/ rdrdwdk@tEdkif&jcif;jzpfa=umif; aºuG;a=umf=u&m qm; AD;,m;wEdkifiHvHk;wGif/ vlxkqENjyyGJrsm; qufwdkufjzpfyGg;cJhavawmhonf? qENjyyGJrsm;onf txGÉftxdyfodk@a&muf oGm;+yD;/ aemufqHk;Y ygvDrefodk@ csDwuf=uonf? óudwifjyifqifr_rsm;u tvGefyif jynfhpHkvHkavmufvSonfjzpf&m tpdk;&opfudk zGJ@pnf;/ a=ujimvdkufaomtcgY &Jrsm;ESifhppfwyfwdk@u/ 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif; rðycJ@=uay? (2002) ckESpfwGif/ usif;ycJhaom ZifbmabGEdkifiH a±G;aumufyGJ&vm'furl/ TonfESifh rsm;pGmjcm;em;ygonf? Zifbm abGEdkifiHY twdkuftcHwdk@. 'Drdkua&pDajymif;vJa&; v_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@ (Movement for Democratic Change) u/ vGwfvyfI w&m;r#waom a±G;aumufyGJrsm; jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf “a±G;aumufyGJvufa&Smif”v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh EdkifiH wumzdtm;wdk@udk toHk;ðyvsuf/ r[mAsL[mwpf&yf csrSwfxm;cJh=uygonf? odk@&mwGif tm%mvuf&Sdjzpfol/ rl*gbD u a±G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif r±dk;rom;vkyfygu/ az:aqmif&rnfh “t&HpDrHudef;- c”udk ta&;rxm;cJhrdacs? onf=um;xJ/ tm%mpGef@&ef&nf±G,fcsuf r&Sda=umif;udkvnf; rl*gbDu/ apmpGmuwnf;u azmfxkwfjyoxm;+yD;jzpfonf? &duQmESifh vpmrsm; axmufyHhrnf[k uwday;vsuf/ vli,frsm;udk wkwfrsm;/ "g;rsm;udkifpGJaom jynfol@ppftzGJ@rsm;tjzpf zGJ@pnf; ay;+yD;/ twdkuftcHygwD. vkyfom;rsm;udk wdkufcdkuf&ef !$ef=um;cJhonf? 'Drdkua&pDajymif;vJa&; v_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@ (MDC) udk axmufcHtm;ay;olrsm;ESifh rl*gbDtm; uef@uGufrJay;rnf[k oHo,&Sdolrsm;udk &dkufESuf/ +cdrf;ajcmuf 9

yxrwGif ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDa&G;aumufyGJrsm;usif;ya&; t,ltqudk y,fcscJh=uaomfvnf;/ aemufqHk; &efukef&Sdppftpdk;&u (1990) jynfh ESpf arvwGif a&G;aumufyGJrsm;usif;yay;&ef oabmwlcJhonf? tpdk;&taejzifh tidkufrd tHhtm;oifhcJh&+yD;/ trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfu/ rJqENe,fajr (80) &mcdkifE_ef;ausmfwGif tEdkif&&SdcJhonf? xdk@aemuf ppftpdk;&u a&G;aumufyGJ&vm'fudk todtrSwfðy&ef jiif;qefcJh+yD;/ EdkifiH a&;twdkuftcHrsm;udk xyfrHacsr_ef;cJhjyefonf? Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

jcif;rsm; ðycJh=uonf? (MDC) .orwavmif;udk EdkifiHawmfopPmazgufr_jzifh zrf;qD;cJhonf? jynfolvlxkudk jcdrf; ajcmuf&mY &JwyfzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifh axmufvSrf;a&;rsm; yg0ifcJh=uonf? a±G;aumufyGJae@rSmyifv#if/ rJay;&ef wef;pDapmifh aeolrsm;udk/ EdkifiHwum}uD;=uyfapmifh=unfha&;orm;rsm;a&S@arSmufrSmyif/ &dkufESufaomowif;rsm; ay:xGufvmcJh onf? Oa&myEdkifiHtcsKd@rS vmI apmifh=unfholrsm; ESifxkwfcHcJh&onf? rJ±Hkrsm;udk a±G;aumufyGJae@rSmyif/ ae&ma±$@ ajymif;csxm;cJhonf? Tenf;AsL[mrSm rJay;olrsm;/ rnfonfhae&mwGif rJay;&rnfrSef; rodawmhatmif vkyfaqmif aom tpdk;&.AsL[mwpf&yfyif jzpfonf? a±G;aumufyGJ&vm'frsm;udk pm&if;oGif;csdefY ra&wGuf&ao;aom/ rJrsm; axmifESifhcsDI usef&Sdaeayao;onf? rl*gbDu/ oltEdkif&a=umif; aemufqHk;xkwjf yef a=ujimcJhonf? vlxku rJqENjzifh tyfESif;xm;aom trdef@tm%mudk wnfap&eftwGuf tao;pdwfpDrHudef;r&Sdonfhtjyif/ pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_vnf;r&Sd ojzifh/ (MDC) tzdk@a±G;aumufyGJonf/ “w&m;r#wr_vnf;r&Sd/ vGwfvyfr_vnf;r&Sd[k a=ujimjcif;ESifh a±G;aumufyGJ jyefvkyfay;&efawmif;qdkjcif;” ðy±Hkr#wyg;/ tjcm; a±G;cs,fp&mvrf; r&SdcJhacs? odk@&mwGif a±G;aumufyGJtopfrSm/ rwl jcm;em;aom&vm'f ay:xGufvmrnf[k rnfonfhenf;ESifhr#/ uHaouHr rqdkEdkifacs? Tae&mY &&Sdvdkufaomoifcef;pmum;/ a&G;aumufyGJrsm;qdkonfrSm/ tm%m&Siftpdk;&tzdk@ ±SkH;edrfhoGm;ygu jynfwGif; rSma&m/ EdkifiHwumtodkif;t0dkif;rSmyg ‘w&m;0ifjzpfr_’qHk;±SkH;oGm;aponfh/ t±SkH;cHIrjzpfavmufatmifta&;}uD;onfh tcsufyifjzpfonf? xdk@twlyif/ 'Drdkua&pDtwdkuftcHwdk@tzdk@vnf;/ a±G;aumufyGJonf t±SHk;cHI rjzpfavmufatmif ta&;}uD;ygonf? a±G;aumufyGJ&vm'fESifhywfoufI/ tm%m&Siftpdk;&. uvdefðcHusr_rsm; ysufjy,fap&eftwGuf/ *±kwpdkuf csrSwfjyifqifxm;aom pDrHcsufrsm;jzifh/ rdrdwdk@.rJqENudk twnfjzpfatmif/ vkyfaqmif=uap&ef jynfolrsm; udk óudwifjyifqifmxm;ay;oifhygonf? tusyfudkifjcif; pdwfajymif;atmifvkyfjcif;ESifh vdkufavsmjcif;tm;jzifh/ zdESdyfolrsm;tzdk@ t=urf;rzuf twdkuftcHðyolrsm;. arwWm&yf cHcsuf/ odk@r[kwf/ awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk/ vufcHjcif;ðyEdkifovdk/ y,fcsjcif;vnf; ðyEdkifygonf? Todk@aqmif&Gufonfh twGuf vufiif;tusKd;qufrsm; ay:aygufap&ef ta=umif;r&SdvSyg? odk@&mwGif tusyfudkifjcif;a=umifh/ tpdk;&onf rdrd. a&S@arSmufwGif a&mufvmaom awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udkray;yJ/ jiif;qefaeI r&Edkifyg? ta=umif;rSm/ tusyfudkifr_ udk xdxda&mufa&mufaqmif&GufEdkifaomtcsdefY/ tpdk;&.tm%mpufrSm ododomom,kwfavsmhxdcdkufvmapaom tcsdefjzpfonf? tcsdefrwefao;yJ tusyfudkif&efóud;pm;jcif;a=umifh/ rdrdtay: jynfolvlxk. ,kH=unfudk;pm;r_avsmhyg; &onfhtjzpfodk@ a&mufwwfa=umif;/ twdkuftcHtkyfpkrsm;u em;vnfoabmaygufxm;oifhygonf? zdESdyfoltpdk;& wpf&yf. &mZyv†ifudk udkifv_yfaom tusyfudkifawmif;qdkr_rsm;vkyfrnfqdkv#if/ *±kwpdkufpDrHudef;a&;qGJjcif;/ Edkifajc &Sd-r&Sd/ vufawG@ususcGJpdyfoHk;oyfjcif;ðy+yD;rSomv#if vkyfaqmifoifhygonf? tusyfudkifawmif;qdkxm;aom tcsuf rsm; &&Sdvdrfhrnf[k/ aocsmayguf rajymEdkifawmhv#if/ tusyfudkifjcif;udk acwW&yfqdkif;jcif;/ odk@r[kwf/ awmif;qdkcsuf rsm;udk rGrf;rHjyifqifjcif;ðy&ef pOf;pm;oifhygonf? EdkfifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm;tkyfpkrsm;onf/ wpfcgwpf&HY “rjzpfEdkifaomawmif;qdkcsufrsm;” wifwwf=uyg onf? Todk@vkyfonfxuf/ tzGJ@tpnf;.&nf±G,fcsufrsm;udk tpdk;&tm; today;xm;jcif;/ vlxkudkvSk@Haqmfpnf;±Hk; +yD;rSomv#if/ tzJGJ@tpnf;. r[mAsL[majrmuf tpDtpOfrsm;a&;qGJcsrSwfjcif; pGrf;&nfudk wnfaqmufjcif;/ tpdk;&. tm%mt&if;tjrpfrsm;udk csdeJ@atmifvkyfypfEdkifjcif; tajctaea&mufrSomvsif/ rdrd&nfrSef;csufrsm;udk awmif;qdk csufrsm;tjzpfodk@ wifjyawmif;qdkjcif;u ydkIoifhavsmfygvdrfhrnf? Oyrm- “vGwfvyf+yD;w&m;r#waom” a±G;aumuf yGJrsm;usif;yay;&ef/ “awmif;qdkcsuf”ukd wifonfqdkygpdk@? Tawmif;qdkcsufudk tpdk;&uy,fcsv#if/ tpdk;&tay: rnf odk@ ta&;,lr_rsm; csrSwfrnfenf;? tpdk;&.tvdkESifhqef@usifpGmyif/ twdkuftcHwdk@. awmif;qdkcsufrsm; &&Sdygu/ tusyfudkifjcif;onf atmifjrifonf[k qdkEdkifygonf? (2000) ckESpfqm;AD;,m;EdkifiH/ a±G;aumufyjJG zpf&yfY twdu k t f cHtyk pf rk sm;u/ tEdkif&a=umif;a=ujimae pOf/ rDvdkqdkApftpdk;&u aemufxyfa±G;aumufyGJvkyf&ef vdktyfa=umif; a=ujimcJhygonf? tpdk;&.a±G;aumufyGJtwk Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

ta,mifudk óudawG;rd=uojzifh/ r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJjzifh tm%modrf;ydkufa&;[laom aemuf qufwGJ pDrHudef;udk a±G;aumufyGJrwdkifrDrSmyif tao;pdwf óudwifaz:aqmifcJh=uygonf? qmhAfvlrsKd; odef;aygif;rsm;pGm wdk@onf/ ygvDrefv$wfawmftaqmuftOD;odk@ csDwufodrf;ydkuf=uum/ tm%m&Sifudk tm%mrSaeI t+yD;tydkifz,f &Sm;ypfcJh=uygonf? rDvdkqdkApftaejzifh ol@udkz,f&Sm;ypfrnfholrsm;tm; qef@usifEdkifaomtaetxm; r&Sdawmhacs? ol. axmufwdkifrsm; =uufaysmufiSufaysmuf aysmufukef=u+yD jzpfonf? qENjyolrsm; bJvf*&dwfòrd@xJodk@ r0ifEdkif atmif csxm;aom/ vrf;twm;tqD;rsm;udk &JwyfzGJ@rsm;u xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufxm;ay;jcif; rðy=uawmhacs? vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;uvnf;/ a±G;aumufyGJonf EdkifiHa&;udpPjzpf+yD;/ ppfwyfu 0ifa&mufpGufzuf&rnfhudpPr[kwf[k qdkum/ rDvdkqdkApftwGuf 0ifa&mufpGufzufay;&ef jiif;qefcJh=uonf? Taxmufwdkif (2) ck aemufqkwfoGm;&jcif; ta=umif;rSm/ ppfwyf/ &JwyfzGJ@ESifhtpdk;&tzGJ@0ifrsm;udk/ 'Drdkua&pDajymif;vJr_a=umifh ‚if;wdk@. ta&;ygr_rsm; avsmhyg; oGm;rnfr[kwfa=umif;/ olwdk@. acgif;aqmifrsm;udk ðzwfypfrnfr[kwfa=umif;/ em;0ifatmif/ vaygif;rsm;pGm tcsdef ,l óud;yrf;cJhaom&vm'f jzpfonf? rDvdkqdkApfu aemufqHk; ‚if;tm%mvufrJhjzpfoGm;+yDjzpfa=umif;/ tvsiftjref oabmaygufoGm;awmhonf? t=urf;rzuftusyfudkif+cdrf;ajcmufr_a=umifh twdkuftcHtkyfpkrsm;/ atmifyGJ&cJhaomjzpf&yfrsm;&SdcJhouJhodk@/ trSef wu,fvkyfEdkifrnf[k ,Hk=unf&avmufaomtpGrf;owWdr&SdyJ/ +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;a=umifh v_yf&Sm;r_udkxdcdkufapcJhaom jzpf&yfrsm;vnf; &SdcJhygonf? TtjzpftysufrsKd; ZifbmabGEdkifiHwGifjzpfyGg;cJh+yD;/ (2002) ckESpfwGif taxGaxGoydwf arSmuf&efaqmf=or_ (2) }udrfpvHk; t&mrxifjzpfcJhygonf? aemufxyfI oydwfwdkufyGJudkatmifjrifpGmrz:aqmifEdkifrD pDrHudef;a&;qGJjcif;ESifh nd‡Ed_if;r_rsm;vkyf&ef vaygif;rsm;pGm tcsdef=umcJh&avonf? +cdrf;ajcmufxm;onfhtwdkif;/ ta&; ,lr_rsm;vkyfEdkifpGrf;r&SdyJ/ tusyfudkif&efóud;pm;jcif;a=umifh/ 'Drdkua&pDa&;wdkufyGJ t&SdefysufoGm;Edkifygonf? wufºuG aom vlxkaxmufcHtm;ay;r_rsm; avsmhyg;oGm;Edkifygonf? EdkifiHwumaxmufcHtm;ay;olrsm;uvnf; v_yf&Sm;r_. aqmif&GufEdkifpGrf;udk ar;cGef;xkwf oHo,0ifvm=urnf jzpfonf? Todk@raumif;aom tusKd;qufrsm;rjzpfyGg;&av atmif/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ppfqifa&;}uD;rsm;udk pDrHudef;a&;qGJjcif;az:aqmifjcif;ðyaepOf umvtwGif;wGif/ vkyf aqmifEdkifpGrf;&nf tuJjzwfcsufrsm;udk jyefvnfpDppf&ef txl;vdktyfygonf? òzdcGJjcif; txufwGifaz:jycJJhonfhtwdkif;yif/ tkyfpdk;oltay: twdkuftcHtkyfpku/ tusyfudkifEdkifpGrf;&Sdae+yDqdkv#if/ tm%mudk cGJ a0jzef@jzL;xm;r_ t&ma&mufae+yD[k qdkEdkifygonf? Ttajctaeudkvnf; xif[yfazmfjyaeygonf? tm%mcsdefcGif v#monf/ rdrdzufodk@ tompD;&ajymif;vm+yD[kod&v#if/ ydkrdkjyif;xefonfh enf;vrf;rsm;jzpfonfh yl;aygif;aqmif±Gufr_ rðyyJaejcif;/ pGufzufjcif;enf;vrf;rsm;udk usifhoHk;I tpdk;&udk ppfrsufESm tus,ftjyef@zGifhI wdkufoifhygonf? T

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twdkuftcHtkyfpktaeESifh tpdk;&wpf&yfudkòzdcGJ&ef vdktyfonf[k ,lqxm;ygv#if/ tpdk;& bkef;bkef;vJoGm;onftxd/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. jyif;xefr_twdkif;tqESifhus,fjyef@r_udk av#mhcsI vHk;0rjzpfay? rnfonfhta=umif;a=umifh wdkufyGJt&Sdeft[kef ysufoGm;onfjzpfap/ tpdk;&tzdk@ tm%mudkqufIzufwG,fxm;&ef touf±Slayguf&oGm;ayrnf? ppfqifa&;wpfckwGif &efol@cHuwkwfrsm; wpfck+yD;wpfckusomG ;+yD;/ &efoluqkwfajy;&efóud;pm;pOf “tcGifhaumif;udk tokHk;cs+yD;/ vdkufwdkuf”&aom tqifhrSmuJhodk@/ wdkufyGJtjreftqHk;owf&eftwGuf/ pGef@v$wf&rSm 0efrav;aom pdwf "gwfjzifh tjyif;txefwdkuf&ygrnf? r[mAsL[mpDrHudef;wpf&yfr&Sdygu ppfwyfwpfwyfonf jzpfay:vmaom tajc taetwdkif;/ tv#iftjrefv_yf&Sm;um/ usKd;aygufoGm;aomae&mudk tm;oGefzd wdkufEdkifrnfr[kwfacs? t=urf;rzuf wdkufyGJonfvnf; xdkenf;vnf;aumif;yif jzpfygonf? t=urf;rzufv_yf±Smr_ enf;vrf;rsm;

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf/ t=urf;zufr_ rygaomajymif;vJr_. vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;udk taxmuftul ðy+yD;/ Tvkyfenf;tqifhrsm;udk xif[yfjcif;vnf; ðyygonf? twdkuftcHwdk@ toHk;ðyI&Edkifaom t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ enf;vrf;rsm;onf/ us,fvnf;us,fjyef@/ pHkvnf;pHkvifvSygonf? “t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. EdkifiHa&;” (The Politics of Nonviolent Action) pmtkyfY/ a'gufwm*sif;&Syfu enf;vrf; (200) eD;yg; (aemufqufwGJ 2-wGif =unfhyg?) udk/ az:xkwfcJh+yD;/ Tpm&if;onf t+yD;owfr[kwfyg[k qdkxm;onf? trSefwGif oufqdkif&mtae txm;rsm;ESifh udkufnDaom/ enf;vrf;rsm;udk wDxGif=uHqtoHk;ðy&ef wdkufwGef;xm;ygonf? zdESdyfoltpdk;&udkqef@usifaom/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf/ t=urf;zuf vufwkH@jyefr_rsm;ESifhñuHawG@&wwfyg onf? &dkufESufjcif;/ n‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;/ axmifoGif;tusOf;csjcif;ESifh tjcm;aomta&;,lr_rsm; (udk,fxdvufa&muf t=urf;zufr_/ pD;yGg;a&;t& ta&;,ljcif;ESifh vlr_a&;t& ta&;,ljcif;rsm;) jzifh wkH@jyefcH&Edkifonfudk ar#mfvifhxm;&ay rnf? odk@&mwGif tpdk;&u Todk@t=urf;zufenf;jzifh wkH@jyefvmaomtcgY/ twdkuftcHwdk@u Todk@aomvkyf&yfrsm; udk/ trsm;odatmifzGifhcsI 'Drdkua&pDa&;v_yf&Sm;r_udk vlxkydkrdkaxmufcHvmap&ef óud;yrf;Edkifygonf? tpdk;&.&ufpuf =urf;ñuwfr_rsm;udk zGifhcsjcif;jzifh/ ‚if;. w&m;0ifjzpfr_udk oHo,jzpfvmapygonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh ‚if;udk tm;enf; oGm;ap&ef jzpfonf? +yD;cJhaom&mpkESpftwGif; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif/ tzrf;cH&jcif;/ axmifoGif;tusOf;cscH&jcif;wdk@udk *k%f ðytrSwftom;rsm;tjzpf cH,lcJh=uygonf? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_enf;vrf;rsm;udka±G;cs,f&mY/ toHk;ðy&jcif;.&nf±G,fcsufay:rlwnfI pOf;pm;oifhygonf? wpfcg wpf&HY v_yf&Sm;r_wpfck/ odk@r[kwf/ tzGJ@tpnf;wpfckonf rdrdtóuduftay:tajccHI/ odk@r[kwf/ rdrdwdk@ odxm;aom tpGrf;owWday: tajccHI a±G;cs,fwwf=uygonf? odk@aomf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_vkyfaqmif&jcif;. &nfrSef;csufudk awmh a±G;cs,fcsifrS a±G;cs,frdygvdrfhrnf? Todk@aom tpcsDenf;onf/ “EGm;a&S@ xGefusL;aom”enf;om jzpfonf? taumif;qHk;rSm/ yxrOD;pGm &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk pDppfjcif;ESifh/ xdk@aemuf enf;vrf;pm&if;udk=unfh+yD;/ r[mAsL[m/ enf; AsL[mwdk@twGuf taxmuftuljzpf&mjzpfa=umif;/ enf;vrf;rsm;udk a±G;cs,fjcif;yifjzpfonf? pOf;pm;&vG,fulatmif enf;vrf;rsm;udk a,bk,stm;jzifh trsKd;tpm;}uD; (3) cktjzpf cGJjcm;Edkifygonf? ‚if;wdk@rSm uef@uGufqENjyjcif;ESifhem; cs qGJaqmifjcif;/ yl;aygif;aqmif±Gufr_rðyyJaejcif;/ 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;wdk@ jzpfygonf? uef@uGufqENjyjcif;ESifhem;csqGJaqmifjcif; uef@uGufqENjyjcif;ESifhem;csqGJaqmifjcif;wdk@onff/ 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;u/ tpdk;&.wpfpHkw&maom vkyfaqmif csufrsm;ESifh rl0g'rsm;tay: t}uD;tus,foabmxm; uGJvGJa=umif;ESifh uef@uGufa=umif;/ tcsufay; jyovdkufjcif; yif jzpfonf? Tuef@uGufqENjyr_rsm;onf/ t"dutm;jzifh oauFwoabmjyo&efom &nf±G,fygonf? t=urf; rzuf twdkuftcHv_yf&Sm;r_u tpdk;&udkwpfpHkw&maom/ ravsmfuef/ w&m;r_rsm;twGuf apm'uwufaejcif;jzpf a=umif;/ jynfolvlxktm; today;&efvnf; &nf±G,fygonf? t=urf;rzufuef@uGufqENjyjcif;ESifh em;csqGJaqmif&ef óud;yrf;jcif; enf;vrf;rsm;udk/ r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wpf&yf. rnfonfhtqifhrSmrqdk/ tusKd;&Sd&Sd toHk;csEdkifaomfvnf;/ trsm;tm;jzifh wdkufyGJwpfyGJ. tp/ vlxkudk vSkH@aqmfay;&mwGif oHk;avh&Sdygonf? rnfonfhuef@uGufqENjyr_ESifh em;csqGJaqmifr_o¿mefudk oHk;onfjzpfap/ Tta=umif;onf owif;rD'D,mavmu wGif/ tus,ftjyef@az:jycH&onfhtjzpfodk@ a&mufapoifhonf? qENjyjcif;/ odk@r[kwf/ uef@uGufpmrsm;jzef@a0jcif; ðy aomfvnf;/ Tta=umif;udk rnffolr# rodv#if/ rnfonfhtusKd;rS oufa&mufr_r#&Sdrnf r[kwfay? AD,uferfwGif/ (1960) ckvGefESpfrsm;twGif;u/ wpfurBmvHk;udk tm±Hkpdkufapaom uef@uGufqENjyjcif;ESifh em;csqGJaqmifjcif; om"u rsm;teuf/ txif&Sm;qHk;wpfckrSm/ tar&duefaemufcHðyay;aom/ qdkif*Hktpdk;&udk uef@uGufqENjyonfhtaejzifh/ bkef; awmf}uD;trsm;tjym;u udk,fhtoufudk,fpaw;jyjcif;yif jzpfonf? Tudk,fhudk,fudk,fowfaoaom vkyfaqmif csufrsm;a=umifh/ rnfonfhtwGufa=umifh Todk@rdrdudk,fudk Tr#ememusifusif taocHI EdkifiHa&;qENjy&oenf;[k vltrsm;u rkcsawG;=unfhzG,f&m jzpfvmcJhygonf? paw;&jcif;.&nf±G,fcsuf/ t}uD;tus,f aygufajrmufcJhygonf?

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

ta=umif;rSm pnf;±Hk;a&;rSL;rsm;u owif;,l&efESifh "gwfyHk&dkuf&ef/ EdkifiHwumowif;Ïmersm;udk zdwfac:cJhaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? Tenf;vrf;rsm;onf/ tcef; (1) wGif aqG;aEG;cJhaom wzuftiftm;pk. tm%mt&if;tjrpfrsm;udk wdkuf&dkuf wdkuf cdkufjcif;ESifh roufqdkifvSyg? jynfolvlxk tm±Hkpdkufvmatmif/ tpdk;&.vkyf&yfrsm;udk zGifhcs&ef/ Tvkyf&yfrsm;udk uef@ uGufa=umif;az:jy&efESifh/ ajymif;vJr_vdktyfa=umif;/ tpdk;&ESifh tjcm;yk*~dKvfrsm;udk em;csqGJaqmif&ef &nf±G,faom oG,f0dkufI wdkufcdkufr_rsm;om jzpfygonf? t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJonf ra=ueyfa=umif;qENjyjcif;rsm;xuf/ ydkygonf? tyHk}uD; ydkygonf? yl;aygif;aqmif±Gufr_ rðyyJaejcif; yl;aygif;aqmif±Gufr_rðyyJaejcif;onf/ twdkuftcHv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; toHk;ðyI&aom t=urf;rzufenf;vrf;rsm;teuf/ txda&mufqHk; trsKd;tpm; jzpfygonf? r[mAsL[m wpfckcsrSwf&mwGif/ oifhavsmfaom Todk@ryl;aygif; raqmif&Guf onfh/ vkyfief;trsKd;tpm;rsm;udk csifhcsdefwdkif;qa&G;cs,fjcif;ESifh ‚if;wdk@udk aocsmpDrHudef;cs toHk;ðyjcif;tm;jzifh/ tpdk;& . tm%mt&if;tjrpfrsm;udk z,f&Sm;ypf&mwGif ydkIatmifjrifEdkifygonf? tpdk;&. tm%mt&if;tjrpfrsm; (qdkvdk onfrSm trdef@tm%m/ vlom;t&if;tjrpfrsm;/ u|rf;usifr_rsm;ESifhtodtjrif/ ±kyf0wWKt&if;tjrpfrsm;/ vufqkyf vufudkifjyIr&aom ta=umif;tcsufrsm;ESifh ta&;,lr_rsm;) udk/ vlxk}uD;wpf&yfvHk;jzifh wdkufcdkufEdkifygonf? ppfr_ xrf;Edkifaomt±G,f a,musmf ;om;rsm;jzifhom/ wdkufyGJ0ifEdkifonf r[kwfyg? jynfolwdk@. yl;aygif;aqmif±Gufr_r&yg v#if/ rnfonfhtpdk;&r# qufvufr&yfwnfEdkifyg? yl;aygi;f aqmif±Gufr_rðyyJaejcif;v_yf&Sm;r_Y/ vufqifhurf;&rnfh trSmpum;rSm “jynfolvlxktay:rSm zdESdyfzdk@/ u|Efkyfwdk@jynfolawGu/ tpdk;&udk 0dkif;rul=uawmhbl;”[lIjzpfonf? &nfrSef;csufrSm/ tpdk;&,EW,m;vnfywfvkyfaqmif&mwGif/ tcufawG@ap&efjzpfonf? a±G;cs,fxm;aom v_yf&Sm;r_ vkyfief;rsm;u/ t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJ r[mAsL[mudktaxmuftulay;Edkifonfhtcg/ t}uD;tus,f xdcdkufr_&Sdapyg onf? odk@twGufa=umifh/ jzpfovdk rvkyfaqmifoifhyJ/ pepfwuspDpOf pnf;&Hk;aqmif&Gufoifhygonf? tpdk;&axmufwdkifrsm;z,f&Sm;a&;twGufqifE$Jaom/ jynfwGif;&Sdyl;aygif;aqmif±Gufr_rðyyJaejcif;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh aygif; pyfnd‡Ed_if;vsuf/ EdkifiHwumaxmufcH v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;u tm%m&Sif. axmufwdkifrsm;udk wdkufcdkufaomv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;&&Sd atmif óud;yrf;&ayrnf? Todk@yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_rsm; ðyvkyf&mwGif/ '%fcwfydwfqdk@a&;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif±Gufr_rsm; ±kyfodrf;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk/ t"duxm; aqmif&Gufap&ygrnf? EdkifiHwumrSma&m/ jynfwGif;rSmyg yl;aygif;aqmif±Gufr_ rðyyJaejcif;tm;jzifh/ EdkifiHa&;tajymif;tvJtwGuf vdkvm;v_yf&Sm;olrsm;twGuf rsm;pGm tusKd;&SdapEdkifygonf? EdkifiH wum axmufcHtm;ay;r_±kyfodrf;a&;enf;vrf;rsm;wGif/ &if;ESD;ðrSyfESHr_/ odk@r[kwf/ oGif;ukefrsm;wifoGif;jcif; rðyatmif wdkufwGef;jcif;/ ydwfyifjcif;/ EdkifiHwumaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;Y tm%m&Siftpdk;&. rl0g'rsm;udk uef@uGufjcif;/ tpdk;&t&m&Sd rsm;. jynf0ifcGifhADZmrsm;udk uef@owfxm;jcif;/ zdESdyfaomtpdk;&rsm;&Sdonfh EdkifiHrsm;xHodk@/ rdrdEdkifiHom;rsm; oGm; a&mufjcif;udk uef@owfjcif;/ vlom;csif;pmemr_twGuf vdktyfcsufrsm;udk ulnDay;&mY/ EdkifiH&yfjcm;tultnDrsm;udk tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (tJef*sDtdkrsm;) xHrSom/ pDrHpD;qif;ap&ef uef@owfjcif;/ pojzifh uJhodk@aom v_yf &Sm;r_rsm; yg0ifygonf? vlr_a&;t& yl;aygif;aqmif±Gufr_ rðyyJaejcif; EdkifiHtwGif;&Sdjynfolwdkif;yif/ vlr_a&;t& yl;aygif;aqmif±Gufr_ rðyyJaejcif;/ v_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifEdkifygonf? tm%m&Sif tpdk;&xJrS ypfrSwftjzpf owfrSwfxm;olrsm;ESifh vlr_a&;t& tjyeftvSefqufqHr_rðyyJaejcif;onf/ t&m&Sdrsm;ESifh ‚if;wdk@.rdom;pk0ifrsm;udk wkefv_yfoGm;apEdkifygonf? vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rS xdyfwef;yk*~dKvfrsm;u/ tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;udk vlr_a&; tcef;tem;rsm;odk@ zdwf=um;jcif; rðyawmhyJ xm;Edkifonf? t&m&Sdrsm;wufa&mufrnf[k xif&aom tpdk;& ESifhyk*~vduvlr_a&;yGJrsm;odk@ wufa&muf&ef jiif;y,fEdkifonf? tdrfeD;csif;rsm;ESifh tpdk;&ESifh roufqdkifonfh tzGJ@tpnf; rsm;rS usif;yonfh/ vlr_a&;tcef;tem;rsm;odk@/ tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;. uav;rsm;ESifh tjcm;aqGrsKd;awmfpyfolrsm;udk Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

zdwfpm pm&if;rS csefvSyfxm;Edkifygonf? rdbrsm;u rdrdwdk@.uav;rsm;udk/ tpdk;&t&m&Sdom;orD;rsm;ESifh awG@qHkjcif;/ odk@r[kwf/ csdef;qdkjcif;rðyatmif ydwfyifwm;qD;Edkifygonf? 0dkif;usOfjcif;tm;jzifh/ jynfolwdk@u tpdk;&zufawmfom; rsm;udk onf;rcHEdkifawmha=umif;/ today;pum;wpfck yg;vdkufjcif;yif jzpfonf? odk@&mwGif Tenf;vrf;udk *±kwpdkuf ESifh wdusaocsmpGmom usifhoHk;&ygrnf? rrSefruefusifhoHk;rdygu/ tpdk;&zufawmfom;rsm;tm; twdkuftcHzufodk@ ul;ajymif;apa&; óud;yrf;r_udk xdcdkufapEdkifygonf? tpdk;&tzdk@ *k%fwufapaom vlr_a&;ESifh tm;upm;yGJrsm;udk uef@ uGufoydwfarSmufEdkifygonf? tpdk;&rESpfòrd@aom t0wfrsm;0wfqifjcif;onfyifv#if/ yl;aygif;aqmif±Gufr_rðyyJae aom vkyfaqmifcsuf aemufxyfwpfck jzpfygonf? Todk@aom z,fusOfae=uonfhvkyfaqmifcsufu/ rnfonfudk udkqdkvdka=umif;udk/ ypfrSwfjzpfvmolrsm;u csufcsif;oabmayguf=uygonf? tar&duefudkvdkeDðyxm;pOfumvtwGif;u/ rufqmcsL;qufjynfe,f bk&ifcHcsKyfu/ wpfcgwGif olonf t*Fvdyfbk&ifh o&zludk/ udk,fpm;ðyxm;ol jzpfygvsuf/ tusOf;om;wpfa,mufxuf bmr#ydkrxl;yg[k +iD;wGm;cJhzl;ygonf? rnfolu r# ol@udkremcH/ e,fajrjynfol@ppftzGJ@u ol@udkta&;rvkyf/ trdef@ESifh!$ef=um;csufrsm;udk ab;csdwfxm;cJh=uygonf? xdk@tjyif bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;rSm 0wfðyolrsm;uyif/ ol@udk a&Smifz,fxm;cJh=uygonf? pD;yGg;a&;t&yl;aygif;aqmif±Gufr_ rðyyJaejcif; tpdk;&rSefor#onfolwdk@ vkyfaqmif&ef&Sdaom/ tpdk;&0efaqmifr_rsm; jznfhqnf;ay;&ef/ aumufcH&&SdaiGrsm; vdktyf onf[laom/ xif&Sm;jrifomaom tcsuftay: tajccHvsu/f r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_.enf;vrf; wpfcktjzpf/ pD;yGg;a&;t&yl;aygif;aqmif±Gufr_ rðyyJaejcif;udk vkyfaqmif=uygonf? &nf±G,fcsufrSm tpdk;&udkaxmufcH tm;ay;aeolrsm; &&Sdrnfh/ pD;yGg;a&;rufvHk;rsm;udk zsufqD;ypfjcif;/ odk@r[kwf ,kwfavsmhapjcif;tm;jzifh tpdk;&. taxmuftyHhrsm; ,kwfavsmhoGm;ap&ef jzpfonf? pD;yGg;a&;t& yl;aygif;aqmif±Gufr_rðyyJaejcif;a=umifh rl0g'rsm; taumiftxnf az:aqmifp&m &kyf0wˆKpPnf;rsm;ESifh 0efaqmifr_rsm;twGuf &&SdEdkifonfh t&if;tESD;rsm; uif;rJhoGm; apygonf? odk@r[kwf ,kwfavsmhoGm;apEdkifygonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh tpdk;&onf ‚if;tm;axmufcHaeolrsm; quf vufopPm&Sdatmif xdef;odrf;xm;EdkifpGrf;avsmhyg;oGm;apygonf? tcGefray;yJaejcif;/ odk@r[kwf/ avsmhenf;ay;jcif; (“tcGefa&Smifjcif;”) onf/ pD;yGg;a&;t&yl;aygif;aqmif±Gufr_rðyyJae jcif;. Oyrmwpfck jzpfygonf? tpdk;&tzdk@tcGefaiG&apaom xGufukefrsm;ESifh 0efaqmifr_rsm;udk pm;oHk;olrsm;u uef@ uGufoydwfarSmufjcif;/ pD;yGg;a&;rwnf+idrfr_jzpfatmif zefwD;&mY taxmuftuljzpfapaom oydwfrsm;ESifh/ EdkifiH wum&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm; vspfvsL±Skxm;I&rnfr[kwfaom/ b¾ma&;tusyftwnf; zefwD;&eftwGuf/ b%ftyfaiG rsm;udk xkwf,ljcif;/ ponfwdk@onfvnf; tvm;wlyif jzpfonf? xdk@tjyifwpfcgw&H ypfrSwftpdk;&rsm;ESifh pD;yGg;a&; yl; aygif;aqmif±Gufr_udk ±kyfodrf;ay;&eftwGuf/ EdkifiHwumaumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;/ ukefoG,fa&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ tpdk;&ydkif r[kwfaom EdkifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk qGJaqmifem;csEdkifygonf? Todk@jzifhtpdk;&rsm;. pD;yGg;a&;tusKd;pD;yGg;rsm;udk xdcdkufapEdkifygonf? EdkifiHa&;rwnf+idrfr_onf tpdk;&.axmufwdkifrsm;udk tm;enf;oGm;ap±Hkomru twdkuftcHwdk@ . EdkifiHa&;t& yl;aygif;aqmif±Gufr_rðyyJaejcif;tay:/ tpdk;&.wefjyefr_rsm;udk xdcdkufI/ tuef@towfjzpfapygonf? Todk@ xdcdkufapr_rsm;onf/ t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJ. r[mAsL[m&nfrSef;csufwpfpHkvHk;twGuf rajymyavmufaom tusKd; ðycsufr[kwfyg? rsm;pGm xda&mufr_ &Sdygonf? r[mAsL[majrmuft=urf;rzufwdkufyGJwpf&yfY/ tpdk;&. trmcHaiGa=u; t0iftxGufvrf;a=umif;udk/ pHkprf;avhvm &ef ta&;}uD;ygonf? &nf±G,fcsufrSm pD;yGg;a&;t&yl;aygif;aqmif±Gufr_rðyyJ aejcif;enf;vrf;jzifh/ wdkufEdkifaom aysmh uGufrsm;udk ±SmazGaz:xkwf&efjzpfonf? tcsKd@ae&mrsm;Y trmcHaiGa=u;udk obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;a&mif;csjcif;/ vkyf tm; aps;oufomomjzifh &&Sdaomukefpnfrsm;/ 0efaqmifr_rsm; a&mif;csjcif;tm;jzifh &&Sdwwfonf? pD;yGg;a&;t& yl; aygif;aqmif±Gufr_rðyyJaejcif; enf;vrf;udk/ usifhoHk;&mY ydk@ukefrsm;udk wdkufcdkuf&efudpPwGif a&mif;csaomae&mrsm;udk ypfrSwfxm;jcif;onf/ taumif;qHk; jzpfygonf? tpdk;&qDodk@ oGif;ukefrsm;a&mif;cs&mae&mrsm;onfvnf;/ wkdufI taumif;qHk;ae&mrsm; jzpfygonf?

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

EdkifiHa&;t& yl;aygif;aqmif±Gufr_ rðyyJaejcif; r[mAsL[majrmuft=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. tpdwftydkif;wpf&yfjzpfaom/ tpdk;&ESifhyl;aygif;aqmif±Gufr_rðyyJaejcif; udpP rSefor#onf obm0t&udk,fu/ “EdkifiHa&;oabm” t"dy`g,f ouf0ifygonf? a'gufwm*sif;&Syfuol. “t=urf;rJhwdkufenf; 198-enf;” (198 Methods of Nonviolent Action) wGif/ EdkifiHa&;t&yl;aygif;aqmif±Gufr_ rðyyJaejcif;/ vkyfaqmifcsuf (38) ckudk owfrSwf az:xkwfwifjyxm;cJhygonf? (aemufqufwGJtcef; -2 wGif=unfhyg?) Tvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;. t"du&nf±G,fcsufonf/ tpdk;& (odk@r[kwf) wdkif;wyg;rSaeI vma&mufodrf;ydkufxm;aom tpdk;&wpf&yf. tcsuftjcm tm%mt&if;tjrpfjzpfaom/ trdef@tm%mudk y,fvSef&efjzpfonf? wGJzuf&nf±G,f csufwpfckrSm t&yfzufvlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (civil society) udk tm;aumif;vmap&efjzpfonf? tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf wpfzGJ@csif;taeESifhaomf vnf;aumif;/ tjcm;aompdwf"gwfwltzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh [efcsufnDnDwGJzufIaomf vnf; aumif;/ tpdk;&udkqef@usif&mY tawG@tñuHESifh rdrdpGrf;&nfudk rdrd,kH=unfpdwf &&Sdvm=uygonf? EdkifiHa&;t& yl;aygif;aqmif±Gufr_rðyyJaejcif;onf/ tpdk;&udk wdkuf&dkufppfqifwdkufcdkufjcif;jzpfonf? xkwfjyefa=ujim csufrsm;/ tpdk;&. trdef@tm%mqdkaomt&mESifh tpdk;&wpf&yf. w&m;0ifjzpfr_wdk@udk y,fcsaomxkwfjyef a=ujim csufrsm;/ a=ujimpmwrf;rsm;ESifh tjcm;pmapmifpmwrf;rsm;udk toHk;cs+yD;/ Ttpdk;&rSm jynfolvlxktay: trdef@ tm%m usifhoHk;cGifhr&Sda=umif;/ vlxkem;vnfatmif &Sif;jyEdkifygonf? Todk@uef@uGufqENjyr_rsm;vkyf+yD;aemuf/ tpdk;&. tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk uef@uGufoydwfarSmufjcif; (boycotts)/ t&yfom;0efxrf;rsm;u tvkyfudkaESmifhaES; =uHh=umapjcif;/ jynfolvlxk}uD;wpf&yfvHk;u tcGifhomwdkif;/ tpdk;&udk remcHyJaejcif;wdk@ jzpfay:ap&rnf? Tvkyf aqmifcsufrsm;udk us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ESifh pGJ+rJpGm az:aqmifygu tm%m&Siftpdk;&. tm%monfaysmhnHhoGm;Edkifap onfomru/ aemufqHk;òyduGJyifoGm;ap Edkifygonf? 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif; wnf&Sdaeaom ðyrlqufqHr_yHkpHrsm;/ rl0g'rsm;/ qufqHa&;pepfrsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk t=urf;rzufenf;tm;jzifh/ ysuf jym;oGm;ap&ef &nf±G,faom/ odk@r[kwf ysufjym;oGm;apaomenf;rsm;onf/ 0ifa&mufpGufzufvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;jzpf ygonf? Tvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;a=umifh topfjzpfaom ðyrlqufqHr_yHkpHrsm;/ qufqHa&;pepfrsm;tjyif/ tzGJ@tpnf; opfrsm;vnf; ay:aygufvmap Edkifygonf? Tenf;vrf;rsm;onf ‘ydkaejrJ usm;aejrJ’tajctaeudk/ ydkIwdkuf&dkufus pGm pdefac:qef@usifjcif;ðy+yD;/ vwfwavmjy\emudk ydkIvufiif;usus jrifEfkifapygonf? trdef@tm%mudk ydkIwdkuf &dkufuspGm qef@usifonf? jy\emudk ydkIjrefjrefxufxuf ajz&Sif;apEdkifonf? tjcm;wpfzufYrl 0ifa&muf pGufzuf vkyfaqmifr_rsm;onf/ uef@uGufqENjyjcif;/ yl;aygif;aqmif±Gurf _rðyyJaejcif; ponfh/ vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;ESifhpmv#if ydkI jrefqef/ ydkIjyif;xefaom ESdyfuGyfr_rsm;ESifh ñuHawG@&wwfygonf? vwfwavm tar&duefjynfaxmifpk. ordkif;udkavhvm=unfhygu/ wwd,tiftm;pk. 0ifa&mufpGufzufr_onf/ wnf&Sdaeaom ðyrlqufqHr_yHkpHrsm;ESifh vlr_qufqHa&;rsm;udk ajymif;vJypf&mY rnfr#xda&mufa=umif;udk om"uawG@ &rnf jzpfygonf? tar&duefjynfaxmifpk. vlr_tcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;r_umvtwGif;u/ ae@vnfpmaumifwmpm;yGJ rsm;Y/ vlrJrsm;ESifh rdwfaqGvljzLrsm;u xdkifvsufqENjy=ujcif;onf/ t}uD;tus,f xifomjrifomvnf;&Sd/ xda&mufr_ vnf;&Sdaom v_yf&Sm;r_ jzpfygonf? Tv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;a=umifh/ pm;aomufqdkifrsm;Y tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;qufqHr_udk wdkuf&dkuf xdcdkufap+yD;/ tvsiftjref tqHk;owfoGm;apcJhygonf? xdk@tjyif Tv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;u us,fjyef@aomtom; ta&mifcGJjcm;r_jy\emESifh pyfvsOf;I/ ukpm;Edkifaom Oya'ðyrsm;csrSwfay;&ef ta&;ay:aea=umif; todtjrifudk vnf; jzpfay:apcJhygonf? Tv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;jzpfyGg;cJhonfrSm q,fpkESpfESifhcsDI=umcJh+yDjzpf&m/ Tv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGif;u jzpfyGg;cJhaom t=urf;zufr_rsm;ta=umif;udk/ wpfcgw&H vltrsm;u arhaeEdkifygonf? xdkifvsufqENjyolrsm;udk t}udrf }udrf&dkufESufjcif;/ &JacG;rsm;jzifh±SL;wdkufjcif;ESifh tjcm;aom t=urf;zufvkyf&yfrsm;jzifh wkH@jyefcHcJh=u&ygonf? tm%m ydkifrsm; usL;vGefavh&Sdaom Tt=urf;zufr_u EdkifiHa&;*sL*spfqk (political jiu-jitsu) oabmudk pwifjzpfay:apyg onf? Todk@ EdkifiHa&;*sL*spfqk jzpfpOfY/ jidrf;csrf;pGmuef@uGufqENjyolrsm;tay:/ tm%mydkifrsm;u t=urf;zufvkyf&yf Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

onf/ tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;qufqHr_udk qef@usifaprnfh ydkrdktiftm;}uD;rm;aom w&m;r#wa&;tiftm;pkrsm;udk jzpf ay:apcJhygonf? 10 wpfygwDtm%m&Sifpepf qef@usifaom r[mAsL[majrmuft=urf;rzufwdkufyGJwpf&yfY/ jynfol udk udk,fpm;ðyaom w&m;r#wa&;tiftm;pkonf/ xdkEdkifiH&Sd tpdk;& rjzpfEdkifyg? EdkifiHwumtodkif;t0dkif;qDrS tm;ay; yHhydk;r_rsm; vdktyfEdkifygonf? EdkifiHwumpGufzufr_ESifhywfoufaom/ OyrmwpfckrSm/ (2002) ckESpf 'DZifbmvu/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH tmacs;odk@ EdkifiH wumjidrf;csrf;a&;wyfzGJ@rsm; (International Peace Brigade) apv$wf 0ifa&mufapjcif;yif jzpfygonf? olwdk@onf tmacs;. EdkifiHa&;tajctae ajymif;vJa&;v_yf&Sm;r_udk qef@usifaeolrsm;./ t=urf;zufwdkufcdkufcH&zG,f&Sdaom/ vl@tcGifhta&;apmifh=unfholrsm;/ vlom;csif;pmemr_ tultnDay;a&;vkyfom;rsm;udk umuG,fay;&ef taz:tjzpf vdkufygapmifha&Smufay;=ujcif; jzpfonf? wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif/ TEdkifiHwumapmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm; a&muf&Sdaejcif; onf/ tif'dkeD;&Sm; tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;u/ udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;/ vGwfvyfa&;awmif;qdkaeaom tkyfpk0ifrsm;tay:/ t=urf;rzufEdkifap&ef [ef@wm;ay;xm;ouJhodk@ jzpfaeapcJhonf? EdkifiHwumpGufzufr_. tjcm;aomom"u wpfck rSm/ EdkifiHjcm;rSt=urf;rzufaom udk,f&Hwyfom;rsm;u/ ygvufpwdkif; v,form;rsm;ESifh tjcm;t&yfom;rsm;udk/ tpPa&; tajccsvmolrsm;ESifh tpPa&;EdkifiHumuG,fa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;. wdkufcdkufr_&efrS umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;&ef 0if a&mufaqmif&Guf=ujcif;rsKd; jzpfygonf? 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;a=umifh/ tm%m&Siftpdk;&. axmufwdkifrsm;tm;ajymhoGm;Edkifonfhtjyif/ òydus&efvnf; jrefqefapEdkifygonf? aumif;pGm}uHqxm;aom r[mAsL[mESihftnD/ vwfwavmay:aygufvmEdkif onfh tcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk toHk;cs&eftwGuf/ taxmuftulðypDrHudef;rsm;udkvnf; tv#iftjrefcsdefnd‡,lEdkifygonf? csdefnd‡,l&ef vdktyfcsufrsm;udk óudwifpOf;pm;wGufcsufxm;aom/ r[mAsL[mwpf&yfESifh pDrHudef;rsm;r&Sdygu/ v_yf&Sm;r_ . t&Sdeft[kef ysufoGm;wwfygonf? Todk@ t&Sdeft[kefysuo f Gm;jcif;a=umifh/ wzuftiftm;pktzdk@ wkH@jyef&efESifh jyefvnftm;jznfhwif;&ef tcsdef&oGm;Edkifygonf? wenf;ajym&v#if tpdk;&tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u/ 0ifa&muf pGufzufa&; vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk/ ‚if;wdk@. qufvuf&yfwnfa&;udk wdkuf&dkuf+cdrf;ajcmufaejcif;jzpfonf[k jrifoGm;ygu/ ‚if;wdk@ udk axmufcHaeol tzGJ@0ifrsm;u/ acgif;aqmifvkyfolaemufwGif/ 0ef;&Hay;um/ “avScGufcsnf;usef/ tvHrvSJ”ckcH wdkufyGJ0ifoGm;&eftwGuf jyifqifr_rsm; jzpfvmEdkifygonf? tpdk;&zufawmfom;rsm;taejzifh/ Todk@acsmifydwfcHae& onf[k/ cHpm;&aomawG;xifr_rsKd;/ jzpfEdkifacs enf;oGm;atmif vkyf&eftwGuf/ Tolrsm;odk@ ODf;wnfaom0g'jzef@csdr_ wpf&yfudk apmpGmuwnf;u/ óudwifpOf;pm; vkyfaqmifxm;oifhygonf?

EdkifiHa&; *sL*spfqkqdkonfrSm/ twdkcsKyf t"dy`g,zf Gifh&v#if/ “t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wdkufyGJtwGif;/ tm%mcsdefcGifv#m qufqHa&;tajymif; tvJ jzpfap&eftwGuf/ txl;jzpfpOfwpf&yf jzpfygonf? EdkifiHa&;*sL*spfqkoabmwGif/ t=urf;rzufaomenf;jzifh ckcHqef@usifaeolrsm; tay:/ qef@usifzuftiftm;pkrsm;u t=urf;enf;oHk;I jzpfay:vm&aom/ tE_wfoabmwkH@jyefcsufrsm;udk/ xdkqef@usifzuftiftm;pkudk jyefvnfqef@usifap&ef EdkifiHa&;enf;t& jyefvnftoH;k csjcif; jzpfygonf? olwdk@. tm%mtaetxm;udk aysmhnHhtm;enf;apjcif;/ t=urf;rzufckcHqef@usifaeolrsm;udk ydkItm;aumif;apjcif;jzpfaptmif toHk;csEdkifygonf? ” ydkIjynfhpHak om t"dy`g,fzGifhqdrk _rsm;ud/k aemufqufwGJ (1)/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_qdkif&m ta&;}uD;aoma0g[m&rsm; zGifhqdkcsufpm&if; Y =unfh&_Edkifygonf? Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

tcef;(5) jy\emajz&Si;f jcif; “OD;pD;tzGJ@ avhvma&;yHkpHudkoHk;+yD;/ avhvmoHk;oyfvdkufwJhtcg/ jy\emwpfck&J@ tajzqdkwm ajy;rvGwfygbl;?” apm,dk±SL; (u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;t±kH;) ol. EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_aumfrwDOD;pD;tzGJ@0ifrsm;twGuf/ Tavhvma&;yHkpHtoHk;ðyjcif;udk rnfonfhtwGufa=umifh oabmusygoenf;[k ar;aomtcg ajz=um;csuf? yÉdyuQwpfckudkatmifjrifpGm ajz&Sif;Edkifa&;twGufqdkv#if/ wdus&Sif;vif;aom &nfrSef;csufrsm;/ r[mAsL[m wpf&yf ESifh taxmuftulðyrnfh tpDtpOfrsm; &Sd&ayrnf? t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJ. t*~r[mAsL[m (Grand Strategy) twGuf &nfrSef;csufrsm;ESifh vrf;!$efwdk@onf/ twdkuftcH v_yf&Sm;r_acgif;aqmifydkif;. rl0g'a&;&mqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;rS aeI ay:xGufvmjcif; jzpfygonf? Trl0g'a&;&mqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk taumiftxnfaz:&ef jzpfEdkifzG,f&Sdaom taxmuftyHhðyrnfh tpDtpOfrsm;tjzpfodk@/ ajymif;vJypfvdkufaomtcg/ odk@r[kwf r[mAsL[m&nfrSef;csufESifh taxmuftulðy tpDtpOfrsm;tjzpfodk@ a&;qGJvkyfaqmif&ef vdktyfonfhtcg/ ajz&Sif;&ef&Sdonfh jy\emtajrmuf trsm; ay:xGufvmygonf? tm%m&Siftpdk;&wdk@u/ vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;udk wif;=uyfpGmcsKyfudkifxm;+yD;/ t"duusaom jy\emrsm;tay: qHk;jzwf cGifhudk/ tpdk;&udk tm;ay;axmufcHaom/ yk*~dKvfvufwpfqkyfpmvufxJrSmomxm;aom EdkifiHrsm;. 'Drdkua&pDa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif/ ñuHawG@=u&onfrSm ‘jy\emajz&Sif;a&;twwf (u|rf;usifr_) rsm;’onf/ &Sm;ygvSaom t&if; tjrpfwpfck jzpfaecsif;yif? Oyrm/ tvGefqdk;±Gm;onfhjzpf&yfrsm;wGif/ vlwpfa,mufcsif;. yk*~vdua±G;cs,fqHk;jzwf =u&rnfh aea&; xdkifa&;/ aumvdyfwGif oif,l&rnfhynm&yf/ vkyfudkif&rnfh tvkyftudkif/ pm;oHk;&rnfh tpm;tpm wdk@udkyg tpdk;&u 0ifa&mufqHk;jzwfae=uygonf? tcsKd@ae&mrsm;Y a=umuf±GH@r_a=umifh jzpfap/ ,Ofaus;r_"avhxHk;wrf; qdkif&ma=umifhjzpfap/ vufatmufi,fom;wdk@onf t=uHðywifjy&rnfudk 0efav;aewwf=uygonf? olwyg;. qHk; jzwfcsufudk az:aqmifay;±Hkom vkyfwwf=uygonf? jy\emrsm;udk todtrSwfðyjcif;/ jy\em.ta=umif;&if;rsm; udk tuJjzwfjcif;/ jzpfEdkifzG,f&Sdaomt=uHðy wifjyr_rsm;vkyfjcif;/ wdk@Y u|rf;usifvdrfrmvmap&eftwGuf/ jynfolwdk@ tm; jy\em}uD;i,fwdk@wGif/ olwdk@.u|rf;usifr_rsm;udk toHk;ðyzGH@òzd;apcGifh ay;&ygrnf? jynfolwdk@taeESifh olwdk@.b0twGif;/ jy\emajz&Sif;a&;twGuf qHk;jzwfcsufaxmifaygif;rsm;pGmudk csrSwfae=u& onfrSm wu,fhtjzpfrSefyifjzpfonf? Tjy\emtrsm;pkrSm/ trSefwGif tao;tzGJrsm;om jzpfonf? (rnfodk@ 0wfqifrnf? rnfonfhypPnf; 0,frnf? odk@r[kwf uav;arG;ae@yGJtwGuf rnfolawGudk zdwf=um;rnf/ pojzifh jzpf onf?) tcsKd@jy\emrsm;u/ onfhxufydkI ta&;}uD;ygonf? rnfonfh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;r_ tvkyfudkvkyfrnf Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

ponfh jy\emrsKd;jzpfonf? TqHk;jzwfcsuftawmfrsm;rsm;onf/ odyfa&;}uD;cGifus,fr[kwfvSojzifh pdwf'Hk;'Hk;cs a±G;cs,fvdkufor#onf ta=umif;xl;vSonfr[kwfyg? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf taumif;qHk; qHk;jzwfcsufr[kwfv#if vnf; jzpfay:vmor#tusKd;qufrsm;ESifh ae&xdkif&tqifajyaeaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? odk@&mwGif tjcm;udpPrsm;Yrl Todk@ta&;rxm;yJ aeIrjzpfyg? rnffol@udkvufxyfrnfenf; [laomqHk;jzwfcsuo f nf/ b0wpfav#mufvHk;wGif ae@ pOf tusKd;oufa&mufEdkifaom qHk;jzwfcsufyif jzpfonf? vlyk*~dKvfwpfOD;csif;uJhodk@yif/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onfvnf; jy\emudk ajz&Sif;ae&ygonf? tzGJ@tpnf;.qHk;jzwfcsuf rsm;onf/ tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;a&m tjyifrSmyg&Sdonfh vltrsm;tay: tusKd;oufa&mufEdkifonfhtjyif/ tzGJ@tpnf;. *k%foduQmESifhywfoufaom tusKd;qufrsm;vnf; jzpfay:apEdkifojzifh/ qHk;jzwfcsufcsolrsm;taejzifh/ rsm;Edkifor# trsm;qHk; tcsuftvufrsm;tay:wGif tajccHxm;+yD;/ vufawG@usaomt}uHðywifjycsurf sm; &&Sd&efta&;}uD;yg onf? ppfa&;wdkufyGJESifh t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJwdk@wGif qHk;jzwfcsufcs&m0ef;usif taetxm;csif;wlnDonfhtcsufrsm; tawmfrsm;rsm;&Sdaeojzifh/ ppfOD;pD;tzGJ@. qHk;jzwfcsufcsyHkenf;pepfonf qHk;jzwfcsufcsolrsm;tzdk@a&m/ qHk;jzwfcsuf csolxH t}uHðywifjycsufrsm;ay;&ef wm0ef&Sdolrsm;tzdk@yg twk,lavhvmzG,f jzpfygonf? Tjy\emajz&Sif;jcif;enf;pepfudk/ OD;pD;uGyfuJ&mESifh pDrHcef@cGJ&m tcsif;t&mtrsKd;rsKd;wGif tus,ftjyef@toHk;ðyEdkifyg onf? ydkItao;pdwf wdusapEdkifygonf? xdk@jyif atmufwGifazmfjyxm;aom tpDtpOfwpfck. tqifhwdkif;yHkpHrsm; twdkif;vnf; vdkufemusifhoHk;&ef ta&;}uD;ygonf? OD;pD;tzGJ@. avhvma&;yHkpH (1) jy\emudkaz:xkwfjcif; (2) ,lqcsurf sm; (3) jy\emESifh ywfoufaom tcsuftvufrsm;az:xkwfjcif; (4) tcsuftvufrsm;ta=umif; aqG;aEG;jcif; (5) aumufcsufcsjcif; (6) t=uHðywifjycsufrsm; tydk'f (1) jy\emudkaz:xkwfjcif; jy\emonf tm±Hkðy&rnfh A[dktcsuftcsmjzpfojzifh/ ‚if;udk yxrtqifhwGif xm;&jcif; jzpfonf? Ttydk'fxJwGif/ a&;om;azmfjy&rnfh pum;vHk;rsm;udk ±SmazG&jcif;onf/ &kwfw&uftay:,HawG;xifxm;oavmuf rvG,fulyg? tydk'f (1) &Sd jy\emudk/ jy\emudk twdtusrazmfjyEdkifyJ/ jzpfyGg;aeaom a&m*gvuQ%mazmfjycsufrsm;tjzpf rSm;,Gif;pGm rSwf,loGm;EdkifzG,f &Sdygonf? Todk@rSm;,Gif;qifjcifyHkudk Oyrmt&azmfjy&v#if/ vlwpfa,mufu t}udrf}udrfcHpm;ae& aom/ acgif;udkufa0'emtwGuf/ tufpy&ifaq;ESpfvHk;udk ae@pOfaomufaeaom/ omrefae@pOftawG@tñuHESifh ,SOfI wifpm; azmfjyEdkifygonf? odk@&mwGif rnfonfhtwGuf acgif;udkufa0'emcHpm;ae&onfqdkaom ta=umif;t&if;trSef udk yxrOD;pm;ay; azmfjy&rnfjzpfonf? odk@&mwGif Tjy\emudk az:jycJhjcif;/ todtrSwfðy azmfxkwfEdkifcJhjcif;udk rawG@&yg/ Todk@ raqmif±GufcJhyg? tydk'f (2) ,lqcsufrsm; OD;pD;tzGJ@avhvma&;Y/ ,lqcsufrsm;onf usKd;a=umif;qDavsmfaom pOf;pm;awG;qcsufrsm; jzpfonf? odk@aomf T ,lqcsufrsm;u tcsuftvufrsm;udk tpm;xdk; udk,fpm;ðyazmfjyaeygonf? trsm;tm;jzifh ‚if;wdk@onf aemifwGif jzpfay:vmrnfh ta&;udpPrsm;/ tajctaersm;/ &&SdEdkifzG,f&Sdaomt&if;tjrpfrsm;ta=umif;ESifh ywfoufygonf? vuf awG@wGif ,lqcsufrsm;onf/ od&Sd&if;pGJ tcsuftvufrsm;t=um;&Sd/ uGufvyfrsm;udk aygif;ul;ozG,f qufpyfjznfhqD; ay;rnfh/ vlzefwD;xm;onfh u&d,mrsm; jzpfygonf? rdrd,lqcsufrsm;ay;p&mrvdkv#if ray;yJae+yD;/ ajz&Sif;p&m&Sdaom Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

jy\emta=umif;udk aqG;aEG;&efvdktyfaomtcgrSom/ T,lqcsufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;aqG;aEG;jcif;onf taumif;qHk; jzpfygonf? xdkta=umif;a=umifh/ rdrd. xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;udk cdkifvHkap&ef *±kwpdkuf pl;pdkuf pOf;pm;oifhygonf? ta&;}uD;aom vkyfief;wm0efrsm;twGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&mY/ tkyfpkrsm;. pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_rsm;uJhodk@aom ta=umif;t&mtrsKd;rsKd;ESifhywfoufI ,lqcsufrsm;xkwfaz:rjyrdyJ/ toHk;ðy=u&onfh tjzpf/ tEW&m,frsKd;vnf; &Sd wwfygonf? tydk'f (3) tcsuftvufrsm;az:xkwfjcif; jy\emrsm;udkatmifjrifpGmajz&Sif;a&;wGif ta&;}uD;aomtqifhwpfqifhrSm/ jy\emESifhywfoufaom tcsuf tvufrSefrsm;udk pkaqmif;jcif;jzpfonf? txufwGif az:jyxm;aom/ acgif;udkufa0'em c%c%cHpm;ae&ol Oyrmt& ajym&rnfqdkv#if/ olaexdkifyHkESifhywfoufaom tcsuftvuftm;vHk; (ol.ae@pOftpm;taomuf/ rsufpdtjriftiftm;/ tvkyfvkyfyHk/ udk,fvufavhusifhcef;,ljcif;/ pdwfzdpD;r_tqifhESifh ajrmufjrm;vSpGmaom tjcm; tcsufrsm;) udk az:xkwfjyoifhonf? tydk'f (4) tcsuftvufrsm;ta=umif;aqG;aEG;jcif; Ttydk'fY jy\emESifhywfoufaom ,lqcsufrsm;ESifh tcsuftvufrSefrsm;ta=umif;udk aqG;aEG;jcif;/ cGJpdyfoHk;oyf jcif; ðyygonf? TjzpfpOfY a±G;cs,fp&mvrf;a=umif;rsm;udk az:xkwf+yD;/ pOf;pm;ygonf? acgif;udkufa0'em&Sif Oyrmu TjzpfpOftqifh. ta&;}uD;yHkudk o±kyfay:apygonf? c%c% cHpm;ae&aomacgif;udkufa0'emtwGuf ajz&Sif;enf; ±Smaeaom q&m0efwpfa,mufonf/ odrSwfxm;aom acgif;udkufa0'emjzpfaponfh ta=umif;&if;rsm;ESifh a0'em &Sifu rnfodk@ywfoufaea=umif; aumif;pGmprf;oyf=unfhzG,f &Sdygonf? xdka0'em&Sifonf tdyfraysmfaom a&m*g vnf;r&Sd/ pdwfzdpD;r_udkvnf; aumif;pGmajzavsmhEdkifonf/ iSufzsm;xlajymaomae&mwGifvnf; aexdkifcJhzl;jcif; r&Sd/ wkyfauG;a&m*g vuQ%mvnf; rawG@&/ pmtonf;toef zwfjcif;vnf; r&Sd/ toufu (40) cef@&Sdonf? ol. rsufpd prf;oyfjcif;rðyyJ aecJhonfrSm (10) ESpfausmf+yD/ pojzifh awG;qEdkifonf? tydk'f (5) aumufcsufcsjcif; jy\emESifhwdkuf&dkufqufpyfaeaom/ ,lqcsufrsm;ESifh &Edkifor#tcsuftvufrsm;ta=umif;udk aqG;aEG;jcif;/ cGJpdyfoHk;oyfjcif;ðy+yD;aemuf/ TtqifhwGif taumif;qHk;ajz&Sif;enf;udk a±G;cs,faz:jyygonf? Oyrm- acgif;udkuf a0'em&SifvlemESifh ywfoufI q&m0efu ‘rsufa=umwif;jcif;’[k aumufcsufcs ed*Hk;csKyfEdkifygonf? tqifh (6) t=uHðywifjycsufrsm; Ttydk'fY ed*Hk;csKyfaumufcsufrsm;udk/ qHk;jzwfcsufcsolrsm;twGuf wdusaom t=uHðywifjycsufrsm;tjzpfodk@ ajymif; vJap&rnf jzpfonf? TwGif jy\emajz&Sif;a&;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; ay:xGufvmrnf jzpfygonf? u|Efkyfwdk@azmfjycJh aomOyrmudkyif !$ef;Iajym&v#if/ acgif;udkufa0'emajz&Si;f a&;twGuf rsufpdprf;oyfjcif; vkyfaqmif&ygvdrfhrnf? t=uHðywifjycsufrsm;udk atmufygpHowfrSwfcsuf (3) csufjzifh “pDppf”Edkifygonf? 1? qDavsmftyfpyfr_? ? t=uHðywifjycsufrsm;onf/ tqdkygjy\emudk trSefwu,f ajy vnfoGm;apEdkifrnfvm;? 2? jzpfEdkifacs? ? t=uHðywifjycsufrsm;udk taumiftxnfaz:I jzpfEdkifygrnfvm;? 3? vufcHEdkifr_? ? qHk;jzwfcsufcsolrsm;u (EdkifiHa&;/ b¾ma&;t&ESifh vl@pGrf;tm;t&if; tjrpft&) wefzdk;ay;vkdpdwf &Sd=uygonfvm;? TqHk;jzwfcsufcs&mY vuf&Sdt&if;tjrpfrsm;rSaeI vrf;a=umif;v$Jajymif;oHk;&ef/ odk@r[kwf/ t&if;tjrpfopfrsm;&SmazG &,l&ef vdktyfygvdrfhrnf? Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

Tjy\emajz&Sif;enf;udktoHk;ðy&mY/ ydkrdktusKd;&Sdap&ef aemufxyfvdktyfao;aomtcsufrSm/ qHk;jzwfcsufcsolrsm; taejzifh/ t=uHðywifjycsufrsm;jzpfay:vmyHkudk pDppf=unfhjcif;yifjzpfonf? xdk@tjyif Tt=uHðywifjycsufrsm; jzpfay: vmatmif pOf;pm;&mY/ qHk;jzwfcsufcsolrsm;Y/ olwdk@oD;oef@omodEdkifaom/ wifjyolrsm;u xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif;rðy cJhaom aemufxyftcsuftvufopfrsm;/ &Sdaumif; &SdygvdrfhOD;rnf? Ttcsuftvufopfrsm;t& OD;pD;tzGJ@avhvm a&;vkyfief; pDppfr_udk cdkifvHkapEdkifygonf? (1992) ckESpfv,fY/ jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;. wyfaygif;pk wpfcku/ EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_aumfrwD (PDC) zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifcJhygonf? ‚if;. aAGaqmfOD;csrSwfcJhaom vkyfief;wm0ef rSm ajymif;vJaeaomywf0ef;usiftajctaersm;t&/ jrefrmEdkifiH. 'Drdkua&pDa&;wdkufyGJudk rnfodk@rnfyHk ydkrdkaumif;rGef atmifqifE$JrnfqdkonfESifhywfoufaom avhvmr_wpf&yf ðyvkyf&efjzpfonf? TaumfrwDu OD;pD;tzGJ@avhvmcsuf wpfapmifðypkcJhonf? Tavhvmcsufyg ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHtrsKd;om;aumifpD (National Council of the Union of Burma) . tqifhjrifhacgif;aqmifrsm;twGif;/ aqG;aEG;cJh=u+yD;/ vufeufudkifwdkufyGJudk qufvufOD;pm;ay;oGm;rnfavm/ odk@r[kwf t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJudk OD;pm;ay; usifhoHk;rnfavm qdkonfudk qHk;jzwfcJh =uygonf? trsm;od=uonfhtwdkif;yif/ a':atmifqef;pk=unfacgif;aqmifaom trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf. t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ESifh ,SOfwGJvsuf/ r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJwpf&yfudk tav;ay;tm;omqHk;jzwf cJh=u+yD;/ OD;aqmif!$ef=um;&ef EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_aumfrwD (PDC) udk zGJ@pnf;cJh=uygonf? odk@&mwGif qHk;jzwfcsufudk vuf awG@usap&ef/ yuwdtaetxm;ESifhudkufnDap&ef owdxm;cJh=uonf? OD;pD;tzGJ@avhvma&;yHkpHudk toHk;ðycJhonf? Edkif iHa&;tHwkr_aumfrwD (PDC) . avhvmcsuft&/ r[mAsL[majrmuf rl0g'qdkif&mjy\emrsm;udk aqG;aEG;&mY/ T jy\emajz&Sif;enf;u rnfodk@toHk;0ifa=umif; oufaojycJhonf? Tavhvmcsufudk aemufqufwGJ tcef; (3) wGif az:jyxm;ygonf? tusOf;csKyf tawG@tñuHt&/ OD;pD;tzGJ@avhvma&;yHkpHonf jy\emrsm;ajz&Sif;&mY toHk;ðyol. aemufxyf tavhtxjzpfvmyg vdrfhrnf? rD;cHaowWmzGifh&mY toHk;ðy&aom *%ef;rsm;ESifh tvm;wlpGmyif/ OD;pD;tzGJ@avhvma&;yHkpHrSmyg&Sdaom tqifh rsm;. tpDtpOfrsm;u/ jy\emajz&Sif;a&;udk vrf;zGifhay;ygvdrfhrnf?

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

tcef; (6)

r[mAsL[majrmuf cef@rSef;wGufcsufjcif; “xdk@twGufa=umifh rdrdajymonf? oif.&efoludk odyg? oifh.udk,fwdkifta=umif;udk odyg? oif.atmifyGJ rnfonfh tcgr# qHk;&_H;&efta=umif;r&Sd?” qGefZl;/ The Art of War (bDpD 500) 11 r[mAsL[majrmuf cef@rSef;wGufcsufjcif;onf/ r[mAsL[m tpDtpOfcsrSwfa&;qGJolrsm;twGuf/ ta&;ygaom vuf oHk; u&d,mwpfckjzpfonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh rdrd.OD;wnfcsufudk atmifjrifpGmjynfhajrmufap&eftwGuf/ taumif;qHk; v_yf&Sm;r_ tpDtpOfrsm;a&G;cs,fcsrSwf&mwGif/ pepfwus csOf;uyfr_udk jzpfaponf? Todk@pepfwuscsOf;uyfEdkifap&ef/ tcsuftvufrsm;udk azmfxkwfowfrSwfI/ cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm oHk;oyfr_ðyaponf? Oyrm- 0ef;usif (&kyf0wˆKydkif; qdkif&m/ ppfa&;qdkif&m/ EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m) udk avhvmppfaq;EdkifI/ tm;omcsuf/ tm;enf;csufrsm;udk Ed_if;,SOfum/ rdrd. v_yf&Sm; r_ tpDtpOfudk a&G;cs,fzGH@òzd;apEdkifonf? xdk@aemuf taumif;qHk;aom v_yf&Sm;r_tpDtpOfudk xyfrHa&G;cs,fEdkifonf? r[mAsL[majrmuf ppfqifa&;tpDtrHrsm;onf/ r[mAsL[majrmuf &,lpkaqmif;xm;aom r[mAsL[majrmufcef@ rSef;wGufcsufxm;onfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;/ oHk;oyfEdkifr_ t&nftcsif;/ tuJjzwfoHk;oyfxm;onfh owif; tcsuftvuf ta&twGuf yrm%rsm;tay: tajccH+yD;/ atmifjrifr_&&SdEdkifonfhtcGifhta&;udk Tazmfjyygtcsuf rsm;u rsm;pGm =oZmoufa&mufr_ &Sdygonf? r[mAsL[mcef@rSef;wGufcsufjcif; vkyfief;pOfudk rl0g'rsm;csrSwf&mwGif vnf;aumif;/ tusyftwnf;rsm;udk wkH@jyefajz&Sif;&mYvnf;aumif;/ toHk;ðyEdkifonfhtjyif/ 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_ twGif;&Sd tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;odk@ aumif;pGm=uHqxm;aom/ oifhavsmfaom tuJjzwfcsufrsm;/ tcsuftvufrsm; axmufyHhay;&mYvnf; toHk;ðyEdkifygonf? a'oqdkif&m ppfqifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf/ tpDtrHcsrSwf&mY TyHkpHudk toHk;ðy=uolrsm;tzdk@/ tusOf;csKyfIoHk;Edkif+yD;/ ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk rdrdESifhoifhavsmf&m v_yf&Sm;r_tpDtpOfrsm;csrSwf Edkifa&;twGuf twGif;ygta=umif;t&mrsm;udk/ vdktyfovdk ajymif;vJEdkifygonf? r[mAsL[mcef@rSef;wGufcsufjcif;wGif yg0ifaom/ owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk tjrJwapqdkovdk/ tcsdefESifhwajy;nD jzpfap&ef/ jyifqifjznfhqD;aeoifh+yD;/ tpDtrHa&;qGJolrsm;tzdk@/ tydkxyfaqmif;vmaom &nfrSef;csufrsm;twGuf/ tvsiftjrefwkH@jyef ay;Edkifrnf jzpfygonf? ppfqifa&;aqmif&Guf&rnfh 0ef;usiftajctae/ xl;xl;jcm;jcm;ajymif;vJr_ jzpfay:vmyguvnf;/ pGrf;aqmifEdkif&nfrsm; ododomomajymif;vJvmyguvnf;/ rdrdppfqifa&;tpDtpOfrsm;udk jyef vnfcsdefnd‡Edkifrnf jzpfonf? Tvkyfief;rsm;udk aocsm+yD;ajrmufap&eftwGuf/ wpfpHkwpfOD;udk aocsmowfrSwfI T r[mAsL[mcef@rSef;wGufcsufjcif;udk aqmif&Gufap&ef/ oD;oef@wm0efay;&ygrnf? jzpfoifhonfrSm/ “r[mAsL[m cef@ rSef;tuJjzwfwGufcsufr_” udk/ wm0ef,laqmif&Gufaomoluyif/ Ttajctae tuJjzwfjcif;udpPrsm;udk }uD;=uyf wm0ef,lapoifhygonf? tjcm;olrsm;u owif;pkaqmif;&mYvnf;aumif;/ oHk;oyftuJjzwf&mYvnf;aumif;/ cef@rSef;wGufcsufr_wGid yg0ifapoifhaom owif;rsm;wifjy&mYvnf;aumif;/ ,cktcg rwdusEdkifawmhaom/ rouf qdkifawmhaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk &SmazGazmfxkwf&mYvnf;aumif;/ tjcm;olrsm;u 0dkif;0ef;ulnDEdkif=uyg onf? vHkðcHa&;qdkif&m owdðy&rnfhtcsufrsm;a=umifh/ r[mAsL[majrmuf cef@rSef;wGufcsufr_. tcsKd@aom tpdwftydkif;rsm; rSm/ aemufqufwGJ tydkif;wGifom yl;wGJazmfjyoifhygonf? TaemufqufwGJrsm;udk “odapoifholrsm;om” ay;zwf&ef jzpfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. vltiftm;/ owif;o,faqmifvmaom vrf;a=umif;/ jynfwGif; 11

Samuel B. Griffith, Sun Tzu: The Art of War, (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1963), 129

udk;um;ygonf? Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

tquftoG,f/ paomtcsuftvufrsm;rSm txl;ta&;}uD;vS+yD;/ twdkuftcHtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. trsm;pkaomtzGJ@ 0ifrsm;ESifh wdkuf&dkufroufqdkifaom tcsufrsm; jzpfygonf? r[mAsL[majrmuf cef@rSef;tuJjzwfwGufcsufjcif;/ tao;pdwfyHkpHudk ,cktcef;Y azmfjyxm;ygonf? TyHkpHonf/ “ppfa&;t& tajctaecef@rSef;tuJjzwfr_” yHkpHrS jyifqifðypkxm;jcif;jzpf+yD;/ tcsKd@aom twdkuftcHtzGJ@tpnf;rsm; twGuf/ toHk;wnfhvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg? odk@aomfvnf;/ Todk@ pepfwuscsOf;uyfI owif;pkaqmif;yHk/ cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm oHk;oyfyHk/ csrSwfxm;aom r[mAsL[mESifh udkufnDonfh/ OD;wnfcsufudk taxmuftuljzpfaprnfh owif;rsm;udk pkpnf;wifjyyHkrsm;onf/ rnfodk@yifjzpfap ta&;}uD;vSygonf? r[mAsL[m cef@rSef;wGufcsufjcif;/ odk@r[kwf tvm;wl yHkpHrsKd;udk/ ta&;}uD;onfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm; jynfhpHk- rjynfhpHk ppfaq;&ef pm&if; (check list) tjzpf oHk;Edkif+yD;/ odk@r[kwfygu/ u|if;usef&pfcJhonfrsm; &Sdwwfygonf? (aemufqufwGJ 4- wGif/ t=uHðyxm;aom r[mAsL[mcef@rSef; wGufcsufr_ yHkpH erlemudk azmfjyxm;ygonf? OD;wnfcsuf (Mission Statement) udk a&;om;&mY usKd;a=umif;qifjcifjcif;ESifh xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfh ta=umif;rsm; OD;wnfcsuf (Tae&mwGif/ v_yf&Sm;r_acgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh/ awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_. OD;wnfcsufrsm;tjzpf qHk;jzwf xm;aomta=umif;rsm;/ a&G;cs,fxm;aom v_yf&Sm;r_enf;vrf;/ a,bk,stm;jzifh qdk&v#i/f v_yf&Sm;r_udk rnfuJhodk@ qufvufaqmif&Guf=urnfenf;[k pOf;pm;xm;csuf) onf/ r[mAsL[m cef@rSef;wGufcsufr_twGuf ueOD;tpysKd;&m jzpfygonf? odk@rSom/ r[mAsL[majrmufv_yf&Sm;aom t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wpfck. OD;wnfcsufrsm;udk jyefvnfppf aq;I/ cef@rSef;wGufcsufr_rsm;udk qufvufzGH@òzd;atmif vkyfaqmifapEdkifrnf jzpfonf? tu,fI v_yf&Sm;r_wpfckonf/ tpdk;&wpf&yf. zdESdyftkyfcsKyfaeaomvkyf&yfrsm;a=umifh ay:aygufvm&ygu/ yef;wdkifESifh OD;wnfcsufonf zdESdyfoludk tm%mrS z,f&Sm;ypfa&; awmif;qdkcsufudk xif[yf&ygvdrfhrnf? odk@aomf v_yf&Sm;r_tae jzifh/ wnf&SdaeqJ tpdk;&udk rnfodk@rnfyHkðzwfcsrnf/ rnfodk@aom tpd;k &opfrsK;d ESihf tpm;xdk;rnfudk owfrSwfazmfjy&yg vdrfhrnf? tpdk;&yHkpHonf vlxku oabmóudufnDa&G;cs,fxm;aom tpdk;&jzpf&efvdk+yD;/ awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_+yD; aemuf jynfolvlxkrsm;u wifxm;vdkaomtpdk;&onf/ xdkvlr_tzGJ@tpnf;. oGifjyifvuQ%mESifhvnf; avsmfuef udkufnD&ygvdrfhrnf? wenf;qdk&aomf “reufjzeftwGuf ar#mfjrifcsuf”udkyg azmfjy&ygrnf? tu,fI tpdk;&a[mif; udk z,f&Sm;+yD;ygu/ rnfonfESifhtpm;xdk;rnfudk azmfjyxm;jcif;r&Sdygu/ olwdk@onf tm%m&Siftpdk;&wpfckudkðzwfcs z,f&Sm;+yD;aomfvnf;/ aemufxyftm%m&Sif tpdk;&wpfckjzifh tpm;xdk;rdouJhodk@ jzpfEdkifygonf? ydkIqdk;&Gm;aom tpdk;&rsKd; wufvmEdkifygonf? xdktwGufa=umifh/ “reufjzeftwGuf ar#mfjrifcsuf”udkyg OD;wnfcsuftwGif; xnfhoGif; azmfjy&ef vdktyfygonf? odk@rSom vufawG@usaom ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm; jzpfay:vmygvdrfhrnf? Oyrmtm;jzifh/ EdkifiHawmf&JwyfzGJ@wpfck&Sdae+yD;/ ‚if;uvnf; jynfolwdk@ae@pOfjrifawG@ae=u&aom/ tpdk;&. “rsufESm” jzpfaeygonf? a'ocHvlxkrsm;uvnf; &JwyfzGJ@udk xdef;csKyfEdkifcGifh r&Sd=uyg? jynfolrsm;taejzifh &JwyfzGJ@udk a&G;cs,f wifajr‡mufcHxm;&aom jynfol@udk,fpm;vS,fwpfOD;OD;. xdef;csKyfr_atmufwGif ajymif;vJxm;vdkaumif;/ xm;vdk=u ygvdrfhrnf? xdk@tjyif jynfolrsm;taejzifh a'oqdkif&mtqifhwGif/ EdkifiHa&;ESifh pD;yGg;a&;qdkif&m OD;pm;ay;vkyfudkif&rnfh udpPrsm;udk qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;csrSwf&mY =oZmoufa&mufvdk=uygvdrfhrnf? xdkqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;tm;vHk;udk EdkifiH.òrd@awmf rS csrSwfae=uonfcsnf;udk rvdkvm;=uyg? twdkcsKyfazmfjy&aomf/ tm%mA[dkrSaeI a'oqdkif&mrsm;odk@ tm%mcGJa0 jzef@jzL;ay;jcif;udk/ trsm;oabmwlxm;csuf &Sdaumif;&Sd&ygvdrfhrnf? odk@twGufa=umifh tajymif;tvJazmfaqmif&ef óud;yrf;ae=uaom v_yf&Sm;r_taejzifh/ Tjy\emrsm;udk ajz&Sif;Edkif&ef/ zuf'&,fpepfrsKd;awmif;qdk&ef vdktyfaumif; vdktyfygvdrfhrnf? “reufjzeftwGuf ar#mfjrifcsuf”wGif/ bmoma&;t& wif;rmr_rsm;&Sdaeaom a'orsm;twGuf/ jy\emrsm;udk ajz &Sif;ay;&ef óud;yrf;oifhygonf? Twif;rmr_rsm;onf/ tpdk;&rsm;u tjynfht0axmufcHtm;ay;xm;aom cGJjcm;quf Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

qHr_rsm;a=umifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ odk@r[kwf tkyfpkwpfcku tjcm;tkyfpkwpfckudk tEdkifusifhaoma=umifhaomfvnf; aumif; jzpfEdkifygonf? bmoma&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;udk a&maxG;jcif;onf/ tjrJwap 'Dru kd a&pDpepftwGuf tEW&m,fjzpfyg onf? bmoma&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;/ wpfckESifh wpfckudk aphpyftavsmhay;&onfrsKdf;vnf; rjzpfapoifhyg? 'Drdkua&pDvdkvm; olrsm;. qENudk rjynfh0apyJ/ wpfzufwGifvnf; 'Drdkua&pDta&ðcHxm;aom/ bmoma&;pepfjzifh tkyfcsKyfr_ (theocr--acy) yHkpH jzpfvmEdkifygonf? odk@aomfvnf; tpdk;&rsm;u/ ‚if;.EdkifiHom;rsm;tay: bmoma&;t&vdkufem&rnfh tcsufrsm; twif;tusyfcsrSwfjcif; rjzpfap&atmif/ óudwifumuG,fwm;qD;Edkifaom tajccHoabmwlnDcsufrsm; &Sdxm;ygu/ jzpfEdkifygonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh tjcm;aombmomudk;uG,f,Hk=unfolrsm;u olwdk@.udk;uG,f,Hk=unfr_ udk vdkufavsmtavsmhay; vdkufem&jcif;rsKd; cHpm;r_uif;=u&rnf jzpfygonf? Todk@oabmwlnDcsufrsm;udk vmrnfh zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'topfwGif xnfhoGif;a&;qGJap&ef tajccHtjzpfxm;&SdEdkifygonf? Todk@ trsm;óudufnDaom ar#mfjrifcsufrsm;udk/ v_yf&Sm;r_. yef;wdkiftjzpf/ EdkifiHa&;OD;wnfcsufrsm;tjzpf jyefvnfazmf jy&ef vdktyfygonf? xdk@aemufwzef/ ydkI wdusaommr[mAsL[m &nfrSef;csufrsm;tjzpf azmfjy=u&ygvdrfhrnf? acgif; aqmifrsm;u Todk@wdusaom OD;wnfcsufrsm;udk/ tpDtrHa&;qGJcsrSwfolrsm;xHodk@ ay;tyfEdkifygonf? odk@r[kwf tpD trHcsrSwfa&;qGJolrsm;u rl0g'OD;wnfcsufrsm;ESifh xkwfjyefa=ujimcsufrsm;udk/ ‚if;wdk@udk,fwdkif r[mAsL[mtpDtpOf a&;qGJjcif; OD;wnfcsufrsm;tjzpf bmomjyef,l=u&vdrfhrnf jzpfygonf? “ar#mfjrifcsuf”wGifygaom/ a,bk,stcsuf rsm;r#ESifh tpDtrHrsm;csrSwfa&;qGJ&eftwGuf jynfhpHkuHkvHkr_ r&Sdyg? Oyrmtm;jzifh- “vlwdkif;b0 aumif;pm;wdk;wufap &ef”[k tawG;tac:r#ESifh/ twdkuftcHv_yf&Sm;r_wpfcktwGuf/ OD;wnfv_yf&Sm;r_ aqmif&Guf&ef rvHkavmufyg? ‚if;rSm us,fjyef@vSaom yef;wdkifar#mfrSef;csufjzpf+yD;/ r[mAsL[mpDrHudef;rsm;a&;qGJ&eftwGufvnf; rsm;pGmus,f0ef;vSyg onf? odk@twGufa=umifh/ t"duusaomjy\emrsm;udkom OD;pm;ay; tav;xm;oifh+yD;/ EdkifiHom;rsm;. “ydkrdk aumif;rGefaomb0”jzpfapa&;udk/ trSefwu,fqdk;usKd;jzpfapaom/ odk@r[kwf qdk;usKd;oufa&mufap&ef tvm; tvm&Sdaeaom/ tpdk;&.rl0g'rsm;/ aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;/ tkyfcsKyfyHkenf;[efrsm;udkom tav;ay;=unfh&rnfjzpfyg onf? rdrdwdk@ wdkufcdkuf&efvdktyfaeaom jy\emudk ydkI&Sif;vif;pGm azmfxkwfowfrSwf&efvdktyf+yD;/ &&SdEdkifaom t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk ^m%f&SdpGm cGJa0csxm;=u&rnf jzpfygonf? OD;wnfcsuf (Mission Statement) a&;om;&mY aemufxyfta&;}uD;aomtcsufwpfckrSm/ wpfpHkvHk;udk tpDtpOf a&;qGJa&;/ nd‡Ed_if;yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;ESifh/ xkwfjyefjzef@csdrnfh tpDtpOfrSwfwrf;rsm;twGuf/ &Sif;vif;jytmrcHcsufay; Edkifrnfh wm0ef&Sdonfholrsm;udk azmfxkwfowfrSwf&efyif jzpfygonf? OD;wnfcsufudkazmfjy&mY/ “rnfolrsm;”u/ EdkifiH vHk;u|wf t=urf;rzufawmfvSefa&;}uD;udk qifE$J&ef/ tpðyaqmif&Guf=urnfudk azmfjy&rnf jzpfonf? t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_onf/ vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;ESifh rwlnDaomtcsufrSm/ wdusaocsmaom xuf-atmufzGJ@pnf;r_yHkpHrsm; r&Sdjcif; jzpfygonf? rwluGJjym;aomtusKd;pD;yGg;rsm;/ pGrf;aqmifEdkif&nfrsm;/ twdkuftcHtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. rwluGJjym; aom oabmobm0rsm;udk qufpyfaqmif&GufEdkif&eftwGuf/ a,bk,scsOf;uyfyHkenf;wpfckrSm/ v_yf&Sm;r_qifE$J&ef twGuf/ xD;aygif;rdk;o¿mef wyfaygif;pk zGJ@pnf;aqmif&Guf=ujcif; jzpfygonf? trsm;oabmwlnDcsuft&/ tzGJ@wpfck udk/ tpDtpOfa&;qJGjcif;ESifh nd‡Ed_if;yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_upd Prsm;Y OD;aqmifapEdkifygonf? tpDtpOfa&;qGJrnfhXmeudk zGJ@ pnf;&ef/ aemufxyfenf;vrf;wpfckrSm wyfaygif;pku/ ‚if;udk,fydkif “trmcH0efxrf;rsm;”jzifh zGJ@pnf;wm0efay;jcif;jzpfyg onf? Todk@wm0efay;&mY tjcm;tzGJ@rsm;tm;vHk;. udk,fpm;vS,frsm;/ odk@r[kwf tzGJ@tcsKd@.udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg 0ifapEdkifygonf? ueOD;ydkif;wGif/ aqmif&Guf&eftaumif;qHk;rSm tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk nD!Gwfr_&ap&ef óud;yrf;rnfhtpm;/ jy\emtay: tajccHI tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk pkpnf;apjcif; jzpfygonf? jynfya&muftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk Twyfaygif;pk wGif xnfhoGif;zGJ@pnf;apyguvnf; oifhavsmfygonf? ta=umif;rSm ‚if;tzGJ@rsm;u &HyHkaiG&SmazGay;jcif;tm;jzifhaomf vnf;aumif;/ udpP&yfwpfckudkavhvmay;jcif;/ okawoeðyay;jcif;/ EdkifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;odk@ csOf;uyfpnf;&Hk;ay; jcif;/ owif;rD'D,mrsm;. axmufcHr_&apjcif; pojzifh ulnDyhHydk;Edkif=uygonf? tpDtpOfa&;qGJolrsm;u/ r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wdkufyGJ qifE$J&ef/ OD;wnfcsuf (Mission Statement) twGuf/ vdktyfaomtcsuftvufrsm; jynfhpHk+yD[k ,lqygu/ OD;wnfcsuf (Mission Statement)

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

azmfjycsufudk ðypka&;om;I/ nd‡Ed_if;jznfhpGuf+yD;/ wyfaygif;pktzGJ@0ifrsm;xHodk@ twnfðycsuf&,lEdkif&ef wifjy&ygrnf? azmfjyyg OD;wnfcsufonf/ atmufygtwdkif; jzpfEdkifygonf? (EdkifiHtrnfxnfhoGif;&ef) rS jynfolrsm;onf/ 'Drdkua&pDr[mrdwftzGJ@ (odk@r[kwf rnfolrqdk) . OD;aqmifr_ atmufwGif r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufxdk;ppfudk/ ppftm%m&Sifpepf (ppftpdk;&. trnftwdtus udk azmfjy&ef) udk tm%mrS z,f&Sm;ðzwfcsa&;twGuf/ 'Drdkua&pDenf;us a&G;cs,f wifajr‡mufxm;aom tpdk;&wpf&yfjzifh/ tpm;xdk;Edkifa&;twGuf/ zuf'&,fyHkpHtpdk;&wpf&yf wnfaxmifa&;twGuf/ aemufwpf }udrftm%mjyefodrf;r_udk umuG,fEdkif&eftwGuf/ qifE$JoGm;rnf jzpfonf? r[mAsL[majrmufcef@rSef;wGufcsufr_onf/ txl;pDpOfaqmif&Guf&rnfh rSwfwrf;jzpf+yD;/ aocsmavhusifhay;xm;aom olrsm;uom ðypka&;om;EdkifpGrf; &Sd=uygonf? azmfjyxm;aom/ t=uHðyxm;onfhyHkpHudk oHk;I/ r[mAsL[majrmuf cef@ rSef;wGufcsufr_. tpdwftydkif;/ u¾rsm;udk jyifqifa&;om;&ef vltrsm;xHodk@/ wm0efcGJa0csay;Edkifygonf? Tenf; tm;jzifh vlwdkif;udk/ Tr[mAsL[mcef@rSef;wGufcsufr_ jyifqifzGH@òzd;ap&mY yg0ifaqmif&GufcGifh&apygonf? tpdwftydkif;/ u¾rsm; ydkI jynfhpHkvmonfESifhtr#/ tpDtpOfa&;qGJolrsm;taejzifh/ “ydkI jynfhpHkaom&kyfyHkum;csyf”udk/ TrSwfwrf; ygtao;pdwf tcsuftvufrsm;rSaeI/ jrifvm=u&rnf jzpfonf? ydkI tawG@tñuHºuG,f0aom/ ydkI avhusifhxm;r_ &Sdaom cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmoHk;oyfolrsm;&Sdygu/ “ydkI jynfhpHkaom&kyfyHkum;csyf” ydkI jrefjref ay:aygufvmrnf jzpfonf? r[mAsL[mcef@rSef;wGufcsufr_ erlemESifh ‚if;.wnfaqmufxm;yHkudk avhvm=unfhygu/ ‚if;.wefzdk;udk odEdkif+yD;/ zGJ@pnf;xm;yHkrSm tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm;vHk;/ pGrf;aqmifEdkifaom abmiftwGif;Yomjzpfa=umif;/ azmfjyaeygonf? t=uHðyxm;aom r[mAsL[mcef@rSef;wGufcsufjcif;yHkpH (aemufqufwGJ 4-udk =unfhyg?) udk toHk;ðyI/ jrefrmEdkifiH. EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_aumfrwDu/ (1992) ckEpS fwGif/ atmufazmfjyyg vkyfief;qdkif&mrl=urf;pmwrf;wpfckudk jyifqifa&;om; cJh=uygonf? Tpmwrf;rSm jynfhpHkonf[k r,lqEdkifyg? xdk@tjyif Tpmwrf;udk EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_aumfrwDtwGuf/ qufvufaqmif&Guf&rnfh/ wpfckwnf;aom tpDtpOfa&;qGJa&;qdkif&m vkyfief;oHk;u&d,mtjzpf &nf&G,fwifjyxm; jcif;vnf; r[kwfyg? Tpmwrf;rSm r[mAsL[mcef@rSef;wGufcsufjcif;udpPtwGuf vdktyfolrsm;udk/ oifwef;ay;&mY taxmuftuljzpfap&ef/ a&;om;cJhjcif;om jzpfygonf? pmzwfolrsm;twGuf toHk;0ifvdrfhrnf[k ,lqygonf? ta=umif;rSm TyHkpHwGif/ owif;tcsuftvufrsm; Tr#rsm;rsm; vdktyf&a=umif;udk/ &Sif;vif;csufrsm;/ usKd;a=umif; qifajcrsm;jzifh azmfjyxm;ay;+yD;/ Tazmfjyyg Z,m;twGif; rnfonfhtcsuftvufrsm; xnfhoGif;Edkifonfudkvnf; awG@jrif=u&ygvdrfhrnf?

tajctaecef@rSef; tuJjzwfcsuf (Estimate of the situation)

1? OD;wnfcsuf (Mission) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtrsKd;om;aumifpD (tJefpD,lbD) onf/ EdkifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@ (e0w) ppf tpdk;&udk tm%mrSz,f&Sm;ðzwfcsEdkifa&;twGuf/ r[mAsL[majrmuf EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_xdk;ppfudk aqmif&GufoGm;rnf? vGwfvyfpGma&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufonfh/ 'Drdkua&pDenf;us/ z,f'&,ftpdk;&wpf&yf &efukefòrd@wGifzGJ@pnf;Edkif&ef aqmif&Guf rnf? ppftm%modrf;r_ rjzpfyGg;ap&ef umuG,foGm;rnf? 2? tajctaeESifh v_yf&Sm;r_ tpDtpOf (The situation and Cources of Action) (tajctaetuJjzwfcsuf 'kwd,tydk'fonf/ tajctaewpfpHkvHk;ESifh oufqdkifaomowif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm;vHk; yg0if+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@udk tajccHI OD;wnfcsufudk aqmif&GufoGm;rnfjzpfonf? ,ck azmfjyxm;aom (jrefrmEdkifiH) tajc taetuJjzwfcsufESifh ywfoufonfh/ erlemwGif/ ajrjyiftaetxm;/ o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;/ qufoG,fa&;pepf/ ao Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

csmqef;ppfxm;aom &moDOwktajctaeomru/ tao;pdwfpl;pdkufavhvmr_ðyaeaom rdwfzuftiftm;pkrsm;ESifh &efzuftiftm;pkrsm;. EdkifiHa&;ESifhppfa&;tajctaersm;vnf; yg0ifygonf? Tae&mwGif xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;udk aocsmazmfxkwfI oHk;oyfr_ðyygonf? rdrdwdk@. (EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_) ppfqifa&;tay: tusKd;oufa&mufEdkifonfhtcsuf rsm;udk od&SdEdkifor# od&Sdxm;&ef vdkygonf? owif;tcsuftvufrsm;r&EdkifrSomv#if/ xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;udk rjynfh pHkaomfvnf;/ vufoifhcHpOf;pm;&rnf jzpfygonf? xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;onf/ aocsmaomtcsuftvufrsm;avmuf raumif;vSyg? xdk@tjyif xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfhtcsufrSm tajctaetuJjzwfcsufudk ppfqifa&;tqifhtoD;oD;Y aocsmjyifqif aqmif&Guf&ygrnf?) (u) v_yf&Sm;r_tpDtpOftay: tusKd;oufa&mufapEdkifaom xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;csufrsm; (1) ppfqifa&;aqmif&Gufrnfha'o. oGifjyifvuQ%m (u) ppfa&;yx0D0if (rSwfcsuf? ? jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtrsKd;om;aumifpD (tJefpD,lbD) taejzifh/ EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_ ppfqifa&;vkyfrnf qdkpOfY/ ppfa&;yx0D0ifudk rnfonfh twGufa=umifh pdwf0ifpm;&ygoenf;[k ar;zG,f&Sdonf? ta=umif;rSm (e0w) ppftpdk;&u ppfa&;t&wkH@jyefrnf jzpfaoma=umifhyif? ppfa&;yx0Dudk odxm;jcif;tm;jzifh qef@usifzuftiftm;pkrS rnfodk@wkH@jyefvmrnfudk (tJefpD,lbD) taejzifh/ oJvGefp &Edkifygonf? xdk@tjyif ppfa&;yx0D0ifudkavhvmod&Sdxm;jcif; tm;jzifh/ (tJefpD,lbD) . tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf v_yf&Sm;r_udk ydkrdkxda&mufapatmif/ tcsdefudkufjzpfap atmif tusKd;oufa&mufapygonf?) 1? ajryHk? ? uGefwdkrsOf;rsm;jzifh jyxm;aomajryHktm;jzifh/ ajrrsufESmoGifjyiftygt0if/ wnfaqmufr_rsm;/ vrf;/ &xm;vrf;qHk pojzifh/ yx0Dtaetxm;udk vHkavmufaphiSpGm od&Sdapygonf? 2? a&a=umif;? ? (tJefpD,lbD) . &nf&G,fcsuftwGuf/ jrpf/ acsmifrsm;jzwful;jcif;onf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;xm;& rnfhudpP jzpfygonf? aus;&Gmaevlxkrsm;jzifh pum;ajymqdkar;jref;xm;jcif;tm;jzifh/ acsmif;rsm;/ jrpfrsm; jzwful;&ef taumif;qHk;ae&mudk od&SdEdkifygonf? xdk@tjyif ESpfwESpftwGif; a&tenf;trsm;udkvdkufI jzwful;&efae&mudkvnf; odEdkifygonf? xdk@tjyif a'ocHrsm;u vltodenf;aom jrpfacsmifjzwful;Edkifonfhae&mrsm;udkvnf; !$efjyay;Edkifyg onf? 3? &moDOwk? ? Tae&mwGif/ &moDOwkta=umif;A[kokwudk a,bk,sod&Sdxm;&Hkr#jzifh/ vHkavmufygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- a,bk,stodt& taemufawmifrkwfokefavonf ZGefvrS pufwifbmvtwGif; wdkufcdkufI/ {+yD ESifh arvrsm;onf tvGefyljyif;aomvrsm; jzpfygonf? avxkpdkxdkif;qvnf;rsm;I tdkufpyfaewwfygonf? (T owif;rsm;a=umifh rnfodk@wefzdk;&Sdygoenf;[k ar;zG,f&Sdonf? pDrHudef;a&;qGJoltaejzifh óudwifwGufqI jyifqif r_rsm;vkyfaqmifxm;Edkifygonf? tylvGefjcif;a=umifh owdvpfarharsmjcif;/ tyla=umif; EGrf;e,fjcif;rjzpf&avatmif/ yg0ifv_yf&Sm;olrsm;twGuf aomufoHk;a&udk ydkrdk,laqmif&zG,f&Sdygonf? {+yDESifh arvrsm;wGif vltpkta0;jzifh qENjy r_rsm;aqmif&Guf&ef a&Smif&Sm;oifhygonf? tu,fI rjzpfrae {+yDvESifharvrsm;wGif vrf;ay:qENjyyGJrsm;udk vkyf aqmif&awmhrnf qdkygu/ ae@wpfae@. oifhavsmfonfh tcsdef/ qENjyyGJ. tcsdeftwdkif;twmudk a&G;cs,foifhygonf? odk@r[kwfygu aomufa&Al;rsm; rsm;rsm;ay;a0jcif;jzifh/ qENjyolrsm;udk obm0'%frS oufomzG,f&SdapEdkifygonf? ) owif;pmrsm;rS/ &moDOwkESifh ywfoufaomtcsufrsm;udk &Edkygonf? jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm (,cifvkyfom;jynfol@ ae@pOfowif;pm) rsm;wGif/ &efukefòrd@wGif rdk;&GmoGef;r_/ rdk;a&csdefudk azmfjyxm;wwf=uygonf? EdkifiH.tjcm;aoma'o rsm;rS jynfolrsm;ESifh pum;ajymqdkaqG;aEG;jcif;tm;jzifh/ rkwfokef&moDu olwdk@.v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;udk rnfuJhodk@ tusKd;oufa&mufr_&Sdaponfudk avhvmxm;Edkif+yD;/ Ttcsuftvufrsm;onf toHk;0ifzG,f &Sdygonf? rkwfokef&moD a=umifh jrefrmEdkifiH&Sdav,mOfrsm; ysHoef;r_ ajymif;vJwwfygovm;? (e0w. tifwmeufpmrsufESmudkavhvmjcif; tm;jzifh/ av,mOftcsdefrsm;udk od&SdEdkif+yD;/ rkwfokef&moDa=umifh tusKd;oufa&mufr_&SdyHkudkvnf; rsm;pGmtcsuf tvuf&Edkifygonf?) u&iftrsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf (autJeft,fvfat) ESifh ucsifjynfe,fvGwfvyf Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

a&;wyfrawmf (autdkiftdk) wdk@wGif/ jrefrmppfwyf. ppfqifa&;qifE$JyHkudk vtvdkufrSwfwrf;ðyxm;r_rsm; &Sdygovm;? &moDOwktajctaetay: rlwnfI/ rnfodk@ vkyfaqmifyHkpepfudk aumufcsufcs,lEdkifygovm;? &moDOwka=umifh pm ay;pm,lpepfrsm;tay: rnfodk@oufa&mufygoenf;? ul;pufa&m*grsm;ydkrdktjzpfrsm;wwfonfh xl;jcm;onfh vrsKd;&Sd ygovm;? rnfolrsm;u Ttcsuftvufrsm;udk od&SdEdkifoenf;? udk,fwdkifudk,fus od&Sdxm;olrsm;xHrSowif;onf wefzdk;rjzwfEdkifyg? (c) o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;? ? jrefrmEdkifiH. o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;u¾rS owif;tcsuftvufrsm;onf/ EdkifiHa&; tHwkr_ESifh rnfodk@ ywfoufEdkifygoenf;? pmrsm; o,f,lydk@aqmifr_tay: oufa&mufr_a=umifh jzpfygonf? yl;aygif; nd‡Ed_if;a&;rSL;rsm;ESifh wufºuGv_yf&Sm;olrsm; c&D;oGm;vm=u&rnf jzpfaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? jrefrmtpdk;&ppfwyfu v_yf&Sm; c&D;oGm;aeaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? vltrsm;u aus;&GmwpfckrS wpfckodk@/ òrd@wpfckrS wpfòrd@odk@c&D;oGm;ae=u aoma=umifh jzpfygonf? axmufyHha&;ypPnf;rsm;onf um;vrf;rsm;wpfav#muf/ jrpfa=umif;rsm;wpfav#mufa&G@vsm; ae=uaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? owfrSwfae&m (u) rS (c) odk@ a&muf&Sdap&ef rnfr#=umjrifhrnfqdkonfudk wGufcsuf &efrSm ta&;}uD;aomudpPjzpfygonf? rdrd. rdwfzufESifh &efzufwyfzGJ@rsm;twGuf/ rnfonfho,f,lydk@aqmifa&;enf; vrf;rsm; &&SdEdkifoenf;? òrd@}uD;rsm;twGif; ajy;qGJaom bwfpfum;vdkif;rsm;ESifh òrd@wpfòrd@ESifh wpfòrd@qufoG,faom/ bwfpfum;vdkif; owif;tcsufrsm;&Sdxm;ygu toHk;0ifygonf? bwfpfum;/ &xm;vdkif;/ wuUpDtiSm;um;rsm;ESifh avSul;wdk@armif;olrsm;udk pnf;&Hk;xm;Edkifygovm;? To,f,lydk@aqmifa&;enf;vrf;rsm;udk &moDOwktajymif;tvJ a=umifh rnfodk@tusKd;oufa&mufr_ &Sdapoenf;? òrd@wGif; oGm;vmv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGuf wuUpDtiSm;um; iSm;&rf; toHk;ðyEdkifygovm;? TazmfjycJhaom ar;cGef;rsm;twGuf tpDtpOfa&;qGJolrsm;u rnfonfhae&mrsm;rS tcsuf tvufrsm; &&SdEdkifygonenf;? olwdk@taejzifh &xm;/ bwfpfum;/ av,mOfysH/ avSoabFm tcsdefZ,m;rsm;udk =unfh jcif;tm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ owif;pmESifh e,fvSnfhc&D;oGm;rsm;twGufxkwfa0aom pmapmifrsm;udk=unfhjcif; tm;jzifh pkaqmif;Edkifygonf? &xm;ESifh bwfpfum;*dwfrsm;odk@ oGm;vnf=unfh&_yg? e,fvSnfhc&D;oGm;rsm;ESifh pum; ajymqdkyg? Tenf;jzifh tcsuftvufrsm; pkaqmif;Edkifygonf? (*) ta0;ajymqufoG,fa&;pepf? ? (e0w) ppftpdk;&ESifh 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;twGuf/ rnfonfhpufr_ enf;ynmrsm; &&SdEdkifoenf;? qufoG,fa&;pepfqdkif&m rnfodk@aom pGrf;aqmifr_rsm; xyfrH&&SdEdkifao;oenf;? (ò*d[f wkqufoG,fa&;pepf/ tjrefydk@ vd_if;wdkpepf/ a&$@ajymif;Edkifaom zufpfydk@puf/ ponfwdk@jzpfonf?) r[mAsL[mcsrSwfol rsm;tzdk@/ ydkIvHkðcH tEW&m,fuif;aom qufoG,fa&;u&d,mrsm; 0,f,lEdkifpGrf; &Sdygovm;? vltoHk;trsm;aom bm ompum;jzifh/ t"du qufoG,fa&;uGef,ufrsm;wGif toHk;ðyygu/ jzpfEdkifacs&Sdygovm;? tpdk;&taejzifh rnfonfhae &mrsm;wGif/ tm;enf;csuf/ xdcdkufEdkifacs &Sdaeygoenf;? (rdkuU&dka0hzfrsm;/ w,fvDzkef;vdkif;rsm;/ cvkwfcHkrsm;/ =um;jzwf aESmuf,Sufjcif;rsm;) Oa&myESifh tar&duefEdkifiHrsm;odk@ pmwdkuf&dkufay;ydk@/ vufcHEdkifaom rdk'rfpufwyfqifxm;onfh/ uGefjyLwmpepfrsm; 0,f,l&ef tcGifhta&;&Sdygovm;? Todk@aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; rnfonfhae&mrsm;wGif pkaqmif; &&SdEdkifygoenf;? tcsKd@aom tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJ@tpnf; (tJef*sDtdk) rsm;rSm/ TuJhodk@aom pufr_enf; ynmopfrsm;ESifh ywfoufI/ tu|rf;w0if &Sd=uygonf? &Hzef&Hcg/ tpdk;&XmewGif vkyfaeaom/ E_wfzGmtav;rxm; ol qufoG,fa&;0efxrf;rsm;xHrSyif/ olwdk@.vkyfief;ESifhywfoufI Ttajzrsm;udk tvG,fwul&&SdEdkifygao;onf? qufoG,fa&; pufu&d,mrsm;. a=umfjimpmv$mrsm;rSaeI/ pufr_enf;ynmopfrsm;ESifh ywfoufaomtcsuftvuf rsm;vnf; &&SdEdkifygao;onf? EdkifiHwumr*~Zif;rsm;wGifvnf; Towif;rsm; yg0ifazmfjywwfygonf? tifwmeufpm rsufESmrsm;ESifh owif;&SmazGEdkifaom puftif*sifrsm; (search engines) wGifvnf; owif;rsm;pkaqmif;&&SdEdkifygonf? (C) EdkifiHa&;? ? Ttydk'fwGif/ r[mAsL[mcsrSwo f ltaejzifh/ olwdk@v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Guf&rnfh taxGaxG EdkifiHa&; aemufcHtajctaersm;udk azmfjyEdkifygonf? ppftkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'rsm;taejzifh touf0ifqJ&Sdaeygovm;? rnfodk@ rnfyHk EdkifiHa&;qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk csrSwfygoenf;? azmfjyxm;aom ‘Z,m;um;csyfrsm;’&Sdacgif;aqmifrsm;onf/ azmf jyygtwdkif; twdtus EdkifiHa&;tm%m/ qufqHa&;rsm; &Sd=uygovm;? EdkifiHa&;onf/ awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_aqmif &Guf&jcif;. tajccHta=umif;w&m;yifjzpf+yD;/ tpDtpOfcsrSwfolrsm;onf/ TEdkifiHa&;0ef;usifYyif twdtusvkyfudkif aqmif&Guf=u&rnf jzpfonf? odk@twGufa=umifh olwdk@taejzifh EdkifiHa&;'Da&vd_if;twuftusudk od&ygrnf? 'Drdkua& Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

pD twdkuftcHrsm;odk@/ (e0w) ppftpdk;&u xm;&Sdaom r[mAsL[mudk oHk;oyfazmfxkwfEdkifygovm;? Oyrmtm;jzifh(e0w) ppftpkd;&usif;yaeaom trsKd;om;nDvmcHonf/ Tr[mAsL[m. tpdwftydkif;wpf&yf jzpfygovm;? xdkif; ppfAdkvfcsKyfrsm;ESifh pD;yGg;a&;t& txl;qufqHa&; rnfodk@wnf&Sdaeygoenf;? EdkifiHa&;udpPrsm;twGuf ‘A[dkqGJtm; csufr’ &Sdygovm;? jrefrmEdkifiHESifh atqD,Htoif; (ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;toif;) wdk@ qufqHa&;wGif tjyef tvSef/ tay;t,ludpPrsm; rnfodk@ &Sdae=uygoenf;? tao;pdwfavhvmrnfh okawoeðyrnfholtwGuf/ Tar;cGef; rsm;twGuf tajztcsuftvufrsm; rnfonfhae&mu &&SdEdkifoenf;? owif;xkwfjyefcsufrsm;/ owif;tpD&ifcHcsuf rsm;/ vlyk*~dKvft& awG@qHkar;jref;cef;rsm;/ v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tay: oHk;oyfcsufrsm;/ EdkifiHa&;t& ppfwrf;aumuf,lar;jref; r_rsm;onf/ tpysKd;&ef taumif;qHk;ae&mrsm;jzpf+yD;/ tawG@tóuHrsm;aom jrefrmEdkifiHta&;apmihf=unfhavhvmaeol rsm;. oHk;oyfcsufrsm;onfvnf;/ avhvmoifhaom tcsuftvufrsm; jzpfygonf? (2) Ed_if;,SOfcsuft& wdkufcdkufEdkifpGrf;tm; r[mAsL[m cef@rSef;wGufcsufr_. Ttydk'fudk/ csufcsif; ckefysHausmfv$m;ra&;oifhyJ/ owif;tcsuftvufrsm;u rnf odk@ t"dy`g,f&onfudk pwifoHk;oyf&ef vdktyfygonf? odk@r[kwfygu/ tvsifpvdkoHk;oyfr_onf “yef;oD;rsm;ESifh vdarRmfoD;rsm;”[lI aumufcsufqGJrdapygvdrfhrnf? (ppfa&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_vkyfief;rsm;wGif ‘rwlnD aomvufeufpepfrsm;’udk oHk;=uygonf?) xdktwGufa=umifh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;onf &_yfaxG;axGjym;zG,fyif jzpfygonf? Ttydk'fwGif vdktyfcsuft&azmfjy&rnfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udkom/ uef@owfazmfjyoifhygonf? (u) &efzufppfwyfzGJ@rsm; 1? tiftm;? ? (ta&twGuf/ yrm%ESifh wyfzGJ@trsKd;tpm;) (e0w) ppftpdk;&u ‚if;.vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@ rsm;udk tiftm; (500000) txd/ wdk;csJ@&ef vsmxm;a=umif; azmfjycJhygonf? yifrtm;jzifh ajcvsifwyfrsm;om t"duwyfzGJ@tjzpf &Sdaernfjzpf+yD;/ ava=umif;ESifh yifv,fa&a=umif;pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_wGif tuef@towfjzifh &SdaeOD; rnf jzpfonf? 2? wdkufyGJ trdef@pD;qif;yHk? ? (rnfodk@ zGJ@pnf;xm;onf/ rnfonfhwyfzGJ@rsm;u rnfonfhzGJ@pnf;yHkwGif yg0ifonf?) Todk@ trsKd;tpm;cGJjcm;azmfjyyHkonf ta&;}uD;ygonf? txl;ojzifh tcsKd@aoma'orsm;wGif rnfonfhwyfzGJ@rsm;u wkH@jyefEdkifonfudk qHk;jzwf&mY jzpfonf? Todk@ wdkufyGJ trdef@pD;qif;yHkudk odxm;jcif;tm;jzifh/ tpDtpOfcsrSwfolrsm; taejzifh tcsKd@aom a&G;cs,faumufE_wfxm;onfh wyfrSL;tcsKd@. vlwpfOD;csif;. xl;jcm;r_tvdkuf tcsuftvuf rsm; (personalities profile) udk azmfxkwfpkaqmif;Edkifapygonf? EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_aumfrwD (Political Defiance Committee) onf t"dutm;jzifh/ wyfr XmecsKyfrsm;wnfae&m/ a'oqdkif&m trdef@ay;Xmersm;ESifh txuftqifh Xmersm;udkom tav;ay;pkaqmif;rnf jzpfygonf? 3? wnf&mXmersm;ESifh wyfcsxm;yHk? ? (TwyfzGJ@rsm; rnfonfhae&mrsm;Y wnf&Sdae=uoenf;? rnfodk@wyfpGJ xm;oenf;? rnfonfhvkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Gufae=uoenf;?) 4? wyfuljznfhqD;r_? ? (owfrSwfxm;aomwyfzGJ@rsm;twGuf/ rnfonfhwyfzGJ@rsm;u wyfuljznfhqD;ay;rnf enf;? ava=umif;csD wyful/ txl;uGefrif'dkwyf/ acsr_ef;a&;wyf/ ava=umif;ypful pojzifh)? ppfqifa&;rsm;twGuf yHkrSeftm;jzifh wyfulay;&ef rnfr#tcsdef,l&oenf;? wyfcsxm;&mae&mESifh (10)/ (30)/ (50)/ (100)/ (200) rdkif tuGm/ rnfodk@ &Sdoenf;? wyfuljznfhqD;&ef tcsdefESifh tuGmta0;qdkif&m ta=umif;tcsufrsm;a=umifh/ EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_ (yD'D) ppfqifa&;rsm;taejzifh tcsdefrnfr# &Edkifoenf;? rvdkvm;tyfaom tEW&m,f,l pGef@pm;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; rwdkifrD/ óudwifwGufqxm;Edkifygonf? 5? axmufyHhay;r_? ? wyfzGJ@rsm;udk rnfodk@jyefvnfaxmufyHhr_ jznfhqD;ay;oenf;? wdkufyGJjzpfyGg;aeaomtcsdef ESifh wdkufyGJrjzpfyGg;aomtcsdefY/ jyefvnfaxmufyHhr_rsm;udk rnfr#t=umwGif jznfhqD;ay;oenf;? txrf;orm;ay:wm rsm; pkaqmif;+yD;/ rnfr#umvt=umwGif ppfqifa&;wpfckudk pwifoenf;? ppfqifa&;aqmif&Gufrnfha'oodk@/ rcsD Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

wufrD/ zrf;qD;pkaqmif;xm;aom txrf;orm;ay:wmrsm;udk xdef;odrf;xm;rnfh twnfwus pcef;ae&m &Sdyg ovm;? jyefvnfaxmufyHhay;r_vkyfrnfh ppfum;wef;udk txl;wif;=uyfpGm vHkðcHa&;apmifh=uyfygovm;? rnfonfh ae&mrsm;wGif t"duusonfh *dka'gif/ odkavSmif&Hkrsm; wnf&Sdaeoenf;? 6? wdkufcdkufa&;pGrf;&nf xda&mufxufjrufr_? ? (oifwef;rsm;tay: cef@rSef;csuf/ tiftm;/ wyfzGJ@.ordkif; a=umif;/ '%f&m&&Sdr_E_ef;/ wdkufcdkufa&;pdwf"gwf xufoefr_/ pojzifh) Towif;tcsuftvufrsm;onf 0g'jzef@csda&; qdkif&m ta=umif;tcsufrsm; jyifqif&m/ jzef@jzL;&menf;vrf;rsm; a&G;cs,f&mY ta&;ygvSygonf? rwlnDuGJjym;aom wyfzGJ@rsm;wGif/ rwluGJjym;aom pGrf;aqmifEdkif&nfrsm; &Sd=uygonf? azmfjyxm;csuft& (wyfr-22/ cv& (121)/ oHcsyfumwyfrrsm;) pojzifh/ atmufygwyfzGJ@rsm;udk udk;um;azmfjyvdkygonf? Todk@udk;um;azmfjycsufrsm;onf/ aoe*FAsL[mcsrSwfolrsm;tzdk@/ xHk;wrf;pOfvmtvdkuf jzpfcJhaomtajctaersm;tay: oHk;oyfcsuf (pattern analysis) ðyapEdkifouJhodk@/ txl;owdxm;aqmif&Guf&rnfh tcsKd@aomwyfzGJ@rsm;udk ajryHkwGif ‘tvHxdk;azmfjyjcif;’ vnf;/ aqmif&Gufxm;Edkifygonf? e,l;a'vDtajcpdkuf/ jrefrmEdkifiH- t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_qdkif&m aumfrwD (pDtJef atbD) rS ðypkaom/ vufeufcsvmonfh ppfom;rsm;.ta=umif; tpD&ifcHpmt&/ jrefrmhwyfrawmftwGif; rnfr# pdwf"gwfusqif;ae=ua=umif; azmfjyxm;ygonf? tjcm;ðypkxm;aom vufeufcsolrsm;ta=umif; tpD&ifcHpmrsm; &Sdygovm;? odk@jzpfygu Ed_if;,SOfI pdwf"gwfusqif;aer_onf/ wyfzGJ@tcsKd@twGif;Yom jzpfysufaeonfhudpPavm/ wEdkifiHvHk; tESH@tjym;jzpfysufaeaom udpPavmqdkonfudk aumufcsufcs ed*Hk;csKyf oHk;oyf,lEdkifygonf? TwyfzGJ@rsm; wGif rnfonfhta=umif;rsm;a=umifh/ pdwf"gwfusqif;ae=u&ygoenf;? 7? ppfwyfrsm;. oD;oef@tcsuftvufrsm;? ? Tpmydk'fwGif/ jrefrmhwyfrawmfudk tzGJ@tpnf;wpfcktjzpf zGJ@pnf;xm;aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk azmfjyrnfjzpfygonf? ynmt&nftcsif;/ vlwef;pm;/ bmoma&;,Hk =unfudk;uG,fr_/ pdwf"gwfa&;&mwGef;tm;/ touftydkif;tjcm;/ pojzifh jzpfygonf? &efol.wyfzGJ@rsm;wnfae&m ae&mudk owif;pmrsm;/ EdkifiH&yfjcm;owif;azmfjycsufrsm;/ owif;a=ujimcsufrsm;/ ppfoHk@yef;rsm;udk ppfaq;&&Sdaom tpD&ifcHpmrsm;/ vufeufcsvmolrsm;/ vGwaf jrmufxGufajy;vmaom txrf;orm;ay:wmrsm; 12 xHrS &&SdEdkifygonf? awmfvSefa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;. udk,fydkifowif;ay;axmufvSrf;olrsm;/ vdkvm;axmufcHoljynfolrsm;/ a&'D,dk=um;jzwfzrf; ,l&&Sdaom owif;rsm;/ wdkufyGJtpD&ifcHpmrsm;/ jrefrmppfwyfESifh t}udrf}udrfzufòydifwdkufcdkufcJhzl;aom r[mrdwfwyfzGJ@ wyfrSL;rsm;udk udk,fawG@ar;jref;csufrsm;rSvnf; pkaqmif;&&SdEdkifygonf? (c) rdwfzufppfa&;tiftm;pkrsm;? ? atmifjrifaom r[mAsL[majrmufEdkifiHa&;tHwkr_ppfqifa&;rsm; csrSwf Edkif&eftwGuf/ ppfwyfwyfzGJ@rsm;udk olwdk@oufqdkif&m ppfe,fajrwdkufuGif;rsm;Y/ umvwpfpHkw&m txD;usefuef@ owfxm;ap&ef vdktyfaumif;vdkygvdrfhrnf? odk@r[kwf EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_tvkyftzGJ@rsm; jyefvnfa&muf&Sdap&ef/ tm&Hk v$Jonfhtaejzifh [efjyppfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; vdktyfaumif; vdktyfygvdrfhrnf? r[mAsL[mcsrSwfolrsm;. udk,fydkifppf wyfzGJ@rsm;onf/ jrefrmhwyfrawmfudk pdwf"gwfppfqifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ðyvkyfaqmif&Guf&eftwGuf rsm;pGmtaxmuf tul jzpfapygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh tpDtpOfa&;qGJolrsm;taejzifh/ olwdk@. udk,fydkifwyfzGJ@rsm;ESifh ywfoufaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk/ txufazmfjyygenf;twdkif;yif pkaqmif;&efvdktyfygvdrfhrnf? olwdk@taejzifh rdwfzufppfa&; tiftm;pkrsm;. owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk rnfonfhae&mrsm;rS &&SdEdkifoenf;? olwdk@taejzifh xdkppfwyfrsm;. XmecsKyfrsm;rSaeI pwifpkaqmif;Edkifygonf? jzpfEdkifaomtcsufrSm/ ppfa&;acgif;aqmifwyfrSL;rsm;onf/ olwdk@. udk,f ydkiftiftm;ESifh tm;enf;csufqdkif&m owif;tcsufrsm;udk ay;&ef/ wkH@qdkif;aeEdkifygonf? Towif;tcsuftvufrsm; onf/ ta&;ygtEW&m,f&Sdaoma=umifh/ xdef;odrf;umuG,f&ygrnf? odk@twGufa=umifh oifhavsmaf om oufqdkif&m yk*~dKvfrsm;u Towif;tcsuftvufrsm; rnfonfhtwGufa=umifh &&Sd&efvdktyfa=umif; &Sif;vif;jy&ygrnf? xdk@tjyif 12

jrefrmhwyfrawmftaejzifh t&yfom;rsm;udkodrf;ñuH;zrf;qD;I/ ppfqifa&;wm0efxrf;aqmifaeaom wyfzGJ@rsm;odk@/ ppfa&;qdik f&m axmufyHh a&;ypPnf;rsm;ydk@aqmifap&ef txrf;orm;ay:wmtjzpf toHk;csavh&SdonfrSm/ vkyf&dk;vkyfpOf jzpf&yfwpfck jzpfygonf? vGefcJhaomESpfrsm; twGif; t}udrf}udrf&&Sdaom tpD&ifcHcsurf sm;t&/ Ttxrf;orm;ay:wmrsm;udk olykefrsm;xdef;csKyfxm;aom e,fajrrsm;wGif/ ppfwyf ppfa=umif;a&S@rS twif;t"rRav#mufapI/ ‘vlom;rdkif;&Sif;u&d,mrsm;’tjzpf toHk;ðyavh&Sdygonf? Todk@ tEW&m,frsm;ESifh ppfom;rsm;. vlrqef=urf;wrf;pGm qufqHr_a=umifh/ ay:wm tajrmuftrsm;u vGwfajrmufxGufajy;&ef óudf;yrf; =uygonf? Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

Towif;rsm;udk EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_aumfrwD&Hk; (PDC) wGif rnfodk@rnfyHk vHkðcHpGmxdef;odrf;xm;rnfqdkonfudkvnf; &Sif; jy&ygrnf? (t=uHðycsuf? ? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wpfckwGif/ ppfa&;qdkif&mu¾rsm; yg0ifywfoufaernfqdkygu/ t"duusaom qdk;usKd;/ tm;enf;csufudk jzpfapEdkifygonf? ‚if;ppfa&;qdkif&mu¾rsm;u/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. &Sifoefvnfywfr_'dkif;erpfudk taESmifht,SufjzpfapEdkif+yD;/ Tv_yf&Sm;r_twGif; vlopfrsm;yg0ifyl;aygif;ap&ef pnf;&Hk;&m Y ydkItcuftcJ&SdEdkifygonf? v_yf&Sm;r_udk/ vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;wpfck. t=urf;zuform;rsm;wyfzGJ@cGJ ozG,f pGyfpGJajymqdkap&ef vrf;zGifhay;ouJh odk@jzpfap+yD;/ EdkifiHwumaxmufcHr_ &&Sdap&efvnf; cufcJwwfygonf? xdk@tjyif ppftpdk;&xHrS ydkIjyif;xeft=urf;zufaom wkH@jyefr_udk jyefI vufcH&zG,f&Sdygonf? trSefpifppfwGif/ tcsKd@aom twdkuftcHtzGJ@rsm;onf/ Ta&G;cs,fr_enf;vrf;udk pGef@v$wf&ef/ &Hzef&Hcg jiif;y,fwwf=uaomfvnf;/ Todk@a&G;cs,f r_a=umifh &&SdvmrnfhtusKd;tjrwfxuf/ ay;qyf&rnfhwefzdk;u ydkIrsm;jym;onfudkvnf;/ tawG@tñuHt& olwdk@em; vnfoabmaygufxm;=uygonf? TtzGJ@rsm;udk t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@rsm;tjzpf/ vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm; ryg apyJ/ toGiful;ajymif;ap&ef wdkufwGef;em;csI r&Edkifao;aomtajctaewGif/ olwdk@xdef;csKyfxm;aom odk@r[kwf/ =oZmv$rf;rdk; tkyfcsKyfr_atmuf&Sd jynfolvlxkrsm;udk/ ta&;}uD;aom tpdwftydkif;rsm;tjzpf owfrSwfEdkifygonf? vufeufudkifv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk/ v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rSaeI z,fusOfa&SmifcGmaeapoifhygonf? r[mAsL[mtaejzifh/ vufeuf udkifwyfzGJ@rsm;udk toHk;csaejcif;udk/ tcsdef,lI wpfqifhcsif;&kyfodr;f oGm;ap&ef/ pOf;pm;apoifhygonf?) (*) qef@usifzuftiftm;pkrsm;. EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_? ? (e0w) ppftpdk;&taejzifh/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ppfqif a&;qifE$J&eftwGuf/ twdkif;tq}uD;rm;aom tvm;tvm/ tiftm;rsm; &Sdaeygonf? odk@aomf TtajctaewGif Ttiftm;rsm;udk vufawG@toHk;csjcif; r&Sdao;yg? odk@aomf rdrdwdk@.udk,fydkif ppfqifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk jyefvSefxdk; ppfqif&ef/ TpGrf;yum;rsm;udk/ xkwfoHk;&efoHEMdXmefcs toHk;csvmonfhtaetxm;udk/ todtrSwfðyxm;&ef ta&; }uD;ygonf? (e0w) ppftpdk;&. ta&;ygaom vkyfaqmifEdkif&nfrsm;udk atmufygtcsufrsm;twdkif; cGJjcm;todtrSwf ðyxm;oifhygonf? 1? tiftm;rsm; (u) pmaypDppfwnf;jzwfr_ (c) a&'D,dk/ &kyfjrifoH=um;ESifh owif;pmrsm;ydkifqdkifxm;r_ (*) ynma&;qdkif&mu¾tm;vHk;udk csKyfudkifxm;r_ (C) vltrsm;. trltusifhrsm;udk =oZmoufa&mufap&eftwGuf &Sdonfh aiGtdwftiftm; (i) EdkifiHwumtodtrSwfðyr_ESifh EdkifiHwumowif;rD'D,mrsm;ESifh tjcm;ta&;}uD;aom qufoG,fa&;u¾rsm;odk@ qufpyfEdkifr_/ (p) aumif;pGmavhusifhxm;aom/ tus,ftjyef@csxm;aom axmufvSrf;a&;uGef&uf/ (q) urBmtqifhrD/ qufoG,fa&;,EW,m;rsm;/ pGrf;&nfrsm; 2? tm;enf;csufrsm; (u) tkyfcsKyfEdkifr_ pGrf;&nf/ t&nftcsif; r&Sdjcif; (c) vlxkrsm;u axmufcHr_r&jcif; (*) aocsmavhusifhxm;aom r[mAsL[mcsrSwfa&;orm;rsm; r&Sdjcif; (C) wdkif;&if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;udk vlrsKd;wkef;owfjzwfokwfoifa&;/ rl0g'rsm;udk tm;ay;tm;ajr‡muf ðyaejcif; (i) tjcm;tm;enf;csufrsm;ESifh xdcdkufepfemvG,faom ta=umif;rsm; (3) axmufwdkifrsm; (u) jrefrmhwyfrawmf (c) ppfwyfaxmufvSrf;a&;wyfzGJ@ (Military Intelligence Service) (*) owif;rD'D,m (C) EdkifiH&yfjcm; &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm; Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

(i) pD;yGg;a&;tiftm;pkrsm; (p) t&yfzuf 0efxrf;rsm; (q) tjcm; (atqD,HtzGJ@/ w&kyfEdkifiH pojzifh) (4) vlOD;a&qdkif&m xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfh tcsufrsm; (u) taxGaxG (ESpfzufpvHk;tiftm;pkrsm;twGuf xnfhoGif;wGufcsufoHk;oyf&ef) (c) vlOD;a& 45103809 (1995-ckESpf cef@rSef;) (*) touf 0-14 ESpft&G,f=um;/ (36 μ) (trsKd;orD; 7963544/ trsKd;om; 8285459) (C) touf 15-64 ESpft=um;/ (60 μ) / 65-ESpfESifhtxuf/ (4 μ) (i) vlOD;a&wdk;wufr_E_ef;/ (1² 84 μ) (p) arG;zGg;r_E_ef;/ vlOD;a&wpfaxmifv#if (28² 02) arG;E_ef; (q) aoqHk;r_E_ef;/ vlOD;a&wpfaxmifv#if (9² 63) aoE_ef; (Z) vlOD;a&xlxyfr_/ &efukef/ rEWav;ESifh armfvòrdifòrd@rsm; (5) qef@usifzuftiftm;pk. EdkifiHa&;pOf;pm;xm;csufrsm; (u) obm0t& r[mrdwftiftm;pkrsm; (1) jrefrmhwyfrawmf (2) ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;wyfzGJ@ (3) t&yfzuf 0efxrf;rsm; (4) pD;yGg;a&;tiftm;pkrsm; (5) w&kyf/ puFmyl/ *syef/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;/ xdkif;EdkifiHrsm; (6) tjcm;tcsufrsm; (c) toif;tzGJ@rsm; (t=uHðycsuf? ? trSwf&ap&efrSm/ toif;tzGJ@rsm;onf “tm%mwnf&mA[dkcsufr” (loci of power) tajccHrsm; jzpf=uygonf? wenf;tm;jzifh vlr_a&;tm%mrsm;wnf&m&if;jrpf jzpfygonf? tm%mudk A[dkcsufrrS jzef@cGJ&mvkyfief;pOfY/ Ttoif;tzGJ@rsm;onf ta&;}uD;ygonf? xdk@tjyif EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_ r[mAsL[mcsrSwfolrsm; taejzifh tm%m.axmufwdkifrsm;udk &SmazGowfrSwfI/ =um;aeoGm;ap&ef/ odk@r[kwf rdrdzuful;ajymif;vmap&ef aqmif&Guf&mY ta&;}uD;ygonf?) (1) jynfaxmifpk=uHhcdkifa&;ESifh zGH@òzd;a&;toif; (USDA) (2) oHCmrsm; (Ak'<bmomqdkif&m bmoma&;OD;aqmifr_) (3) pmayESifh tEkynm&Sifrsm;toif; (4) q&mrsm;toif; (5) ppfjyefppfr_xrf;a[mif;rsm;toif; (6) tm;upm;uvyfrsm (7) tjcm;toif;tzGJ@rsm; (*) EdkifiHa&;tufa=umif;rsm; (1) ajcvsifwyf wyfrSL;rsm;ESifh ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;t=um; (2) (e0w) twGif;&Sd oabmxm;aysmhajymif;olrsm;ESifh wif;rmolrsm;t=um; (3) (e0w) ppftpdk;&ESifh v,form;rsm;t=um; (4) 0gEkESifh 0g&ifh t&m&Sdrsm;t=um; (5) wyfom;rsm;ESifh t&m&Sdtqifhr[kwfaom ppfwyft=uyfacgif;aqmifrsm;t=um; (6) tjcm;?

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

(C) rdwfzuftiftm;pkrsm;. EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_ vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf; EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_ vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf; owif;tcsuftvufrsm;pGmudk/ EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_vkyfief;wGif wufºuGpGmyg0ifaqmif &Gufae=uolrsm;xHrSaomfvnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_aumfrwD tzGJ@0ifrsm;xHrSaomfvnf;aumif; &&SdEdkifygonf? tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&m owif;/ trdef@ay;pepf pD;qif;yHk/ wnfae&m/ EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_vkyfief; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;rSL;rsm; ESifh wufºuGv_yf&Sm;olrsm; cGJjzef@csxm;yHk/ r=umao;rDumvu aqmif&GufcJhaomv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh v_yf&Sm;olta& twGufudk EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_tzGJ@0ifrsm;xHrS &&SdEdkifygonf? 1? tm%m.axmufwdkifrsm; (t=uHðycsuf? ? tm%m.axmufwdkifrsm;onf/ rdrdwdk@ tm&Hkpdkufvkyfaqmif&rnfhudpPjzpfygonf? qef@usifzuf tiftm;pkrsm;. tm%m.axmufwdkifrsm;onf/ rdrdwdk@&nfrSef;wdkufcdkuf&rnfh ypfrSwfrsm;jzpf+yD;/ r[mrdwftiftm;pk rsm;. tm%m.axmufwdkifrsm;rSm/ rdrdwdk@. wefzdk;t}uD;qHk;aom ppfqifa&;&if;jrpfrsm; jzpfygonf?) (u) trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pD tzGJ@csKyf (c) jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiH trsKd;om;aumifpD (tJefpD,lbD) (*) &[ef;ysKdor*~rsm; (C) EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_ aumfrwD 1? wdkif;&if;om;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; 2? EdkifiHwum&Sd vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (yGifhvif;aomvl@abmif (Open Society Institute) pojzifh) 3? urBmhukvor*~ 2? vlOD;a&qdkif&mtcsuftvufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;csuf (rdrd&efzufudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;pOfu tcsuftvuf rsm;ESifh twlwlyif jzpfonf?) (u) wuUodkvfbGJ@&rsm; jyef@uGJwnf&SdaeyHk (wuUodkvfbGJ@&rsm;taejzifh/ EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_tzGJ@rsm;twGuf u|rf;usifr_t&nftcsif;rsm;ESifh OD;aqmifr_udk yHhydk;ay;Edkifygonf? olwdk@taejzifh 0g'jzef@jzL;a&;wm0ef,l=uolrsm;xHrS tzHkzHkaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk vufcH&&Sdygvdrfhrnf? todynmqdkonfrSm/ tm%m&Sifrsm;u xHk;wrf;pOf vmt& rESpfòrd@aomudpPjzpf+yD;/ }uD;rm;aom+cdrf;ajcmufr[ _ k jrif=uygonf? Todk@,lqonfhtwdkif;vnf; rSefuefyg onf?) (c) a'otvdkuf pmwwfajrmufr_E_ef; (*) vlrsKd;ESifh bmomtvdkuf uGJjym;aexdkif=uyHk (Towif;tcsuftvufrsm;onf/ v_yf&Sm;rnfholrsm;/ yl;aygif;nd‡Ed_if;aqmif&Gufa&;rSL;rsm;udk a&G;cs,f&mY taxmuftuljzpfap+yD;/ rwluGJjym;aom vltkyfpkrsm;tvdkuf 0g' jzef@csda&;aqmif&Gufrnfholrsm;u/ oifhawmfaomtcsuftvufrsm;/ bmompum; ponfwdk@jyifqif&mY taxmuf tulðyygonf?) (C) a'otvdkuf vlaer_tqifh (tu,fI aus;&GmwpfckwGif pm;a&&duQmtenf;i,fom&Sdygu/ aomuf oHk;a& r&Sdygu/ v#yfppfrD;r&Sdygu/ usef;rma&;ukoapmifha&Smufr_ r&Sdygu/ aiGjzpf pdkufysKd;oD;ESHxkwfvkyfEdkifr_ r&Sdygu/ vli,ft&G,frsm; usef&Sdraeygu/ xdkaus;&Gmrsm;taejzifh rdrdwdk@.v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGuf taxmuftyHhrsm;pGmay;Edkif rnf[k ar#mfvifhxm;I rjzpfEdkifay? ‚if;tpm; rdrdwdk@u olwdk@udk wpfckck jyefay;&ygrnf? wpfckckqdk&mY jrifomaom ypPnf;wpfckckomru/ 'Drdkua&pD zuf'&,ftpdk;&jzpfvm+yD;onfhaemufydkif; olwdk@ rnfodk@rnfyHktusKd;&SdEdkifrnf[laom tjrifudkyg ay;&ygrnf?) 3? EdkifiHa&;qdkif&mtcsuftvufrsm; (u) obm0t& r[mrdwftiftm;pkrsm; (t=uHðycsuf? ? rnfolrsm;. tusKd;udk (tJefpD,lbD) u jznfhpD;ay;rnfenf;?) (1) jrefrmEdkifiHe,fpyfwpfav#muf&Sd pD;yGg;a&;tiftm;pkrsm; (2) ausmif;om;rsm; Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

(3) bmoma&;toif;rsm; (4) wdkif;&if;om;tiftm;pk trsm;pk (5) trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pD tzGJ@csKyf (tJeft,fvf'D) (6) obm0ywf0ef;usifa&;&m tzGJ@rsm; (7) vl@tcGifhta&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (8) tjcm;? (t=uHðycsuf? ? trSwf&ap&efrSm/ toif;tzGJ@rsm;onf “tm%mwnf&mA[dkcsufr” (loci of power) tajccHrsm; jzpf=uygonf? r[mAsL[mqdkif&m cef@rSef;wGufcsufr_ aqmif&Gufolonf/ rdrdzufom; ‚if;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; . pGrf;aqmifEdkif&nfrsm;udk tuJjzwf&mY/ vufawG@usus oHk;oyf&ygrnf? xdk@tjyif ywfoufr_&Sdaeaom EdkifiHwum tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udkvnf;/ jrefrmEdkifiHta&;ESifhywfoufI pdwf0ifpm;r_&Sdaev#if xnfhoGif;&ygrnf? ) (1) trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pD tzGJ@csKyf (tJeft,fvf'D) (2) ucsiftrsKd;om; wpfckvHk;qdkif&m zGH@òzd;a&; vlr_tzGJ@tpnf; (Pan-Kachin Development Society) (3) (tJefpD,lbD) tzGJ@0iftoif;rsm; (4) 'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmhtoH ('DAGDbD) (5) jrefrmEdkifiH tvkyform;or*~rsm;tzGJ@csKyf (tufzfwD,lbD) (6) &dk[if*sm aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@ (tm&f tufpf tdk) (7) urBmhukvor*~ (8) trsKd;om; 'Drdkua&pD axmufyHhay;a&;toif;}uD; (National Endowment for Democracy) (9) EdkifiHwum &Dywfbvpfuif tzGJ@}uD; (International Republican Institute) (10) yGifhvif;aomvl@abmif tzGJ@ (Open Society Institute) (11) tjcm; (*) EdkifiHa&;tufa=umif;rsm; (t=uHðycsuf? ? EkdifiHa&;t& tpdwfpdwftr$mr$mjzpfaer_rSm/ 'Drdkua&pD v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;Y tus,ftjyef@jzpfyGg; aeygonf? }uD;rm;aom oabmxm;uGJvGJr_rsm;udkom &SmazGazmfxw k fowfrSwfay;oifhygonf?) (1) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH trsKd;om;!$ef@aygif;tpdk;& (tJefpD*sD,lbD) ESifh jrefrmEdkifiH 'Drdku&ufwpf r[mrdwftzGJ@csKyf ('DatbD) (2) (tJefpD,lbD) ESifh &dk[if*smtzGJ@rsm; (cGJz,fcsefxm;r_tay:) (3) (tJefpD,lbD) ESifh (tufzfwD,lbD) (yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_qdkif&m) (4) (tJefpD*sD,lbD) ESifh trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pD tzGJ@csKyf (vGwfajrmufe,fajr) (tJeft,fvf'D-t,fvfat) (e,fpyf&Sd acgif;aqmifr_tay:) (5) tjcm; 4? vHkðcHa&;qdkif&m ta=umif;tcsufrsm; (u) wefjyefaxmufvSrf;a&;vkyfief;rsm;. xda&mufxufjrufr_ (TaxmufvSrf;a&;vkyfief;rsm; worwfwnf;xd a&mufxufjrufaeygovm;? EdkifiHtHwkr_vkyfief;rsm; apmpD;pGmtaumiftxnfay:Edkifa&;twGuf tcGifhtvrf;rsm; &Sdaeygovm;?) (c) vlpnf;&Hk;odrf;oGif;&eftwGuf tm;enf;csuf&Sdaeolrsm; (*) tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; ppfaq;/ jyifqifapjcif; vkyfief;pOfrsm; (axmufvSrf;a&;olv#Kdrsm; xdk;azmufcH&r_enf;ap&eftwGuf tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;/ rnfonfhvkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Guf xm;+yD;+yDenf;? vlopfrsm;udk ppfaq;&eftwGuf/ owif;rSm;ay;r_rsm;udk axmufjyjcif;/ apmifh=unfhjcif;ESifh 'kwd, tqifhaxmufcHay;rnfholudk &SmazGjcif; ponfhenf;emrsm;jzifh oHk;Edkifygonf? ) (C) qufoG,fa&;pepfrsm;

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

(owif;rsm;udk rnfonfhenf;jzifh ay;ydk@oenf;? pepfrsm;u rnfr#vHkðcHr_ &Sdoenf;? qufom;pepf/ a&'D,dk/ yHkao pmwdkufyHk;/ vufcHoufoufjzifh ay;ydk@enf;/ rlvu óudwifowfrSwfxm;aompum;0Sufrsm;/ yD*sDyD (PGP) pm0Sufenf;/ tjcm;aom uGefjyLwmjzifh qufoG,fay;ydk@onfhenf;rsm;udk jyefI oHk;oyfppfaq;&ygrnf?) (i) owif;rsm;ESifh pm&Gufpmwrf;taxmuftxm;rsm; vHkðcHa&; twdkuftcHtzGJ@rsm;twGif;/ ppftpdk;&.xdk;azmuf0ifa&mufxm;Edkifaom pGrf;&nfudkavsmhI rwGufqoifhyg? odk@ twGufa=umifh/ ta&;}uD;aom taxmuftxm;/ pm&Gufpmwrf;tm;vHk;twGuf/ “vHkðcHa&;pepf” (chain of custody) udk xm;&Sd&ygrnf? v_yf&Sm;r_taejzifh/ pmwpfckudk zwf+yD;olwdkif;. zwf+yD;a=umif;taxmuftxm;rsm; udk rSwfwrf;wifI/ xdkrSwfwrf;udk odrf;qnf;&ygrnf? xdk@tjyif ta&;}uD;v#Kd@0Sufowif;rsm;udk rnfolomodoifhonf[k uef@owfr_rsm;udkvnf;/ tpOfojzifh jyefvnfppfaq;ae&ygrnf? (t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wGif tenf;i,faomowif; rsm;udkom v#Kd@0Suftjzpfxm;ap&ygrnf? txl;ojzifh ayguf=um;ygu/ vlrsm;udk tEW&m,fusa&mufapEdkifaom owif;rsm; jzpfygonf?) (3) xifjrif,lqcsufrsm; OD;wnfcsuf (Mission) ESifh &&Sdxm;aomowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk =unfhI/ r[mAsL[ma&;qGJolwpfOD;taejzifh/ vpf[maeaom=um;uGufvyfrsm;udk ‘xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;’ jzifh jznfh&ygrnf? olwdk@taejzifh jzpfEdkifacs&Sdaom v_yf &Sm;r_tpDtpOfrsm; (Courses of Action) udk pOf;pm;wGufcsuf&mYvnf;/ ‘xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;’jzifh aygif;xnfhpOf; pm;&efvdktyfygonf? xda&mufaomr[mAsL[mrsm;rSm ‘xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;’oufoufjzifh/ tajccHvkyfaqmifI r&yg? &&SdEdkifor#aom tcsuftvufrsm;udk tajccHjcif;jzifhom/ atmifjrifaom t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wpfckudk qifE$J Edkifrnf jzpfygonf? tu,fI ‘xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;’udk ðyvkyf&efvdktyfyguvnf;/ xdktcsuftvufrsm; wwfEdkif or# rSefuefr_&Sdap&ef óud;yrf;oifhygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh(u) EdkifiH&yfjcm;tpdk;&rsm;rS/ (tJefpD,lbD) odk@ ppfa&;tultnDrsm; axmufyHhay;vdrfhrnf r[kwf? (c) EdkifiHwumukyR%Drsm;. =oZma=umifh/ taemufwdkif;'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm;onf/ (e0w) ppftpdk;&tay: jyif;xef aomta&;,lr_rsm; vkyfaqmifvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg? E_wftm;jzifh zdtm;ay;ajymqdkr_rsm;jzifhom olwdk@&yfwef@ae=uyg vdrfhrnf? (*) tif'dkeD;&Sm;ESifh xdkif;EdkifiHwdk@rS tusKd;pD;yGg;t&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfygwDXmecsKyf (National Democratic Party HQs) odk@vmaom aiGa=u;rsm;uvnf;/ jrefrmEdkifiHtay:xm;&Sdaom tar&dueftpdk;&. rl0g'rsm;udk v$rf;rdk; =oZmoufa&mufr_ &Sdapygvdrfhrnf? (C) EdkifiH&yfjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;onf/ jrefrmEdkifiH. pD;yGg;a&;zGH@òzd;wdk;wufr_ESifh EdkifiHa&;wnf+idrfr_twGuf tc&musygonf? (i) tjcm;tcsufrsm;? r[mAsL[mcef@rSef;wGufcsufr_. Tae&mwGif/ r[mAsL[ma&;qGJolrsm;taejzifh/ &&Sdxm;aomowif;tcsuftvuf rsm;ESifh xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;udk aygif;pyftoHk;ðy&ygrnf? aemufwpfqifhwGifvkyfaqmif&efrSm/ &efol. vkyfaqmifEdkif pGrf;udk tuJjzwf&efjzpf+yD;/ rdrd. EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_ v_yf&Sm;r_tpDtpOfrsm; (Courses of Action) tay: oufa&mufr_&Sd vmEdkifonfhtajctaeudk wGufq&efjzpfonf? Todk@ tawG;tac:ydkif;qdkif&mavhusifhcef;udk r[mAsL[mcef@rSef;wGuf csufr_ tydkf'f (2/ c) wGif pwifazmfjyxm;ygonf? (c) qef@usifzuftiftm;pk. vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf; jrefrmhwyfrawmfqdkif&mowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk jyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;ESifh cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmavhvmjcif;tm;jzifh/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_onf/ rdrd. EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_ v_yf&Sm;r_tpDtpOfrsm; (Courses of Action) tay: oufa&muf r_&SdvmEdkifonfh/ &efol. vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;udk wGufcsufazmfxkwfEdkifygonf? jrefrmhwyfrawmf. vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;ESifh ywfoufI ed*Hk;csKyfEdkifaomtcsufrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfEdkifygonf? (1) a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk jyefvnfzrf;qD;xdef;odrf;Edkifjcif;/ owfjzwfvkyf=uHEdkifjcif;/ jynfESifjcif;? Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

(2) vGwfajrmufa'orsm;&Sd ppfqifa&;pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_udk avsmhcs&efrvdkyJ/ vlOD;a&xlxyfaom òrd@jyA[dk csufrae&m (3) ckwGif/ vlxktHkºuGr_rsm;udk t=urf;zufI acsr_ef;jcif;/ (3) w&kyf/ tdENd,ESifh xdkif;EdkifiHrsm;rS ppfwyfrsm;ESifh axmufvSrf;a&;wyfzGJ@rsm;. yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_udk &,l I/ e,fpyf wavsmuf&Sd jrefrm'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;. pGrf;aqmifEdkif&nfrsm;udk uef@owfjcif;/ ydwfyif txD;usefapjcif;? (4) EdkifiH&yfjcm;toHv$ifhcsufrsm;udk =um;jzwfaESmifh,Sufydwfqdk@jcif;? (5) (tJefpD,lbD)§(autJef,l) XmecsKyfudk wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkufjcif;? (*) rdrd.udk,fydkif v_yf&Sm;r_tpDtpOf (Courses of Action) (CA) v_yf&Sm;r_. OD;wnfcsufESifh rdrd.vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;udk aemufxyfwpf}udrfjyefvnf avhvmqef;ppf+yD;aomtcg/ r[m AsL[mcef@rSef;wGufcsufr_udk aqmif&Gufaomoltaejzifh/ rdrdOD;wnfcsufjynfhajrmufatmif aqmif&GufEdkifrnfh rdrdudk,f ydkif v_yf&Sm;r_tpDtpOfrsm; (Courses of Action) udk csrSwfEdkifygonf? trSwf&&eftcsufrSm/ xda&mufxufjruf aomr[mAsL[mrsm;onf/ &efoludk tm&HkaxGjym;apI/ OD;wnfcsufvGJaponfhtcsufyif jzpfygonf? xdk@twGuf a=umifh rdrd.OD;wnfcsufqDodk@ wdkuf&dkufr[kwfyJ oG,f0dkufaomvrf;a=umif; (odk@aomfvnf; vwfwavmOD;wnf csuf&Sd&ygrnf?) jzifhoGm;jcif;udk a,bk,stm;jzifh ydkIjzpfapoifhygonf? xdk@tjyif t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_taejzifh rdrd .taumif;qHk;tiftm;udk pkpnf;I/ &efol. tm;tenf;qHk;tydkif;udk wdkufcdkuf&ygrnf? r[mAsL[mqdkif&mtqifh wGif/ r[mAsL[mudk }uD;=uyfaeolwpfOD;taejzifh/ olwdk@. vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;rsm;tm;vHk;udk csdefqxdawG@ae&ygrnf? (CA 1) EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_vkyfief;. tm;aumif;csufrsm;udk jrefrmEdkifiHtESH@tjym; jzef@csufwnf aqmufrnfh r[mAsL[mwGif/ ‚if;.&nfrSef;csufrsm;onf/ u? wpfEdkifiHvHk;twdkif;twmjzifh EdkifiHa&;rwnf+idrfr_jzpfap&eftwGuf/ EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_ v_yf&Sm;r_ rsm;azmfaqmifa&;? c? 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;twGuf tzGJ@0ifopfrsm; pkaqmif;a&;? *? taxGaxGoydwf}uD;wpf&yftwGuf jyifqifa&;? C? (e0w) udk taxGaxGtrsKd;rsKd;aom/ jyef@usJaeaom ypfrSwfrsm;ESifh &ifqdkif&apa&;? (CA 2) tjcm;?

3? qef@usifzuftiftm;pk. v_yf&Sm;vmrnfh tpDtpOfrsm; (Courses of Action) udk oHk;oyfjcif;? Ttydk'fwGif/ &efol. vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;wpfcsufcsif;udk qHk;jzwfI/ rdrd. v_yf&Sm;r_tpDtpOfwpfckcsif;tay: tusKd; oufa&mufvmEdkifpGrf;udk Ed_if;,SOfavhvm&ef jzpfygonf? txufwGifOyrmay;/ azmfjyxm;aom pGrf;aqmifEdkif&nfrsm; udk,lI oHk;oyf&ygu/ 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;taejzifh/ &efukef/ rEWav;/ armfvòrdif òrd@}uD; (3) ckwGif/ jrefrmhwyfr awmfwyfom;rsm;u trdef@emcHr_ &Sd-r&Sd tajctaetwdtusrod&yJ/ rdrd. v_yf&Sm;r_tpDtpOf (Courses of Action) tjzpf/ t"duvlxktHkºuGr_}uD; ac:,l&ef qHk;jzwfxm;ygu/ jy\emñuH&awmhrnf jzpfonf? 4? rdrd. v_yf&Sm;r_tpDtpOfrsm;udk Ed_if;,SOfjcif;? Ttydk'fwGif/ v_yf&Sm;r_tpDtpOfwpfckcsif;. tm;omcsuf/ tm;enf;csufrsm;udk (rnfonfhtcsufu t"duusonf udk) csifhcsdef&ygrnf? Oyrmtm;jzifh/ t"duusaomtcsufrSm vlxkxdcdkufusqHk;r_ tenf;qHk;jzpfapa&;/ ponfhtcsuf rsKd; jzpfEdkifygonf? 5? qHk;jzwfcsuf? qHk;jzwfxm;aom v_yf&Sm;r_tpDtpOfudk/ ppfqifa&;qdkif&m OD;wnfcsuf (operational mission statement) tjzpf jyefvnfa&;om;jcif;? tESpfcsKyf Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

Ttcef;wGif/ r[mAsL[mcef@rSef;wGufcsufr_ wpfck jyifqifรฐypk&mY/ yg0if&rnfhta=umif;t&mrsm;ESifh vkyfief;tqifh rsm;udk oHk;oyfjyxm;ygonf? r[mAsL[mcef@rSef;wGufcsufr_onf/ r[mAsL[majrmuf ppfa&;tpDtpOfa&;qGJolrsm; twGuf tc&musaom rSwfwrf;jzpfygonf? TrSwfwrf;rSm tvsiftjrefรฐypkjyifqifEdkifaom rSwfwrf;r[kwfyg? odk@ aomfvnf;/ TrSwfwrf;a&;om;&mwGif u&kรฐy&rnfhtcsufrSm/ EdkifiHa&;twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;. aqmif&GufEdkif onfhpGrf;&nftwdkif;twmtwGif;rSom/ a&;om;รฐypk&ygvdrfhrnf? aocsmpGm jyifqifรฐypka&;om;xm;aom cef@rSef; wGufcsufr_wpfcka=umifh/ taumif;qHk; v_yf&Sm;r_tpDtpOfudk a&G;cs,fapEdkif+yD;/ OD;wnfcsufjynfhajrmufum/ qHk;&_H;Edkifr_ tcGifhtvrf;enf;apygonf? r[mAsL[mcef@rSef;wGufcsufr_onf/ taorSwfwrf; r[kwfyg? touf0ifaeaomrSwf wrf;jzpf+yD;/ tcsdefESifh wajy;nDjznfhpGuf rSwfwrf;wifae&ygrnf? OD;pD;t&m&Sdavhvma&;uJhodk@yif/ pepfusaomyHkpHESifh tav;ay;tm&Hkxm;aqmif&ufr_rSm txl;vdktyfygonf? pepfusaomyHkpHtm;jzifh tawG;udk&Sif;ap+yD;/ zdpD;r_cHae& aomtcsdefYyif/ pepfwusawG;ac:apEdkifygonf?

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

tcef; (7)

ppfqifa&; tpDtrHa&;qGJjcif;qdkif&mwGif xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfh ta=umif;rsm; “tajccHOya'\rSm/ vHk;0tðycHoabm vufOD;r_rJhjzpfraeapa&;yif jzpfonf?” um;vf AGef uavmhZf0pfZf/ ppfyGJqdkif&m Carl von Clausewitiz, On War

t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. r[mAsL[mtqifhESifh enf;AsL[mtqifh ppfqifa&;tpDtrHa&;qGJ&ef/ vdktyfaomvkyfief; taxGaxGY/ r[mAsL[mpDpOfa&;qGJolrsm;twGuf pdefac:r_trsKd;rsKd;ESifh ñuHawG@&Edkifygonf? taumif;qHk;qdkaom tajctaeatmufYyif/ yGa,mif;a,mif;jzpfaeaom !Gef@aygif;tzGJ@twGif;&SdtzGJ@rsm; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufnd‡Ed_if;a&;udpP Y jy\emñuH&zG,f&Sdygonf? tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;&nfudk ydkIwGufqrdonfvnf; &SdEdkif+yD;/ tzGJ@rsm;. ar#mfrSef;csufrsm;onfvnf; taxGaxGtjym;jym; jzpfaewwfygonf? Todk@taxGaxGtjym;jym;jzpfaeaom ar#mf rSef;csufrsm;udk bHkwlnDaomOD;wnfcsut f jzpfpkpnf;&ef qdkonfrSm/ r[mAsL[mtuJjzwfcef@rSef;r_ESifh tpDtpOfa&;qGJ jcif;udpPrsm;wGif tawG@tñuHEke,fao;aom/ v_yf&Sm;r_acgif;aqmifrsm;tzdk@ {&mrcufcJvSaom wm0ef}uD;jzpfygonf? Todk@ uGJjym;aeaomtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;t=um; qufoG,fa&;onfvnf; cufcJEdkifygonf? ta=umif;rSm tzGJ@tpnf; rsm;pGmwGif t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_twGu/f ‚if;wdk@udk,fydkifoHk;a0g[m&rsm; &SdaeEdkif+yD;/ Tt=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ twGif; tcsKd@tac:ta0:rsm;aemufuG,fwGif&Sdaeaom oabmw&m; qdkvdkcsufudk em;rvnf/ oabmraygufao;yJ vnf; jzpfaeEdkifygonf? 13 ppfa&;t& pDrHcsufrsm;a&;qGJjcif;onf/ a,bk,stm;jzifh pepfwus xufatmufpkzGJ@xm;aomtzGJ@tpnf;. 0ef;usif Y aqmif&Guf=u&jcif;jzpfygonf? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. pkzGJ@r_0ef;usifonf/ a,bk,stm;jzifh/ “wlnDaom” tzGJ@ rsm;. !Gef@aygif;tzGJ@/ “wlnDaomtzGJ@rsm;” teufrS ol@xufol vlpGrf;aumif;jzpf&ef òydifqdkifae=uaom0ef;usifY aqmif&Guf=u&jcif; jzpfygonf? tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGif;Yvnf;/ tpdk;&axmufvSrf;a&;rsm; xdk;azmufxm;+yD[laom pGyfpGJcsufrsm;jzifhvnf; tpOfvSnfhvnfpGyfpGJae=uygvdrfhrnf? (tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm;vHk; tenf;ESifhtrsm;qdkovdk xdk; azmufxm;r_ cH&Edkifacs&Sdygonf?) ,ckqef@usifae=uaom tpdk;&udk rnfodk@aomtpdk;&rsKd;jzifh tpm;xdk;rnf[laom tcsuftay:wGifvnf; tjrJwap oabmuGJvGJjiif;ckefr_rsm; &SdaeEdkifygao;onf? acgif;aqmiftcsKd@udk usefaomolrsm; u tm%m&Sifodyfqefonf[kvnf; jrifaeEdkif=uygonf? odk@wnf;r[kwf/ 'Drdkua&pD vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;wpfck&Sd tpdfk;&. tm%mvkyfydkifcGifhrsm;udk rnfr#uef@owfxm;rnfudk rqHk;jzwfEdkif/ oabmrwlEdkifjcif;vnf; jzpfEdkifygonf? (ppfbk&if rsm;u/ tjcm;ppfbk&ifrsm;udk wGef;vSefðzwfcs&mY ulnDay;cJh=uonfrSm ,ckwpf}udrfonf yxrOD;qHk;t}udrf r[kwf yg? rsm;pGm jzpfcJhbl;yg+yD?) tcsKd@aomolrsm;u t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifqifE$J=uonfrSm/ vufeufudkifawmf vSefa&; vufawG@v_yf&Sm;raqmif&GufEdkifao;cifumvwdkifatmifom jzpf+yD;/ aeao;oy/ csKdaoG;wjrjrvnf; &Sdae Edkifygonf? Todk@ taxGaxGtjym;jym;aom &nf&G,fcsufrsm;ESifh wnf&Sdaeaom oHo,rsm;=um;wGif/ r[mAsL[m ESifh ‚if;udkyHhydk;ay;rnfh tpDtpOfrsm;udk a&;qGJ=u&vdrfhrnf jzpfygonf? vHkðcHa&;qdkif&m ta=umif;tcsufrsm; xif&Sm;aomtcsufrSm/ tpdk;&udkqef@usifv_yf&Sm;ae=uaom twdkuftcHtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk/ wpfcsdefr[kwf wpfcsdef xdk;ESufwdkufcdkufcHae&aom tpdk;&u/ ypfrSwfxm;/ xdk;azmufaxmufvSrf;&ef óud;yrf;vdrfhrnf jzpfonf? xdk;azmufcH& jcif;onf }uD;rm;aomjy\emjzpfygonf? tpdk;&owif;ay;rsm;udk vrf;a=umif;tjzpfoHk;I/ tcsKd@vdktyfaomoD;oef@ owif;rsm;udk &&Sdatmif ay;ydk@apygvdrfhrnf? v_yf&Sm;r_acgif;aqmifrsm;u tpdk;&xHay;ydk@vdkaom owif;rsm;onf 13

t,fvfbwf tdef;pwdef;tzGJ@}uD;rS ðypkxm;aom/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ESifh ywfoufonfh/ a0g[m&rsm;. t"dy`g,fudk aemufqufwGJ (1) wGif =unfh&_avhvmEdkifygonf? Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

vnf;/ Towif;ay;rsm;. tpD&ifcHpmxJwGif ygoGm;Edkifygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh v_yf&Sm;r_taejzifh t=urf;rzuf enf;jzifhom qufvufv_yf&Sm;oGm;rnfjzpfa=umif;/ vufpm;acsvdkaomqENr&Sda=umif;/ tpdk;&acgif;aqmifrsm;udk vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhay;a&;udk a&G;vrf;wpfcktaejzifh qufvufxm;&Sdyga=umif;/ twdkuftcHrsm;u ypfrSwfxm;onf rSm jcpm;r_ESifh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk cGifhðyxm;onfh “pepf” udkomjzpfa=umif;/ TpepftwGif;xrf;aqmif ae=u&olrsm;rSm rdrdwdk@ESifhtvm;wl om;aumifrsm;omjzpfa=umif;/ Towif;ay;rsm;rSwqifh today;Edkifygonf? xdk@tjyif tpdk;&taejzifh/ ‚if;.axmufvSrf;a&;rsm;xHrS &&Sdvmaomowif;rsm;xJrSaeI/ v_yf&Sm;r_taejzifh ppfwyfrS 0efxrf;rsm;/ &JwyfzGJ@0ifrsm;/ t&yfzuf 0efxrf;,EW,m;rsm;rS vlyk*~dKvfrsm;udk/ tpdk;&opfudk todtrSwfðyygu/ zGJ@pnf; tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'topfudk usrf;opPmusdrfqdkygu/ 'Drdkua&pDpepfopfwGif xnfhoGif;yg0ifaprnfjzpfa=umif; tod ay;Edkifygu aumif;ygonf? xdk@tjyif Towif;ay;rsm;. tpD&ifcHpmrsm;rSwqifh/ tpdk;&udk,fwdkifu ESdyfpufn‡Of;yrf; r_usL;vGef=uolrsm;. pm&if;rsm;/ tusOf;&Hk;okwfoifowfjzwfr_rsm; &Sdaeao;a=umif;udk od&SdEdkifygu aumif;ygonf? TaxmufvSrf;a&;owif;ay;rsm;onfyif/ ydkIwduspGm vlyk*~dKvfrsm;/ twdtusjypfr_usL;vGefr_rsm;/ tjcm;&mZ0wfr_ rsm;/ vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufcH&onfhrSwfwrf;yg um,uH&Sifrsm;. "gwfyHkrsm;/ usrf;usdrfxm;aom rsufjrifoufao rsm;. xGufqdkcsufrsm;/ tygt0if tpdk;&u uruxðyxm;aom zdESdyfr_ESifh &ufpuf=urf;ñuwfr_rsm;udk qef@usif=u aom ppfzufESifh&Jzuf0efxrf;rsm;pm&if;/ tygt0if pojzifh/ axmufvSrf;a&;tpD&ifcHpmrsm; ðypkay;ydk@Edkifygu ydkI aumif;ygonf? tvm;wl/ v_yf&Sm;r_twGif; 0ifa&mufae=uonfh tpdk;&axmufvSrf;a&;rsm;u/ txufazmfjyyg pkaqmif;xm;aom tcsuftvufrsm;. rdwWLudk/ raysmufrysufap&ef EdkifiH&yfjcm;wGif odrf;qnf;xm;a=umif;/ owif;udk txufvl}uD;rsm;xH qufvufodapoifhygonf? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. tcsKd@aomtpdwftydkif;rsm;onf/ v#Kd@0Sufxm;&ef rvdktyfyg? v#Kd@0Sufvkyfaqmif&efvnf; rjzpfEdkifyg? ta=umif;rSm zdESdyfaeaom tm%m&Siftpdk;&wpfckudk/ awmfvSefrnfh twdkuftcHv_yf&Sm;r_ay:aygufvm rnf qdkonfrSm/ tm%m&Sifrsm;twGuf ar#mfvifhrxm;aom tHh=ozG,fudpPr[kwfyg? xdk@tjyif tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;pk aygif;I awmfvSefckcH=urnfqdkonfrSmvnf;/ tHh=ozG,f r[kwfyg? ydkIaocsmaomtcsufrSm r=umao;rDESpfrsm; twGif;/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; atmifjrifpGmqifE$JcJh=uonfudk tm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;u owdðyrdaeEdkif+yD;/ rnfodk@ rnfyHk wdkufyGJqifcJh=uonfudkvnf; odxm;Edkifygonf? 14 ppfqifa&;qdkif&m tpDtrHrsm;twGuf/ tcsdefESifhtr# ta&; }uD;onfqdkonfrSmvnf;/ trSefyif jzpfygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh ppfqifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wpfckaqmif&Guf+yD;onfESifh wpf òydifeuf/ ‚if;.wefzdk;onfvnf; ,kwfavsmhusqif;oGm;ygawmhonf? tpDtpOfrsm;ESifh v_yf&Sm;r_. oabmw&m;udk tpdk;&uodxm;jcif;tm;jzifh/ 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf tm;omcsuf rsm;jzpfaponfht}udrfrsm; &SdcJhonfqdkaomfvnf;/ rdrdqef@usifzuftiftm;pk rod&Sdatmifxdef;odrf;xm;&rnfh tcsKd@ aomv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; &Sdygao;onf? a,bk,sajym&v#if vHkðcHpGmxdef;odrf;xm;&rnfhowif;rsm;rSm/ t"duusaomacgif; aqmifrsm;. wnfae&mESifh v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;wpfckxufru/ ydkIyg0ifonfh tpDtpOfrsm;wGifygonfh v_yf&Sm; r_qdkif&mtcsufrsm;udk tao;pdwfodxm;olrsm;/ odk@r[kwf tpdk;&uzrf;qD;&rdygu touftEW&m,fpdk;&drf&olrsm; pojzifh owif;rsm;udk xdef;odrf;xm;&ygrnf? qm;AD;,m;ckcHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ (OTPOR) onf/ ‚if;.tzGJ@0iftrsm;pk rod&SdEdkifaom acgif;aqmifr_pepfudk aqmif&Gufxm;cJh=uygonf? acgif;aqmifr_tzGJ@0ifrsm;taejzifh tzGJ@tvdkufwpfpk wpfpnf;wnf; awG@qHkavhr&SdyJ/ vdktyfovdk wpfOD;csif;om acwWc%awG@qHk=uygonf? tus,ftjyef@aom v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;ESifh tpDtpOfa&;qGJaomtzGJ@udk cGJjcm;xm;onfh/ tjcm;aomenf;wpfckrSm/ &efukef &Sd ppftpdk;&udk qef@usifv_yf&Sm;aeaom/ twdkuftcHtzGJ@rsm;. wyfaygif;pk/ jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHtrsKd;om;aumif pD (tJefpD,lbD) u oHk;aomenf; jzpfygonf? ‚if;u EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_aumfrwD (yD'DpD) udk zGJ@pnf;ay;vdkuf+yD;/ r[m AsL[majrmuf tuJjzwfcsufrsm; ðyvkyf&ef/ tpDtrHrsm; jyifqifa&;qGJ&ef/ tzGJ@0iftkyfpkrsm;. t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ rsm;udk csdwfqufcsdefnd‡&ef wm0efay;cJhygonf? TtzGJ@u (tJefpD,lbD) acgif;aqmifydkif;odk@/ wdkuf&dkuf tpD&ifcHwifjyyg onf? 14

See Peter Ackerman and Jack Duvall, A Force More Powerful: A Century of Nonviolent Conflict, (New York: Palgrave, 2000). Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

owif;rsm;udk pepfwuspkpnf;xm;jcif;. wefzdk; tawG@tñuHrsm;t&/ tcsKd@aomowif;trsKd;tpm;rsm;rSm ppfa&;acgif;aqmifwyfrSL;rsm;twGuf oifhavsmaf om qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;csrSwfEdkif&ef tpOf vdktyfaewwfygonf? Towif;rsm;pkaqmif;xm;&efrSm ppfa&;OD;pD; t&m&Sdrsm;. wm0efjzpf+yD;/ vdktyfygu tqifoifh&ap&ygrnf? apcdkif;wm0efay;ygrS Towif;trsKd;tpm;rsm;udk pkaqmif;rnfh tpm;/ oifhavsmfaomqHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwfEdkif&ef/ vdktyfrnfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk OD;pD;t&m&Sdrsm;u tpOf &SmazGae=u&ygrnf? xdk@aemuf qef;ppftuJjzwf+yD;/ owif;rsm;udk trsKd;tpm;tvdkufcGJjcm;I oifhavsm&f mtvdkuf zdkifwGJ&ygrnf? xdktcg/ AdkvfcsKyfjzpfolu ‚if;.ppftrdef@ay;XmecsKyfodk@ a&mufvm+yD;/ “&efol bmvkyfaeoenf;” [k ar;jref;onfhtcg/ OD;pD;t&m&Sdjzpfolu tcsdefESifhwpfajy;nD ajzqdkEdkifvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf? xdktcg/ AdkvfcsKyfjzpfolu ol.tpDtpOftay:/ qef@usifzuftiftm;pk. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;u oufa&mufr_&SdEdkifacsrsm;udk wGufcsufI/ ol. OD;wnf csufjynfhajrmufapa&;twGuf/ vkyfaqmifoifhaom aemufxyfxdk;ppfrsm;udk vufOD;r_,l vkyfaqmifaumif; vkyf aqmifEdkifygonf? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ ppfqifa&;rsm;twGuf/ tpDtpOfcsrSwfolrsm;onf/ &mpkESpfESifhcsDI ºuG,f0cJh+yDjzpfaom/ ppfwyf zGJ@rsm;. tpDtpOfcsrSwfyHkESifh ppfqifa&; taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&GufyHkrsm;udk ypfy,fxm;&ef roifhay? ppfa&;t& tpDtpOfa&;qGJcsrSwfjcif;. t"duusaomtydkif;rSm/ pepfwus csOf;uyfr_yif jzpfygonf? tajctaeudk r[mAsL[m ajrmufcef@rSef;wGufcsufjcif;/ rddrdv_yf&Sm;r_ tpDtpOfudk a&G;cs,fjcif;/ OD;wnfcsufaocsm csrSwfa&G;cs,fjcif;/ ppfqifa&; pDrHudef;rsm; jyifqifa&;qGJjcif;/ pojzifh yg0ifygonf? xdk@tjyif yHkpHrsm;ESifh vdkufemvkyfaqmif&rnfh yHkaovkyfxHk;rsm;udk vdkufemusifh=uH vkyfaqmif=uygonf? owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk tpDtpOfrSwfwrf;rsm; toD;oD;wGif/ aeom; wusxnfhoGif;azmjfy=uygonf? ppfqifa&; tpDtpOfyHkpHwGif/ ppfqifa&;aqmif&Gufrnfh a'otwGif; &efzuftiftm;pkwyfzGJ@rsm;ESifh rdwfzuftiftm;pk wyfzGJ@rsm; rnfodk@vkyfaqmifae=uonf/ pojzifh ta&;}uD;onfhtcsuftvufrsm;tjyif/ TtpDtpOf. &nf&G,f csuf/ &&SdEdkifaom t&if;tjrpf pojzifh yg0ifygonf? ppfqifa&; tpDtpOfyHkpHwpfckudk qef;ppfavhvmjcif;tm;jzifh/ owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk/ taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&Gufrnfholrsm;twGuf vdktyfonfhtwdkif;&ap&ef/ rnfuJh odk@ taumif;qHk; pkpnf;rnfudk od&SdEdkifygonf? atmufwGifazmfjyxm;onfh t=urf;zsOf;acgif;pnf;rsm;t&/ rnfonfh tqifhwGifrqdk/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ tpDtpOfa&;qGJjcif;twGuf oifhavsmfovdk toHk;ðyEdkifygonf? ppfqifa&;tpDtpOfwpfck a&;qGJjcif;twGuf yHkpH 1? tajctae atmufwGifazmfjyxm;aom acgif;pOfcGJrsm;onf/ ppfqifa&;pDrHaqmif&Gufrnfh ypfrSwf0ef;usif tajctaeudk odapyg onf?

(u) rdwfzuftiftm;pkrsm; tajctae

Ttydk'fcGJwGif/ ypfrSwfxm;aom {&d,mteD;w0dkufwGif v_y&f Sm;ae=uaom/ rdwfzuftiftm;pkrsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_udkazmf jyxm;ygonf? Towif;rsm;udk tuef@towfjzifhomaz:jy+yD;/ owfrSwfxm;aom&nfrSef;csuf (Mission) twGuf/ owfrSwfxm;aomvkyfief;wm0efrsm;udk/ tao;pdwf tpDtpOfrsm; jyifqifa&;qGJ&mY/ oifhavsmfrnf,lqaom tcsufrsm;udkom uef@owfazmfjyygonf?

tydk'fwGif/ &efzuftiftm;pkrsm;. vufiif;umvwGif/ ypfrw S fxm;aom {&d,mteD;w0dkufY/ v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufae r_rsm;udk azmfjyygonf? 2? &nfrSef;csuf (Mission)

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

twdtusowfrSwfazmfjyxm;csufwpfck jzpf+yD;/ rnfolu/ rnfonfhvkyfief;udk/ rnfonfhae&m/ rnfonfhtcsdefwGif/ rnfonfhta=umif;jycsufjzifh ppfqifa&;aqmif&Gufrnfudk azmfjyjcif; jzpfonf? TudpPwGif &nfrSef;csufjynfh0apa&; twGuf aqmif&Guf&mwGif/ rnfolu wm0efcHrnf,laom ar;cGef;rsKd; &Sdraeapoifhay? tvm;wl ppfqifa&;rnfonfh tcsdefwGif pwifrnf/ rnfonfh&nfrSef;csufrsm; &&Sdap&ef owfrSwfxm;onf/ Tppfqifa&;aqmif&Guf&ef rnfonfh twGufa=umifh vdktyfonf[laom ar;cGef;rsKd; r&Sdaeap&ef/ jynfhpHkap&rnf? 3? taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&Gufr_ (Execution)

(u) ppfqifa&;. tajccHoabmw&m;

Ttydk'fcGJwGif/ tpDtpOfa&;qGJolu/ ppfqifa&;aqmif&Guf&onfhtcsdefrSpI/ +yD;qHk;onfhtcsdeftxd ar#mfjrifxm;csuf udk azmfjyap&rnf? pmzwfolu/ ppfqifa&;aemufuG,fwGif&Sdaeaom “pOf;pm;xm;csuf”udk jrifap&rnf? xdk@tjyif ar#mfvifhxm;csufrsm;udk ydkrdk&Sif;vif;pGmazmfjyEdkif&ef/ “tqifhrsm;cGJI”vnf; azmfjyyg0ifEdkifonf? 1? tqifh-1? jyifqifr_ &nfrSef;csufjynfh0ap&ef aqmif&Guf&ef/ wm0efay;cH&onfhtzGJ@tpnf;u/ jyifqif&rnfh vkyfief;rsm;udk azmfjyonf? 2? tqifh-2? v_yf&Sm;r_aqmif&GufcsdefrSpI/ &nfrSef;csuf+yD;jynfhpHkonftxd rnfodk@jzpfysufrnfudk azmfjyonf? 3? tqifh-3? jzpfEdkifygu/ Ttydk'fcGJESifh tjcm;pmydk'frsm;wGif/ &nfrSef;csufudk taxmuftuljzpfap&ef/ tm;jznfhay;Edkif onfh vwfwavmvkyfief;rsm;udk azmfjyI/ aemufxyfaqmif&Gufrnfh v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udkvnf; azmfjyEdkifonf? xdk@twGufa=umifh tzGJ@tpnf;taejzifh/ a&S@v_yf&Sm;r_&nf&G,fcsufrsm;udk óudwifI pOf;pm;xm;Edkifonf?

Ttydk'fcGJwGif/ yg0ifaqmif&Guf=uaom tzGJ@tpnf;wpfcck sif;pDtwGuf/ owfrSwfxm;aom vkyfief;wm0efrsm;udk azmfjyonf? 4? tkyfcsKyfr_ESifh axmufyHhay;r_ (Administration and Logistics) Tpmydk'fwGif/ tkyfcsKyfr_ESifh axmufyHha&;qdkif&m yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_udpPrsm;udk azmfjyxm;+yD;/ ppfqifa&;twGuf taxmuftyHh&&SdEdkifrnfh ae&mrsm;udk azmfjyxm;onf? 5? trdef@pD;qif;r_ESifh tcsufjyoauFwrsm; (Command and Signal) tu,fI Tppfqifa&;twGuf/ txl;qufoG,fa&;pepfyHkpHESifh tpD&ifcH&rnfh vdktyfcsufrsm;&Sdygu/ Ttcsufrsm;udk pmydk'ftwGif; azmfjyEdkifonf? odk@r[kwfygu/ twdkcsKyf ‘vuf&Sdppfqifa&;twGufvkyfxHk;rsm;’ per SOP (Standing Operating Procedure) tjzpf azmfjyEdkifonf? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_twGufrl/ Tpmydk'fudk “yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&; ESifh qufoG,fa&;pepf”tjzpf ac:qdkazmfjyygu/ ydkI oifhavsmfrnf jzpfonf? v_yf&Sm;r_twGif; yg0ifaqmif&Guf=urnfh olrsm; tcsif;csif;qufoG,fa&;ESifh u¾rsm;tm;vHk;udk yl;aygif;nd‡Ed_if;aqmif&Guf&ef wm0ef&Sdonfholrsm;udkvnf; todtrSwfðy azmfjy&m a&mufaponf? TyHkpHwGif/ cef@rSef;,lqcsufrsm;twGuf/ pmydk'fwpfydk'f ryg0ifay? tu,fI rSwfwrf;onf/ tpDtpOf txm;todk wusjzpf+yDqdkygu/ tpDtpOfa&;qGJ&mwGif aqmif&GufcJhaom cef@rSef;wGufcsufr_tydk'fudk y,fzsuf/ ðzwfvdkufEdkifonf? (qdkvdkonfrSm/ TudpPudk taumiftxnfazmf&ef/ qHk;jzwftrdef@ay;+yD;aemuf/ jzef@a0aomtcsdefwGif jzpfonf?) T tpDtpOf. aemufqufwGJtjzpf/ (Oyrm- 0g'jzef@csda&;twGuf taxmuftulðy aemufqufwGJ) udk/ rSwfwrf; aemufqHk;wGif/ yl;wGJazmfjyEdkifonf? TtpDtpOfrsm;ESifh trdef@rsm;udk jzef@a0jcif;onf/ jyefvnfnd‡Ed_if;&aom tEW &m,fvnf; &Sdonf? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_udk tpDtpOfcsrSwfa&;qGJxm;olu/ cef@rSef;wGufcsufxm;r_rsm;onf/ qef@ Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

usifzuftpdk;&twGuf/ ta&;}uD;aom axmufvSrf;a&;owif;rsm; jzpfapEdkifonf? cef@rSef;wGufcsufr_tjzpfom azmfjyxm;aoma=umifh/ rod&Sdao;aomtcsuf[k ,lqI &ouJhodk@/ ydkI ta&;}uD;onfrSm/ ta&;}uD;aomtcsuf tjzpfvnf; wGufcsufI &Edkifonf? xdk@tjyif cef@rSef;wGufcsufr_rsm;udk azmfjyxm;jcif;tm;jzifh/ tpDtpOfa&;qGJol. qef;ppftuJjzwfEdkifr_ t&nftaoG;udk azmfjy&ma&mufaponf? aemufqufwGJrsm;wGif/ v_yf&Sm;r_. pGrf;aqmifEdkif &nfESifh/ &nf&G,fcsuf tao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm; yg0ifEdkif+yD;/ (0g'jzef@csda&;qdkif&mESifh qufoG,fa&;pepfqdkif&m aemufqufwGJrsm;vnf; yg0ifEdkifonf?) twdkuftcHzufu/ óudwifod&Sdygu/ jyifqifr_vkyfI vufOD;r_&apEdkifonf? tpDtpOf (odk@r[kwf) trdef@ukd taumiftxnfrazmf&ao;rD/ rjzpfay:vmapa&;twGuf acszsufEdkifonf? Todk@ ppfa&;yHkpHudk tajcðyxm;aom yHkpHonf/ tpDtpOfa&;qGJ&mwGif toHk;ðyEdkifaom/ wpfckwnf;aom yHkpHr[kwf yg? TyHkpHudk qDavsmfatmifjyifqif+yD;/ tzJG@tpnf;tm;vHk;ESifh toHk;wnfhatmif jyifqifEdkifygonf? odk@r[kwf topf ðypkxkwfvkyfEdkifygonf? odk@aomfvnf; TyHkpHwGif/ v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf/ EdkifiHa&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_jzpfap&eftwGuf aqmif &Gufae=uaom/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGuf vdktyfonfh ta&;}uD;owif;tcsuftvuftm;vHk; yg0ifap&ygrnf? TyHkpH rsm;udk toHk;ðyjcif;tm;jzifh/ jynfhpHkaom tpDtpOfwpf&yfudk csrSwfazmfxkwfEdkif&Hk vrf;!$eftjzpfom ruapyJ/ ta&; }uD;aomtcsufrsm; rvpf[m rusef&pfapa&;twGufvnf;/ umuG,fay;ygonf? xdkr#ru/ TyHkpHrsm;jzifh tu|rf; w0ifjzpfoGm;ygu/ pmzwfolonf/ vdkaomtcsuftvuftwGuf tpDtpOf. rnfonfhae&mudk zwf&rnfudkyg od&Sd vmvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? xdef;csKyfjcif;enf;vrf;rsm; tzGJ@trsm;. v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;udk yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&mY/ taxmuftuljzpfap&eftwGuf/ ppfqifa&;umv wGif tpDtpOfa&;qGJcsrSwfoltwGuf xdef;csKyfEdkif&ef/ a&G;cs,fp&m enf;vrf;rsm; &Sdygonf? ‚if;wdk@rSm-

1? tcsed f

tus,ftjyef@aom ppfqifa&;. tpdwftydkif;wpfcktaejzifh/ rnfonfhtcsdefwGif jzpfysuf&rnf/ tjcm;owfrSwfxm; aom v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGuf/ tjcm;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;xHrS t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk rnfodk@iSm;,loHk;pGJ&rnf/ pojzifhudk azmfjy ygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh/ jzpf&yftwGuf tcsdefuef@owfcsufxm;ay;+yD;/ “--xuf rapmapyJ” odk@r[kwf “--xuf aemufrusapyJ”[lI azmfjyygu/ oifhavsmfygonf? tu,fI vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;jzpfay:ap&ef/ ppfqifa&;. wpdwf wydkif;jzpfygu/ “e-em&D” pojzifh twdtusowfrSwf&ef ta&;}uD;ygvdrfhrnf? odk@rSom v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tm;vHk; wpf ajy;nDcsdefudkuf jzpfay:apvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? tu,fI v_yf&Sm;r_udk &ufpuf=urf;ñuwfaom &Jrsm;/ ppfwyfrsm;wif; usyfpGm&Sdaeonfh=um;xJrS/ aqmif&Guf&rnfqdkygu/ &Jrsm;ESifh ppfwyfrsm;u wkH@jyefvmrnfhtcsdefudk wGufcsufI “v#yf jyufouJhodk@” (ypf-ajy;ajymufusm;) qENjyyGJrsKd; pDpOfEdkifygonf? TtajctaersKd;wGif/ &nfrSef;csufjynfhajrmufap&ef qENjyyGJrsm;udk rdepftenf;i,ftwGif;jzpfatmif pDpOf=u&rnf jzpfygonf?

2? e,fedrdwfrsm;

r[mAsL[mt&/ ppfqifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk ae&mtESH@tjym;wGif ac:Edkifygonf? TtajctaersKd;wGif v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; udk cGJjcm;xm;&ef ta&;}uD;ygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk qef;ppftuJjzwfcsuft&/ c&dkifwpfck wGif&Sdaom tm%m.axmufwdkifrsm;udk tusyfudkifwdkufwGef;jcif;xuf/ yl;aygif;nd‡Ed_if;aqmif&Gufjcif;u ydkIaumif; onfqdkygu/ tcsKd@aomv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk raqmif&Guf&ef uef@owftrdef@vdktyfaumif; vdktyfygvdrfhrnf? xdktm%m .axmufwdkiftay: oD;oef@ypfrSwfxm;aqmif&Gufaom v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udkom a&G;cs,fvkyfaqmifap&ygrnf?

3? yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;qHkcsuf

eD;pyf&m a'owpfcktwGif;/ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufvkyf&rnfh vkyfief;wpfcktwGuf/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;pGm wnf&Sdaeygu/ qufoG,f=u&rnfh/ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;ESifh owif;zvS,fa&;aqmif&Guf=u&rnfh ae&mwpfck owfowfrSwfrSwf &Sdoifhygonf?

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

4? tjcm;tcsufrsm; tjcm;xdef;csKyfEdkifaom enf;emrsm;udkvnf; pOf;pm;xm;oifhygonf? Oyrm/ (jzpf&yfwpfck rpwifrD) vlpka0;&rnfh ae&m/ (tu,fI qENjyaeaomae&mrS &kyfcsnf;vlpkcGJ=u&rnfqdkygu) jyefqHk&yf ponfjzifhudk owfrSwfxm;&ygrnf? rnfodk@aom udpPrsKd;wGifrqdk/ wpfck odk@r[kwf ydkrsm;aomxdef;csKyfa&;enf;emrsm; csrSwfusifhoHk;jcif;jzifh/ pDpOfxm;aom jzpf&yfrS &&Sdvmrnfh&vm'ftay:/ xdef;csKyfEdkif+yD;/ qHk;&_H;&rnfh ta&;udkwm;qD;Edkifapygonf? tu,fI xdef;csKyfr_qHk;&_H; &ygu/ &nfrSef;csuf jynfhajrmufatmif taumiftxnfazmfEdkifawmhrnf r[kwfyg? xdcdkuf'%f&m&r_vnf; ydkIrsm; vmEdkifygonf? yl;aygif;yg0if=uolrsm; t=um;wGifvnf; &_yfaxG;r_rsm; jzpfay:apEdkifygonf? tm%m. axmufwdkifrsm;udk qGJyg/ rwGef;xkwfygESifh? r[mAsL[majrmuf tpDtpOfa&;qGJjcif;wGif/ tm%m&Siftpdk;&. tm%maxmufwdkifjzpfaeaom/ t"duusonfh t&m&Sdrsm;. aqGrsKd;rsm;/ rdwfaqGrsm;udk/ 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pk twdkuftcHzufodk@ pnf;&Hk;odrf;oGif;&ef óud;yrf;r_vnf; yg0ifygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh/ t"duusaom tm%m.axmufwdkifrsm;udk twdkuftcHzufodk@ qGJaqmifodrf;oGif; a&;udk tav;ay;aqmif&Guf&ef ta&;}uD;ygonf? xdkolrsm;udk ppftpdk;&. tm%mzGJ@pnf;yHk twGif;ydkif;eufeufodk@ a&mufoGm;apatmif/ rwGef;xkwfoifhyg? (yHk-4? tm%m.axmufwdkifrsm;udk wGe;f jcif;ESifh qGJjcif;udk =unfhyg?) tm %m&Sifrsm;taejzifh/ qufvufopPmcHaeao;aomolrsm;udk/ zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;rnfavm/ olwdk@udk,fwdkif. rdom;pk0if rsm;udk +cdrf;ajcmuf/ aESmifh,Sufrnfavm[k ar;cGef;jzifh tusyf&dkufapEdkifygonf? tvm;wl t"du&Hk;ESdrfeif;a&;wyfzGJ@ wpfck. wyfrSL;uvnf;/ ol. cspfom;/ orD;rsm;u qENjyolrsm;.a&S@wef;uyg0ifaeygu/ eHygwfwkwfrsm;/ bufeuf rsm;jzifh wdkufcdkuf&ef apv$wfrnfavm/ vlrl;a0atmhtHaponfh "gwfaiG@AHk;rsm; ypfoGif;rnfavm[k pOf;pm;p&mjzpfvm apygonf? usKd;a=umif;qDavsmfr_t& pOf;pm;&v#if/ TwyfrSL;udk olxuftawG@tñuHEke,fol wyfrSL;jzifh tpm;xdk; cH&zG,f &Sdygonf? qufI pOf;pm;v#if ydkItawG@tñuHEke,faom wyfrSL;onfvnf;/ 'Drdkua&pDtwdkuftcHrsm;. aemufxyf pnf;&Hk;a&;ypfrSwf jzpfvmygvdrfhOD;rnf? tu,fI tm%m.axmufwdkifrsm; wpfck+yD;wpfck jznf;jznf; csif;wdkufpm;cHae&ygu/ tm%m&Siftpdk;&tzdk@ tcuftcJrsm; wpfck+yD;wpfck/ tawmrowfEdkifawG@ae&vdrfhrnf jzpf onf? vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;ESifh qEN uGm[r_ r[mAsL[majrmuf tpDtpOfa&;qGJ&mwGif/ aemufxyf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfhtcsufwpfckrSm/ vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;ESifh vkyfaqmifvdkr_ (qEN) uGm[csufyif jzpfonf? twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;u vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;rSm OHKzGqdkovdk csuf csif;ajymif;vJoGm;vdrfhrnf r[kwfay? wenf;qdk&aomf/ vkyfaqmifvdkr_ (qEN) u/ tvsiftjref ajymif;vJaeEdkifonf? tpDtpOfa&;qGJ&mY/ xdk@a=umifh/ vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;udkom tajcðy&rnf jzpfonf? ajymif;vJaeaomqENudkom vdkufI jyifqifnd‡Ed_if;&ef vdktyfonf? tu,fI vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;tay:wGifom tm&Hkðy/ tav;xm;ygu/ qef@usifzuftif tm;pkrsm;. ajymif;vJae&mcsvmyHkrsm;/ zGJ@pnf;vmyHkrsm;udk tHh=ozG,fawG@=u&rnf jzpfaomfvnf;/ rdrdxdwfvef@aoG; ysufapavmufatmif tHh=owkefv_yfaprnf r[kwfyg? r[mAsL[m jyifqifcsrSwfoltwGuf/ r[mAsL[mcef@reS f;wGuf csufr_rsm;jzifh &efoluwkef@jyefvmEdkifonfh vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;rsm;udk wGufcsufcef@rSef;xm;+yD; jzpfygonf? qef@usifzuftiftm;pkudk tusOf;tusyftwGif;usap&ef zefwD;jcif; yg;eyfu|rf;usifpGm/ pOf;pm;csrSwfxm;aom r[mAsL[mwpfckonf/ tm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;u 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk rnfodk@ wkH@jyefapumrl/ vlopftiftm;odrf;oGif;pkpnf;Edik faom tcGifhtvrf;rsm; zefwD;Edkif=uygonf? tu,fI tm %m&Siftpdk;&u qENjyolrsm;udk acsr_ef;ygu/ ‚if;taejzifh vlxkESifh xyfrHuif;uGmaprnf jzpfygonf? xdktcg pnf;&Hk; &ef tcGifhtvrf; ydkIvG,fulapygrnf? tu,fI v_yf&Sm;r_. awmif;qdkcsuf/ arwWm&yfcHcsufrsm;udk tpdk;&u vdkuf avsmvmyguvnf;/ rnfonfhta=umif;tcsufa=umifhyifjzpfap/ Todk@vdkufavsmajyvnf&ef aqmif&Gufvmr_udk ‘atmifyGJ’tjzpf a=ujimEdkifygonf? v_yf&Sm;r_taejzifh tpdk;&u jynfolrsm;.qENtwdkif;vdkufavsmvmapavmuf atmif/ rdrdwdk@. tiftm;wdk;wufvmr_udk jyEdkif+yD;/ aemufxyf vlopfodrf;oGif;pkaqmif;&eftwGuf tcGifhtvrf;udk ydkwdk;vmapygonf? tpDtpOfcsrSwfolrsm;taejzifh/ tpdk;&udk “a&S@wdk;vnf;xrf;ydk;/ aemufqkwfvnf; vSnf;wkwf” toGifusaprnfh/ EdkifiHa&;tusyftwnf;xJodk@ ydk@EdkifrnfhtcGifhta&;/ &vm'ftm;jzifh rsufESmomr&aprnfh tcGifh Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

tvrf;udk tjrJ&Sm=uHaeoifhygonf? tpDtpOfcsrSwfolrsm;u vlxkrsm; cdkifrmpGm,Hk=unfxm;csufrsm;udk &SmazGazmf xkwfoifh+yD;/ rdrd. qef@usifzuftiftm;pku T,Hk=unfr_rsm;udk qef@usifwdkufcdkufvmrnfh vkyf&yfrsm;udk =uHq v_H@aqmfay;&ygrnf? vltrsm;pka0;r_udk wm;jrpfonfh/ ae0ifrD;+idrf;trdef@rsm;ESifh csKyfcs,fuef@owfr_rsm;onf/ Oyrm qdk&v#if/ bmoma&;ESifh "avhxHk;wrf; tcrf;tem;rsm;/ yGJvrf;rsm;udk taESmifht,Sufjzpfapygonf? tausmf=um;qHk; ‘tusyftwnf;twGif;odk@ wGef;ydk@onfhv_yf&Sm;r_’rSm/ (1930) ckESpfwGif tdENd,EdkifiH. udk,fydkiftkyf csKyfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;/ rdk[ef'wfpf *ENDu OD;aqmifcJh aom/ qm;csuf&ef csDwufyGJ jzpfygonf? *ENDu tdENd,EdkifiH. vlwef;pmaygif;pHk/ Zmwfpepftv$maygif;pHk pdwf0ifpm;vdkufygEdkifaom jy\emudka&G;cs,fcJh+yD;/ +Adwdo# udkvdkeDtpdk;& taejzifh ‚if;udkzrf;csKyfrnfavm/ ‘tdENd,wpfEdkifiHvHk;udk rD;[kH;[Hk;awmufoGm;apEdkifonfh v_yf&Sm;r_’udk cGifhðyrnfavm/ tu,fI ol@udk (*ENDudk) rzrf;qD;ygu/ TrD;yifv,ftay:rS jru|ef;om,mtjzpf cGifhðyrnfavm/ [k wpfckcka&G;cs,f& awmhrnfh tajctaeqdkufapcJhygonf? 15 vGefcJhaomESpfwpf&mausmfwGif/ +Adwdo#tpdk;&u qm;csufcGifhudk EdkifiHawmfvuf0g;}uD;tkyfpepfjzifh csKyfudkifxm;cJhyg onf? odk@aomfqm;rSm/ t[m&twGuf vdktyfcsufwpfckjzpfonfESifhtnD/ vlwdkif;u tpdk;&xkwfvkyfxm;aom qm; udk 0,f,loHk;pGJ=u&ygonf? Todk@qm;xkwf&efrSm rnfonfhu|rf;usifr_r# rvdktyfyg? (yifv,fa&rsm;udk avSmifxm;/ taiG@ysHap/ xdk@aemuf usefaeaomqm;csKd;rsm; aumuf&efom jzpfygonf?) tu,fI vltrsm;u trdef@udkremcHyJ/ udk,fwdkifqm;csuf,l oHk;pGJ=uygu/ vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxm;aom Oya'usKdf;awmhrnf jzpfygonf? tu,fI *ENDuqm; csufrnfhudpPudk raESmifh,Suf/ ta&;r,lyJ xm;ygu/ jzpfvmrnfhtusKd;quf aemufqufwGJudpPrsm;udkvnf; tpdk;&u aumif;pGm owdcsyf+yD; jzpfygonf? tu,fI tpdk;&u ta&;,l&efysufuGufygu/ (aemufqHk; vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_usKd; ysufapatmif/ qm;csufonfhvkyfief;udk aqmif&Guf+yD;aemuf/ ol@udk &ufowWywfaygif;tcsKd@zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;xm;cJhyg onf?) vltrsm;u remcHtm%mzDqefr_onf/ ydkrdkcdkifrmtm;aumif;vm+yD;/ tpdk;&.tm%mt&if;jrpfrsm;udk òzdcsap Edkifonftxd/ t=urf;rzufvufeufaumif;wpfcktjzpf xda&mufpGmtoHk;ðyEdkifa=umif;/ txift&Sm;jyocJhygonf? 16 tusOf;csKyf r[mAsL[majrmuf tpDtpOfa&;qGJjcif;onf/ rl0g'qdkif&m OD;wnfcsufrsm;rSvmaom/ &Sif;vif;jywfom;onfh &nfrSef; csufjzifh pwifygonf? tus,fjtyef@aomtwdkif;twmt&/ ‚if;.xda&mufr_rsm;onf ‚if;tpDtpOf. twGif;o abmt& &Sif;vif;pGm a&;om;xm;r_/ vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;ESifhtnDom csrSwfxm;aom &nfrSef;csufudk xm;jcif;/ tao; pdwftcsufrsm;udkyif tav;ay;jcif;/ qef@usifzuf &efolu wkH@jyefvmEdkifacsudk wGufqxm;jcif; ponfwdk@tay:Y rlwnfygonf? owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pepfwuspkpnf;jcif;[laomyHkpHjzifh/ pepfwuscsnf;uyfjcif;tm;jzifh/ T tpDtpOfrsm;udk taumif;qHk;&vm'fay:xGufap&ef toHk;ðyEdkifygonf?

15 16

Ibid., 88.

*END. r[mAsL[modk@csOf;uyfyHkudk tao;pdwfavhvmvdkygu/ Gene Sharp, Gandhi as a Political Strategist, (Boston: Porter udk=unfhyg?

Sargent Publishers, 1979).

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

tcef; (8)

pdwf"gwfppfqifa&; “uavmifoGm;onf/ "g;oGm;xuf xufonf?” tuf'0yf a*smhcsf/ tm;vf vpfwGef abmfvf0g vpfwGef (1803-1873) (Edward George Earl Lytton Bulwer-Lytton, 1803-1873)

pdwf"gwfppfqifa&; (Psychological operations) (PSYOPS) onf/ r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. ta&;ygaom tpdwftydkif;jzpfonf? 17 ‚if;. &nf&G,fcsufrSm ypfrSwfxm;aom yk&d\wftrsm;. trltusifhrsm;/ cH,lcsufrsm;udk =oZmv$rf;rdk;ap&efjzpf+yD;/ 0g'jzef@csda&;enf;vrf;rsm;rS wqifhaqmif&Guf&ef jzpfonf? pdwf"gwfppfqif a&;vkyfief;rsm;. xda&mufr_rsm;udk tcsdefESifhtr#/ t}udrf}udrfawG@&SdcJh=u&+yD;/ ppfqifa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGifaomfvnf; aumif;/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGifaomfvnf;aumif;/ xda&mufygonf? &efoludk tm;aysmhcsdeJ@oGm;ap&ef/ aoG;uGJ ap&ef/ =um;aeoGm;ap&ef/ &efol. tm%maxmufwdkifrsm;òydvJoGm;ap&eftwGuf/ vufeufaumif;wpfck jzpfa=umif; awG@cJh=u&ygonf? xdk@tjyif twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;taejzifh vlopfpkaqmif;a&;óud;yrf;r_rsm;wGifvnf;/ taxmuf tulðyay;Edkifygonf? Ttcef;. &nf&G,fcsufrSm/ 0g'jzef@csda&;wGifyg0ifaom u¾rsm;ESifh toHk;csyHkudk csOf;uyfavh vmEdkif&ef jzpfygonf? 18 0g'jzef@csda&;[laom a0g[m&rSm/ vGefcJhonfhESpfrsm;twGif;/ jiif;y,fp&m vufrcHEdkif=uonfhpum;&yftjzpf jrifvmcJh =uygonf? ta=umif;rSm tm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;u 0g'jzef@csda&;udk atmifjrifpGmtoHk;ðyEdkifcJh=uaoma=umifh jzpfyg onf? taemufwdkif;EdkifiHrsm;wGif/ ,cktcg T0g'jzef@csda&;udkyif/ ydkI jiifom,Ofaus;aomtoHk;jzifh ac:qdkvmcJh=u ygonf? Oyrm/ “owif;ESifh ynmay;a&;”/ “owif;rD'D,m qufqHa&;”/ “owif;udku|rf;usifpGm vSnfh,loHk;jcif;” (spin doctoring) / “aps;uGufwifjcif;” (marketing) pojzifh ac:qdkvm=uygonf? rnfodk@yif vSnfhzsm;wHqdyfuyf xm;onfjzpfap/ tjcm;olrsm;. trltusifhrsm;ESifh cH,lcsurf sm;udk=oZmv$rf;rdk;ap&ef óud;yrf;tm;xkwfygu/ ‚if;wdk@ onf 0g'jzef@csda&;rsm;csnf;om jzpfygonf? 19 odk@aomf 0g'jzef@csda&;udk/ EdkifiHa&;&nf&G,fcsuftwGuf oHk;jcif;rSm usifh 0wfydkif;qdkif&mESifh rudkufnD ravsmfuefaomudpPr[kwfouJhodk@/ qdk;&Gm;aomrdp>mvkyf&yfvnf; r[kwfyg? aq;&Guf}uD; ESifh/ qyfjymrsm;udk a=umfjima&mif;csoavmufyif/ qdk;&Gm;r_wdkif;wmI &Edkifygonf? 0g'jzef@csda&;qdkonfrSm/ trwfrsm; 17

ajrmuftEWvefwdwfpmcsKyftzGJ@ (aewdk;) u/ pdwf"gwfppfqifa&;udk/ t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkazmfjy&mY/ “&efol/ rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh =um;yk&d\wfrsm; udk OD;wnf&nf&G,fI/ ppftcsdefY jzpf ap/ +idrf;csrf;aeonfhtcsdefY jzpfap/ aqmif&Gufonfh tpDtpOf&Sd&Sdaqmif&Gufaom pdwf"gwfydkif;qdkif&m vkyfief;rsm;jzpfonf? Tvkyfief;rsm;udk ppfa&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufrsm; jynfhajrmufapa&;twGuf/ vlwdk@. trltusifhrsm;ESifh cH,lxm; r_rsm;udk =oZmv$rf;rdk;oufa&mufap&ef/ &nf&G,faqmif&Gufjcif; jzpfonf? ‚if;vkyfief;rsm;wGif r[mAsL[majrmuf pdwf"gwfa&;&mvkyfief; rsm;/ pdw"f gwpf pfqifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk pkpnf;apjcif;ESifh ppfajrjyif pdwf"gwfppfqifa&;vkyfief;rsm; yg0ifonf? ” tar&duefjynfaxmifpk/ umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xme. t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkcsuft&rl/ “EdkifiH&yfjcm; yk&d\wfrsm;odk@om” [k uef@owfxm;onf? (JCS Pub 1. 1987.) 18 0g'jzef@csda&;ESifh ywfoufI ydkrdkavhvmod&Sdvdkygu/ atmufygpmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;onf txl; toHk;0ifEdkifygonf? Jacques Ellul, Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1965; Department of the Army Field Manual 33-5. Psychological Operations. 1962; Frederick Irion, Public Opinion and Propaganda. New York: Thomas Crowell Company, 1950; Anthony Pratkanis and Elliot Aronson. The Age of Propaganda: The Everyday Use and Abuses of Persuasion. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company, 2001; Noam Chomsky and David Barsamian. Propaganda and the Public Mind. Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 2001. 19 ol. “0g'jzef@csda&;/ vlrsm;. cH,lcsufrsm;udk ðyvkyfjcif;” Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes pmtkyfed'gef;wGif/ *suf

tJvm;u/ 0g'jzef@csda&;ESifhywfoufaomt"dy`g,fzGifhqdkcsuftrsKd;rsKd;udk avhvmqef;ppfcJh+yD;/ tm;vHk;onf rjynfhpH/k odk@r[kwf olu azmfjy aom ‘vlr_a&;oGifjyifvuQ%m’wpfcktwGuf/ wduspGm xif[yfEdkifjcif;r&Sd/ a0hvnfa=umifywfEdkifvGef;onf[k qdkcJhygonf? rdrdtaejzifh tJvm;u udk;um;cJhaom/ ydkrdkus,fjyef@onfh t"dy`g,fukdom ,lygonf? 0g'jzef@csda&;qdkif&mavhvmqef;ppfa&; tifpwDusK (Institute for f krsm;u/ tjcm; Propaganda Analysis) uzGifhqdkxm;onfht"dy`g,f jzpfygonf? “0g'jzef@csda&;qdkonfrSm wpfoD;yk*~vrsm;/ odk@r[kwf tkyp aomolrsm;/ tkyfpkrsm;. xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;/ v_yf&mS ;r_rsm;udk =oZmv$rf;rdk;oufa&mufr_ &Sdap&ef/ óudwif&nf&G,fxm;aom&vm'f&&Sd atmif/ pdwfydkif;qdkif&m toHk;csr_udk vkyfaqmifI/ xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;xkwfazmfjcif;/ v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; aqmif&Gufjcif;yif jzpfonf? ” Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

udk pnf;&Hk;wdkufwGef;=uonfhvkyfief;jzifh u|rf;usiftoufarG;olrsm; (lobbyists) . ukefavSmif/ ukefa&mif;vkyfief; wpfrsKd;r#omjzpfygonf? rdrdazmufonfrsm;. tusKd;pD;yGg;twGuf urBmwv$m;wGif qHk;jzwfcsufcs&ol/ Oya'ðyol rsm;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mydkifrsm;t=um; 0JysHul;oef;pnf;&Hk;ae=uonfh vkyfief;rsKd;r#om jzpfygonf? 0g'jzef@csda&;. ydkrdkus,fjyef@aomt"dy`g,fzGifhqdkcsufESifh trSD (vltrsm;. cH,lcsufrsm;ESifh trltusifhrsm;udk=oZmv$rf; rdk;apjcif;) [laomt"dy`g,fudk/ orRmusrf;pm/ wdk&musrf;ESifh udk&efusrf;rsm;wGif awG@&ygonf? xdk@tjyif tpdk;&udkrnf odk@zGJ@pnf;&rnf[k aqG;aEG;xm;aom zuf'&,fzufompmwrf;rsm; (Federalist Papers) ESifh ydkItqdk;jriftpGJjynfh aeaom pmwrf;rsm;[kac:Edkifonfh/ odjrifem;vnfaom ZD,Geftpfudkawmfrsm;. usifhxHk; (The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion) [laompmtkyfwdk@wGifvnf; 0g'jzef@csda&;udpPrsm;udk jrifawG@=u&rnf jzpfygonf? xdk@r# ru/ vlysKd;+rD;aumifaygufra&mufao;onfh vli,frsm;udk ypfrSwfxm;aom/ *sK;urJvfo&kyfaqmifxm;onfh pD;u &ufa=umfjimrsm;wGifvnf; 0g'jzef@csda&;yg0ifygonf? Tonftm;vHk;rSm 0g'jzef@csda&;aqmif&Gufae=uonfhOyrmrsm; yifjzpf+yD;/ tðyoabmjzpfap/ tysufoabmjzpfap urBmw0Srf;&Sd vloef;aygif;rsm;pGmtay: =oZmoufa&mufv$rf;rdk; oufa&mufr_ &Sdae=uygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh rdrdwdk@awG;ac:aer_/ vkyfaqmifaer_udk ajymif;vJ&ef&nf&G,fcsufjzifh qufoG,faqmif&Gufae=uaom enf;emrsm;rSm/ ordkif;ESifhcsD=umcJh+yDjzpfonf? enf;emvnf; ºuG,f0aecJh+yD jzpfygonf? “tcsuftvufrsm;u ol@zmom trSefpum;qdkvdrfhrnf” [laom/ vltrsm;ajympum;udk =um;zl;=uygvdrfhrnf? odk@ aomfvnf; qef@usifzufuspGmjzpfay:aeaomudpPrSm/ tcsuftvufrsm;u ol@zmompum;rqdkwwfyg? tcsuf tvufrsm;udk ol@u¾tvdkufxnfhoGif;aomtcgrSom t"dy`g,fay:vmjcif; jzpfygonf? ao'%fuscH&awmhrnfh tusOf;om;twGuf/ em&Dacgif;avmif;xdk;oHonf/ ol@twGuf aemufxyf (5) em&Dom touf&SifcGifh&Sad wmhrnf[k azmfjyaomfvnf;/ tvkyform;wpfOD;twGufrl/ tvkyf+yD;awmhrnfh wpf&ufpmtem;&awmhrnfhoHcsKd jzpfEdkifygonf? EdkifiHwpfckwGif vlOD;a& (40) tvkyfvufrJhjzpfaeonf[laom tcsuftvufowif;ay;ydk@csufonf/ vuf&Sdtvkyf vufrJhjzpfaeolrsm;ESifh vuf&Sdtvkyftudkif&Sdaeao;olrsm;twGuf pdk;&drfzG,fowday;csuf jzpfEdkifygonf? twdkuftcH v_yf&Sm;r_acgif;aqmifwpfOD;twGufrl/ tpdk;&udk t&nftcsif;r&Sd/ vlxkudk pmem=unfh&_r_r&Sd/ jcpm;,dk,Gif;aeonf[k a0zefwdkufcdkuf&ef tcGifhta&;aumif;wpfck topfay:+yD[k jrifEdkifygonf? xdk@tjyifrausrcsrf;jzpfaeaomvlxk}uD;udk pnf;&Hk;I rdrdatmufajcxktzGJ@0ifopfrsm; pkaqmif;&ef tcGifhaumif;[k jrifEdkifygonf? vGwfvyfaom/ odk@r[kwf xdef; csKyfxm;aomowif;pmrsm;twGuf acgif;}uD;ydkif;a&;olrsm;url/ olwdk@.acgif;}uD;ydkif; t,f'Dwmtmabmfaqmif;yg; rsm;wGif/ tcsuftvufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;azmfjywwf=u+yD;/ zwfolrsm;odk@ rdrdajymvdkonfhta=umif;t&mudk azmfjy=u ygonf? r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wpfckwiG f/ jynfolvlxkepfem ae&onfhta=umif;udk “tcsuft vuf”rsm;udk toHk;ðyI/ rdrd.qef@usifzuftiftm;pkodk@/ a0zefjypfwifoifh+yD;/ Tjy\emrsm;ajz&Sif;Edkifa&;twGuf rnfodk@aqmif&Guf&rnfudk csjy&ygrnf? (tHh=ozG,fr[kwfaomtcsufrSm/ tjrJwap vlxkrsm;oufom&mvrf;a=umif; tjzpf/ EdkifiHa&;ajymif;vJr_rsm;vkyfaqmif=u&rnf[k axmufjy=u&ygvdrfhrnf?) 0g'jzef@csda&;. tpdwftydkif;rsm; ypfrSwf a,bk,stm;jzifh/ jynfolvlxk}uD;wpf&yfvHk;onf 0g'jzef@csda&;twGuf ypfrSwfjzpfEdkifygonf? odk@aomfvnf; ydkIxd a&mufr_&SDap&eftwGuf/ ypfrSwfyk&d\wfrsm;udk cGJjcm;I/ tkyfpkwpfckcsif;twGuf oifhavsmfrnfh0g'jzef@csda&;rsm;udk jyif qifaqmif&GufEdkifygonf? tawG@tñuHrsm;t&ESifh okawoeðycsufrsm;t&/ oDoef@ypfrSwfxm;aom yk&d\wfrsm; twGuf csdef&G,fypfv$wfonfh/ aocsmjyifqifxm;aom 0g'jzef@csda&;rsm;udk ydkrdkxda&mufa=umif; jyoaeygonf? odk@ twGufa=umifh v,form;rsm;xHodk@ay;ydk@rnfh ta=umif;t&monf/ wlapOD;awmh/ ausmif;om;rsm;xHay;ydk@yHkESifh uGm jcm;rnf jzpfygonf? t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_aqmif&GufrnfhtwdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;twGuf/ t"duxm;&rnfhypfrSwf rSm tkyfcsKyfolrsm;. tm%maxmufwdkifrsm;jzpfygonf? ypfrSwfxm;aomtkyfpkrsm;/ xyfcGJtkyfpkrsm;udk ynmt&nf tcsif;/ bmom,Hk=unfudk;uG,fr_/ vlrsKd;/ ar#mfrSef;csuf/ 0g'jzef@csda&;owif;&EdkifyHkenf;vrf;rsm;udk rlwnfI aocsm pDrH 0g'jzef@=u&rnf jzpfygonf? Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

owif; &nf&G,fcsufonf jynfolvlxk}uD;wpf&yfvHk;/ odk@r[kwf vlxktxJrS wpdwfwydkif;aomtkyfpkrsm;udk/ cH,lcsufESifh trl tusifhrsm;ajymif;vJap&efqdkygu/ ta&;}uD;onfrSm rnfodk@rnfyHk cH,lcsuf/ trltusifhrsm; ajymif;vJaprnfqdkonf udk rdrdudk,fwdkifu &nf&G,fxm;csuf &Sif;vif;aeap&ygrnf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- vlxku zdESdyfoltpdk;&wpf&yf.atmufY aexdkifae&jcif;udk/ olwdk@. uH=urRm0ÉfaºuG;[k ,lqaeygu/ olwdk@udk u|efrsm;tjzpfaexdkifap&ef/ bk&m;ocifudk,f wdkifu vdkvm;rnfr[kwfa=umif;/ “bk&m;ocif;. tvdkawmf” r[kwfa=umif;udk tawG;tac:ay;&ygrnf? xdk@tjyif tm%m&Sifxrf;ydk;atmufrS vGwfajrmufap&ef/ olwdk@.tpGrf;jzifhom vGwfajrmufap&rnfjzpfa=umif;/ TtpGrf;udk ysKd;axmifay;&rnfjzpfa=umif; tawG;tac:ay;=u&ygrnf? xdk@tjyif jynfolvlxkrsm;udk/ ,cktcg pepfwuspkpnf; xm;+yD;aom twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;&Sdae+yDjzpfa=umif;ESifh olwdk@yl;aygif;vmygu olwdk@udk óudqdk=uvdrfhrnfjzpf a=umif;/ axmufcH&efvdktyfa=umif; odap&ygrnf? yHkrSeftm;jzifh/ owif;rsm;wGif “jyefvm&efvdyfpm” vdktyfygonf? qdkvdkonfrSm vlxkrsm;taejzifh rnfolu Towif;ay;aea=umif; odap&efjzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; Towif;rsm; udk tjrJwapjzef@jzL;ae&efqdkonfrSm rjzpfEdkifyg? owif;ay;ydk@ol owif;rsm;udk rnfodk@a&muf&Sdatmifydk@aqmifrnfenf;qdkonfrSm/ ydk@aqmifay;rnfh ,mOf/ odk@r[kwf=um;cHudk a&G;cs,f &ef vdktyfygonf? T,mOfonf vufurf;v$mpmapmif/ a&'D,dk xkwfv$ifhcsuf/ tD;ar;vf pmydk@v$m/ &kyf&Sif/ rdef@cGef;/ yHkESdyfazmfjyxm;aom aqmif;yg;/ pmtkyf/ oauFwwpfck odk@r[kwf ydkpwm pojzifh jzpfEdkifygonf? aumv[mvrsm; onfvnf; owif;rsm;xda&mufpGm jzef@a0Edkifaomenf;wpfenf; jzpfygonf? owif;rsm;udk ydk@aqmifay;&mY t"du usolrsm;udk rsufpdv#rf;I usefraeapoifhyg? Oyrmtm;jzifh/ bmoma&;acgif;aqmifrsm;/ twdkuftcH EdkifiHa&;acgif; aqmifrsm;/ ausmif;q&mrsm;/ qHyifn‡yform;rsm;ESifh qHyiftvSðyjyifolrsm;/ &dk;&mewfq&mrsm;/ owif;axmufrsm;/ or*~rsm;. ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdolrsm;/ pD;yGg;a&;tkyfpkrsm;ESifh olwdk@.&yf&GmtwGif;av;pm;cH=u&aom tjcm;yk*~dKvfrsm; jzpf=uygonf? wkH@jyefr_ pD;yGg;a&;a=umfjimrsm;onf/ 0g'jzef@csda&;udk trsm;qHk;toHk;ðyolrsm; jzpfEdkifygonf? ‚if;wdk@u usef;rma&;jy\em taxGaxGjzpfapaom pD;u&ufESifh aq;&Guf}uD;xkwfukefrsm;udk 0,f&efwdkufwGef;aeouJhodk@/ aoG;a=umydwfqdk@apEdkif aom tqDrsm;onfh [rf;bm*gESifh ta=umfrsm;udk 0,f,lpm;oHk;&ef wdkufwGef;ae=uygonf? aemufqHk; rdrdwdk@. rdom;pkq&m0efrsm;udk a=umfjimxm;aomaq;rsm;udkom aq;!$ef;a&;ay;yg&ef awmif;yefcdkif;ae=uygonf? rnfodk@ yifjzpfap/ ukefypPnf;a=umfjimrsm; atmifjrifr_ &Sd-r&Sdudk wdkif;wm&efvG,fulvSygonf? ‚if;rSm ‚if;ypPnf;rsm;ta&mif; E_ef;yif jzpfygonf? EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m 0g'jzef@csda&;udpPrsm;twGufrl/ owif;xkwfv$ifhr_tay: wkH@jyefr_udkwdkif;wm&ef a&wdkwGif cufcJvSygonf? wpfckrSm vlxkppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;rsKd;jzpfEdkif+yD;/ ,Hk=unf&avmufaomtiftm;pkrsm;u u|rf;usifpGmaqmif&Gufygu/ tcsdefumvwpfck/ jzpf&yfwpfcktwGuf wkH@jyefr_udk od&Sd&Edkif+yD;/ toHk;0ifvSygonf? odk@ aomfvnf;/ tjcm;tcsdefrsm;Yrl owif;tay:jyefvnfazmfjyaom wkH@jyefr_udk ‚if;wdk@.trltusifhrsm;/ cH,lcsufrsm; ajymif;vJvmonfhwdkif/ ay;ydk@aomowif;rsm;twdkif; twdtusðyrlonfhwdkif tcsdef,lapmifhqdkif;&wwfygonf? T okd@wdkif;wmcsufrsm;onfyif vSnfhpm;r_jzpfapEdkif+yD;/ tjcm;aomta=umif;tcsufrsm;u cH,lcsufrsm;/ trltusifhrsm; ajymif;vJap&eftwGuf 0ifa&muf=oZmv$rf;wwfonfvnf; &Sdygonf? xda&mufr_udk wdkif;wmEdkifrnfhtcsuftvufrsm; &&Sd&ef/ aemufxyfenf;wpfckrSm/ ‚if;wdk@.xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;udk zdwfac:&ef jzpfygonf? wkH@jyefr_rsm;&&Sd&ef zdwfac:&efqdkonfrSm/ v_H@aqmfay;jcif;ESifh uGmjcm;vSygonf? zdwfac:jcif; qdkonfrSm/ wpfzufom;wkH@jyefajymqdkolu ar;cGef;wpfcktwGuftajzudk ajzqdkajym=um;aea=umif; oludk,fwdkif owdrxm;rdyJ/ xkwfazmfajymqdkI &apjcif;rsKd; jzpfygonf? v_H@aqmfay;jcif;qkdonfrSm/ wpfzufom;udk ar;cGef;wpfck wdwdususar;I/ wdusaomtajzudk jyefvnf&&Sdjcif; jzpfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifhtpdk;&tay:xm;&Sdaomtjrifudk ar;ygu/ ar;cGef;v$mwGif tcsKd@aomar;cGef;rsm; ygEdkifygonf? “twdkuftcHrsm;u tpdk;&ajymif;vJa&;twGufawmif; Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

qdkaeonfudk oifaxmufcHygovm;?” “axmufcHygu rnfonfhtwGufa=umifh axmufcHoenf;?” pojzifh ar; aumif;ar;Edkifygonf? tcsKd@aom vlr_todkif;t0dkif;rsm;wGif/ vlxktaejzifh Todk@wdkuf&dkufusvGef;aomar;cGef;rsm; udk ajzqdk&ef a=umufygvdrfhrnf? Todk@aom owif;rsm;udk &&Sdap&ef/ óud,lonfhtaejzifh/ vuf&SdpD;yGg;a&;tajctae udk tpwnfum ar;cGef;rsm;/ a0zefr_rsm; ðyI pEdkifygonf? xdk@aemuf TpD;yGg;a&;tajctaeu wkH@jyefajymqdkolESifh ‚if;.rdom;pktay: rnfodk@tusKd;oufa&mufapa=umif;/ ajymqdkvm+yD;rS/ qufpyfI/ rlvu ar;cJhaomypfrSwfar;cGef; rsKd;udk ajymap&rnf jzpfonf? wenf;tm;jzifh óud,ljcif;wGif/ “oG,f0dkufI csOf;uyfjcif;”oabmaqmif+yD;/ “[kwfuJh/ r[kwfyg”[k ajz&rnfh ar;cGef;rsKd; a&Smif&Sm;oifhygonf? 0g'jzef@csda&;udk trsKd;tpm;cGJjcm;jcif; &nf&G,fxm;aom ypfrSwftrsKd;rsKd;/ owif;/ owif;ay;ydk@/ vufcHrnfh ppfqifa&;aqmif&Guf&ef 0ef;usifudkvdkufI/ rnfoludk owif;t&if;tjrpf (source of the information) tjzpfxm;rnfudk a&G;cs,fowfrSwfEdkifygonf? 20 tjzLa&mif0g'jzef@csda&; ‚if;.owif;&if;jrpfudk wduspGmazmfjyonf? xkwfjyefa=ujimcsufrsm;/ rdef@cGef;rsm;/ tpD&ifcHpmrsm;ESifh owif;rsm;onf &if;jrpfrSefrsm;udk azmfxkwfjyxm;=u+yD;/ ypfrSwfxm;cH&onfh jynfolrsm;zufuvnf; jyefvnfppfaq;=unfhEdkifonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- “aqmufofrdk;a'orS jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f *|efprpfu/ wuUodkvfygarmuQrsm;toif;wGif/ ,ae@ajym=um;aom rdef@cGef;Y/ ajym=um;onfrSm æ æ ”? Todk@qdkv#if xdkolazmfjyaomrSwfcsufudk jyefvnfppfaq;/ oHk;oyfEdkifonf? odk@aomf Tajym=um;csuftay: rnfodk@rSwfcsufðy=uonf/ rnfodk@ a0zefoHk;oyf=uonfrSmrl avh vm=unfh&mY owdxm;&efvdktyfygonf? wpfcgw&HY a&G;cs,af zmfjyxm;aom udk;um;csufwpfckonfyif/ ajymqdkol udk &SufzG,fjzpfaeapwwf+yD;/ olu ajymor#ta=umif;t&mrsm;rS wpfydkif;wpfpudk qGJE_wfwifjyvmonf[k qdkEdkifyg onf? odk@aomfvnf;/ Tta=umif;t&mjyifyrS tcsufrsm;udk }udrfzefrsm;pGm udk;um;azmfjyvmygu/ ‚if;.*k%f oduQmudk xdcdkufvmapygvdrfhrnf? wenf;qdk&aomf owif;&if;jrpfudkazmfjyjcif;tm;jzifh/ xdkyk*~dKvf/ tzGJ@tpnf;. yHk&dyfudk vltjrifaumif;/ wdk;wufap+yD;/ rdrd.tjrifrsm; worwfwnf;&Sdae=umif;ESifh jynfolvlxkrsm;. pdk;&drfylyef csufrsm;udk tm&Hkxm;yga=umif; azmfjyEdkifygonf? rD;cdk;a&mif0g'jzef@csda&; ‚if;.owif;&if;jrpfrSefudk wduspGmrazmfjyyg? owif;&if;jrpfudk azmfjy&rnfhtpm;/ awG@=u&rnfrSm æ “,refae@u owif;azmfjycsufrsm;t& æ”/ odk@r[kwf “,Hk=unf&avmufaomowif;rsm;t&/ qdk=uonfrSm æ”/ odk@r[kwf “rsufjrifoufaorsm;u ajym=uonfrSm æ” pojzifh awG@=u&ygvdrfhrnf? Towif;rsm;taejzifh vufcHEdkifzG,f =oZm&&Sdap&ef óud;yrf;aomfvnf;/ ‚if;. ygwDEdkifiHa&;aemufcH 0g'jzef@csda&;udpPudk v#Kd@0Sufxdefcsefxm;onfudk awG@ =u&ygvdrfhrnf? teufa&mif0g'jzef@csda&; ‚if;rSm 0g'jzef@csda&;owif;tcsuftvufrsm;jzpf+yD;/ &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sdjzifh owif;&if;jrpfrsm;udk v$JIazmfjyjcif;jzpfonf? txl;ojzifh rdrd.qef@usifzuftiftm;pkrsm;udk owif;&if;jrpftjzpf wrifvGJrSm;azmfjyavh&Sd=uonf? “t*Fgae@nae wGif/ orw. t,Hk=unf&qHk;jzpfol/ wyfrawmfwyfrSL; 0D;vfzdk@'f tD*dkudk/ orwr=umao;rDu ðyvkyfcJhaomowif; 20

tar&duefjynfaxmifpk wyfrawmftaejzifh/ tjzLa&mif/ rD;cdk;a&mif/ teufa&mif0g'jzef@csda&;rsm;/ toHk;csyHkESifh ywfoufI wif;usyfpGm t"dy`g,fowfrSwfr_rsm; xm;&Sdygonf? Department of the Army Field Manual 33-5. Psychological Operations. 1962 =unfhyg? *suf tJvm;. Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes. wGifrl ESpfrsKd;ESpfpm;om azmfjyygonf? tjzLESifh teufjzpf+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@ (2) ckudk yl;wGJtoHk;ðyonf[k rSwfcsufðyxm;ygonf? tjzLa&mif0g'jzef@csda&;wGif/ owif;yif&if;udk odjrifEdkifatmif yGifhvif;pGmazmf jyxm;+yD;/ jynfolvlxkrsm;. tm&Hkxm;r_udk vSnhfajymif;ap&ef[k qdkygonf? teufa&mif0g'jzef@csad &;rSmrl/ “&nf&G,fcsuf/ rdrd.ta=umif;/ xl;jcm;csuf/ owif;&if;jrpfrsm;udk zHk;uG,fxm;&ef” oHk;onf[k qdkygonf? vltrsm;udk v#Kd@0SufpGm=oZmanmif;apEdkif&ef oHk;onf[kqdkyg onf? Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

pm&Sif;vif;yGJwGif/ tvGJvGJ trSm;rSm;ðyrlcJhyHkESifh ywfoufI ar;jref;&mwGif/ olu twnfðyajz=um;&mY æ ” Todk@ aomenf;udk qef@usifzuftiftm;pkrsm;twGif;/ oHo,rsm;}uD;xGm;ap&efESifh &_yfaxG;ap&eftwGufaomfvnf; aumif;/ pdwf"gwfusqif;ap&eftwGufaomfvnf;aumif;/ wpHkwOD;. tm;enf;csufrsm;udk zHk;uG,fEdkif&ef/ tm&Hkv$JEdkif &efESifh rl&if;&nf&G,fcsufudk zHk;uG,fxm;Edkif&ef toHk;ðyavh&Sdygonf? teufa&mif0g'jzef@csda&;aqmif&Guf&ef u|rf;usif r_rsm;pGm &Sd&efvdktyf+yD;/ qef@usifzuftiftm;pk. owif;tcsuftvufrsm; tajrmuftrsm;od&Sdxm;&ygrnf? a,bk ,stm;jzifh r[mAsL[mtqifhwGif toHk;ðyoifh+yD;/ 0g'jzef@csda&;aqmif&Gufaeoludk ay:vGifroGm;apa&;twGuf/ owd ðy&ygrnf? xdk@tjyif tjzLa&mif0g'jzef@csda&;ESifh teufa&mif0g'jzef@csda&;udk wdwdvif;vif; cGJjcm;ItoHk;ðy&ygrnf? qufoG,fa&; enf;pepfrsm; oauFwrsm; oauFwrsm;onf/ rdrd. tawG;tac: t,ltqrsm;/ v_yf&mS ;r_. &nf&G,fcsufrsm;udk azmfjy&eftwGuf/ tiftm; aumif;aom u&d,mrsm; jzpfygonf? xda&mufaomoauFwrsm;rSm &dk;&Sif;aom/ wdkufwGef;v_H@aqmfEdkifaom/ vlrSwfrdvG,fapaom/ vG,fulpGm oabmaygufapEdkifaom oauFwrsm; jzpfygonf? emZDp=um/ c&pf,mefbmom 0ifrsm;. vuf0g;uyfwdkif/ qmAD;,ef;ckcHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_. vufoD;qkyfxm;aomyHkrsm;rSm oauFwerlemrsm;jzpfygonf? ToauFrsm;onf toHtm;jzifhvnf; jzpfEdkif+yD;/ AHkoHrsm;/ r=umao;rDu toHk;ðycJhaom tdk;/ cGufwD;oHrsm;vnf; jzpfEdkifygonf? ToauFwrsm;udk aygif;pyfI v_yf&Sm;r_tjzpfvnf; oHk;Edkifygonf? Oyrm- txl;vufqGJE_wfquf enf;/ trlt,mrsm; pojzifhvnf; oHk;Edkifygonf? v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf oauFwudka&G;cs,f&mY/ ,Ofaus;r_t& tav; xm;&rnfht&mrsm;udk wdkufcdkufapmfum;rdovdkrjzpfap&eftwGuf/ txl;owdxm;a&SmifusOfoifhygonf? aºuG;a=umfoHrsm; aºuG;a=umfoHrsm;onf/ wdkI a'go/ trkef;w&m;/ owWdponfh cHpm;csufrsm;udk azmfjyEdkifonfh pum;pkwdkrsm;jzpfyg onf? “tvmrdkudk trSwf&=uavmh” [laom aºuG;a=umfoHjzifh/ tar&duefjynfolrsm;udk ruUqDudkESifh ppfcif;ap&ef wGef;ydk@cJhygonf? “rdef;udk trSwf&=uavmh” [laom aºuG;a=umfoHonf/ pydef-tar&duefppfyGJjzpf&jcif;ta=umif; twGuf tar&duefjynfolwdk@udk t&dk;&Sif;qHk; &Sif;jycJhygonf? “olawmh +yD;oGm;+yD” [laom aºuG;a=umfoHudk qm;AD;,m;EdkifiHwGif/ (2000) ckESpf tm%m&Sif rDvdkqDApfqef@usifa&;umvwkef;u toHk;ðycJh=uygonf? ZifbmabG EdkifiHwGif/ 'Drdkua&pDðyjyifajymif;vJa&;v_yf&Sm;r_u “awmfyg+yD/ vHkavmufyg+yD” [laom aºuG;a=umfoHudk twdkuftcH tiftm;pkrsm;udk v_H@aqmf&efESifh &ufpuf=urf;ñuwfol a&mbwfrl*gbDtpdk;&udk qef@usif&ef csrSwf toHk;ðycJh=uyg onf? aw;oDcsif;rsm; aw;oDcsif;rsm;udkvnf;/ 0g'jzef@csda&;tjzpf toHk;ðyEdkif+yD;/ ydkIopfvGifawmufyaomtem*gwfudk jrifvmap&ef/ pdwf cHpm;r_udk v_H@aqmfay;Edkifygonf? xdk@tjyif twdwfcHpm;&r_rsm;. emusOfr_rsm;ESifh trSwf&p&mrsm;udk jyefvnfazmf xkwfEdkif&ef/ vuf&Sd tm%m&Sifqef@usifa&; taxGaxGtmcHr_udk ydkrdkuspfvpfnD!Gwfap&ef aw;oDcsif;rsm;u pGrf; aqmifEdkif=uygonf? 0g'jzef@csda&;&nf&G,fcsufjzifh zGJ@oDxm;aom aw;oDcsif;rsm;udk/ vltrsm;u 0dkif;0ef;oDqdkEdkif=u+yD; wpfa,mufESifh wpfa,muftjyeftvSeftm;jznfhum/ 0g'jzef@csda&;tcsuftvufrsm;udk vufcHvm=uygonf? yHkESdyf pme,fZif;/ rD'D,mrsm; yHkESdyf pme,fZif;/ rD'D,mrsm;wGif/ pmtkyfrsm;/ owif;pmrsm;/ vufurf;v$mrsm;/ pmapmifrsm;/ oauFwrsm;ESifh ydkpwm rsm;yg0ifygonf? 0g'jzef@csda&;aqmif&Gufoltaejzifh taxGaxGaomyk&d\wfrsm;xHodk@ a&muf&Sdap&ef/ a&G;cs,fxm; aom owif;udk enf;vrf;trsKd;rsKd; a&G;cs,fay;ydk@Edkifygonf? tpdk;&ujzpfap/ twdkuftcHujzpfap xdef;csKyfxm;aom owif;pmrsm;onf/ owif;xdk;ppfrsm;/ ckcHacsyr_rsm;ðyvkyf&eftwGuf tqifhoifhjzpf+yD;aom pifjrifhrsm;tjzpftoHk;ðy Edkifygonf? rdrdukd,fudk ckcHacsyae&aomtaetxm;jzifh/ tcsdefrsm;pGm ukefae&onfh axmifacsmufwGif;odk@ rouf

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

qif;rdap&eftwGuf owdxm;oifhygonf? 21 Todk@ yHkESdyf pme,fZif;/ rD'D,mrsm;. tm;aumif;csufrSm/ aocsmzwf&_ avhvm&eftwGuf tcsdef&apjcif;yif jzpfygonf? xdk@tjyif TrSwfwrf;rsm;. &if;jrpfudkvnf; qufvufaqG;aEG;r_ðy Edkif=uygonf? &kyfyHkrsm;udk toHk;ðyaom oauFwrsm;ESifh ydkpwmrsm;/ oauFwrsm;/ aºuG;a=umfoHrsm;/ ta&mifrsm;udk oHk;I aocsmxkyfydk;wifqufxm;aomowif;rsm;tjzpf jyifqifEdkifygonf? yk&d\wfrsm;u yHkESdyf pme,fZif;/ rD'D,m rsm;udk pkaqmif;xm;Edkif=uygonf? xdktwGufa=umifh owif;rsm;taejzifh 0g'jzef@csda&;OD;wnfcsufESifhtnD worwf wnf;jzpf&ef vdktyf+yD;/ pmzwfolrsm;taejzifh wdkufqdkifppfaq;Edkif=uygonf? wdkufqdkif ppfaq;=urnfjzpfygonf? odk@ twGufa=umifh 0g'jzef@csda&;wm0ef,loltaejzifh/ ajymydkifcGifhtm%m&Sdaom rl0g'a&;&mOD;wnfcsufrsm;tay:wGif &yf wnfI/ ajymqdk&efvdktyf+yD; TOD;wnfcsufrsm;udkvnf; aocsmpOf;pm;a&G;cs,f=u&ygrnf? Trl0g'rsm;udk pOf;pm;qHk; jzwf&efqdkonfrSm 0g'jzef@csda&;aqmif&Gufol. wm0efr[kwfyg? &kyfjrif§oH=um; 0g'jzef@csda&;owif;rsm;udk a&'D,dkrSwqifhxkwfv$ifhay;ydk@&mY/ xda&mufap&ef ta&;}uD;aomtcsufrSm/ yk&d\wfudk aocsmpGm a&G;cs,fI/ ‚if;yk&d\wfrsm;twGuf owif;rsm;udk aocsmpDpOfjyifqif&efyif jzpfygonf? wpfcsdefwnf;rSm yif/ rdrdowif;udkem;axmifapa&;twGuf qGJaqmifr_yg xnfhoGif;&efvdktyfygonf? vlóudufrsm;aomoDcsif;rsm;/ owif;rsm;/ &moDOwkowif;rsm;/ tm;upm;u¾/ usef;rma&;u¾rsm;tjyif/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ESifhywfoufI EdkifiH&yfjcm;wGif jzpfay:wdk;wufr_owif;rsm;/ ypfrSwfxm;&mEdkifiHwGif;&Sd jzpfay:aeaom t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_owif; rsm;udk xkwfv$ifh&efvdktyfygonf? Tacgif;pOfrsm;tm;vHk;onf ypfrSwfxm;aomyk&d\wftwGuf pdwf0ifpm;zG,f ta=umif;rsm; jzpf=uygonf? &kyfjrifoH=um;xkwfv$ifhr_/ AD'D,dkwdyfacGrsm;/ pD'D"gwfjym;rsm;wGif &kyfyHkrsm;xnfhazmfjyI rdrdajymvdkaomtcsufudk ydkItm;jznfhay;&ygrnf? tu,fI acgif;aqmifwpfOD;u rdef@cGef;ajymqdkygu/ rnfonfh ypPnf;rsm;/ rnfonfhoauFwrsm;udkyg wygwnf;jrifap&rnfudk owdðy=u&ygrnf? EdkifiHawmftvHaemufwGifxm;jcif; tm;jzifh/ tm%mydkifpdk;r_ oabmudk jyo&ma&mufapygonf? vltrsm;=unfndKav;pm;=uaom trsKd;om;acgif; aqmif.yHkudk aemufwGifxm;jcif;tm;jzifh/ pum;ajymqdkolESifh EdkifiH.ordkif;udk w&m;0ifqufoG,fr_&SdaeonfhozG,f csdwfqufay;Edkifygonf? rnfodk@aom0wfpm;qif,ifr_/ rnfodk@taqmifta,mif qifrnfudkvnf;/ aocsmpOf;pm; aqmif&Gufygu txl;oifhavsmfygonf? [pfwvmonf/ ol@udk,fol *smrefjynfolrsm;. zcifozG,fjrifapvdkonfh twGufa=umifh/ 0wfpHkudk pepfwus0wfqifonfhtjyif/ tjcm;t0wftpm;rsm; qif,ifjcif;/ &Hzef&Hcg uav;rsm;ESifh "gwfyHkyl;wGJ&dkufcHjcif; ponfwdk@ aqmif&GufcJhygonf? ol@udk,fol EdkifiH.ppfa&;acgif;aqmiftjzpf/ *smrefEdkifiHawmf}uD; udk atmifyGJ&&Sdap&efOD;aqmifoGm;rnf[k jyovdkaomtcg/ ppf0wfpHk,leDazmif;jzifh 0wfqifazmfjycJhygonf? aumv[mvrsm; jcpm;r_jynfhaeonfh/ tm%m&Sifpepftkyfpdk;r_&SdaomEdkifiHwpfckwGif/ ,Hk=unf&avmufaomowif;rsm; uif;rJhae+yD;/ owif;rsm;udkvnf; qifqmydwfqdk@jzwfawmufxm;cH&aom tajctaeY/ aumv[mvrsm;onf owif;jyef=um; a&;. ta&;}uD;aomu¾wpf&yftjzpf wm0ef,l=uygonf? odk@aomf Taumv[mvrsm;. owif;&if;jrpfudk rnfonfhae&mrSvmonfudk rod&SdEdkifyJ/ owif;rSef-rrSefudkvnf; twnfðyI r&Edifyg? tu,fIaumv[mvrsm; udk 0g'jzef@csda&;ppfqifa&;. tpdwftydkif;wpf&yftjzpf/ toHk;ðyrnfqdkygu/ Taumv[mvrsm;onf tenf;qHk;/ tcsuftvuftrSef pdk;pOf;r#tay:tajcðyxm;oifhygonf? odk@r[kwf vltrsm;od&Sdxm;+yD;aomtcsuf/ vltrsm; oHo,0ifae=uaomtcsufay:wGif tajcðyxm;ap&ygrnf? aumv[mv. ta=umif;t&monf/ ypfrSwfxm;rnfh yk&d\wftwGuf ta&;}uD;onfhowif;jzpf&ef vdktyf+yD;/ pdwf0ifpm;zG,fvnf; &Sd&ygrnf? odk@rSom tjcm;olrsm;u xyfausmhjyefajym=urnf jzpfonf? aumv[mvrsm;udkoHk;I ypfrSwfxm;aomyk&d\wfpdw"f gwfwufºuGap&ef/ odk@ r[kwf pdwf"gwfusqif;ap&eftoHk;ðyEdkif+yD;/ trkef;w&m;/ &GH@&Smjcif;/ =unfndKjcif; ponfhcHpm;r_rsm;udkvnf; Ed_;qGay; Edkifygonf? 21

aocsmpGm u&kpdkufjyifqifxm;aom 0g'jzef@csda&;rsm;onf/ wefjyef0g'jzef@csda&;rsm;udk ajz&Sif;ae&eftwGuf óud;yrf;tm;xkwf&rnfh tiftm;udk oufomapygonf? owif;udk jyifqifa&;om;pOfumvwGif/ wzufqef@usifzuftiftm;pku wkH@jyefvmEdkifonfhtaetxm; udk xnfhoGif;wGufcsufxm;jcif; rðyygu/ 0g'jzef@csda&;t& vufOD;r_qH;k &_H;Edkifygonf? Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

owday;csuf r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wGif/ 0g'jzef@csda&;enf;emudk olwdk@udkzdESdyfaeaom tpdk;&rsm;udk qef@usiftHk ºuGvmap&eftwGuf/ v_H@aqmfay;&ef toHk;ðyEdkifygonf? jynfoltrsm;. emcHaeaomtavhtxrsm;udk/ ajymif;vJap I/ jynfolrsm;. tmcHqef@usifr_udk us,fjyef@vmap&ef pGrf;aqmifEdkifygonf? xdk@aemuf tm%m&Siftpdk;&xHrS tm %mydkifr_ESifh w&m;0ifr_udk qGJcGgz,f&Sm;Edkifygonf? jynfolrsm;udk w&m;r#wr_r&SdaomOya'rsm;udk vspfvsLðyjiif;qef ap&eftwGuf v_H@aqmfay;Edkifygonf? tpdk;&.zdESdyfxm;r_a=umifh jzpfay:ae&aom/ vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;. wppDòyduGJae aomtajctaeudk jyefvnfajymif;vJEdkif&eftwGuf/ tpdk;&u zsufqD;xm;aomtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk tpm;xdk;jznfhqD; &ef tzGJ@tpnf;topfrsm;udk jyefvnfwnfaqmuf=u&ygrnf? xdk@aemuf tpdk;&u rSDcdktm;xm;ae&aom tzGJ@ tpnf;rsm;/ Xmersm; (tm%m.axmufwdkifrsm;) udk/ =um;aeatmifacszsuf=u&ygrnf? twdkcsKyfajym&v#if/ tpdk;& . tkyfcsKyfEdkifpGrf; qHk;&_H;vmrnfjzpfonf? 0g'jzef@csda&;onf tm;aumif;onfhvufeufjzpfouJhodk@/ u|rf;usifvdrfrmpGmtoHk;rðyEdkifv#if/ tpOfojzifhtEW&m,f&Sd ygonf? tpGef;xGuftzsuftm%doifrSm }uD;rm;vSygonf? tu,fI v_yf&Sm;r_onf/ jynfolrsm;. emcHaeaom "avhyHkpHudk remcHatmif/ tpdk;&. Oya'/ pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk vspfvsLðy jiif;y,fvmatmif/ ajymif;vJypfvdkufEdkifygu/ T tajctaewGif rif;rJhoabmtajctaeaqmifvmonfudk awG@&Sd&ygvdrfhrnf? vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;&Sd tzGJ@tpnf;/ wnfaqmufxm;r_rsm;udk zsufypfvdkufygu/ vlr_0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;/ w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;qufvufxdef;odrf;&ef/ vlr_wm0efrsm;qufvufxdef;odrf;&ef rjzpfEdkifawmhyJ/ 'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&; pwifapcJhaomtajccHjzpfonfh tm%m &SifpepftkyfcsKyfa&;ESifhtvm;wljyefoGm;&eftajctaersKd; jzpfapygvdrfhrnf? *suftJvm;u/ ol. “0g'jzef@csda&;/ vlrsm;. cH,lcsufrsm;udkðyvkyfjcif;”[laom pmtkyfwGif/ 0g'jzef@csda&;orm;rsm; ñuH&onfh ta&;}uD;aomjy\emrsm;ukd aqG;aEG;xm;ygonf? olu 0g'jzef@csda&;udk trsKd;tpm; (2) ck cGJjcm;ygonf? yxrwpfckrSm ‘v_H@aqmfaom 0g'jzef@csda&;’jzpf+yD;/ vlrsm;udk v_yf&Sm;vmatmif/ remcHatmif v_H@aqmfay;&mY toHk; ðyygonf? 'kwd,wpfckrSm ‘jyefvnfaygif;pnf;aponfh 0g'jzef@csda&;’jzpfygonf? Todk@0g'jzef@csda&;rsKd;u vlr_tzGJ@ tpnf;twGif;/ wpfyHkwpHwnf;jzpfatmif ðyapI/ tkyfcsKyfolopf. tm%mydkifcGifhESifh wefzdk;rsm;udk vufcHvmap&ef ðyay;ygonf? jynfolrsm;udk ajymif;vJvmaomtajctaea=umifh/ tusKd;jzpfxGef;vmyHkudk azmfjyay;ygonf? 22 tJvm;. tjrifrSaeI ed*Hk;csKyf,lygu/ v_yf&Sm;r_twGif; yg0ifaqmif&Gufaeolrsm;twGuf pnf;=uyfrwf&ef vdkufem&ef usifhxHk;/ odk@r[kwf !$ef=um;csufrsm; ðypkazmfxkwf&ef vdktyfygvdrfhrnf? taxGaxGtm;vHk;udk odrf;usKH;I remcHa&; awmif;qdkaernfhtpm;/ remcHr_udk wdusaom oD;oef@Oya'tcsKd@twGuf/ pnf;rsOf;tcsKd@twufomaqmif&Gufrnf qdkygu ydkI oifhavsmfygonf? xdk@tjyif/ 0g'jzef@csad &;taejzifh r=umc%qdkovdk jynfolrsm;udk/ av;av;eufeuf owday;ae&rnfrSm/ emcHr_udkvuf&Sdtpdk;&xHrS &kyfodrf;I/ 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_zufodk@ ajymif;=u&efyif jzpfygonf? vdktyfygu jynfolvlxk. opPmcHr_ul;ajymif;vmygu/ vufcHEdkifap&eftwGuf/ pifòydif odk@r[kwf tjcm;a&G;cs,fp&m tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk wnfaxmifxm;&Sd&ef vdktyfaumif; vdktyfygvdrfhrnf? wpfcgw&H tzGJ@wpfckvHk;u opPmcH,lul; ajymif;vmr_vnf; &Sdwwfygonf? trkef;w&m;ESifh wiful;qHk;jzwfxm;aomtpGJrsm;rSm/ tjyif;xefqHk;aom cHpm;r_ (2) ckjzpf+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@udk vG,fulpGm v_H@aqmfEd_;qGay;Edkifygonf? tcsKd@aom vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGif cHpm;csufrsm;&Sad e=u+yD;/ aygufuGJ&eftcsdefudk apmifh qdkif;aewwf=uygonf? vltkyfpkwpfpk. Todk@ pdwfjyif;xefcHpm;r_rsm;udk rD;òrdufay;I/ &&Sdrnfh a&wdk&vm'frsm;onf/ a&&Snfwnfaqmufxdef;odrf;=u&rnfh wnf+idrfaom/ t&yfzufvlr_tzGJ@tpnf;. tem*gwfa&&Snfqdk;usKd;rsm;ESifh ,SOf=unfhygu tao;tr$m;r#om &Sdygonf? Todk@wnf+idrfaom/ t&yfzufvlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;xGef;um;aom0ef; usifYomv#if/ 'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm; &SifoefEdkif=uygonf? 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf/ Todk@ pdwfcHpm;r_udk rv_H@aqmf razmufcGJygu taumif;qHk;jzpfygonf? tu,fI rsufESmjyifay:wufvmI aygufuGJyguvnf;/ ‘pepf’ 22

Ellul, Propaganda. 71-79.: Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

qDodk@om OD;vSnfhay;oifhygonf? Tpepfa=umifhom tm%m&Sifpepfoufqdk;&Snfae&jcif;jzpf+yD;/ Tpepfa=umifh tusKd;jzpfaeol vlwpfpkxHodk@ OD;rvSnfhapoifhyg? “&efol”[laom ac:a0:oHk;pGJr_udkvnf;/ tm%mA[dkcsufrwGif &Sdaeaom/ vlwpfOD;/ vlwpfpkxHodk@omxm;I/ usOf;ajrmif;pGm t"dy`g,fzGifhoifhygonf? zsufqD;apwwfaom pdwfcHpm; r_rsm;a=umifh/ tusKd;qufjzpf&rnfqdkygu/ xdkacgif;aqmifrsm; aoqHk;&r_/ jynfyxGufajy;&r_/ axmifcscH&r_ ponfwdk@ om jzpfapEdkifygonf? tusOf;csKyf 0g'jzef@csda&;udktoHk;ðyI/ vltrsm;. cH,lcsufrsm;ESifh trltusifhrsm;udk =oZmv$rf;rdk;&ef toHk;cs=ujcif;udk/ a&S;,cif rS ,ckwdkif/ tm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;ua&m/ 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;uyg/ EdkifiHa&;tm%mtwGuf &kef;uefv_yf&Sm;ae=u pOfY toHk;ðyae=uygonf? 0g'jzef@csda&;onf ‚if;udk,fYu taumif;oabm/ tqdk;oabm raqmifyg? Tu&d,m udk rnfodk@rnfyHktoHk;ðyonfESifh rnfonfh&nf&G,fcsufjzifh toHk;ðyonfESifhom ydkIoufqdkifygonf? usifh0wfydkif;qdkif &mt& csifhcsdefvrf;!$efIom aqmif&Gufoifhygonf?

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

tcef; (9)

r[mAsL[majrmuf pOf;pm;jcif;. twGif;oabm “&nfrSef;csuf}uD;}uD;xm;v#if/ }uD;}uD;rm;rm;udpPrsm;udk vkyf&J&rnf?” um;vf AGef uavmhpf0Zf/ ‘ppfy’JG pmtkyrf S Carl von Clausewitz, On War

r[mAsL[majrmufawG;ac:enf;udk txda&mufqHk;avhvm&efenf;wpf&yfrSm/ oGefoifol/ q&mjzpfolu =uyfrwfoGef oifay;&mae&mjzpfonfh ppfa&;oifwef;ausmif;rsm;. enf;emOyrmrsm;udk vdkufem&efyifjzpfonf? ppfr_a&;&mrsm; udk ajc&maumufjcif;onf t&yfom;rsm;tzdk@tvSrf;rrSDEdkifaom udpPjzpfygonf? xdk@tjyif t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJ0ifol rsm;tzdk@/ rdrdwdk@.r[mAsL[mawG;ac:r_pGrf;&nfudk ydkrdkxufjrufvma&;twGuf ESpfESifhcsDIavhvm&avmufatmif tcsdefaomfvnf;aumif;/ t&if;tjrpfrsm;aomfvnf;aumif; ay;Iaqmif&GufEdkif=urnf r[kwfyg? Ttcef;.&nf ±G,fcsufrSm pmzwfoltm; “jrifuGif;us,f”udk =unfhIpOf;pm;yHkESifh ,Ofyg;atmifvkyfay;&mY taxmuftuljzpfap rnfh r[mAsL[m ajrmufawG;ac:&Sifrsm;tcsKd@.tjrif/ twGif;oabmrsm;udk rdwfqufay;&ef jzpfygonf? rufcD,m A,fvD (Nicolo Machiaveli)/ uavmhZ0f pf (Carl von Clausewitz)/ *END (Gandhi) ESifhvpf',fvf[wf (Liddell Hart) wdk@udk taxmuftuljzpfap&ef a±G;cs,fxm;ygonf? odk@aomfvnf; f tvm;wlyiftaxmuftul jzpfapEdkifaom tjcm;r[mAsL[mawG;ac:&Sifrsm; trsm;tjym;&Sdygao;onf? rufcD,mA,fvD tDwvDwGif jzpfyGg;cJhaom rsm;jym;vSonfh vSkyf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh vlxktHkºuGr_rsm;u ppfwyf.pGrf;aqmifEdkif r_ ukefqHk;pðyvm+yDjzpfa=umif; az:jycJhonf[kqdkygv#if/ wu,fhta=umif;&if;rSm rlvvufa[mif; ppfr_ a&;&mtwwfrsm; toHk;r0ifawmhonfhtjyif/ rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,mufrSvnf; topfwDxGifESdkifpGrf; r&Sdao;aoma=umifh jzpfygvdrfhrnf? tm%m&pyk*~dKvfwpfOD;tzdk@ pnf;rsOf;opf/enf;vrf;opfrsm; &&Sd onf[laom *k%fyk'fxuf ydkI}uD;jrwfaom *k%fyk'fr&Sdacs? rufcD,mA,fvD The Prince

eDudkvdk rufcD,mA,fvD (1469-1527) onf Oa&mywv$m;/ {&mrpD;yGg;a&;ESifh vlr_a&;ajymif;vJr_}uD;rsm;jzpfay:ae csdefwGif/ }uD;jyif;cJholjzpfonf? 23 ukefypPnf;csif;zvS,faom bmwmpD;yGg;a&;pepfrSaeI/ aiGa=u;=um;cHtoHk;ðyaom pD;yGg;a&;pepfodk@ ul;ajymif;oGm;jcif;a=umifh/ tm%mudk A[dkrScsKyfudkifr_ ydkrsm;vmcJhonf? ukefonfwdk@ESifh r[mrdwfðy xm;ol rif;{u&mZfrsm;onf OpPm"eydkIºuG,f0vm=u+yD;/ OpPm"ea=umifh a=u;pm;wyfrsm; zGJ@pnf;toHk;csvmEdkifcJh onf? Todk@jzifhtkyfpdk;olwdk@onf/ pdkufysKd;jcif;ESifh&dyfodrf;jcif;tvkyftm;rSomv#if qifhac:I&&Sdwwfaom ppfom;rsm; twGuf/ ajr&Sifwdk@tay: rSDcdktm;xm;p&modyfrvdkawmhacs? OpPm"evGefpGmrcsrf;omol bk&ifwdk@.cHwyfrsm;udk cGif;Edkif onfh tawmftoifhqef;opfonfqdkEdkifaom/ tajrmufvufeufrsm;udkvnf; TOpPm"ejzifh 0,f,lEdkifcJhonf? tm%mwdkufyGJwGif/ jzpfyGg;cJhaom tajymif;tvJrsm;ESifhywfoufI/ rufcD,mA,fvDu a=u;pm;wyfrsm;toHk;ðyjcif; ESifh ywfoufaomt"dujy\emrsm;udk wifjycJhonf? rSefygonf? tkyfpdk;olwdk@onf ol&Jaumif;rsm; (Knights) ESihf ajru|efrsm;udk tm;xm;p&mrvdkawmhay? a=u;pm;ppfwyfrSm aemufxyfwpfyef;omr_ wpfck&Sdygao;onf? ‚if;rSm tkydpdk;ol. wdkif;EdkifiHe,fedrdwftwGif;&Sd twdkuftcHrsm;udk ESdyfuGyf&mY toHk;ðyEdkifjcif;ESifh/ v,f,mpdkufysKd;xkwfvkyf a&;0ifaiGudk rxdcdkufapyJ/ umv&Snfppfqifa&;rsm; qifEdkifjcif;wdk@yifjzpfonf? odk@&mwGifa=u;pm;wyfrsm; toHk;ðy&m Y ‚if;wdk@rSm yifudk,fwpfyef;omr_rsm;&Sdonfhenf;wl/ yifudk,ftqdk;ESifhtm;enf;csufrsm;vnf;&Sda=umif;/ rufcD,m A,fvDu axmufjycJhonf? a=u;pm;ppfom;wdk@onf olwdk@.ewfrif;jzpfaom bk&iftwGuf/ odk@r[kwf wdkif;jynf 23

Robert Maynard Hutchins, ed., Great Books of the Western World, (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1952), 23: ix-x. Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

twGuf wdkufjcif;r[kwfyJ/ a±$twGufwdkuf=ujcif; jzpfonf? trsm;tm;jzifhopPmr&S?d ppfyGJrSmvnf; owWdajymifpGm wdkufcdkufrnf[k raocsm? xdk@tjyif pnf;=uyftrdef@ay;&efvnf; cufcJonf? tajrmufvufeufudk wefjyefEdkifrnfh zGJ@pnf;yHktopf/ enf;AsL[mtopfrsm;vdktyfa=umif;/ aus;vufa'orSaeI pk aqmif;&&Sdaom EdkifiHom;ppfom;rsm;onf/ tkyfpdk;oltwGufydkIaumif;aumif; tr_awmfxrf;rnfhtjyif a=u;pm;rsm; xufydkI/ &JpGrf;owWd&SdpGmwdkufay;rnfjzpfa=umif;udkvnf;/ rufcD,mA,fvDu a&;om;cJhonf? ppfwdkufrnfqdkv#if aiG ukefa=u;usrsm;onfhtwGufa=umifh/ ppfudk “v#ifvnf;v#ifjref/ xdvnf;xda&mufpGm” wdkuf&rnfjzpfa=umif;/ odk@rS om tkyfpdk;olwdk@rGJjymusoGm;jcif;/ jynfolwdk@t}uD;tus,frausrcsrf;jzpfatmifvkyfrdjcif;wdk@rS a±SmifusOfEdkifrnf jzpf a=umif;udkvnf; olujrifcJhonf? 24 tm%m&Siftpdk;&wdk@onf vufpm;acsrcH&apa&;twGuf/ &efoludkowfjzwfokwfoif&ef vdktyfa=umif;“rif;om;” (The Prince) trnf& pmtkyfygt=uHðycsufrsm;wGif/ r=umc%udk;um;az:jyavh&Sd=uonf? rnfodk@jzpfap/ Tr[m AsL[mawG;ac:&Sif}uD;rSm ydkrdkyGifhvif;aomvl@tzGJ@tpnf;ay:aygufa&;twGuf awmif;qdkaeol ,ae@acwfyk*~dKvfrsm;ESifh ydkI pyfqdkifaom tjcm;tjrifrsm;vnf; azmfjycJhygao;onf? Oyrm/ tkyfpdk;olrSm tm%mtajccdkifoGm;+yDqdkv#if/ orwEdkifiHtpdk;&yHkpHonfom taumif;qHk;jzpfonf[k ol,Hk=unfcJhonf? tpdk;&wpf&yfvHkðcHpGm/ a&&Snf&yfwnfEdkifa&; twGuf EdkifiHom;wyfrawmf wpf&yf&Sd&rnfhtjyif/ EdkifiHa&;tm%mcsdefcGifv#mxdef;nd‡r_vnf; &Sd&vdrfhrnf[k oluqif jcifazmfjycJhonf? rufcD,mA,fvDonf ol@acwfol@tcgu/ EdkifiHa&;ESifh pD;yGg;a&;/ vlr_a&;tajctaewdk@ tjyeftvSefqufpyfaeyHkudkawG@ &SdcJhonftjyif/ ya'o&mZfacwftzGJ@tpnf;rsm; zsufodrf;ay;cJhaom/ xdktiftm;pkrsm;ae&mrSef&&Sda&;twGuf ðyjyif ajymif;vJr_rsm;vkyfay;&ef t=uHðywifjycJhonf? olu T“jrifuiG f;us,f”udk jrifEdkifpGrf;&Sdoljzpf+yD;/ Ttjrifudkvnf; wduspGm&Sif;jyEdkifpGrf; &Sdoljzpfonf? olonfvufawG@ususaqmif&Gufwwfaom0g'D (pragmatist) wpfOD;vnf; jzpf onf? Ttcef;.tpwGif az:jycJhaomol@tjrifrsm;onf/ trsm;urodusKd;u|HðycJhaomt&mudpPrsm; jzpfonf? yxr urBmppfumvu wyfrSL;rsm;onf/ pufaoewfrsm;ESifh ypfrSwu f dktwdtus csdef±G,fypfcwfEdkifaom tajrmuf}uD;rsm; udkwDxGifa&;xuf/ r[mAsL[mESifh enf;AsL[mrsm; a&;qGJwDxGifa&;udkom OD;pm;ay;cJh[efwlygonf? rnfonfhtwGuf a=umifh/ taemufzufppfrsufESmwGif Tr#twHk;t±Hk;usqHk;cH&+yD;umrS/ rjzpfpavmuftusKd;tjrwfuav;om&&Sd oenf; qdkonfudk/ olu vGJI tjcm;rnfol &Sif;jyEdkifygrnfenf;? Ttqdktrdef@u vuf&Sdvkyfaeaomtvkyfonf rxda&mufygu/ aemufxyf onftwdkif;vkyfv#ifvnf;/ tusKd;rxl;[k qdkvdk[ef&Sdaeygonf? rufcD,mA,fvDwdk@acwfwGif/ tajrmufvufeufu ppfyGJ. oabmvuQ%mudk ajymif;vJcJhonfhenf;wlyif/ enf; ynmwdk;wufr_u rdrdwdk@. t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJenf;vrf;udk ajymif;vJypf&ef tcGifhomapr_rsm; ay;xm;ygonf? uGef jyLwmrsm;/ tifwmeufvrf;a=umif;/ vufudkifzkef;ESifh ð*d[fwkzkef;rsm;/ pm0SufEdkifonfh y&dk*&rfrsm; (encryption programs)/ ±kyfjrifoH=um;ESifh a&'D,dkwdk@onf t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJ. t"duvufeufu&d,mrsm; jzpfvmygonf? r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJqifE$Ja&;twGuf/ óudwifjyifqif&mY EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh vlr_a&;/ pD;yGg; a&;tiftm;pkwdk@ Todk@tjyeftvSefqufpyfaeyHkudk em;vnfxm;&efrSm txl;ta&;}uD;ygonf? ,ae@acwfY urBm tESH@v$rf;ðcHa&;jzpfpOf (globalization) a=umifh/ ppfajrjyifudk rufcD,mA,fvD awG;=unfhEdkifavmufrnfh twdkif; twmxufrsm;pGm us,f0ef;atmifwdk;csJ@EdkifaomtcGifhtvrf;rsm;&Sdaeonfjzpf&m/ Ttiftm;pkrsm;udk jynfwGif;rSm omru/ jynfytESH@tjym;rSmyg =unfh&ayvdrfhrnf? r[mAsL[majrmuft=urf;rzufwdkufyGJonf/ vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf jynfolwdk@udk,fwdkif qifE$JaomwdkufyGJ jzpf onf? ppfyGJqifE$Ja&;ESifh ywfoufI rufcD,mA,fvD t=uHðywifjycJhaomt,ltqt&qdkv#if/ jynfolwdk@onf 24

Felix Gilbert, “The Renaissance of the Art of War,” in Makers of Modern Strategy from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age, Peter Paret, ed., (Princeton University Press, 1968), 11-31.

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

“EdkifiHom;wyfrawmf”. ppfonfawmfrsm;jzpfygonf? jynfolwdk@taejzifh 'Drdkua&pDa&;wdkufyGJwGif yg0ifjcif; rðyygu rdrdwdk@.vGwfvyfr_udk/ tzsuf&efrS a&&SnfwnfwHhap&ef umuG,fxdef;odrf;xm;Edkifrnf r[kwfacs? t=urf;rzufwdkuf yGJqifE$Jaom jzpfpOfonf/ jynfolwdk@tzdk@ rdrdudk,frdrd 'Drdkua&pDcsrSwfwnfaxmifapaom jzpfpOfjzpfonf? jynfolwdk@ onf atmufajcxkydkif;acgif;aqmifr_/ tkyfpkcsif;yl;aygif;aqmif±Gufr_/ yef;wdkifESifh &nfrSef;csufrsm; az:xkwfwifjyr_wdk@ ponfwdk@ ta&;ygyHkudk udk,fawG@awG@ñuHodjrifcGifh&aponf? ppfyGJonf “v#ifvnf;v#ifjref/xdvnf;xda&muf”&rnf[laom rufcD,mA,fvD.tjrifonf/ t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJ wGif tcgcyfodrf;rSm toHk;wnfhEdkifzG,fr&Sdacs? odk@&mwGif ‚if;.tajccHoabmw&m;url toHk;wnfhygonf? v#ifjref r_ESifh qHk;jzwfaqmif&GufEdkifr_ xda&mufr_jrifhrm;av t&Sdeft[kef&avjzpfonf? wu,fawmh t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJ AsL[mcsrSwfolrsm; taejzifh/ t&if;tjrpfrsm;ESifh jynfolwdk@.cHEdkifpGrf;&nfonf tuef@towf&Sda=umif; odxm;ap oifhygonf? r[mAsL[mtaejzifh/ oifhawmfaomumvwpfcktwGif;wGif/ vlxk}uD;udkpnf;±Hk;/ &efol.tm%mtajc tjrpfrsm;udkwdkufcdkuf+yD;/ atmifyGJudkt&,la&; r[mAsL[mjzpfoifha=umif;pGJrSwfxm;&ygvdrfhrnf? taumif;qHk;rSm &efol.axmufwdkifrsm; jrefjrefqefqefòydusoGm;+yD;/ tkyfpdk;a&;enf;vrf;rsm; vufrJhjzpfoGm;aomtcgrsKd;wGif t=urf; rzufa&; v#yfpD;ppfqifa&; (blitzkrieg) udkqifE$Jjcif; jzpfonf? odk@&mwGif tpOD;umvwGif/ t=urf;rzufvSkyf&Sm;r_ tzdk@ Tod@kaomppfqifa&;rsKd;qifE$Ja&;twGuf/ vdktyfaomnd‡Ed_if;r_/ tpDtrHa&;qGJa&;qdkif&m u|rf;usifr_/ pnf;urf; ESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm; toifh&SdaeonfrSm &Sm;yg;vSygonf? uavmhZf0pf um;vf AGef uavmhZ0pf (Carl von Clausewitz) onf/ y&yf&Sif;ppft&m&SdwpfOD;.om;jzpf+yD;/ (1780) ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf? wyfxJa&muf+yD;r=umrDrSmyif/ uavmhZ0pfonf ol.pGrf;&nfudktodtrSwfðy&aom/ aemifwGifrdwf aqGvnf;jzpf/ oGefoifolq&mvnf;jzpfvmrnfhol AdkvfcsKyf}uD;*sm[wfAGef&Sef;a[mh (Gerhard von Scharnhost) ESifhodu|rf;cGifh&cJhygonf? olonf ppfoabmw&m;a&m/ vufawG@ygu|rf;usifydkifEdkifojl zpfvm&ef tcGifhomaprnfh wm0efrsm; ay;tyfcH&atmifvnf; pGrf;aqmifEdkifcJhonf? (1818) ckESpfwGif olonfAdkvfrSL;csKyftqifhtxd &mxl;wuf cJh+yD;aemuf/ olruG,fvGefrDav;avmufrSmyif (1831) ckESpfY/ y&yf±Sef;ppfwuUodkvf (Prussion War School) . ausmif;tkyf}uD; jzpfvmcJhonf? TumvtwGif;Y “ppfyGJ”(On War--Vom Kriege) trnf&Sd pmtkyfudk a&;om; cJhjcif;jzpfonf? 25 ppfyGJpmtkyfudk ppfa&;pDrH&mY wdkufqdkufppfaq;Edkifonfh vrf;!$efpmtkyfwpftkyftjzpf &nf±G,fcJhonf r[kwfacs? ‚if; onfppfyGJudk tbd"rRma&;t& avhvmwifjyxm;aom pmtkyfwpftkyf jzpfonf? jyifopfawmfvSefa&;ESifh ‚if;.tarG cHjzpfaom eydkvD,efwdk@u/ ppfa&;pDrHyHkudk t}uD;tus,fajymif;vJapcJha=umif;/ uavmhZ0pfu em;vnfoabmayguf cJhonf? wyfzGJ@i,frsm;jzifh tuGufpdyfpdyfppfupm;jcif;tm;jzifh/ {&mrwyfrawmf}uD;tcsif;csif;zufòydifwdkufcdkufcg/ tqHk;tjzwfatmifyGJ&atmif wdkufcdkuf=ujcif;jzpf+yD;/ ESpfzufpvHk; t}uD;tus,fxdcdkufepfemapEdkifonfh tjzpfudk vnf; vufcH&apEdkifonf? (ppfonf tpGrf;ukef wpfzufpGef;a&mufatmif t=urf;zuf&aom vkyf&yfjzpfonf?) uavmhZf0pfonf ppfa&;udkpDrHwdkufcdkufrnfudk azmfjycJhjcif;r[kwfyJ/ ppfyGJESifhywfoufI rnfodk@awG;ac:,lq&rnf [laomtwGif;oabmudk azmfjycJhonf? oluazmfjy&mwGif/ t*~r[mAsL[m (Grand Strategy) wGif (oHwrefa&;/ pD;yGg;a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;vrf;!$efr_rsm; yg0ifonf?)/ EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifr_onf tjrifhqHk;wm0ef&Sdonf[k a&;om;cJh onf? 26 ,ae@acwfwyfrSL;rsm;tzdk@/ r[mAsL[ma&;qGJ&mY ay:vpDqdkif&m&nfrSef;csufrsm;ESifh OD;pm;ay;owfrSwfcsuf rsm;atmifjrifa&;twGuf/ iJhuGufpOf;pm;p&mrsm; &Sdaewwfonf? ‚if;iJhuGufpOf;pm;p&m uef@owfcsufrsm;rSm/ t&if; 25

Porter Paret, “Clausewitz” in Makers of Modern Strategy from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age, Peter Paret, ed., (Princeton University Press, 1968), 186-211. 26 Hans W Gatzke, Introduction to Principles of War by Carl von Clausewitz, Hans Gatzke, trans. and ed. (Harrisburg: Military Service Publishing, 1952), 1-10. Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

tjrpfrsm;udk cGJa0owfrSwfjcif;/ ppfqifa&;e,fajr owfrSwfjcif;/ wdkufyGJpnf;rsOf;rsm; xkwfjyefjcif;/ &nfrSef;csufrsm; owfrSwftuJjzwfjcif;uJhodk@aom vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;jzpfonf? ppfyGJ.oabmobm0ESifh aqmif&GufyHk tpDtrHrsm;wGif tajymif;tvJrsm;&Sda=umif;udk uavmhZf0pfESifh rufcD,m A,fvDwdk@u todtrSwfðycJh=uonfhenf;wlyif/ t=urf;rzufvSkyf&Sm;r_ r[mAsL[ma&;qGJolrsm;taejzifhvnf;/ t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJtpDtrHtay: =oZmoufa&mufaeaom t"duajymif;vJr_}uD;rsm;udk em;vnftodtrSwf ðyxm;&ayrnf? r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJtay: tusKd;oufa&mufaeaom ta&;t}uD;qHk; ta=umif;tcsufrsm;um; ody`HESifhenf;ynmwdk;wufr_rsm; jzpfEdkifygonf? Oyrm/ vl/ ±kyf0wˆKypPnf;/ owif;tcsuf tvufESifh ta&;}uD;qHk;jzpfaom t=uH^m%fwdk@. vSkyf&Sm;r_jrefqef&jcif;onf/ ody`HESifhenf;ynmwdk;wufr_wdk@. wdkuf±dkuftusKd;oufa&mufaer_yif jzpfygonf? tpdk;&rsm;onf ydkIA[dkcsKyfudkifr_vkyfvm=uaomtcgY/ jynfolwdk@tm; uef@owfcsKyfcs,faomOya'rsm;/ =uyfrwf apmifh=unfhr_rsm;ESifh/ ydkIu|rf;usifvdrfrmaom&JwyfzGJ@rsm;jzifh ydkIxdef;csKyfr_ vkyfvmEdkifygonf? wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif/ tpdk;&ydkifr[kwfaom tzGJ@tpnf; (tJef*sDtdk) rsm;/ toif;tyif;rsm;/ EdkifiHjcm;tpdk;&rsm;/ EdkifiHpHkaumfydka&;&Sif; tzGJ@ rsm;/ pojzifhtiftm;pkrsm;u/ tpdk;&tay: wefjyefzdtm;oufa&mufr_&Sdaeonfudkvnf;/ rsm;pGmr[kwfaomfrS tenf;tusOf;oabmrsKd; ñuHawG@ae&ygonf? TtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;xJrStcsKd@onf olwdk@.tusKd;pD;yGg; (wpfcgw&HY tvGefusOf;ajrmif;aom tusKd;pD;yGg;) t&/ tpdk;&rsm;tay: =oZmv$rf;rdk;vdk=ujcif; jzpfygonf? r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJwGif/ vufeufudkifwdkufyGJuJhodk@yif/ “ppfrsufESm”udk tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;txd wdk;csJ@xm;&ygrnf? EdkifiHwpfck&Sd wpfygwDtm%m&Siftpdk;&. tm%mtajctjrpfonf/ tjcm;EdkifiHwpfckwGif ÏmecsKyf ESifh t"dutpk&S,f,m0ifrsm; tajcpdkufonfh/ EdkifiHpHkaumfydka&;&Sif;wpfck jzpfaewwfygonf? Ttm%mtajctjrpf udk wdkufcdkuf&mY tpk&S,f,m0ifrsm;. tpnf;ta0;rsm;/ w&m;cHk±Hk;rsm;/ t,f'DwmtmabmfpmrsufESmrsm;/ wuU odkvfy&0k%ftwGif;vSkyf&Sm;r_rsm;/ odk@r[kwf oydwfarSmufuef@uGufr_rsm;/ vrf;ay:xGufuef@uGufqENjyr_rsm; xnfh oGif;Edkifygonf? wdkif;EdkifiHe,fedrdwf.jyifywGifvnf; r[mrdwfrsm;udk &SmazGawG@Edkifygao;onf? Oyrm/ ukvor*~. tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ EdkifiHwumvGwfjidrf;csrf;omcGifhtzGJ@ (Amnesty International)/ e,fpnf;rjcm;q&m0efrsm;tzGJ@ (Doctors without Borders) ESifh trsKd;om; 'Drdkua&pD axmufyHha&;toif;}uD; (National Endowment for Democracy) wdk@onf/ 'Drdkua&pDvSkyf&Sm;r_. r[mrdwfrsm;ESifh rdwfaqGrsm;jzpfvmzG,f&Sdaom tzGJ@tpnf;tcsKd@jzpf ygonf? ppfyGJ usrf;pmtkyfonf/ pmzwfoltm; ppfyGJESifhywfoufI tbd"rRma&;t& avhvmwifjyxm;aomfvnf;/ uavmhZf 0pf. ppfyGJESifhywfoufaomtjrifrsm;onf/ t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJqifaeolrsm;tzdk@vnf; pdwf0ifpm;p&mvnf;aumif;/ wefzdk;vnf; &SdEdkifygonf? “EdkifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufrsm;onf yef;wdkifjzpfonf? ppfonf yef;wdkifa&mufa&; enf;vrf;jzpfonf? enf;vrf;udk ‚if;. &nfrSef;csufESifhuif;uGmI wpfoD;wpfjcm;pDxm;I rnfonfhtcgr# rpOf;pm;oifhacs?” 27 t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJ&nfrSef;csufrsm;onf/ a,bk,stm;jzifh/ vGwfvyfr_/ 'Drdkua&pD/ vl@tcGifhta&;av;pm;r_ESifh w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;wdk@ yg0ifygonf? Todk@jzifh “enf;vrf;ESifh &nfrSef;csufed*Hk;”wdk@onf/ vdkufzufonfomru/ wpfck udkwpfckvnf; tjyeftvSef tm;jznfhtusKd;ðyay;aeygonf? t=urf;zuf0g'.&nf&G,fcsufonf trsm;jynfolxJY ta=umufw&m;oGwfoGif;ay;a&;udk vufudkifxm;onfjzpf&m/ enf;vrf;taejzifh 'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&; &nfrSef;csufESifh rvdkufzuf qef@usifaeygonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf ‚if;onf 'Drdkua&pDudkaomfvnf;aumif;/ t&yfzufvlr_tzGJ@ 27

Carl von Clausewitz, On War, edited and translated by Michael Howard and Peter Paret, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976), 73.

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

tpnf;rsm; zGH@òzd;a&;twGuf/ taxmuftulðyaom wefzdk;udkvnf; tm;ay;jcif; r&Sdaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? tm%m&Siftpdk;&wpf&yfudk twdkuftcHtiftm;pkwdk@u/ or±dk;usppfa&;vSkyf&Sm;r_jzifh qef@usifrnfqdkygu/ zdESdyfolY wGef;vSefol t&yfom;rsm;xuf tpOfojzifh tqrweftm;omaeEdkif+yD;/ taumif;qHk;pGrf;aqmifEdkifygrS/ wefzdk;}uD; }uD;ay;qyf+yD;cgrS/ tm%mcsdefcGifv#mwef;wl±Hkavmufom jzpfEdkifygonf? pD;yGg;a&;ododomom xdcdkufysufpD;&r_ ESifhtwl/ ppfwyfzufwGifaomfvnf;aumif;/ t&yfom;rsm;zufwGifaomfvnf;aumif; t}uD;tus,fusqHk;/ '%f&m& xdcdkufjcif;rsm; jzpfapEdkifygonf? ajymufusm;ppfa&;tm;vH;k eD;yg;avmufonf/ ESpzf ufppfcif;olwdk@.vufcsufjzifh t&yfom;jynfolrsm;udk twd'kuQa&mufapygonf? zdESdyfoltpdk;&u/ t&yfom;rsm;udk olykefaomif;usef;olrsm;[k jrifavh&Sd+yD;/ &duQmESifhtjcm;ypPnf;rsm;udk odrf;,ljcif;/ aumufyJoD;ESHyifrsm;udkzsufqD;ypfjcif;/ t&yfom;rsm;udk tapmifht=uyfxlxJpGm csxm;aomae&mrsm;odk@ t"rRajymif;a±$@apjcif;/ tpOfrjywf ar;jref;ppfa=umjcif;wdk@ ðyEdkif onfh tjyif/ yÉdyuQrpwifrDu e*dk&Sd&if;pGJ tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh umuG,fapmifha±Smufr_Oya'rsm;onfyif/ ta&;ay: Oya'rsm; a=ujimonfhtcgY uG,faysmufqHk;&_H;=u&wwfygonf? tjcm;wpfzufYrl ajymufusm;wyfzGJ@rsm;u t&yf om;jynfolrsm;tm; tcGef/ &duQm/ wyfom;opfESifh axmufvSrf;a&;wyfom;axmufyHhay;olrsm;tjzpf oabmxm; =uygonf? ajymufusm;vSkyf&Sm;r_udk raxmufcHolrsm;tm;/ oifcef;pmay;onfhtaejzifh tpdk;&owif;ay;[k rouFm &olrsm;ty: =urf;&rf;jywwfygonf? 'kuQa&mufaeaom jynfolwdk@tzdk@ ppfòydifaeaomESpfzufpvHk;onf/ xl;rjcm;em; [k jrifvm=uayvdrfhrnf? (ESpfzufpvHk;udk =urf;ñuwfaom/ vk,ufpm;aomufae=uaom/ zdESdyfolrsm;tjzpf jrif=u ygvdrfhrnf?) enf;AsL[monf wdkufyGJwpfcktwGif;Y/ vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@wpfckjzifh az:aqmifenf; oDtdk&D oabmw&m;udk !$ef; onf? r[mAsL[monf ppfyGJ.&nf&G,fcsuftwGuf/ wdkufaom wdkufyGJ. oDtdk&D/ oabmw&m;udk !$ef;onf? 28 wdkufyGJt&SdefwufaecsdefY/ TtwGif;oabmudk *±krxm;yJ&dSaewwf+yD;/ csrSwfxm;aom r[mAsL[mudkjyefr=unfhyJ/ enf;AsL[mrsm; csrSwfaqmif&Gufwwfygonf? r[mAsL[mu/ rnfonfhwdkufyGJrsKd; wdkuf&rnfudk owfrSwfay;ygonf? t=urf;rzuf wdkufyGJr[mAsL[monf/ vGefav+yD;aom t=urf;rzufvSkyf&Sm;r_rsm;xJrSaeI ay:xGufvmjcif; jzpfonf [laom t,ltqonf/ r[mAsL[majrmuf awG;ac:enf;udk rodem;rvnfa=umif; az:jyaeygonf? t=urf;rzuf wdkufyGJtwGuf t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk/ tpOfrjywf &&SdEdkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfacs? r[mAsL[m&nfrSef;csufrJhpGm ‚if;wdk@udkoHk;pGJ jcif;onf/ tusKd;tjrwfra&&myJ pGef@pm;&ma&mufapygonf? odk@&mwGif r[mAsL[monf/ wdkufyGJr&Sdv#if t"dy`g,fr&Sdacs? ta=umif;rSm wdkufyGJonfr[mAsL[m. ukef=urf;/ r[mAsL[m. enf;vrf; (u&d,m) jzpfaoma=umifhyifwnf;? 29 taumif;qHk;jzpfatmif csrSwfxm;aom t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJ. r[mAsL[monfvnf;/ ‚if;udkaz:aqmifa&;twGuf qifE$Jaom vSkyf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh urfydef;v_H@aqmfr_rsm;r&Sdygu/ t"dy`g,f r&Sdacs? r[mAsL[mtwGuf wdkufyGJonf ukef=urf; jzpfonf [kqdktHh/ t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJtwGuf ukef=urf;onf/ pnf;±Hk;zGJ@pnf;/ avhusifh/ u|rf;usifvdrfrmpGmacgif; aqmifxm;aom jynfolvlxkrsm;yif jzpfonf? tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf &nfrSef;csufrsm;ESifhvuf&SdpGrf;aqmifEdkifr_rsm; tay: rlwnfvsuf/ &efoludkuef@uGufqENjyjcif;/ yl;aygif;aqmif±Gufr_rðyyJaejcif;ESifh/ 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;enf;vrf; rsm;jzifh wdkufyGJqifEdkifpGrf;&Sd&rnf? owfrSwfxm;aom &nfrSef;csufrsm;atmifjrifa&;twGuf/ vdktyfaompGrf;&nfrsm; rvHkravmufjzpfaeygu/ tEdkifwdkufEdkifaompGrf;&nfwnfaqmufa&;twGuf/ avhusifhr_rsm; vdktyfEdkifygonf? zdEdSyfr_ tqHk;owfI atmifyGJcH&rnfjzpf+yD;/ v_yf&Sm;r_wdkufyGJrsm;jzifh &ifqdkif&ygvdrfhrnf? ppfyGJqdkonfrSm/ &efoltm; rdrdqENtwdkif; vkyfaqmifvmap&ef/ tiftm;jzifh twif;tusyfwdkufwGef;aom vkyf aqmifcsufom jzpfonf? 30 28 29

Quoted in Peter Paret, “Clausewitz”, Makers of Modern Strategy, Paret ed., 190. Ibid. Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

AHk;/ tajrmuf/ wifhum;ESifh ajcvsifwyfwdk@udk avsmfuefpGm xda&mufatmifae&mcsxm;Edkifygu/ atmifjrifr_&Edkifyg onf? tvm;wlyif/ t=urf;rzufenf;vrf;rsm;uvnf; &efoltm; “rdrdwdk@.tvdkusqEN”twdkif; vdkufemvkyf aqmifvmap&ef wdkufwGef;apEdkifygonf? pepfwusaocspGma&;qGJxm;aom r[mAsL[mwpf&yf/ taxmuftulðy pDrHudef;rsm;/ avhusifhay;xm;aom atmufajctqifhacgif;aqmifrsm;&Sdygu/ tm%m&Siftpdk;&wpf&yf &yfwnfEdkif&ef twGuf tm%m.tajctjrpfrsm;udk z,f&Sm;ypfEdkifygonf? tiftm;}uD;wpf&yfudk jzpfapygonf? wpfcgw&HY t=urf; rzufwdkufyGJvSkyf&Sm;r_rsm;onf/ wdkufyGJ&nfrSef;csuftjzpf &efolESifh aphpyfa&;aqG;aEG;yGJjzpfay:atmif&nfrSef;I óud;yrf; vkyfaqmifonfrsm;vnf; &Sdwwfygonf? Todk@vkyfjcif;onf ta=umif;jycsuftrsKd;rsKd;t& r[mAsL[majrmuftrSm; jzpfonf[k qdkEdkifygonf? ta=umif;aygif;rsm;pGm&Sdonfhteuf ta=umif;wpfckrSm/ aphpyfaqG;aEG;r_jzifh tqHk;tjzwf atmifyGJr&Edkifaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? aphpyfaqG;aEG;jcif;udk ‘enf;vrf;’tjzpfom jrifoifhygonf? ‘ed*Hk;yef;wdkif’ tjzpf rjrifoifhacs? wdkufppfvSkyf&Sm;r_rsm;udk&yfqdkif;+yD;/ aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;udk axmufcHap&ef jynfolwdk@tm;wdkufwGef;v#if/ t=urf;rzuf vSkyf&Sm;r_udk t&Sdeft[kef ysufoGm;apEdkifygonf? trsm;tm;jzifh/ aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGJay:aygufatmif óud;yrf;aomzuf onf/ wdkufyGJudk qufrwdkufEdkif/ odk@r[kwf/ qufwdkufvdkaomqENr&Sd (Todk@jzifh) wpfzuf&efoludk rdrdtvdk&Sdovdk “wdkufwGef;”Edkifrnfr[kwf[k/ rSwf,lxm;olrsm; jzpf=uayonf? xdk@a=umifhappyfaqG;aEG;jcif;udk r[mAsL[m. vwfwavm&nfrSef;csuftjzpf oabmxm;ygv#if/ aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGJay:aygufatmifawmif;qdkay;rnfh/ wwd,ygwD wpfck &Sdaumif;ygonf? oabmwlnDcsufrsm;&±dSatmif raqG;aEG;cifwGif/ t=urf;rzufvSkyf&Sm;r_acgif;aqmifrsm;aejzifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGJpm;yGJrSm oabmwlnDr_ðyrnfqdkygu/ xm;cJhaom y%mroabmwlnDcsufrsm; (conditions) ESihf tnDjzpfatmif tmrcHcsufay;Edkif&ygrnf? Todk@tmrcHcsuf,lrxm;Edkifygu wdkufyGJa=umifh&&Sdaom/ atmifyGJudk aqG;aEG;yGJuGefz&ifhpm;yGJwGif qHk;±SHk;oGm;Edkifygonf? t=urf;rzufvSkyf&Sm;r_onf tpdk;&udkaphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;pm;yGJay:odk@ t=uyfudkifqGJac:Edkifonfomru/ oabmwlnDcsufrsm;twdkif; vdkufemapEdkifavmufatmif/ tiftm;&Sdvmygu tm%m&Siftpdk;&onf csdeJ@onfhtjzpfodk@ a&mufae+yD jzpfonf? oifhtay:oufn‡m&ef &efoludktoem;cHav/ &efoluoufn‡m&ef rpOf;pm;av/ oufn‡mrnf r[kwfavjzpfonf? &efolu óud;yrf;tm;xkwfr_enf;av/ oifhtzdk@vnf; óud;yrf;tm;xkwfr_ vkyfp&mrvdkavjzpfonf? oifh EdkifiHa&; &nfrSef;csufu tm;aysmhav/ oifuvnf; ta&;xm;r_ enf;av/ oifhtzdk@ ‚if;udkpGef@v$wfp&m&Sdv#if pGef@ v$wf&rnf udk 0efrav;av jzpfonf? 31 a&S@tcef;rsm;wGif azmfjycJhonfhtwdkif;/ EdkifiHa&;ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJ. tapmydkif;tqifhrsm; wGif/ tpdk;&vdkufavsmvmatmif rdrdzufu wGef;xdk;ay;EdkifpGrf;vnf;r&Sd/ aphpyfaqG;aEG;Ivnf; r&Edkifaom awmif;qdk csufrsm;awmif;jcif;onf/ t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJ0iftkyfpktzdk@ tar#mftjrifenf;&ma&mufa=umif;udk az:jycJh+yD;jzpfonf? tpdk;&wpf&yftay: awmif;qdkcsufrsm;onf/ ajymif;vJr_jzpfay:vmatmif rdrdzufu rnfr#pGrf;aqmifEdkifoenf; [l aom tcsufESifhtnDom jzpfoifhygonf? rjzpfwefaom awmif;qdkcsuf}uD;rsm; awmif;qdk+yD;/ OD;usKd;cHrnfhtpm;/ ydkI aumif;aom r[mAsL[mrSm/ Edkifajcrsm;aom udpPao;ao;av;rsm;udk a±G;cs,fI tEdkif&,l&ef jzpfygonf? t±SHk;ay: rnfh tEW&m,fvnf;enf;/ EdkifiHa&;oabmraqmifa=umif;vnf; odomxif&Sm;aom udpP&yfrsm;onf/ a=umufp&m r&Sd/ odk@r[kwf tao;tzGJ[k oabmxm;cH&zG,f&Sdonfhtjyif/ ESdyfuGyfr_cH&zG,fvnf; enf;ygonf? tcef;(4)wGif/ &Sif; vif;jyqdkcJhaom vdkufavsmaphpyfjcif;onf Ttaetxm;rsKd;rsm;wGif/ usifhoHk;&ef toifhawmfqHk; jzpfygonf? T udpP&yfrsKd;onf/ jzpfvmzG,f&Sdaom aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;Y “aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGJtaxmuftulrsm;” (bargaining chips) vnf;jzpfvmp&m &Sdygonf? tb,fha=umifhqdkaomf TudpPrsm;wGif tav#mhay;aphpyfjcif;tm;jzifh vSkyf&Sm;r_}uD;wpfck vHk;udk }uD;}uD;rm;rm;xdcdkufp&mr&Sdaoma=umifh/ jzpfygonf? 30

Carl von Clausewitz, On War, Edited and translated by Michael Howard and Peter Paret, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976), 73. 31 Ibid. Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

wdkufyGJpDrHcsufa&;qGJ&mY pOf;pm;&eft"dutcsufwpfcsufrSm/ &efol@tvdkus/ rvdkvm;tyfaomxdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifr_rsm; udk a±Smif&eftwGuf/ tEdkifydkif;xm;&rnfh/ ‘atmifyGJ&+yD’[k a=ujim&rnfh tcsdeftcgudk oda&;yifjzpfygonf? vSkyf&Sm;r_ wpfpHkwpfck.&nfrSef;csufrsm;atmifjrif+yDqdkv#if/ aemufxyf&nfrSef;csufrsm;twGuf a±S@wdk;&ef róud;pm;rD/ jzpfay:vm zG,f&Sdaom ab;tEW&m,frsm;udk owd&Sd&Sd pOf;pm;=unfh&ef vdkygonf? TtEdkifydkif;a&;rlESifhywfoufI ajym&rnfqdkyg v#if (1989) ckESpfu/ wdeftefrif;,ifjyif&Sd ausmif;om;rsm;onf/ ppfwyfu wifhum;ESifhajcvsifwyfrsm;oHk;+yD; ròzdcGif; vmrDtcsdefwGif/ atmifyGJa=ujim/ tEdkifydkif;+yD; vlpkcGJoGm;oifhygonf? wpfpdwfwpfa'oom ydkifqdkiftEdkif&aomfvnf;/ ajymprSwfðyavmufaom atmifyGJ[k qdkEdkifygonf? Todk@jzpf&rnfhtpm;/ ta&;awmfyHk±SkH;edrfhoGm;um/ ,cifoDwif; ywfrsm; twGif;u &&Sdxm;cJhaom atmifjrifr_rsm;onfvnf; qHk;±SHk;cJh&ygawmhonf? *END (Mohandas K. Gandhi) r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJta=umif; aqG;aEG;ajymqdkrnfqdkv#if/ (20) &mpktapmydkif;/ tdEdN,vGwfvyf a&;vSkyf&Sm;r_acgif;aqmif. xda&mufxufjrufpGmpGrf;aqmifEdkifcJhyHkudk csefvSyfxm;I rjzpfEdkifay? rdk[ef'wfpf au/ *END (1869 -1948) onf/ tdENd,EdkifiHwGif arG;zGm;+yD;/ a±S@aetjzpf ynmqnf;yl;cJhol wpfOD;jzpfonf? olonf (1893) ck ESpfwGif/ awmiftmz&duEdkifiHodk@ oGm;a&muf+yD; tom; ta&mifcGJjcm;r_qef@usifa&; vSkyf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif yg0ifcJhonf? (1915) ckESpfwGif tdEdN,EdkifiHodk@jyefvm+yD;/ vGwfvyfa&;twGuf trsKd;om;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifcJhonf? *ENDonf/ acgif;aqmifwpfa,muf. tajccHtusqHk;aom xl;jcm;csufwpfckudk azmfxkwfjyocJh+yD;/ ‚if;rSm &efoludkqef@ usif&mY/ cdkifvHkqDavsmfaom r[mAsL[mwpf&yfudk wpfpdkufrwfrwf udkifpGJusifhoHk;jcif;yif jzpfonf? r[mAsL[m wpf&yfonf/ 0ef;usiftaetxm;udk *±kwpdkuf cGJjcrf;oHk;oyfjcif;ESifh tiftm;pkrsm;tcsif;csif; tjyeftvSefqufpyf wnf&SdaeyHkay:wGif/ tajccHxm;ygu/ acgif;aqmifonf wdkufyGJ.t±SkyftaxG;rsm;=um;xJwGif wpfpdkufrwfrwfusifhoHk; vmcJhaom r[mAsL[mESifh ywfoufI awGa0 ajymif;roGm;oifhacs? enf;AsL[mudkajymif;oifhu ajymif;Edkifygonf? *ENDonf Todk@xufjrufaom acgif;aqmifr_udk ydkifqdkifoljzpfonf? olu EdkifiHa&;tm%mESifhywfoufI twGif; oabmudk xGif;azgufodjrifcJhygonf? TtjrifrSefuefa=umif;udkvnf; olodxm;ojzifh/ aemuf&mpkESpf0ufausmf umvywfvHk;/ olonf tjrifudk r,drf;r,dkif udkifpGJcJhygonf? TtrSefw&m;rSm/ “jynfolvlxku emcHjcif;r&Sdygu/ tkyfpdk;olrsm;onf tkyfpdk;Ir&Edkif”[laom ta=umif;w&m; jzpfygonf? TtrSefw&m;rS tpcsDvsuf/ olu t,l tqwpf&yfazmfxkwfcJh+yD;/ zufpHk us,fjyef@onfh vkyfief;pOfrsm;yg qufvufazmfxkwfcJhygonf? Tvkyfief;pOfrsm;jzifh +Adwdo#wdk@taejzifh tdENd,EdkifiHudk qufvuftkyfpdk;oGm;EdkifpGrf;vnf; r&Sd/ qufvuftkyfpdk;oGm;vdkonfh pdwfqENvnf; r&Sdapavmufatmif aqmif&GufcJhygonf? tkyfpdk;olwdk@onf jynfolwdk@. axmufcHtm;ay;r_ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif±Gufr_r&Sdygu/ tpGrf;tprJhjzpfoGm;rnf[k ed*Hk;csKyf aumufcsufcsolrsm;teuf/ *ENDonf yxrOD;qHk;yk*~dKvf r[kwfovdk/ wpfOD;wnf;aom yk*~dKvfvnf; r[kwfacs? a'guf wm*sif;&Syfu/ ol. “t=urf;rzufvSkyf&Sm;r_EdkifiHa&;” pmtkyfY/ (15) &mpk jyifopfawG;ac:&Sif}uD;wpfOD;jzpfol tufwD ,if;eJ 'D vm bdkwD; (Etienne de la Boetie) ta=umif;udk &nfnGef;azmfjyxm;zl;ygonf? touf 18-ESpft±G,fY bdkwD;u Todk@a&;om;cJhygonf? “tu,fI olwdk@ (rif;qdk;rif;npfrsm;) udk bmr#ray;ygu/ olwdk@udk remcHygu/ wdkufcdkufjcif;/ xdk;ESufjcif; wpfcsufr#yif rðy&yJESifh ajcrJhvufrJ hjzpfusef&pfum/ a=uðyef;oGm;zG,f &Sdygonf? opfjrpfrSm ajr=oZmr&yg u/ tudkif;tcufrsm; ajcmufEGrf;/ aooGm;ouJhodk@ jzpfonf?” 32 (1908) ckESpfwGif/ vD,dkawmfvfpwGdkif; (Leo Tolstoy) uvnf;/ jAdwdo#e,fcsJ@pepfESifh pdwfvdkvuf&u|efcHjcif;wdk@.

Quoted in Sharp, The Politics of Nonviolent Action, 1:34. Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

yÉdyuQta=umif;udk &Sif;vif;a&;om;cJhygonf? tdENd,EdkifiH. xl;jcm;aomjy\emESifhywfoufI awmfvfpwGKdif;u ol. “[dENLwpfOD;odk@ ay;pm”wGif/ atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;cJhygonf? “ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ukr`%Dwpfcku/ vlOD;a&oef; (200) &Sdaom wdkif;jynfwpfjynfudk u|efðyxm;onf? Tta=umif;udk t,lonf;r_uif;&Sif;ol wpfOdD;tm;ajymjyygav? olu Tpum;udk em;vnfrnf r[kwf acs? vloHk;aomif;u æ vlaygif;oef; (200) udk vufatmufcHðyxm;onf[laom tcsuftvufu rnfonfh oabmudkaqmifaeygoenf;? æ Tudef;*%ef;rsm;udk=unfhjcif;tm;jzifh tdENd,wdkif;om;rsm;udk u|efðyxm;onfrSm t*Fvdyfwdk@r[kwf/ pdwfvdkvuf& u|efcHaeaom tdENd,wdkif;om;rsm;om jzpfonf[l aom tcsufu &Sif;ygavp? 33 (1920) ckESpfwGif/ *ENDuvnf; tvm;wltjrifudk az:jycJhzl;onf? “jynfolrsm;uom/ tvkyftau|;rðyawmhv#if rnfonfhtpdk;&r# oufqdk;r&SnfEdkifacs (tdENd,tpdk;&qdkv#if ydkIyifoufqdk; r&SnfEdkifacs?)” 34 *ENDu/ +Adwdo#wdk@vufatmufodk@ tdENd,vlrsKd;rsm;usa&muf&jcif;. t&if;cHta=umif;w&m;rsm;onf/ ordkif;qdkif&m ESifh ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m =oZm*,ufrsm;jzpfonf[k ,Hk=unfcJhonf? +Adwdo#wdk@vuftmufodk@usa&mufjcif;a=umifh tusKd;quftjzpf jzpfay:vmaom/ tusifhysufr_rsm;udk y,fazsmuf&ef/ *ENDu “tðyoabmaqmifonfh wnf aqmufa&;vkyfief;pOf”wpf&yfudkcsrSwfcJhonf? Tvkyfief;pOfudk taumiftxnfaz:Edkifygu/ u|efpdwf"gwf/ u|eftrl tusifhudk vlwpfOD;csif;a&m/ trsm;yg/ rdrdudk,fudkav;pm;r_jzifh tpm;xdk;Edkifrnfhtjyif/ wdkif;wyg;tkyfpdk;olwdk@udk tm%mzDqefa=umif;/ yl;aygif;aqmif±Gufjcif;rðya=umif; jyoEdkifaompGrf;&nfESifh pdwf"gwfvnf; jzpfay:vmrnf[k ,Hk=unfcJhonf? vkyfief;pOf. &nfrSef;csuf (5) csufrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfonf? • tdENd,jynfolwdk@taejzifh/ rdrdudk,frdrdav;pm;+yD;/ *k%foduQm&Sdaom tqifhodk@ajymif;vJjr‡ifhwifajymif;vJapa&;? • +Adwdo#wdk@tay: rSDcdktm;xm;r_rsm; avsmhcsa&;twGuf wdkufwGef;tm;ay;a&;? • vGwfvyfa&;twGuf wufºuGpGmwdkufyGJ0ifoGm;a&;? • “vl”(+Adwdo#wdk@ESifh ‚if;wdk@.zufawmfom;rsm;) udk rlay:vpDESifh cGJjcm;xm;a&;? • tdENd,vlrsKd;wdk@. wpfOD;csif;ESifhtrsm;qdkif&mpm&dwWr¾dKifjrifhrm;apjcif;jzifh usifh0wfa&;&mt& tompD;&&SDa&; wdk@jzpfonf? &nfrSef;csuftoD;oD;udk/ yk*~dKvfwpfOD;csif;tvdkuf az:aqmifEdkif+yD;/ xdkrSwzef wrsKd;om;vHk;. yl;aygif;aqmif±Gufr_ rðy yJaejcif;vSkyf&Sm;r_tjzpfodk@ aygif;pnf;oGm;aprnf jzpfonf? TvSkyf&Sm;r_wGif tdENd,vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. vlwef;pm; tv$maygif;pHkyg0if&ef txl;vdktyfonf? jynfoljynfom;wdk@onf &nfrSef;csuftoD;oD;udk az:aqmifoGm;onfESifh tr# rdrdudk,frdrd,Hk=unfpdwfvnf; wdk;yGg;vmcJhum/ vSkyf&Sm;r_.&nf±G,fcsufudkomru rdrdwdk@.tcef;u¾udkyg em; vnfod&Sdvmrnf jzpfonf? t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJaz:a&;twGuf *ENDrSef;qcJhaom/ ,mOf&xm;rSm opPm*s[ (Satyagraha) (t=urf;zsif;bmom jyef&v#if/ “opPm trSefw&m;. tiftm;” [k t"dy`g,f&ygvdrfhrnf?) jzpfonf? rw&m;aomOya'rsm;udk wpfrsKd;om; vHk;remcHyJaea&;rl jzpf+yD;/ TrlwGif rnfonfhouf&Sdt&mudkrS rxdcdkufap&[laom t[d Ho w&m; (ahimsa) vnf; yg0ifonf?

33 34

Ibid., 1:13 Quoted in Sharp, Footnote, Gandhi as a Political Strategist, (Boston: Porter Sargent Publishers, 1979), 44.

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

*EN. D opPm*s[ onf/ opPmw&m;twGuf cdkifcdkifusnfusnfaqmif±Gufjcif;jzpfonf? w&m;aomta&;awmfyHktwGuf t=urf;rzuf vkyfaqmifcsufudk ZGJvHk@v&Sd&Sdjzifh aqmif±Gufjcif;jzpfonf? xHkayaeI ckcHjcif;r[kwf? TonfESifhqef@ usifpGmyif/ ‚if;onf vkyfaqmifr_/ v_yf&Sm;r_tay:wGif tajccHonf? vltrsm;u yl;aygif;aqmif±Gufr_rðyyJaejcif;/ rem cHjcif; (tm%mzDqefjcif;)vSkyf&Sm;r_rsm;jzifh/ tm%mt&if;tjrpfrsm;udk z,f&Sm;ypfum/ zdESdyfoludk wdkufcdkufjcif;jzpf onf? wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif/ rw&m;r_'%fa=umifh jynfolrsm;xdcdkufepfem&yHkudk jrifapjcif;tm;jzifh zdESdyfol. “pdwf ESvHk;ajymif;vJ”oGm;ap&eftwGufvnf;/ zufajymif;vJa&;óud;yrf;r_rsm;vnf; opPm*s[ vkyfief;wGif yg0ifonf? t=urf;rzufvkyfaqmifcsufudk/ rdrd.yifudk,ft,ltqtaeESifh vufcH,Hk=unfolrsm;omv#if/ opPm*s[ vkyfjcif; onf taumif;qHk;jzpfonf? odk@&mwGifajcmufypfuif;oJvJpif r[kwfaom urBmavmu}uD;. yuwdjzpf&yfrsm;udk rsufarSmufðyae&aom/ *ENDonf Tod@kr,Hk=unfolrsm;udkvnf; t=urf;rzufvSkyf&Sm;r_xJrS xkwfy,fjcif;rðycJhacs? t=urf;zufr_udpPtwGuf a[majymaeolrsm;udkyifv#if/ t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJESifh udkufnDatmif jrefjrefqefqef ajymif;vJypfI&a=umif;udk *ENDawG@&SdcJh&onf? xdk@=umifh opPm*s[ onf trsKd;om;uGef*&uf. rl0g'ay:vpDvnf; jzpf+yD;/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif vSkyf&Sm;r_xJwGif yg0ifae=uonfholtrsm;tjym;. t,ltqwpfckvnf; jzpfcJhonf? qm bmqD;vf vpf',f [wf (Sir Bassil Liddell Hart) qm bmqD; vpf',fvf [wf (1895-1979) onf/ +Adwdo#=unf;wyfrwmft&m&SdwpfOD;tjzpf/ yxrurBmppfudk yg0if wdkufcdkufcJhzl;onf? usef;rma&;tajcaea=umifh/ ppfwyfrStem;,l+yD;aemufydkif;wGif/ xdyfwef;+Adwdo#owif;pm }uD;rsm;. ppfowif;axmufjzpfvm+yD;/ ppfr_a&;&mbmom&yfrsm;ESifh ywfoufI us,fus,fjyef@jyef@a&;om;cJhonf? ol. r[mAsL[mxdk;xGif;odjrifcsufrsm;teuf/ txl;pdw0f ifpm;zG,faumif;onfrSm/ ol. ‘uef@owf&nfrSef;csuf’ (ac:) “oG,f0dkufcsOf;uyfenf;” rlESifh ywfoufI jzpfonf? &efol. tm;taumif;qHk;ae&mudk wdkufrnhftpm;/ vwfwavm&nfrSef;csuftjzpf/ &efoludk ‚if;.tiftm;aumif;aomae&mrSaeI jr‡Lxkwf+yD;/ ‚if;.rlv&nfrSef;csufrS aoGzDoGm;ap&ef ypfrSwfxm;aqmif±Gufoifhonf[k [wfu wdkufwGef;cJhonf? 35 olu Todk@&Sif;vif;az:jycJhonf? “uef@owf&nfrSef;csufxm;onfh r[mAsL[musifhoHk;a&;qdkonfrSm/ tiftm;csdefcGifv#majymif;vJoGm;onf txd apmifhqdkif;jcif;jzpfonf? (t&JpGef@I wpf[kefxdk;wdkufrnfhtpm;/ &efoludk wpfwdwdjzifhESJ@apcg/ &efol@ tiftm;qkwf,kwfvm+yD;/ vHk;yg;yg;apjcif;/ csdeJ@omG ;apjcif;tm;jzifh tajymif;tvJjzpfoGm;atmif óud;yrf; jcif; jzpfonf?) Tr[mAsL[mudk usifhoHk;&mY/ rjzpf jzpfatmif vkyf&rnfrSm/ &efol@wyfrsm;rwefwqcGJjzef@ oGm;atmifvkyfjcif;tm;jzifh/ aemufqHk;Y/ vla&mpdwfyg ajcukefvufyrf;usoGm;atmifvkyfjcif;jzpfonf? &efol.tiftm;qkwf,kwfr_onf/ rdrdtifftm;qkwf,kwfr_xuf tqrwefrsm;oGm;ap&ef jzpfonf? 36 vpf',f [wf.wifjycsufrsm;onf/ tm%mtcdkiftrm pdkufxlxm;aom wpfygwDtm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;tm; qef@ usifae=uonfh/ r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufvSkyf&Sm;r_rsm;twGuf txl;toHk;0ifEdkifygonf? txl;ojzifh twdkuftcHvSkyf&Sm;r_tzdk@/ tapmydkif;umvrsm;wGif/ tm%m&Siftpdk;&tay: vwfwavm+cdrf;ajcmufEdkifrnfh/ avmufavmufvm;vm; tiftm;jyEdkifrnfh/ t&if;tjrpfrsm;ESifh pnf;±Hk;a&;pGrf;&nfrsm; vdktyfoavmufr&&SdEdkifao; yg? vpf',f [wfonf/ “tiftm;csdefcGifv#majymif;vJvmonftxd apmifh”[kqdk&mY ajymif;vJvmatmif/ wGef; aqmfEdkifonfhtm;udkvnf; t=uHðyxm;ygonf? tvm;wlpGmyif/ t=urf;rzufvSkyf&Sm;r_rsm;tzdk@vnf; “apmifhqdkif; aejcif;”onf/ rvSkyf&Sm;yJaejcif;[k t"dy`g,f roufa&mufacs? &efoludktm;enf;oGm;ap+yD;/ t=urf;rzufvSkyf&Sm;r_u ta&;omonfhzufodk@ tiftm;csdefcGifv#majymif;aprnfh wdkufppfqifvSkyf&Sm;r_rsm; vkyfaqmifae&ef vdktyfygonf?

"Sir Basil Liddell Hart" uInfoplease Online Encyclopedia 30 Nov. 2003 (http:?www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0829707.html). 36 Basil Liddell Hart, Strategy, (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1956), 335. Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

&efol.tiftm;tawmifhwif;qHk;ae&mwGif/ xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifjcif;udka&Smif&Sm;+yD;/ oG,0f dkufwdkufcdkufI tiftm; tawmifhwif;qHHk; tajctaerS jr‡Lxkwf&ef/ vwfwavm&nfrSef;csufrsm; a&G;cs,fcsrSwfjcif;tm;jzifh &efoltm;/ rlv&nfrSef;csufrsm;rSaeI aoGzDoGm;apEdkifygonf? tusOf;csKyf Ttcef;Y r[mAsL[mawG;ac:&Sif}uD;rsm;.awG;ac:r_tay: =oZmv$rf;rdk;aeaomta=umif;tcsufrsm; ay:vGifap&ef ESifh/ &nfrSef;csuftay: olwdk@tm±Hkpl;pdkufyHkudk tav;wif;wifjy&ef/ r[mAsL[mawG;ac:&Sif}uD; (4) OD; .vufa±G;pif tjrif/ twGif;oabmrsm;udk pDppfwifjyxm;ygonf? Ttjrifrsm;onf ,ae@acwf t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJESifhudkufnDae yHkudkvnf; aqG;aEG;wifjyxm;ygonf? ae&mcyfodrf;Y r[mAsL[mcsrSwfolonf opfyifudkomru/ opfawmudkvnf; jrifwwf&ygvdrfhrnf?

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

tcef; (10)

a=umuf&GH@r_ “a=umuf&GH@r_uif;rJhjcif;onf/ xl;jcm;aomyg&rD jzpfEdkifygonf? odk@aomfvnf; ydkIwefzdk;&Sdaomt&mrSm/ óud;yrf;tm; xkwfr_vHk@va=umifh&vmaom owWd/ rdrdudk tm%may;cdkif;apaer_udk/ a=umuf&GH@ae&onftajctaerS jiif;y,fEdkif onfh tavhtxudk arG;jrLysKd;axmifI &vmaomowWd/ ‘zdtm;ay;cHae&onfhtajctaerS Áa¹ENrysufwnf=unf pGmaeEdkifonf’[k qdkEdkifaom owWdrsKd;om jzpfygonf? avsmhIroGm;aom/ jyif;xefonfhzdtm;rsm;atmufY t}udrf }udrftzefzef topfjyefarG;jrLaeonfh wnf=unfr_rsKd; jzpfap&ygrnf?” a':atmifqef;pk=unf 37 udk,fcE<memusifrnfudk a=umuf&GH@aom cHpm;r_rsKd;udk/ vlom;wdkif; b0wpfoufwmwGif ñuHzl;=uvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? Todk@a=umuf&GH@&r_t}udrfa&ESifh jyif;xefr_ oabmobm0uGmjcm;Edkifaomfvnf;/ rdrdwdk@. pdwfESifh tðytrlrsm;tay: xdcdkufoufa&mufr_ &Sd=uayonf? jynfolvlxkrsm;u/ tm%m&Sifrsm;udk emcHae=u&onfhta=umif;wpfckrSm/ remcH jcif;a=umifh&rnfh jypf'%fay;r_udk a=umuf&GH@jcif; jzpfygonf? udk,fcE<memusifr_udk a=umuf&GH@jcif;twdkif;tqonf/ vl wpfOD; tvkyfðywfrnfudk a=umuf&GH@jcif;/ tdkrif;rpGrf; yifpifvpmqHk;&_H;rnfudk a=umuf&GH@jcif;xuf rsm;pGm ydkygonf? rdrdtoufqHk;&_H;rnfudk a=umuf&GH@jcif;onf/ arG;&myg a=umuf&GH@r_wpfrsKd;jzpf+yD;/ rnfodk@tEW&m,fjzpfap rdrdom;i,fudk u,frnfh rdcifpdwfrsKd;Yom/ ADZpdwft& arhaysmufoGm;Edkifygonf? tcsKd@aomolrsm;em;rvnfaomtcsufrSm/ a=umuf&GH@r_onf/ jzpfay:vmr_ +cdrf;ajcmufr_ tEW&m,ftay: yHkrSefwkH@jyefr_om jzpfygonf? ‚if;rSm rdrdwdk@OD;aESmuf twGif;Y rsKd;&dk;ADZt& xnfhoGif;xm;aom wkH@jyefr_jzpfygonf? touftEW&m,f+cdrf;ajcmufvmonfhtajctaersKd; wGif/ ckcHumuG,fEdkif&ef/ touf&SifoefEdkif&ef/ wkH@jyefapzdk@ jzpfygonf? a=umuf&GH@r_qdkonfrSm owWavmu0ifwd&dp>mef tm;vHk; +cdrf;ajcmufr_ñuHvmygu/ ADZt& wkH@jyefr_yif jzpfygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh a=umuf&GH@r_ESifh csdwfqufxm; onfh usifh0wfqdkif&mwefzdk;rsm; r&Sdyg? a=umuf&GH@onfhtwGufvnf; &Sufaep&m rvdkyg? a=umuf&GH@jcif;.wefzdk;rSm/ a=umuf&GH@zG,faumif;aom v_H@aqmfr_wpfckudk &&SdonfESifh wòydifeuf/ rdrdwdk@onf udk,fcE<m emusOfapawmhrnf[k owday;Ed_;aqmfvdkufygonf? xdk@a=umifh rdrdwdk@cE<mudk,fu Ttajctaeudk toifhwkH@jyef&ef jyifqifygawmhonf? ADZpdwfu rdrdwdk@udk v_yf&Sm;r_ wpfckr[kwf/ wpfckaqmif&Gufap&ef E_d;aqmfygonf? jyefcsrvm;/ xGufajy;rvm; [lIyif jzpfygonf? xGufajy;zdk@udk yxrOD;pm;ay; jzpfapygonf? Todk@tvm;wl wkH@jyefr_rsKd;udk owW avmu0ifwd&dp>mefrsm;wGif awG@&+yD;/ tEW&m,fudk jrifonfESifh wòydifeuf a&Smif&Sm;&ef/ xGufajy;ygawmhonf? tu,fI tidkufrdoGm;+yD;/ xGufajy;&ef rjzpfEdkifawmhygu/ “=uufaoao” rv_yfEdkif/ r&Sm;Edkif jzpfoGm;ygawmhonf? rv_yfr&Sm;ae ae+yD;/ rdrdudk tEW&m,fðyrnfholu rjrifEdkif/ odk@r[kwf ol@vrf;oloGm;rnf[laom ,lqcsufjzifh+idrfaeyg awmhonf? aemufqHk;enf;vrf;tjzpf/ wd&dp>mefrsm;u rdrdudk,fudk ckcHumuG,fr_taejzifh taotvJwdkufcdkufygawmh onf? xdkxufydkI vwfwavmtEW&m,fxuf/ ydkIar#mfjrifwwfaom pGrf;&nfjynfhpHkonfh vlom;rsm;onf/ ADZpdwf jzifh wkH@jyefr_xufydkI/ tEW&m,fudk wkH@jyef&ef usKd;a=umif;qDavsmfaom pOf;pm;awG;ac:r_rsm; ðy=uygonf? a=umuf&GH@ r_jzpfapaom ta=umif;w&m;ESifh tusKd;rsm;udk odjcif;tm;jzifh/ tEW&m,fjzpfapEdkifaom ta&;udk ar#mfawG;Ijyifqif Edkfifygonf? rdrdwdk@. trltusifhwGif tajccHuswnf&Sdaeaom a=umuf&GH@r_. tusKd;qufudk avsmhusapEdkifygonf? a=umuf&GH@r_. ZD0urRaA' a=umuf&GH@r_. tusKd;quftjzpf/ udk,fcE<mwGifjzpfay:vmr_rsm;onf/ rdrdwdk@. tm&Hka=umpepf&Sd/ (Sympathetic division) tpdwftydkif;&Sd/ tm&Hka=umqJvfrsm;rS ppfxkwf&nfrsm; ydkI xkwfay;aoma=umifh jzpfygonf? Todk@ OD;aESmuftm&Hka=umrS ppfxkwf&nfrsm;a=umifh/ ta&jym;ESifh tpmvrf;a=umif; tlrsm;wavsmuf&Sd aoG;a=umrsm;udk usOf;apatmif n‡pfay;ygonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh ESvHkESifh ºuGufom;rsm;odk@ aoG;rsm;ydkrdka&muf&Sdvmapygonf? (aoG; 37

Aung San Suu Kyi, Freedom From Fear and Other Writings, (New York: Penguin Books, 1991), 181. Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

zdtm;wdk;vmapygonf?) a=umuf&GH@jcif;a=umifh ESvHk;cHkE_ef;udk ydkI jrefqef/ jyif;xefap+yD;/ touf&_E_ef;vnf; jrefvmyg onf? (ºuGufom;rsm;odk@ atmufqD*sif ydkrdk ydk@ay;Edkif&eftwGuf jzpfonf?) qifyufoufwpf v_H@aqmfr_a=umifh/ OD;aESmuf atmufajc&Sd qifyufoufwpf r'Jvm (Sympathetic medulla) rS/ t'&De,fvif;rsm; ydkIxGufvmapyg onf? Tppfxkwf&nfu/ tjcm;a[mfrkef;rsm;ESifhtwl/ tonf;rS aoG;a=um;rsm;xJodk@ o=um;"gwf (*vl;udk@pf) tajrmuftrsm; xkwfvkyfay;ygonf? Todk@o=um;"gwfxkwfvkyfay;r_a=umifh/ ºuGufom;rsm;twGuf tydkpGrf;tifudk axmufyHhay;ygonf? Todk@ wdkufcdkuf&eftwGuf/ udk,fcE<mtwGif; jyifqifr_rsm; ðyvkyfaepOfwGif/ toufaoapavmufaom '%f&mrsm; &&SdcJhygu/ toufqufvuf&SifoefapEdkif&efvnf;/ ‚if;udk,fwdkif jyifqifaeygonf? tlwdkif. atmufajc&Sd zif&_H@ºuGuf om;ESifh qD;tdrfudk ajzavsmhay;vdkufygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh &Hzef&Hcg/ tvdktavsmuf rpifrsm;/ ao;rsm;xGufus jcif; jzpfvmygonf? vlom;rsm;onf/ Todk@ tm%doifrsm;udk cHpm;zl;=uygonf? rdrdwdk@ajympum;rsm;xJwGifyif yg0ifajymqdkae=uyg onf? Oyrmtm;jzifh“ol@ ajcaxmufawG at;vm+yD?” aoG;rsm;u udk,fcE<m tpGeftzsm;rSaeI qkwfoGm;+yD;/ touf&Sif&ef ta&;}uD; onfh cE<mudk,ftpdwftydkif;rsm;odk@ a&muf&SdoGm;ygonf? “ighvnfyif;aemufu tarG;awGawmif axmifoGm;w,f?” “igvnf; a=umufwmeJ@ =uufaoao awmifhaew,f?” “ig abmif;bDxJ ao;xGufusoGm;w,f?” odk@r[kwf “ig csD;xGufusvmw,f?” &Sufp&maumif;onfrSm trSefyif? odk@aomf rdcifobm0uay;xm;aom ADZpdwfxkH@jyefr_/ aumif;rGefpGm aqmif&Gufae r_udk &Sufp&mrvdkyg? a=umuf&GH@jcif;. tusKd;qufrsm;udk ausmfv$m;jcif; r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wGif/ vlxkrsm;zufrS yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufonfh v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; vdktyfygonf? qdkvdkonfrSm jynfolvlxkrsm;u a=umuf&GH@r_. tusKd;qufrsm;udk ausmfv$m;I/ tm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;u wkH@jyefvm Edkifonfh t=urf;zufta&;,lr_rsm;udk &ifqdkif=u&ef vdkygonf? tu,fI/ a=umuf&GH@apaom v_H@aqmfr_udk z,f&Sm;Edkif ygu/ a=umuf&GH@r_udkjzpfapwwfaom jzpfpOfrsm;/ ay:aygufvmp&m ta=umif;r&Sdyg? vufawG@enf;wpfcktaejzifh/ rsufpdrsm;udk ydwfxm;jcif;/ em;rsm;udk ydwfxm;jcif;/ rdrdwdk@.tm&HkxHkxdkif;atmif aq;oHk;xm;apv#if/ ra=umufaomf vnf;/ vlxkrsm;onf pkpnf;nD!Gwfr_r&Sdaom/ wpfppDòyduGJaeaom wpfOD;csif;taetxm;jzifh ðyrlwkH@jyef=uvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf? pdwfxJwGif a=umuf&GH@aponfh v_H@aqmfr_vmonfESifh xGufajy;&efjyifqifaejcif;/ rdrd. qef@usifzuf&efoludk ol@pdwf óudufwdkufcdkufvmEdkifaomtaetxm;wGif/ a&SmifvGJ&ef =uHpnfaejcif;tm;jzifh/ xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifawG@qHk&eftwGuf/ tpDtpOfcsrSwfjyifqifrnfqdkv#if roifhavsmfvSyg? vufawG@usaom csOf;uyfenf;wpfckrSm/ tpDtpOfxkwf&mY tvGefxdwfvef@a=umuf&GH@aprnfh/ jzpf&yfrsm; ñuH&Edkifonfhtajctaeudk avsmhcs&efyif jzpfonf? t=urf;rzufv_yf &Sm;r_wGif/ yg0ifv_yf&Sm;=uolrsm;t=um; Todk@ta=umufw&m;udk avsmhcsEdkifonfh OyrmwpfckrSm/ qENjyyGJaqmif &Gufrnfh tcsdefESifh ae&mudka&G;cs,fjcif; jzpfygonf? xdk@tjyif “atmifyGJ&&Sd+yD”[k v#ifjrefpGm a=ujimEdkifjcif;/ tm%m &Siftpdk;&. t"du&Hk;ESdrfeif;a&;wyfzGJ@rsm; vma&mufracsr_ef;rD vlpkcGJEdkifjcif;/ ponfhenf;rsm; jzpfygonf? t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifaqmif&Guf&eftwGuf/ a=umuf&GH@aer_udk a&azsmhypfEdkifaom tjcm;enf;rSm/ eD;pyf&mòrd@rsm;wGif v_yf &Sm;r_trsm;tjym; pDpOfjcif;jzpf+yD;/ &JwyfzGJ@rsm;udk ae&mtESH@vljyef@uGJoGm;apEdkifygonf? xdk@twGufa=umifh jzpfpOfwpfck wGif &JwyfzGJ@0ifta&twGuf tenf;i,fomoHk;Edkifawmhrnf jzpfonf?

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

tHhtm;oifh&r_a=umifh/ aoG;ysufxdwfvef@onftxd jzpfapygonf? jzpf&yfwpfcktwGuf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_udk pDpOf&mwGif/ óudwifar#mfvifhrxm;aom tHhtm;oifhr_rsKd; rjzpfap&atmif/ a&Smif&Sm;oifhygonf? Todk@jyifqifr_rsm; wGif/ v_yf&Sm;r_. &nf&G,fcsuf/ xdk@tjyif &JwyfzGJ@/ odk@r[kwf ppfwyfrsm;u vufwkH@jyefvmEdkifonfhtajctaeudk jzpfEdkifor# tao;pdwfóudwif&Sif;jyxm;&ef vdktyfygonf? v_yf&Sm;r_udk u&kwpdkufjyifqif pDpOf&efvdktyfouJhodk@/ jzpfEdkifygu/ t"duyg0ifaqmif&Guf&rnfholrsm;udk óudwifZmwfwdkufavhusifhay;xm;oifhygonf? olwdk@rnfodk@awG@ñuH jrifawG@&Edkifonf (tpdk;&wyfrsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;)/ =um;&Edkifonf (eHygwkwfrsm;udk vufudkif'dkif;rsm;ESifh &dkufInmoH ay;[ef/ aoewfwGif vSHpGyfrsm;wyfqifoH)/ qENjyoltzGJ@twGif; rnfodk@v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;qufvufjzpfay:vmrnf/ po jzifhudk/ yg0ifv_yf&Sm;olrsm;udk &Sif;jyxm;Edkifygu/ oifhavsmyf gonf? yg0ifv_yf&Sm;olwpfOD;csif;udk rnfodk@v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Guf=u&rnfudk vrf;!$efcsufrsm; ay;xm;Edkifygu/ aemufxyf t"duusaom tqifhwpfckjzpfygonf? v_yf&Sm;r_udk pnf;pepfuseapygonf? zdtm;ay;r_cHae&onfhtajctae atmufY yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_/ nD!GwfpGm wpfajy;nDaqmif&Gufr_rsm;onf/ pnf;urf;wusr[kwfygu/ jzpfEdkifp&m ta=umif;r&Sdyg? y&rf;ywmjzpfaeaom vltkyf}uD;.v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh tajymif;tvJtwGuf v_yf&Sm;aeaom t=urf; rzufwyfzGJ@t=um; uGmjcm;csufudk/ yg0ifv_yf&Sm;olrsm;tm; owday;&Sif;jyxm;&ef vdktyfygonf? ausmif;wufae aomausmif;om;rsm;tzdk@/ ausmif;wGifrD;avmifv#if rnfodk@aqmif&Guf&rnf[laom avhusifhcef;udk tm;vHk;owd& =uygvdrfhrnf? crf;rtwGif; wpfOD;csif;wef;pDIxGufaygufodk@oGm;+yD;/ qHk&yfwGif qHkap=uyHkavhusifhcef; jzpfygonf? wpf rdepf/ ESpfrdepftwGif;rSmyif/ &mESifhcsDaom ausmif;om;rsm;udk Tenf;jzifh ab;vGwfvHkðcH&modk@ ydk@Edkifygonf? q&mu rnfodk@aqmif&Guf=u&rnfudk od+yD;/ rnfonfhudpPrsm; vkyfaqmif&ef vdktyfonfudk odygonf? ausmif;om;rsm;u vnf; emcHvdkufem=uygonf? Todk@pnf;pepfuspGm aqmif&Gufaomv_yf&Sm;r_ESifh &kyf&Sif&Hk/ odk@r[kwf EdkufuvyfwGif rD;avmifv#if rnfodk@jzpfysufEdkifonfudk Ed_if;,SOf=unfhyg? vlwdkif;u a=umuf&GH@aoG;ysuaf e=u+yD;/ wHcg;aygufxHodk@ tvkt,uf wpfcsdefwnf; ðyHwdk;=uygvdrfhrnf? &vm'frSm vltenf;tusOf;om vHkðcH&mae&mudk a&muf&SdEdkifjcif;jzpf onf? Tjzpf&yfrsm;rS oifcef;pmrSm &Sif;ygonf? tpDtpOf taotcsm&Sdyg? yg0ifaqmif&Gufolrsm;udk odxm;apyg? acgif;aqmifu Ttwdkif;aqmif&Gufygu tvkyfjzpfEdkifa=umif; aocsmap&ef/ tmrcHay;&efom jzpfonf? acgif;aqmifwGif ,Hk=unfcsuf&Sdaejcif;tm;jzifh/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifolrsm;udkyg ,Hk=unfr_&Sdvmap+yD;/ T odk@ ,Hk=unfr_cdkifrmae=ujcif;a=umifh/ a=umuf&GH@pdwfudk avsmhyg;apEdkifygonf? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif yg0if aqmif&Gufvm=uol vlopfrsm;taejzifh/ oifhavsmfpGm avhusifhoifwef;ay;jcif;/ olwdk@acgif;aqmifrsm;u/ olwdk@ twGuf pdk;&drfylyefa=umif;/ olwdk@twGuf aocsmpOf;pm;aea=umif;/ azmfjyjcif;tm;jzifh/ ,Hk=unfr_wnfaqmufay;Edkif ygonf? óudwifI tmrcHcsufay;xm&ef vdktyfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- acgif;aqmifwpfOD;taejzifh qENjyyGJ.a&S@wef; rS rcsDwufEdkifygu/ ol@taejzifh rnfonfhtwGufa=umifh Todk@a&S@wef;rS rcsDwufEdkifa=umif;/ ol rnfonfhae&mwGif &Sdaernfjzpfa=umif; ajymjyxm;&ygrnf? “tu,fI/ usaemf a&S@wef;rSm &SdaecJh&if/ bmjzpfaewmqdkwm usaemf apmifh=unfhaeEdkifrSm/ odEdkifrSm r[kwfbl;? tjcm;acgif;aqmifawGeJ@vnf; qufoG,fEdkifrSmr[kwfbl;? tajymif;tvJ awGjzpfvm&ifvnf;/ rvdktyfwJh txdtcdkufenf;yg;apzdk@twGuf/ óudwifnd‡Ed_if; ajymif;vJr_awGvkyfEdkifrSm r[kwfbl;? owd&xm;zdk@u/ usaemfu atmifyGJ&+yDqdkwm a=ujimay;r,fhol/ tJ'grS usaemfwdk@'Dtusyftwnf;xJu xGufEdkif =uvdrfhr,f?” Todk@ &Sif;jyxm;&ygvdrfhrnf? acgif;aqmiftaejzifh/ aqmif&GufrnfhudpPrsm;twGuf v_yf&Sm;aqmif&GufyHk/ awG@ñuH&rnfh tEW&m,frsm;udk &Sif;jyxm;&Hk r#omru/ yg0ifaqmif&Gufolrsm;udk rnfonfhtwGufa=umifh EdkifiHa&;tajymif;tvJrsm; jzpfay:ap&eftwGuf Todk@ oHEMdXmefcs/ tepfemcH aqmif&Gufv_yf&Sm;=u&onfudkvnf; &Sif;jyxm;&ygrnf? ,ckaqmif&Gufonfh oD;oef@v_yf&Sm;r_ onf rnfodk@ oufqdkifr_&Sda=umif;/ r[mAsL[mwpfpHkvHk;twGuf rnfodk@taxmuftyHhjzpfapa=umif;/ tav;teuf xm; &Sif;jy&ygrnf? xdk@tjyif yg0ifaqmif&Guf=uolrsm;udk/ ,ckv_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_tm;jzifh/ v_yf&Sm;r_.tiftm;}uD; xGm;wdk;wufvmaeyHkudk azmfjya=umif;/ tm%m&Sifpepfudk vltrsm;yl;aygif;qef@usifvmapa&;twGuf/ tjcm;olrsm; tm;usaprnfh pHerlemaumif;wpfck jzpfvmrnfjzpfa=umif;vnf;/ odaeap&ygrnf?

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

tpDtpOfa&;qGJjcif;wGif/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. jzpfpOfrsm;Y/ acgif;aqmiftaejzifh vltrsm;udk olwdk@wpfOD;wnf; txD;useftjzpf cHpm;raeap&ef/ enf;vrf;rsm; pOf;pm;aqmif&Gufay;&ygrnf? qENjyyGJuJhodk@aom/ vltrsm;yg0if aqmif&Guf=uonfh v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGifrl/ vlrsm;udk wpfa,mufESifh wpfa,mufxdawG@aeap&ef/ eD;eD; yl;uyfxm;ap& ygrnf? tcsif;csif;vufrsm;udkifxm;ap+yD;/ toHt& (atmf[pfaºuG;a=umfoHrsm;/ oDcsif;rsm;/ wpfa,mufESifhwpf a,mufpum;ajymqdkr_rsm;) ajymqdkaer_rsm;&Sdap+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@taejzifh wpfOD;wnf;r[kwfa=umif; tjrJrjywfowday; aeap&ygrnf? 0wfpHkwlrsm;/ wlnDaomoauFwrsm;&Sdapjcif;onf/ pdwf"gwfjr‡ifhwiftm;ay;r_wpfckjzpf+yD;/ tjcm;ol rsm;ESifh tjrift& wpfaoG;wnf;jzpfapygonf? tjcm;olrsm;ESifh ,Hk=unfcsufwl/ oHEMdXmefwlouJhodk@ cHpm;&apyg onf? tpDtpOfa&;qGJ jyifqifaqmif&Guf&rnfhudpPrsm;wGif/ aemufxyf tav;ay;pOf;pm;aqmif&Guf&eftcsufwpfckrSm/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;rnfhae&m&Sd qef@usifzuftiftm;pkwyfzGJ@rsm;. a=umuf&GH@pdk;&drfaer_udk avsmhcsay;&efjzpfygonf? &JwyfzGJ@0ifrsm;udk olwdk@taejzifh tEW&m,fay;/ 'kuQay;rnf r[kwfa=umif;/ qENjyyGJudk +idrf;csrf;pGmyifaqmif&Gufrnfjzpf a=umif; óudwiftoday;xm;&ygrnf? ajympum;uwdudk/ vkyf&yfjzifh tm;jznfhap&ef vdkygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh/ cifrif &if;ESD;zG,f rsufESmxm;&Sd&ef/ ‚if;wdk@ESifh pum;ajymqdkap&ef/ wdkufwGef;tm;ay;vdkygonf? odk@r[kwf &JwyfzGJ@0ifrsm;. rdom;pk0ifrsm;/ rdwfaqGrsm;/ tjcm;odu|rf;olrsm;udk a&S@wef;wGifxm;&ef vdktyfygonf? odk@rSom ,ck&ifqdkifae& onfhtzGJ@onf &kyfydkif;qdkif&mt& tEW&m,fay;rnfhtzGJ@r[kwfa=umif; wif;rmcHpm;ae&r_udk avsmhusapEdkifygonf? a=umuf&GH@aoG;ysufaeaom vufeufudkifxm;olwpfOD;onf/ rxifrSwfyJ wkH@jyefr_t& t=urf;zufr_rsm;udk pwif aqmif&Gufwwfygonf? tu,fI Tjzpf&yfwGif/ t=urf;zufr_jzpfyGg;vmyguvnf;/ jzpfay:vmEdkifonfh xdcdkuf'%f&m&&Sdr_rsm;twGuf óudwif jyifqifxm;&ygrnf? avhusifhxm;aom aq;zufqdkif&m0efxrf;rsm;ESifh vufaxmufrsm; ta&;ay:ukor_ ay;Edkif&ef toifh&Sdaeapoifhygonf? Todk@ apmihfa&Smufay;r_rsm;&Sdaejcif;tm;jzifh qENjyolrsm;udk ydkI,Hk=unfr_twGuf tmrcH csufay;Edkifygonf? Todk@ taxmuftyHh&Sdxm;onfudk azmfjyajymqdkxm;rnfqdkygu oifhygonf? odk@aomfvnf; T odk@ta&;ay:uko&ef jyifqifxm;jcif;/ xdcdkuf'%f&m&r_rsm; jzpfvmEdkifacsudk azmfjyjcif;tm;jzifh/ rvdkvm;tyfaom a=umuf&GH@pdk;&drfpdwfvnf; jzpfay:vmEdkifygao;onf? qENjyolwdkif;u oef@&Sif;pif=u,faeaom t0wfjzLwpfydkif;pDudk aqmifxm;oifh+yD;/ vdktyfygu udk,fydkifywfwD;tjzpf oHk;Edkifygonf? aq;rSL;rsm;udkvnf; tydktaxmuftyHhrsm;o,f ,laqmif&r_0ef avsmhusapygonf? tb,fa=umifh tjzLa&mifywfwD;udk oHk;&ygoenf;? ta=umif;rSm ‚if;wdk@onf "gwfyHkwGif ydkrdkxif&Sm;apaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? ywdwD;uJhodk@aom t&dk;&Sif;qHk;udpPudkyif/ tusKd;tjrwfrsm;pGmjzpfap &ef toHk;ðyEdkifygonf? "gwfyHk&dkufolu qENjyyGJ."gwfyHkrsm;&dkuf,l+yD;/ tu,fI xdcdkuf'%f&m&r_rsm;&Sdvmyguvnf;/ EdkifiHwum owif;pm/ rD'D,mrsm;twGuf qGJaqmifr_&Sdaprnfh tuGuftuGif;rsm;&SmazG "gwfyHk&dkuf&ygrnf? T"gwfyHk udk vloef;ESifhcsDI awG@apjrifapEdkifonfhtwGufa=umifh/ xdcdkuf'%f&m&olrsm;onf olwdk@'%f&mrsm;udk olwdk@udk,f wdkif ukoaeyHkudk tav;ay;azmfjy&rnfjzpf+yD;/ tao;tzGJudpPrsm;/ yHkrSefaqmif&GufzG,fudpPrsm;jzifh &_yfraeapoifhyg? "gwfyHkwGif ol&Jaumif;tjzpfazmfjycH&awmhrnfh ta&;twGuf acgif;+zD;aejcif;/ rdwfuyfvl;aejcif;rsm; rvkyfapoifhyg? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ESifhywfoufI owif;ay;azmfjyEdkifrnfhtcGifhta&;wdkif;udk trdt&zrf;qkyfudkif&ygrnf? Tjzpf&yftwGif; vlwdkif;udk oD;jcm;wdusaomwm0efrsm;ay;xm;&ygrnf? vlwdkif;udk tm&HkraxGjym;yJ/ olwdk@wm0ef jzifh tvkyf&_yfaeap&ygrnf? acgif;aqmifu Twm0efrsm;udk vkyfaqmifEdkif&eftwGuf ulnDay;&ygrnf? owfrSwf wm0efay;xm;aom vkyfief;tay:wGif tm&Hka&mufaejcif;tm;jzifh/ teD;uyfjrifawG@&onfh jrifuGif;rsm;/ toHrsm; a=umifh a=umuf&GH@aoG;ysufr_udk avsmhusapEdkifygonf? tao;pdwfaqmif&Gufxm;aom tvkyfrsm;u/ a=umuf&GH@r_udk xdef;odrf;xm;apEdkifygonf? tcsKd@olrsm;udk vlwef;rsm;wpfajzmifhwnf; &Sdae-r&Sdae ppfaq;I/ wnfhcdkif;aeap&ygrnf? tcsKd@olrsm;udk qdkif;ykwfrsm;udk ppfaq;cdkif;&efvdktyf+yD;/ vlt&yftjrifhtwdkif; &Sdaeap&ef aocsmaqmif&Gufaeap&yg rnf? (qdkif;ykwfydkpwmrsm;udk qENjyolrsm;. a&S@wGifxm;ap+yD;/ wpfpHkw&mtjrifh&Sdaeapjcif;jzifh qENjyolrsm;u &Jrsm; udk rjrifapEdkifyg? a=umuf&GH@r_udk avsmhenf;apygonf?) tcsKd@aomolrsm;udk qENjyonfh0ef;usiftajctaeudk apmifh =unfhae&efESifh owif;ydk@&ef wm0efay;oifhygonf? tcsKd@olrsm;udk a&"gwfqHk;&_H;r_umuG,fEdkif&ef qENjyaeolrsm;odk@ Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

a&Al;rsm;a0iSay;ap&ef wm0efay;oifhygonf? tcsKd@olrsm;u atmf[pfa潞uG;a=umfoHrsm;wdkifay;&ef/ oDcsif;rsm;wdkif ay;&ef wm0efay;oifhygonf? &Sif;ygonf? acgif;aqmifjzpfolu vlwdkif;vlwdkif;udk tvkyfrsm;aeap&ef aqmif&Gufay; xm;&ygrnf? vlyk*~dKvfwpfOD;csif;tqifhwGif/ a=umuf&GH@r_tusKd;qufudk avsmhusapEdkif&eftwGuf/ cHpm;csuft&aqmif&GufEdkifaom enf;vrf;rsm; &Sdygonf? a=umuf&GH@r_udk omrmefoabmobm0 vuQ%mwpfcktjzpf od&SdvufcHxm;jcif;tm;jzifh/ a=umuf&GH@r_a=umifh ol&Jabma=umifonf[k r,lqawmhyg? v_yf&Sm;r_ta&;aqmif&Guf&rnfhudpPonf/ tEW&m,f&Sd aomfvnf; xdkufwefonfhudpP[k ,Hk=unfxm;ygu/ rdrdaqmif&Gufv_yf&Sm;r_udk ydkrdkcdkifrmap&ef tm;jznfhay;ygonf? w&m;xdkifjcif;ESifh bmoma&;xHk;wrf;rsm;u wnf+idrfr_udk &apEdkif+yD;/ Tvkyf&yfrsm;u v_yf&Sm;r_udk ydkrdkus,fjyef@onfh oabmaqmifapygonf? bmoma&;t& ,Hk=unfaeolrsm;t=um;odk@vnf; v_yf&Sm;r_udk us,fjyef@xda&mufapyg onf? tjcm;ta&;}uD;aomtcsufrSm/ rdrdudk owfrSww f m0efay;xm;onfhudpP+yD;ajrmufr_tay: rSDcdkae=uonfh tjcm;olrsm;tay: xm;&Sd&rnfh usifh0wfydkif;qdkif&mudpPyif jzpfygonf? rdrdwdk@EdkifiH ppfyGJwGif;usae+yD/ wdkufcdkufcHae&+yD [laom rsKd;cspfpdwfv_yfaqmfa&; ta[mtajymrsm;ESifh qef@usifpGmyif/ vltrsm;owWdajymifajrmufpGm v_yf&Sm;cJh=u jcif;rSm vGwfvyfr_/ 'Drdkua&pDESifh w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;udk cspfjrwfEdk;onfhpdwfrsm;a=umifh jzpfygonf? owWdajymifajrmuf onfh v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_/ pGrf;tm;trsm;pkrSm opPm&Sdr_ESifh rdrd.tjcm;&Jazmf&Jzuftay: xm;&Sdonfh cH,lcsufpdwf a=umifhyif jzpfygonf? tusOf;csKyf a=umuf&GH@r_[lonfrSm obm0tajctaewpf&yf[k oabmaygufodjrifxm;aoma=umifh/ tjcm;olrsm;udk tjypfrqdk oifhyg? rdrdudk,fwdkifvnf; a=umuf&GH@r_cHpm;&aoma=umifh &Sufp&mrvdktyfyg? wenf;qdk&aomf/ vlrsm;onf rdrdudk,f rdrd/ ta=umufw&m;jzifhcs,fvS,ftkyfpdk;aeaom tm%m&Siftpdk;&vufatmufrS vGwfajrmufvmatmif pGrf;aqmif 贸ud;pm;rnfqdkv#if/ Tta=umufw&m;.tusKd;qufrsm;udk ausmfv$m;Edkifrnfhenf;emrsm;udk em;vnfxm;&efvdktyf ygonf? tqHk;wGif/ todynm/ pnf;urf;/ pepfwus tpDtpOf&Sdxm;r_wdk@a=umifh xda&mufpGm aqmif&GufEdkifapyg onf?

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

tcef; (11)

acgif;aqmifr_ “acgif;aqmifaumif;rsm;onf/ vltrsm;taejzifh olwdk@onf t&mudpPrsm;. ESvHk;om;A[dkcsufwGif &Sdaeonf[k cHpm;ap&ygonf? ab;z,fxm;onf[k rcHpm;ap&yg? vlwdkif;u tzGJ@tpnf;. atmifjrif&m/ atmifjrifa=umif; twGuf/ xl;uJomvGefpGm vkyfaqmifEdkif=uonf[k cHpm;ap&ygonf?” a0:&if/ *sD/ bef;epfpf/ ‘acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfvma&;’ pmtkyaf &;om;ol Warren G. Bennis, author of On Becoming a Leader

t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. oabmw&m;/ oDtdk&Drsm;ESifh toHk;csyHkrsm;udk xda&mufaomvufawG@v_yf&Sm;r_tjzpf/ ajymif;vJap&mY/ =um;cHaqmif&Gufay;onfh "gwfulypPnf;rSm/ acgif;aqmifr_yif jzpfygonf? 'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&;v_yf&Sm;r_ twGif; acgif;aqmifr_.tcef;u¾rsm;rSm/ vlxkudk v_H@aqmfpnf;&Hk;&mwGifvnf;aumif;/ v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;yg0ifaqmif &Gufae=uolrsm;twGuf pHjytjzpfaomfvnf;aumif;/ v_yf&Sm;r_. &vm'fESifhywfoufI vltrsm;uoHo,yGg;vm =uaomtcg/ ,Hk=unfr_cdkifrmap&ef wdkufwGef;v_H@aqmfay;&mYvnf;aumif;/ oifhavsmfaomtcsdefwGif oifhavsmfaom qHk;jzwfcsufcsay;jcif;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ atmifyGJtwGuf vdktyfaom vltrsm;. pdwfygvufygaxmufcHr_rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;udk wnfwef@aeatmif xdef;odrf;xm;ay;jcif;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ wm0ef,l=uygonf? “&kyfyHkv$maumif;udk wnfaqmufjcif;/” “owif;udkvSnfh,l u|rf;usifpGm toHk;csjcif;” ðyae=uaom/ ,ae@acwfwGif/ jynfoltrsm;u EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;tay: oHo,pdwf0ifvm=uygonf? olwdk@a&'D,dk/ &kyfjrifoH=um;wGif jrifae/ awG@ae=u&aom acgif;aqmifrsm;u olwdk@a[majymaeonfhtwdkif;/ trSefwu,f,Hk=unfr_ &Sd-r&Sdudk ar;cGef;xkwf vm=uonfrSm qDavsmfrSefuefaomtcGifhta&;jzpfygonf? odk@r[kwf azmfjyxm;aom Zmwfaumif&kyfyHkv$mu/ xdkol. tppftrSefo&kyf [kwf-r[kwf ar;cGef;xkwfvm=uygonf? a[mhbfpf (Hobbes) . vlom;tjrifudk vufcH xm;olwpfOD;u/ *sufzmqef (Jefferson) . 'Drdku&ufta&ðcHaeonfudk od&Sdvm=uyguvnf;/ vltrsm;u tHh=or_ jzpf=uawmhrnf r[kwfyg? a,bk,stm;jzifhqdk&v#if/ vltrsm;u/ udk,fusifhoduQmr[kwf/ aiGa=u;ydkufqH/ EdkifiHa&; tjrif/ odk@r[kwf/ tkyfcsKyfEdkifr_pGrf;&nfrsm;uom a&G;aumufyGJ&vm'frsm;udk tqHk;tjzwfay;a=umif;/ us,fus,fjyef@ jyef@vufcHxm;=uygonf? tu,fI EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;udk jrifxm;=uaomtjrifonf/ vltrsm;u xifjrif,lqae =uaomtjriftwdkif; jzpfaeonfqdkygu/ acgif;aqmiftaejzifh awG@ñuH&rnfh jy\em/ pdefac:r_rSm rao;vSyg? oHo,&SdzG,frvdkaomtcsufrSm/ tcsKd@aom trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf/ vltrsm;u EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;tay: a,bk,s,lqxifjrifxm;csufrsm;ESifh vHk;0uGmjcm;vSygonf? awmiftmz&durS e,fvfqif rif'Jvm;/ tar&duef jynfaxmifpkrS rmwifvlomuif; *sLeD,m/ ydkvefEdkifiHrS vufcs bm0ifqm/ jrefrmEdkifiHrS a':atmifqef;pk=unfwdk@rSm xif&Sm;vSaom c|if;csufacgif;aqmifrsm; jzpf=uygonf? vltrsm;. xifjrif,lqxm;aom trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; ESifh vHk;0uGmjcm;ygonf? tkyfcsKyfolrsm;ESifh jynfolrsm;t=um; uGm[r_odyf}uD;vmaomtcg/ jynfolrsm;onf tpdk;&rsm;.vkyfaqmifr_rsm;ESifh rl0g'rsm;tay:wGif t"dy`g,f&Sdaom=oZmv$rf;rdk;oufa&mufr_&Sd&ef/ xdef;csKyfEdkif&efrSm rjzpfEdkifawmhyg? 'Drdkua&pDðyjyif ajymif;vJa&;aqmif&Gufae=uolrsm;taeESifh/ r=umc%qdkovdk/ EdkifiHawmftpdk;&qdkolrsm;u ‚if;wdk@tay:cs,fvS,f v$rf;rdk;xm;onfh trsKd;rsKd;aom tHh=ozG,ftm%mrsm;udk awG@&Edkifygonf? Todk@aomtajctaersKd;wGif xda&muf aomacgif;aqmifr_uom/ jynfolvlxkrsm;t=um; ,Hk=unfcsufESifhowWdjzpfay:ap&ef/ oGwfoGif;ay;Edkif+yD;/ EdkifiHa&; tm%mcsdefcGifv#mr#vmapa&;twGuf/ pkaygif;aqmif&Guf&ef/ vlwpfOD;csif;. vGwfvyfcGifhESifh w&m;r#wr_udk jr‡ifhwif &ef jzpfapEdkifygonf? xda&mufxufjrufaom acgif;aqmifrsm;wGif/ EdkifiHtqifhwGifyifjzpfap/ a'oqdkif&mtqifhwGifyifjzpfap/ vufeufudkif yÉdyuQwGif jzpfap/ vufeufrudkifxm;aom yÉdyuQwGif jzpfap/ a,bk,s tm;jzifhwlnDaom oabmobm0/ vuQ%mrsm;udk avhvmawG@&Sd&ygonf? wdkufyGJrsm;/ yÉdyuQrsm;udk OD;aqmif&efacgif;aqmif tppftrSefrsm;onf/ arG; Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

&myg yg&rDjzifh acgif;aqmif&efjzpfvmonf[k xifjrif,lqxm;=uaomfvnf;/ vufawG@usaomvkyfief;aqmif&Gufr_ rsm;twGuf/ acgif;aqmifr_t&nftcsif;rsm;udk ynma&;/ avhusifhay;r_ESifh tawG@tñuHrsm;u jznfhqD;ay;cJh=uygonf? r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wGif acgif;aqmif aomif;ESifhcsDIr[kwfv#ifaomfrS/ axmif*%ef;r# acgif; aqmifr_wm0ef,l&ef vdktyfaeygonf? v_yf&Sm;r_wpfav#mufvHk;wGif/ tm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;u jynfolrsm;.qEN twdkif; vdkufemem;axmifvmap&efqdkv#if/ Tr#acgif;aqmif ta&twGuf vdkygonf? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wGif v_yf&Sm;r_tm;aumif;vmapa&;twGufqdkv#if/ acgif;aqmifrsm;. atmufazmfjyygt&nftcsif;rsm;udk t=uHðyaqG; aEG;wifjyvdkygonf? acgif;aqmifr_ t&nftcsif;rsm;

1? erlem pHjyjzpfap&ef óud;pm;yg?

tcsdef&vmonfESifhtr#/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf OD;aqmifr_. t&nftcsif;rsm;ESifh ‚if;acgif;aqmif. óud;yrf;tm;xkwfr_ rsm;udk a&mifjyef[yf azmfjyvm=uygonf? rdrdudk,fusKd;twGuf tzGJ@tpnf;udktoHk;csaom acgif;aqmifrsm;u/ rdrd. i,fom;rsm;vnf; ‚if;enf;wlvkyfaqmifae=uonfudk jrifv#if/ tHh=or_jzpf&vdrfhrnf r[kwfyg? acgif;aqmifupI jcpm;,dk,Gif;aev#if/ pepfwus jcpm;r_udk a&SmifvGJI&rnf r[kwfyg? tu,fIacgif;aqmifu &dkom;r_/ tvkyfóud;pm; r_/ owWdESifh tjcm;olrsm;tay: &dkaoav;pm;r_udk jyoygv#if/ tjcm;olrsm;wGifvnf; Ttrltusifh vuQ%mrsm;udk awG@=u&rnf jzpfygonf? tzGJ@tpnf;wpfckwGif &Sdapvdkonfh t&nftaoG;rsm;ESifh p&dkufvuQ%mrsm;udk/ acgif;aqmif rsm;. óud;yrf;tm;xkwfr_/ trltusifhrsm;jzifh xif[yfjyo&rnf jzpfygonf?

2? oifOD;aqmif&rnfh vlrsm;ta=umif;udk/ odyg?

xufjrufxda&mufaom acgif;aqmifwpfOD;onf/ rdrdOD;aqmif&rnfholrsm;tay: u&kpdkufr_ESifh pdk;&drfylyefr_udk xkwfazmf jyo&ef vdktyfygonf? EdkifiHtqihfwGif/ Todk@qdkvdkonfrSm vlOD;a&qdkif&mtcsuftvuf/ (v,form;/ tvkyform;/ ausmif;q&mrsm;/ 0efxrf;rsm;/ pojzifh) tkyfpktvdkuf0ifaiG/ ynma&;tqifhtwef;/ bmoma&;/ vlrsKd;t& uGJjym;pGm wnf&Sdaer_/ xGufukefESifh oGif;ukef/ wdkif;jynf pkpkaygif;trsKd;om;xkwfukefwefzdk; (*sD'DyD) . t&if;jrpfrsm;/ usef;rma&; apmihfa&Smufr_ESifh vlr_0efaqmifr_ &Edkifonfh tajctae/ pojzifh udef;;*%ef;qdkif&mtcsuftvufrsm;udk em;vnf xm;jcif;udk qdkvdkygonf? tjcm;ta&;}uD;aomtcsufrSm/ “jynfolrsm;tm;vHk;/ ae@w"l0 bmvkyfae=uoenf;” [l aomtcsufudk od&efyif jzpfygonf? ZifbmabGEdkifiHwGif (2002) ckESpfu/ jzpfyGg;cJhaom tawG@tñuHt&/ owfrSwf xm;aom&duQm&m&Sifudk 0,f,l&eftwGuf/ vlrsm;u em&Daygif;rsm;pGm=uHh=uHhcHwef;pDI/ ae=u&ygonf? vlOD;a&pkpk aygif;. (25) &mcdkifE_ef;rSm tdyfcsftdkifAGD§attdkif'Dtufpaf 0'em pGJuyfcHpm;ae=u&ygonf? aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_rSm (100) &mcdkifE_ef;ausmf&Sdae+yD;/ tvkyfvufrJhjzpfr_E_ef;rSm (70) &mcdkifE_ef;ausmfaeygonf? xdk@tjyif jynfolrsm;vufawG@cHpm; ae=u&aomtajctaewpfckrSm/ tjcm;jyify0ifaiG&&SdEdkifonfh tcGifhtvrf;r&SdyJ/ vltrsm;pkrSm t[m&iwfrGwfacgif; yg;ae=uygonf? vltrsm;u wpfzufu emrusef;jzpfaeonfh/ aovkarsmyg;jzpfaeonfh rdom;pkrsm;udkapmihfa&Smuf ae&qJ/ wpfzufuvnf; tvkyftudkifESifh tpm;taomuftwGuf tcsdefay;&Smae&aoma=umifh EdkifiHa&; v_yf&Sm;r_ rsm;vkyfaqmif&eftwGuf/ tcsdef ray;Edkif=uawmhyg? tu,fI Ttajctaersm;qdk;&Gm;ae&Hkr#ESifh rvHkavmufao;yJ/ tm%m&Siftpdk;&u/ EdkifiHa&;twdkuftcHrsm;ESifh ‚if;wdk@ro d m;pkrsm; iwfrGwfae&apavatmif/ rl0g'csrSwfI wrif oufoufvkyfaqmifae+yD;/ vlrdkuftzGJ@rsm;udkapv$wfI &dkufESufapjcif;/ rk'def;usifhjcif;rsm;vnf; usL;vGefae=uygao; onf? vlxkrsm;yg0ifvmap&efqGJaqmifarwWm&yfcHrnfqdkv#if/ ‚if;wdk@. ae@pOfb0tajctaeudk xif[yfI=unfh&yg vdrfhrnf? &yf&Gmtqifhacgif;aqmifrsm;twGuf/ vlwdkif;wGif emrnfaumif;wpfckpDESifh rsufESmemp&mudpPrsm; &Sd=uygonf? acgif; aqmifrsm;u olwdk@udkaxmufcHolrsm;udk yk*~dKvfa&;t& u|rf;0ifatmifaqmif&Gufxm;oihf+yD;/ jcHpnf;&dk;cGxdkifaeolrsm; udkvnf; odxm;oifhygonf? tajctaeay;onfESifh tr#/ olwdk@tay: pdk;&drfylyefr_&Sda=umif; jyo&ygvdrfhrnf? 'Drdk ua&pDtpdk;&vufatmufwGif olwdk@.b0rsm; rnfr#wdk;wufaumif;rGefvmEdkifa=umif;/ r=umc%qdkovdk/ a'ocH

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

acgif;aqmifrsm;u olwdk@vlxkrsm;udk owday;&Sif;jyoifh+yD;/ olwdk@. vuf&SdtcuftcJjy\emrsm;udk 0dkif;0ef;ajz&Sif; ay;oifhygonf?

3? wm0ef,lxm;aomudpPrsm;udk aqmif&Guf&mY/ u|rf;usifxda&mufygap?

tusyftwnf;tajctaewpf&yfwGif/ acgif;aqmifu ‚if;.tvkyfudk rodonfhjzpf&yfa=umifh/ qHk;&_H;r_jzpfapEdkifaom t&m/ vltrsm; pdwf"gwfusqif;ysufjym;apaom t&mr&Sdyg? qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; nHhzsif;rSm;,Gif;jcif;onf/ rvdktyfaom tEW&m,frsm;/ txdtcdkufrsm; ydkIrsm;jym;ap+yD;/ ,Hk=unftm;xm;r_vnf; uG,faysmufoGm;Edkifygonf? a=umuf&GH@r_ u tESH@tjym;0ifa&mufvmEdkifygonf? acgif;aqmifqdkonfrSm/ yHkrSefppfyGJudkjzpfap/ tvm;wl ydkItEkpdwfEdkifvSaom t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJudk Edkifatmif rnfodk@wdkuf&rnfudkodol[k ,lqxm;=uygonf? wdkufyGJudk rnfodk@ppfqifwdkufcdkuf &rnfudk tjcm;olwdk@xuf ydkodaom/ u|r;f usifr_ESifh t&nftcsif;rsm; ydkI&Edkifacs&Sdaeaom acgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh/ v_yf&Sm;r_. &vm'fudk tusKd;=oZmoufa&mufapEdkifaom acgif;aqmifr_. tjcm;wpfzuf/ wpfu¾udkvnf; odxm; &ef vdktyfygonf? EdkifiHwpfcktqifhwGif/ Todk@qdkvdkonfrSm acgif;aqmifu/ v_yf&Sm;r_ ta&;awmfyHk rnfonfhtwGuf a=umifh aqmif&Guf=u&rnfudk &Sif;vif;jrifomatmif azmfjyajymqdkEdkif&ef vdktyf+yD;/ wenf;qdk&aomf acgif;aqmifu vltrsm; v_yf&Sm;r_wGif pdwf0ifpm;yg0ifvm=uap&eftwGuf vkyfaqmifEdkif&ygvdrfhrnf? tjcm;t&nftcsif;wpf&yfrSm EdkifiHwum tm;ay;axmufcHr_udk &,lEdkifonfht&nftcsif;jzpf+yD;/ v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf OD;wnftoHk;csEdkif&ef jzpfygonf? xdk@tjyif aocsmqef;ppftuJjzwfI/ xdcdkufr_tenf;qHk;jzifh atmifyGJcH&ef jzpfygonf? &yf&Gma'otqifh acgif;aqmifrsm;wGifrl/ tajctaeudk od&Sdem;vnfxm;&efvdktyf+yD;/ v_yf&Sm;r_. &nf&G,fcsufrsm; atmifjrifapa&;twGuf/ t=urf;rzufaqmif&GufEdkfifonfh wdkufenf;rsm;udk odxm;&ygrnf? xdk@tjyif t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf tpDtpOfrsm;csrSwfwwf&efvdk+yD;/ a&G;cs,fxm;aomenf;emrsm;udk rnfodk@atmifjrifpGmaqmif&Guf Edkifrnfudk yg0ifaqmif&Guf=urnfholrsm;odk@ avhusifhay;Edkif&ef t&nftcsif;vdktyfygonf?

4? wm0efudk &SmazGyg? wm0ef,lyg?

,ae@acwf vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;wGif wm0ef,lr_udka&Smifv$Jae=ujcif;onf/ vltrsm;. p&dkufvuQ%mozG,fjzpfvmyg onf? r=umc%qdkovdk/ azmufonfrsm;ESifh qufqH&efwm0ef&SdonfhXmewm0efcHESifh olwdk@xHrS0,f,lvmaom ypPnf;wpfck. jy\emESifhywfoufI pum;ajymygu/ ukyR%. D yxrOD;qHk;ta&;ay;aqmif&Guf=uonfhudpPrSm jzpf or#jy\emrsm;onf olwdk@trSm;r[kwfa=umif; &Sif;jyodap&efom jzpfonf? tvm;wlyif/ pmar;yGJus&_H;aom ausmif;om;wpfOD;uvnf;/ q&mudkyif tjypfzdk@ygvdrfhrnf? EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;uvnf;/ ol.qHk;jzwfcsufonf &Edkifor#aom taumif;qHk;owif;tcsuftvufrsm;tay: tajcðyxm;jcif;jzpfa=umif; ajymygvdrfhrnf? odk@twGuf a=umifh Towif;rsm;udktajccHI xGufay:vmaom nHhzsif;onfhqHk;jzwfcsuftwGuf ol@udktjypfrzdk@wef&m[kqdkyg onf? ta&;}uD;aomtpnf;ta0;wpfckudk jyifqifac:qdk&efysufuGufjcif;onf/ jyifqif&eftcsdefrvHkavmufaom a=umifh/ tjcm;ta&;}uD;udpPrsm;a=umifh (uav;zsm;emaer_/ q&m-rdb tpnf;ta0;) [kk qdkygonf? bk&m;ocif. aqmif&Gufcsufa=umifh jzpfay:vm&aom atmifyGJ (EdkifzJ) a=umifh[k/ qHk;&_H;&onfudk qifajcay;tjypfzdk@=uygonf? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. acgif;aqmifwpfOD;onf/ vlomrmefwpfOD; rjzpfEdkifouJhodk@/ v_yf&Sm;r_onfvnf; jzpfwefacs rsm;aom omrmefae&mwpfck r[kwfyg? xda&mufaomacgif;aqmifwpfOD;onf/ tzGJ@tpnf;. &nf&G,fcsufrsm; rjynfhajrmuf&onfhtwGuf qHk;&_H;&r_udk wm0efcHygonf? tu,fI wpfpHkw&mrSm;,Gif;oGm;ygu/ wm0efcHygonf? jy\emudk ðyjyifygonf? xdktrSm;rS oif cef;pmxkwf,lqifjcifygonf? a&S@odk@ qufvufcsDwufygonf? i,fom;aemufvdkufrsm;u olwdk@.trSm;rsm;twGuf acgif;aqmif.wm0efcHr_udk aus;Zl;wif todtrSwfðy=uygvdrfhrnf? Tenf;tm;jzifh acgif;aqmifudkvnf; vdktyfaom ðyjyifr_rsm; aqmif&GufEdkif&ef/ tcGifhtvrf;tm%m &apygonf? “=unfh=uyg/ udk,fhvlwdk@? usaemfudk,fwdkif 'DtrSm; twGuf wm0ef,lygw,f? usaemf. vrf;!$efr_twdkif;aqmif&Gufr_ &Sd-r&Sd }uD;=uyf&ef rdrdysufuGufcJhygonf? TuJh odk@ tvm;wltrSm;rsKd;twGuf tem*wfrSm/ aemufwpf}udrftjypfajymcH&ap&ef/ rdrd rvdkvm;yg? aemufwpf}udrf rjzpfap&ef rnfodk@umuG,f=urnfenf;qdkonfudk enf;vrf;&Sm=uzdk@ vdkygw,f?” rdrd. vufOD;r_,laqmif&GufEdkifonfh Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

udpPudk qHk;&_H;ysufuGufapaomudpPrSm/ trSm;twGuf vufatmufi,fom;rsm;tay: tjypfzdk@jcif; jzpfygonf? trSm; rsm;twGuf taumif;qHk;csnf;uyfenf;wpfckrSm/ ,ckwdkufyGJudk aqmif&GufaeonfhumvwGif trSm;rsm;jzpfay:rnfudk ar#mfvifhxm;jcif;yif jzpfygonf? rnfolr# +yD;jynfhpHkol r&Sdyg? cGifhv$wfjcif;qdkonfrSm/ trSm;rsm;rS oifcef;pmxkwf,l&ef ysufuGufolrsm;twGuf/ aemufwpf}udrfxyfrSm;apolrsm;twGuf rxdkufwefyg?

5? atmifjrifr_twGuf tjcm;olrsm;udk *k%fðytrSwfay;yg?

atmifjrifonfh jzpf&yfwpfckta=umif;/ aqG;aEG;aomtcg acgif;aqmifaumif;wpfOD;onf/ “ig”[k ajymqdkjcif;udk tpOfojzifh a&Smifavh&Sdygonf? “usaemfwdk@”/ “olwdk@”/ “ol”/ “olr” pojzifh aemufvdkufrsm;udkom *k%fðytrSwf ay;csD;usL;avh &Sdygonf? xdkolrsm;. jznfhqD;aqmif&Gufr_a=umifhom atmifjrifr_&apjcif; jzpfygonf? tpdk;&wyfzGJ@ rsm;csnf;uyfvm+yDudk óudwifowday;cJhaomuav;i,fwpfOD;/ qENjyolrsm;odk@ a&wdkufaomtzGm;tdkwpfOD;/ vuf urf;pmapmifrsm;udk jyifqifay;olrdef;rysKdwpfOD;/ tEW&m,fudk ra=umufr&GH@t&JpGef@I pm&Gufjzef@a0olwpfOD;/ Tppf qifa&;twGuf tao;pdwf tpDtpOfa&;qGJay;onfh &yf&Gmacgif;aqmifrsm;/ yg0ifaqmif&Guf=uolrsm; polrsm;onf v_yf&Sm;r_atmifjrifr_twGuf csD;usK;trSwfay;&rnfholrsm; jzpfygonf? acgif;aqmifrsm;onf urBmay:wGif taumif;qHk;r[mAsL[ma&;qGJa&;orm;rsm;/ enf;AsL[mcsrSwfolrsm; jzpfEdkifyg onf? odk@aomfvnf; TtawG;tac:/ t=uHtpnfrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&Gufrnfhol r&Sdygu/ tcsnf;ESD; om jzpfygvdrfhrnf? tjcm;olrsm;udk csD;usL;*k%fðyay;onfh acgif;aqmifr_csnf;uyfyHkenf;vrf;. tm;aumif;csuf wpf&yfrSm/ vlwdkif;u rdrdukd,frdrd ta&;}uD;onf[k ,Hk=unfcH,lvmapjcif; jzpfygonf? atmifjrifr_onf ‚if;. yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_tay: wnfrSDae+yD;/ yl;aygif;yg0ifjznfhqD;r_udkvnf; todtrSwfðy aus;Zl;wifcH&ygonf?

6? opPm&Sdr_

'Drdkua&pD vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;wpfckwGif opPm&Sd&efqdkonfrSm rvG,fulvSyg? Tenf;rSm ESpfvrf;oGm;jzpf+yD;/ tzGJ@tpnf; wpfck.tzGJ@0ifrsm;u acgif;aqmifudk axmufcHyHhydk;ay;&ef vdktyfonfhtjyif/ acgif;aqmifuvnf; tjyeftvSeftm; jzifh/ ol@udkaxmufcH=uolrsm;tay: av;pm;r_ESifh olwdk@tusKd;tay:pmemr_ jyefvnfjyo&ef vdktyfygonf? opPm&Sdr_ qdkonfrSm/ tjrJwap vufnd‡K;axmif/ acgif;ndrfh “[kwfuJh”vdkufae&ef rvdktyfyg? acgif;aqmift}uD;tuJajymor# rjiif;rqef emcHae&ef r[kwfyg? trSefwGif/ 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf epfemapawmhrnfhudpPudk acgif;aqmifuðyvkyf awmhrnfudk aqmif&GufusL;vGefcGifhðyxm;jcif;uom/ opPmr&Sdjcif; jzpfygonf? csrSwfxm;aom tpDtpOfrSaeI wpfck ckvGJacsmf usef&pfaeawmhrnfqdkv#if/ epfemp&mta=umif;&Sdv#if ajym&ygvdrfhrnf? tu,fI oabmrwlnDr_&Sdaeap OD;awmh/ ToabmrwlnDr_udk acgif;aqmifod&Sdap&ef aqmif&Gufjcif;onfyif/ opPm&Sdr_ jzpfygonf? odk@aomfvnf; tjcm;vufatmufi,fom;rsm;a&S@wGif razmfjyoifhyg? rdrdoabmrwl&jcif;. ta=umif;t&if;ESifh Tjy\emudkajy vnfap&eftwGuf t=uHðycsufudkyg yl;wGJwifjyoifhygonf? acgif;aqmifjzpfoluvnf;/ tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; Todk@ tjyeftvSefnd‡Ed_if;Edkifrnfh/ tvm;wlvkyfxHk;wpfck pDpOfaqmif&Gufxm;&ef wm0ef&Sdygonf? odk@rSom vltrsm;. pdk;&drf ylyefcsufrsm;udk w&m;0if=um;emajz&Sif;Edkifrnf jzpfygonf? oabmxm;uGJvGJr_onf rjynfhrpHkaomtcsuftvufrsm; a=umifhvnf; jzpfEdkifygonf? atmufajc&SdopPm&Sd&JabmfwpfOD;onf/ uef@owftcGifhta&;&Sdolrsm;om odcGifh&Sdaom/ tcsuftvufrsm;/ ydkrdkus,fjyef@aom r[mAsL[majrmuf&nfrSef;csufrsm;t& a&;qGJxm;aom tpDtpOfrsm;/ wpfòydif eufwnf;aqmif&Gufrnfh ppfqifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;/ &efol@zufu v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;udk od&SdEdkif&ef tcGifhta&; r&Sd yg? rnfodk@aomudpPrsKd;Yrqdk/ ppfqifa&;qdkif&mqHk;jzwfcsufudk v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufap&eftwGuf jzef@a0+yD;ygu/ Tv_yf &Sm;r_rsm;udk pdwfygvufyg aqmif&Guf=u&awmhrnf jzpfygonf? xdk@tjyif acgif;aqmifjzpfolu/ Tvkyfief;pOfrsm; twGif;odk@ taumif;qHk;t&nftcsif;&Sdolrsm; a&G;cs,fxnfhoGif;Edkif&eftwGuf/ qHk;jzwfcsufcsEdkifap&ef ulnDay;r_rSm vnf; opPm&Sdr_yif jzpfygonf?

7? rdrd. qef@usifzuftiftm;pkta=umif;udk odjcif;?

qdkvdkonfrSm &efolESifhoufqdkifaom owif;wpfpGef;wpfpwdkif;udk rqdk/ pkaqmif;tuJjzwfae&ef jzpfygonf? Oyrm tm;jzifh/ qef@usifzuftiftm;pku rnfuJhodk@pOf;pm;aea=umif;/ yHkrSeftm;jzifh rnfonfhvkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Gufae Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

a=umif;/ zdtm;ay;cH&ygu rnfodk@wkH@jyefwwfonf/ ol rnfuJhodk@,Hk=unfvufcHxm;onf/ ol@twGuf rnfonfhudpP rsm;u ta&;}uD;oenf;/ rnfonfhudpPrsm;u ta&;r}uD;oenf;/ pojzifh ar;vmygu/ ajzqdkEdkif&eftwGuf/ tcsuf tvufrSefor#udk ppfaq;=unfhaeoifhygonf? rnfou l trSefwu,f/ &efol jzpfygoenf;? 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkrsm; udk acsr_ef;&ef/ !$ef=um;trdef@ay;aeonfh t"duacgif;aqmifu rnfoljzpfoenf;? &efol.ta=umif;odjcif;jzifh/ r[m AsL[ma&;qGJcsrSwfolwpfOD; taejzifh/ rnfodk@ wkH@jyef&rnfudk od&SdEdkifygonf?

8? tawG@tñuHrsm;rS oifcef;pmxkwf,ljcif;?

wefzdk;t}uD;qHk; avhvm&onfhenf;rSm/ rdrdwdk@.trSm;rsm;rS/ oifcef;pmxkwf,ljcif;yif jzpfygonf? trSm;rsm;rS udk,f awG@avhvmjcif;onf/ tjcm;olrsm;. atmifjrifr_rsm;rS avhvmonfxuf/ ydkIxda&mufygonf? tcsKd@aomolrsm; twGuf/ rdrdwdk@trSm;rsm;rS oifcef;pmxkwf,lrwwfygu/ wdkuf&dkuftawG@tñuHonf q&maumif;r[kwfyg? r=um ao;rDESpfrsm;twGif;/ r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJESifhywfoufI tvGefxl;jcm;aumif;rGefaom okawoe ESifh avhvmr_rsm; ðyvkyfI/ awG@&Sdcsufrsm;udk yHkESdyfjzef@csdcJh=uygonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh tjcm;olrsm;. tawG@tñuHrsm; rS oifcef;pm,lavhvmEdkifygonf? 38 xdk@tjyif/ r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJESifh ywfoufI rdrdwdk@.okaw oeESifh uGif;qif;avhvmxm;aomtawG@tñuHrsm;udk rSa0zvS,f&ef/ vdkvm;aom tpdk;&r[kwfonfhtzGJ@tpnf; (tJef*sDtdk) rsm;vnf; &Sdaeygao;onf? 39 ydkI wdkuf&dkuftoHk;wnfh&efqdkv#if/ ppfqifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wpfck+yD;qHk;wdkif; “oifcef;pmxkwf,rl _”[lI jyifqifxm;&Sd&ef vdktyf+yD;/ tjcm;olrsm;u Ttcsuftvufrsm;rS avhvmEdkifygonf? r[mAsL[moifwef;wpfckr#jzifh/ rnfolr# r[mAsL[ma&;qGJol rjzpfEdkifyg? r[mAsL[majrmufpOf;pm;jcif;onf/ rdrd. udk,fawG@&&Sdvmaom tawG@tñuHrsm;rSaeI/ &&Sdvmjcif;jzpf+yD;/ ydkIta&;}uD;onfrSm/ tjcm;olrsm;. tawG@tñuH rsm;udk udk,fwdkiftpm;xdk;=unfhaompdwfjzifh/ avhvmzwf&_jcif;/ aqG;aEG;qifjcifjcif;rS &&Sdvmjcif;jzpfygonf?

9? vufatmufi,fom;rsm;. pGrf;aqmifEdkif&nfrsm;udk wdk;jr‡ifhapjcif;/ prf;oyfppfaq;jcif;?

acgif;aqmifjzpfolonf oifhavsmfaomoludk oifhavsmfaom&mxl;wm0efwGif a&G;cs,fae&mcsay;xm;Edkif&ef vdktyfyg onf? 'kwd,urBmppfta=umif;avhvmcJhzl;olrsm;taejzifh/ AdkvfcsKyfyufwGef (General Patton) ESifh AdkvfcsKyftdkuf qifa[mif;0g; (General Eisenhower) wdk@. trnfudk &if;ESD;ae=uygvdrfhrnf? TAdkvfcsKyfESpfOD;u r[mrdwfwyfzGJ@ rsm;. ppfa&;twGuf/ vHk;0uGJjym;aomu|r;f usifr_ESifh yk*~dKvfa&;pGrf;aqmifEdkif&nfrsm;udk jznfhqD;ay;cJh=uygonf? Adkvf csKyfyufwGefonf/ a&S@wef;ppfajrjyifudk uGyfuJonfh/ awmufajymifxif&Sm;aomwyfrSL;wpfOD;jzpf+yD;/ vltrsm;uolwdk@ .cHEdkif&nft&/ jzpfrnf[k r,lq=uaomppfajrjyifwdkufyGJrsm;udk pGrf;aqmifEdkifcJhygonf? olu a=umuf&GH@av;pm;=u& onfh ppfacgif;aqmifjzpfygonf? ol. rme}uD;r_ESifh tjcm;aomr[mrdwfwyfrSL;rsm;tay:/ pdwfrxifv#if rxifovdk txifao;tjrifao; ajymqdkwwfr_a=umifh/ oluom ppfajrjyifY tpGrf;rjyEdkifcJhygv#if/ aemufwef;odk@ jyefydk@cH&rnf rSm aocsmoavmuf&Sdonf? tjcm;wpfzufwGifrl AdkvfcsKyftdkufqifa[mif;0g;onf/ tawG@tñuHrsm;aom/ rsm;pGm pGrf;aqmifEdkifaom ppfOD;pD;t&m&Sdjzpf+yD;/ wnf+idrfat;aq;aom/ aysmfaysmfaewwfaom olwpfOD;tjzpf trsm;u jrif =uygonf? trsm;udk ulnDwwf+yD;/ trsm;jzifhvnf; vdkvdkvm;vm;yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufvdkygonf? xdktwGufa=umifh ol@ udk/ Oa&myppfrsufESmppfqifa&;rsm;twGuf OD;aqmifuGyfuJ&ef wm0efay;cH&+yD;/ Oa&myppfrsufESmodk@ xdk;azmuf0if a&mufa&;twGuf wm0efay;cH&ygonf? olu r[mrdwfEdkifiHrsm;rS ppfa&;acgif;aqmifwyfrSL;rsm;udk pkpnf;+yD;/ olwdk@. axmufyHhr_/ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_jzifh aemfref'Durf;wufppfqifa&;udk atmifjrifpGmqifE$JEdkifcJhygonf? Tppfqifa&;rSm ppfordkif;wpfav#mufwGif tqifhtjrifhqHk;/ t&_yfaxG;qHk;aom ppfqifa&;wpfckjzpfygonf? ta=umif;rSm acgif;aqmif vkyfolrsm;taejzifh/ vufatmufi,fom;rsm;. tm;omcsuf/ yifudk,fpGrf;&nfrsm;udk odxm;oifh+yD;/ taumif;qHk; tusKd;&Sdatmif toHk;csEdkif&ygrnf? 38

TuJhodk@pmtkyfrsm;twGuf Oyrmaumif;wpfckrSm Bertil Lintner, Outrage: Burma's Struggle For Democracy, (London and Bangkok: White Lotus, 1990).; ESifh Howard Clark, Civil Resistance in Kosovo, (London: Pluto Press, 2000). pojzifh jzpfygonf? TuJhodk@ owif;tcsuftvufrsm;twGuf toHk;wnfhEdkifaom tJef*sDtdkrsm;rSm/ The Albert Einstein Institution (www.aeinstein.org) ESifh the International Center on Nonviolent Conflict (www.nonviolent-conflict.org) wdk@ jzpf=uygonf?

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

acgif;aqmifr_ yHkpHrsm; acgif;aqmifr_yHkpHonf/ tm%m&SifqefqefyHkpHrS/ 'Drdkua&pDenf;us “trsm;=um; acgif;wpfvHk;ydkom”aomyHkpHt=um;/ &Sdaeonfh a&mifpOfwef;wGif trsKd;rsKd;uGJjym;jcm;em;pGm wnf&Sdae=uygonf? tajctaeu/ csrSwfxm;aomacgif; aqmifr_ yHkpHudk =oZmoufa&mufv$rf;rdk;r_vnf; &Sdygonf? acgif;aqmifr_yHkpHudk v$rf;rdk;apaomtjcm;tcsufwpfckrSm/ rdrd. udk,f&nfudk,faoG;ESifh udkufnDpGm/ csdefnd‡usifhoHk;Edkifa&; jzpfygonf? a,bk,stm;jzifh/ tm%m&Sifqefqef acgif;aqmifr_yHkpHonf atmufygtajctaersm;wGif tusKd;&SdapEdkifygonf? • tusyftwnf;tajctae[k ,lqp&mta=umif; &Sdae+yD;/ csufcsif; ta&;,laqmif&Guf&ygawmhrnf? • aemufvdkufolrsm;u acgif;aqmifta=umif;aumif;pGm rod&Sd=uao;aomtajctae/ oluvnf; =oZm tm%mxlaxmif&ef vdktyfaeaom tajctaersKd;ESifhvnf; udkufnDygonf? • tzGJ@taejzifh qHk;&_H;r_ñuHae&aomtcsdef/ xdktcsdefwGif acgif;aqmifu rnfodk@aqmif&Guf&rnfudk odonfh oabm/ tm;vHk;u,Hk=unfr_&apvdkaomtcsed fwGif pojzifhwdk@wGifvnf; TyHkpHudk toHk;ðyEdkifygonf? Todk@ a,bk,srSwfcsufay;r_rsm; tay:wGif/ tjrJwap c|if;csuf&SdaeEdkifygonf? tusyftwnf;tajctaewGif/ tjcm;olrsm;. xifjrif,lqcsufudk awmif;cH&ef tcsdefr&SdawmhyJ/ jzpfEdkifaomenf;vrf;rsm;udk aqG;aEG;ae&efvnf; rjzpfEdkifyg? odk@aomfvnf; Todk@ta&;ay:tajctaersKd;udk óudwifwGufqI/ jyifqifr_rsm; aqmif&Gufxm;Edkifygu/ xdkodk@ aqmif&Guftaumiftxnfazmfrnf[laom qHk;jzwfcsufudk v#ifjrefpGmcsEdkifygonf? tusyftwnf;tajctae wGif/ atmufajcenf;AsL[mqdkif&m qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;csrSwo f nfhtqifhudk/ atmufqHk;tqifhodk@ v$Jajymif;wm0efv$Jxm; ay;Edkifygonf? ta=umif;rSm owif;rsm;csufcsif;&&SdEdkif+yD;/ qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udkvnf; csufcsif;taumiftxnfazmf=u& rnfhae&m jzpfaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? tm%m&Sifqefqef acgif;aqmifr_yHkpH. tm;enf;csufrsm;vnf; &Sdygao;onf? emcHr_udk Oya'pnf;rsOf;rsm;jzifh pnf; =uyfxm;aom ppfwyfESifhrwlaomtcsufrSm/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wGif jynfolrsm;u yg0ifvdk=uaoma=umifh/ axmufcHyg0if=u+yD;/ tEW&m,fudk pGef@pm;aqmif&Guf=ujcif; jzpfygonf? xdkolrsm;udk wpfckckvkyfaqmif&eftwGuf twif;tusyfcdkif;apI rjzpfEdkifyg? tu,fI tm%mudkcsnf;oufoufom tm;xm;aqmif&Gufygu/ vufOD;r_,l vkyfudkif&ef tajctaeqHk;&_H;&ygvdrfhrnf? aemufvdkufrsm;onfvnf;/ txufuvmaom !$ef=um;csufrsm;udkom taumiftxnfazmf+yD;/ tjcm;bmr# rvkyf=uonfh aemufvdkufoufoufrsm;om jzpfaeygvdrfhrnf? odk@aomf/ jynfolrsm;u olwdk@onf qHk;jzwfcsucf sonfhu¾. tpdwftydkif;wpfcktjzpfcH,lxm;ygu/ olwdk@.*k%foduQmvnf; xdcdkufcH&rnfh taetxm;&Sdaeaoma=umifh/ “olwdk@.”tpDtpOfrsm;udk ydkrdkqaD vsmfap&ef/ ydkI xda&mufxufjruf pGm taumiftxnfazmfEdkifap&ef/ tm;usKd;rmefwufvkyfaqmif=uygvdrfhrnf? 'Drdkua&pDenf;us OD;aqmifr_. tm;omcsufrsm;rSm/ • aemufvdkufrsm;u ‚if;wdk@udk,fwdkif qHk;jzwfcsufcsonfhae&mwGif yg0ifaqmif&GufcGifh&onf/ odk@r[kwf yg0if aqmif&Guf &eftcGifh&Sdonf[k ,lq=uaoma=umifh/ pdwfvdkvuf& axmufcHyHhydk;r_rsm;udk jr‡ifhwifEdkifygonf? • wDxGifzefwD; vkyfaqmifr_rsm;udk tm;ay;ygonf? tu,fI tcsdefay;ygu/ acgif;aqmifu t=uHðycsufrsm; udk (OD;aESmufrkefwdkif;qifjcif;/ odk@r[kwf tjcm;enf;rsm;jzifh) jy\emajz&Sif;Edkif&eftwGuf &&Sd&efwdkufwGef; aqmif&GufEdkifygonf? • vlwdkif;u rnfonfhtwGufa=umifh/ rnfodk@ TqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;csrSwfjzpfay:vm&onfudk od&SdapEdkifygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh ,Hk=unfudk;pm;r_udk jrifhwufvmapygonf? • 'Drdkua&pDvlr_tzGJ@tpnf;wpf&yfwGif/ tzGJ@0ifrsm;udk acgif;aqmifr_ae&m,l&onfh tzdk;rjzwfEdkifaom tawG@tñuHrsm;udk olwdk@udk,fwdkif &&Sdapygonf? Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmifr_yHkpHwGifvnf;/ tm;enf;csuftcsKd@ ay:aygufvmEdkifygao;onf? yxrtcsufrSm/ acgif;aqmif wGif r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfonfh t&nftaoG;rsm; csKd@,Gif;tm;enf;aewwf+yD;/ Ttm;enf;csKd@,Gif;csufrsm;onf tcsdef r=umrDyif ay:aygufvmEdkifygonf? xdk@tjyif qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;csrSwfEdkif&ef tcsdefrsm;pGmtukefcH=u&+yD;/ rwluGJjym; aomtjrifrsm;jzifh jynfhaeEdkifygonf? rnfodk@aom acgif;aqmifr_yHkpHcsrswfusifhoHk;onfrqdk/ acgif;aqmifwGif vufatmufi,fom;rsm;udk avhusifharG;jrLay; &rnfh wm0ef0wW&m; &Sdygonf? qdkvdkonfrSm olwdk@ESifhtwlaexdkif&if; qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk rnfodk@csrSwf&onf/ tcsKd@ owif;rsm;rSm rnfonfhtwGufa=umifh ydkIta&;}uD;ae&onf/ pojzifh od&Sdap+yD;/ t=uHรฐycsufrsm;awmif;cHae&ef vdk tyfygonf? Tt=uHรฐycsufrsm;udkvnf; jyefI a0zefay;&ygrnf? wenf;qdk&aomf/ u|rf;usifvdrfrmaomacgif;aqmif wpfOD;onf/ ol.vlrsm;twGuf vrf;!$efjy qHk;raeolwpfOD; jzpfap&ygrnf? olwdk@. t&nftaoG;rsm;jrifhwufvm onfESifhtr#/ olwdk@udk ydkIwm0ef,lap&ygrnf? v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;wGif vufatmufi,fom;rsm;udk tqifhtoD;oD;Y vrf;!$efoGefoifaejcif;onf/ ,Hk=unfr_/ rdrdudk,fudktm;udk;r_/ oHEMdXmefcs pdwfydkif;jzwfaqmif&Gufr_ wdk;jrifhapygonf? xdkr#ru/ rdrdaoqHk;v#if/ odk@r[kwf emrusef;jzpfv#if/ tzrf;qD; txdef;odrf;cH&v#if aemufxyfwm0ef,lrnfhtpm; xdk;acgif;aqmifudk arG;jrLavhusifhay;jcif;r&Sdaom acgif;aqmifonf/ nHhzsif;vSaom acgif;aqmifom jzpfygonf? tusOf;csKyf atmifjrifaomacgif;aqmifrsm;wGif wlnDonfhvuQ%mtcsKd@ &Sdygonf? atmifjrifr_&&eftwGuf acgif;aqmiftm;vHk; u Todk@u|rf;usifr_ t&nftaoG;rsm;azmfjycJh=uonf r[kwfyg? odk@aomf atmifjrifaomacgif;aqmiftcsKd@wGifrl Tt&nftaoG;tcsKd@ &Sdaeonfudk jrifawG@=u&ygonf? acgif;aqmifr_qdkonfrSm &Hzef&Hcg tajctaeudkvdkufI jzpf ay:wwf+yD;/ azmfjyyg t&nftaoG;wpfrsKd;rsKd;xufydkI &Sdae&ef/ tjcm;olrsm;xufydkI acgif;aqmifr_yHkpHwpfck&Sdae&ef vdktyfygonf? odk@aomfvnf; trSwf&ap&ef ta&;}uD;aomtcsufrSm/ t&nftcsif;&SdI pGrf;aqmifEdkifjcif;rSm/ csrSwf usifhoHk;aom acgif;aqmifr_yHkpHxufydkI ta&;}uD;ygonf?

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

tcef; (12)

npfnrf;a&maxG;apjcif; Contaminant (emrf) tjcm; j'yfxkwpfckudk a&maESmnpfnrf;apEdkifonfh j'yfxkwpfck? Contaminant (}ud,m) aygif;pyfxdawGjcif;jzifh npfnrf;/ roef@&Sif;/ odk@r[kwf *k%fowWdudk ysufpD;apjcif;? Webster's New Twentieth Century Dictionary, Unabridged. 1975.

rdrdwdk@. armfawmfum;rsm;wGif toHk;ðyaom avmifpmqDudk a&u *k%fowWdysuf/ ajymif;vJapEdkifouJhokd@/ a&yrm% tenf;i,fonfyif puftif*sifudk puf&yfqdkif;apjcif;/ odk@r[kwf tif*sifudk wtkef;tkef;jrnfapjcif; jzpfEdkifouJhokd@/ a& yrm%rsm;yguvnf;/ tif*sifvnfywfae&mrS vHk;0&yfwef@oGm;apEdkifygonf? xdk@twlyif t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wGifvnf;/ ‚if;. *k%fowWdudk tm%doifavsmhap/ aemufqHk;ysufpD;onftxd jzpfapEdkifaom/ npfnrf; ta&mtaESmrsm; &Sdygonf? ,ck tcef;wGif/ t=urf;rzufenf;jzifh yÉdyuQudk ajz&Sif;&ef óud;pm;rnfh/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGuf a&maESmnpfnrf;apEdkif aom ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk avhvmoGm;rnf jzpfygonf? npfnrf;a&maxG;r_jzpfapEdkfifaom t=urf;zufr_ tpdk;&udkjzpfap/ ‚if;wdk@tay: axmufcHolrsm;udkjzpfap/ twdkuftcHrsm;.t=urf;zufr_onf (w&m;0ifcGifhðyonfjzpfap/ cGifhrðyonfjzpfap) t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ atmifjrifa&;twGuf/ t}uD;rm;qHk;aom npfnrf;a&maxG;r_rsm; jzpfygonf? t=urf;zufvkyf&yfwpfckwnf;jzifhyifv#if/ twdkuftcHv_yf&Sm;r_twGif; wdkuf&dkuf/ odk@r[kwf oG,f0dkufaomenf;jzifh wm 0ef&Sdonf[k ,lqaom ypfrSwfwpfck/ odk@r[kwf ypfrSwftrsm;udk/ tpdk;&zufu &ufpufpGmvufpm;acswHk@jyef&eftwGuf vHkavmufaom ta=umif;jycsuf&apygonf? twdkuftcHrsm;. t=urf;zufr_onf/ r&nf&G,fxm;yJ vlxk,Hk=unfr_udk usqif;ap+yD;ESifh t=urf;rzufa&;r[mAsL[m/ enf;AsL[mrsm;rSwqifh xdkv_yf&Sm;r_. &nfrSef;csufrsm; atmifjrifa&; twGuf ‚if;vlxk. yl;aygif;yg0ifr_ &&Sd&efudkvnf; ,kwfavsmhtm;aysmhapygonf? t=urf;zufvkyf&yfu v_H@aqmfaoma=umifh/ t=urf;zufvkyf&yfjzifhwkH@jyefcH&aom txif&Sm;qHk;Oyrmudk ygvufpwdkif;v_yf &Sm;r_wGif jyoEdkifygonf? 'kwd,t}udrfajrmuf tifwDzD'gv_yf&Sm;r_twGif;/ t=urf;zuftkyfpkrsm;jzpfonfh/ [mrmhpf (Hamas) ESifh tpPvrfrpf *sD[wf (Islamic Jihad) ponfh/ ygvufpwdkif;t=urf;zuftkyfpkrsm;u tpPa&;jynfolrsm;udk/ taocHAHk;cGJwdkufcdkufcJh=u+yD;/ t=urf;zufwkH@jyefcHcJh=u&ygonf? ygvufpwdkif; tm%mydkifrsm;udk,fYu/ Tt=urf;zufvkyf &yfrsm;ESifh uif;&Sif;a=umif;/ ododomom rjyoEdkifjzpfaeaoma=umifh/ tpPa&;jynfolrsm;udk,fYu ygvufpwdkif;jynfol rsm;twGuf/ aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;enf;jzifh ajz&Sif;ay;rnfh udk,fydkife,fajrqdkonfudk/ raxmufcHEdkifyJ/ xdktdyfrufrSmvnf;/ avxJwGifyif aysmufuG,foGm;cJh&onf? tpPa&;. wdk;csJ@tajccsa&;rl0g'rsm;udk xdef;csKyfa&;ESifh taemufzufurf;udk tpPa&;wdk@. t=urf;zufodrf;ydkufxm;r_tay: EkdifiHwumtodkif;t0dkif;. jypfwifajymqdkr_rsm;onfvnf;/ ausmcdkif;a&Smif z,foGm;apawmhonf? xdk@tjyif ygvufpwdkif; tkyfcsKyfa&; tm%mydkiftzGJ@twGif;/ acgif;aqmifr_ododomom tajymif; tvJr&dSrcsif;/ yÉdyuQtqHk;owfa&; tem*wf aqG;aEG;yGJrsm; ðyvkyf&ef/ aqG;aEG;zuftjzpfrS y,fcsjcif; cHcJh&awmhonf? tu,fI Tt=urf;zufwkdufckdufr_rsm;. &nfrSef;csufonf/ tpPa&;wdk@. usLausmfodrf;ydkufr_tqHk;owfa&;twGuf jzpfcJh ygv#if/ tpPa&;. tm;tomqHk;tcsufjzpfaom ppfwyftiftm;udk xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkif&rnfh tar#mftjrifESifh ywfoufI ar;cGef;xkwfp&mom jzpfayawmhrnf? t=urf;zufqHk;aom v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tygt0if/ rnfodk@aom EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGifrqdk/ atmifjrifr_twGuf tm;jznfhay; aeaom ysdK&G,fwufºuGonfh rsKd;qufopfwdk@. pGrf;tif/ pdwt f m;xufoefr_ESifh tawG;tac:wdk@udk avsmhwGufI r&ay? t=urf;rzufr[mAsL[mwpfck. tHhcsD;zG,f&mtaumif;qHk; tusKd;aus;Zl;rSm/ acgif;aqmifr_ESifh atmufajct=um; touf t&G,fESifh vdifqdkif&muGJjym;r_ uef@owfcsuf r&Sdjcif;yif jzpfonf? rnfonfhtouft&G,f ra&G;yg0ifEdkif+yD;/ rnfonfhvdif rqdk t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_Y yl;aygif;yg0ifEdkifonf? TtcsufrSm wefzdk;wdkif;wmr&Edkifaomaus;Zl;jzpfonf? t=urf;zuf v_yf&Sm;r_Yrl Todk@aom xl;jcm;csufrsKd; r&&SdEdkifay? tjcm;wpfzufwGifrl/ t=urf;zufv_yf&Sm;r_onf &kyfydkif;qdkif&moefpGrf; r_enf;onfh tiftm;pkrsm;udk/ yg0ifEdkif&ef [ef@wm;xm;+yD;/ Tolrsm;rSm wefzdk;rjzwfEdkifaom axmufcHtm;ay;olrsm;jzpf ae=uonf? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_wGif yg0ifaeolrsm;onf/ +idrf;csrf;a&;orm;rsm;/ bmoma&;t& ,Hk=unf aqmif&Gufolrsm;ESifhvnf; yl;aygif;vufwGJEdkif=uonf? odk@aomf/ t=urf;zufv_yf&Sm;r_a=umifh 'Drdkua&pDta&; v_yf&Sm;r_ Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

wpfcktwGuf pdwfydkif;qdkif&m,Hk=unfr_ (moral Authority) jzifh/ tm;jznfhxyfavmif;ay;Edkifaom vlyk*~dKvfrsm;/ tpktzGJ@ rsm;. axmufcHr_udk qHk&H_;Edkifonf? t=urf;zufv_yf&Sm;r_wpfckudk ‚if;. udk,fydkifvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;rSwqifh/ odk@r[kwf u|rf;usifaom 0g'jzef@csDa&;orm;rSwqifh/ odk@r[kwf twdkuftcHrsm;. v_H@aqmfaqmf=oolrsm;rSwqifhjzifh/ w&m;r#w onf/ odk@r[kwf óud;a=umif;qDavsmfonf[k/ ay:vGifatmif rnfodk@yifvkyfaqmifonfjzpfap/ EdkifiHwum todkif;t0dkif; tzdk@/ tpdk;&wpfckudk t=urf;zufqef@usifr_aeaom v_yf&Sm;r_tm; axmufcH&ef/ xdkv_yf&Sm;r_udk axmufyHh&eftwGuf avsmf uefa=umif;jy&efrSm vGefpGmyif cufcJvSygonf? nD!Gwfr_uif;rJhaejcif;toGifujyaom/ npfnrf;a&maESmr_ (&_yfaxG;r_) “jynfolvlxk. v_yf&Sm;r_” wpfck. tiftm;wGif wufºuGaom “jynfolvlxk”. yl;aygif;yg0ifr_ vdktyfygonf? tzdESdyfcH jynfolvlxkwpf&yfvHk;u xdkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf/ ‚if;wdk@jynfolvlxk.qENudk xif[yfaponf[k jrifvmygu/ acgif;aqmifr_ onf atmifyGJqDodk@ csDwufEdkifonftxd OD;aqmifEdkifrnf[k xifrSwf,Hk=unfygu/ tajymif;tvJjzpfapa&;twGuf óud;yrf; aeaom v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;odk@ qGJaqmifyg0ifvm=urnf jzpfonf? jynfolrsm;rSm atmifjrifr_twGuf ar#mfvifhcsufr&SdyJ/ tpGef;a&muf toufpGef@=urnfh bmoma&;t,loD;rsm;r[kwf=uyg? vlrsm;onf qifjcifwHkw&m;&Sd pOf;pm;wwf=uolrsm; jzpfygonf? OD;wnfvrf;!$ef&mrygonfh av,mOfwpD;ay:odk@ rdrdwdk@wufpD;0Hh=urnf r[kwfyg? tu,fI tm%m&Sifpepfudk wGef;vSefqef@usifrnfh v_yf&Sm;r_onf/ &Sif;vif;jrifomaom &nf&G,fcsuf/ atmifyGJcHrnfh r[mAsL[muif;rJhaevsifvnf;/ Todk@EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;odk@/ pOf;pm;qifjcifwwfaomolrsm;u rdrd.b0/ toufudkyHkI pGef@&J=urnf r[kwfyg? r[mrdwfðyxm;=uaomtzGJ@rsm;twGif; rnD!Gwfr_ESifh tzGJ@wpfcktwGif; rnD!Gwfr_a=umifh/ EdkifiHa&;ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; v_yf&Sm;r_. pGrf;aqmifEdkif&nftay: vltrsm;u ,Hk=unfudk;pm;r_ usqif;apygonf? Todk@,Hk=unfr_usqif;vmjcif; a=umifh/ vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; tpdwfpdwftr$mr$m òyduGJaeapygawmhonf? wzef Ttajctaea=umifh/ u,folrJhcHpm; r_ESifh t&_H;ay;a&;0g'udk qufvuf&vm'fjzpfay:apygonf? tm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;u vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;tpdwfpdwftr$mr$m jzpf apatmif vkyfaqmif=uygonf? tpdk;&xdef;csKyfr_jyifywGif &Sdaeaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk tpm;xdk;jcif;/ xdk;azmuf0ifa&muf jcif;tm;jzifh tcsif;csif;r,HkouFmjzpf&avatmif vkyfaqmifygonf? Todk@aom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSm wenf;tm;jzifh/ vlwpfOD;csif;. tcsdefESifh opPm&Sdr_ wpfu¾udk &,lxm;=u+yD;/ tpdk;&axmufvSrf;a&;rsm;u TtzGJ@rsm;twGif;xdk;azmuf 0ifa&mufxm;r_a=umifh/ ‚if;wdk@. vlaer_tajctaeESifh EdkifiHa&;ESifh ywfoufI xifjrif,lqcsufrsm; zGifh[ajymqdk&efae&m qHk;&_H;oGm;&ygawmhonf? (aemufqufwGJ 5-&Sd opPmcHr_ puf0dkif;udk =unfhyg?) acgif;aqmifrsm;tcsif;csif;rnDr!Gwfjzpfaer_ a=umifh/ jynfolrsm;taejzifh ta=umufw&m;udk ausmfv$m;Edkifa&;rSm tuef@towfjzpfapygonf? aemufqHk; v_yf&Sm;r_ twGif; tcsif;csif;nD!Gwfa&;udk rwnfaqmufEdkif=uaom 'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh/ nD!Gwfa&;udk wrifòyduGJ atmifvkyfaqmifaeaom tpdk;&axmufvSrf;a&;olv#Kdrsm;rSm/ tenf;i,fom uGmjcm;r_ &Sd=uygawmhonf? tcsKd@aom v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rSm a&&Snfr&yfwnfEdkif=uay? wpfpHkw&maomta=umif;rSm/ acgif;aqmifrsm;tcsif;csif; rnD!Gwf jzpfaeI/ ta&;}uD;aomjy\emrsm;wGif yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ r&Edkifv#ifaomfrS/ yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&ef cufcJvmaom a=umifh jzpfygonf? wpfcsdefu tiftm;aumif;cJhaom tjcm;aomv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onfvnf;/ vlxku tzGJ@tpnf;wGif; tcsif;csif;/ twGif;wdkufyGJrsm;udk rsufjrifudk,fawG@ odvm=u&aomtcg/ ‚if;wdk@ v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;. xda&mufr_ESifh qGJaqmif Edkifr_rsm;vnf; qHk;&H_;=u&ygonf? vlxktrsm;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; ac:aomtcgwGif/ jrifomaom rnD!Gwfr_rsm; ay:aygufvm wwf+yD;/ tcsKd@tkyfpkrsm;u yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&ef jiif;qefjcif;/ odk@r[kwf jynfoluawmif;qdkaom EdkifiHa&;tajymif;tvJ rsm;jzpfay:ap&ef pkaygif;r[mAsL[mrsm;twGuf jznfhqD;axmufyHhray;Edkifawmhonfh taetxm;rsm;udk awG@vm=u& ygonf? v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;nD!Gwfa&;udk xdef;odrf;&ef/ jr‡ifhwif&ef txda&mufqHk;enf;vrf;wpfckrSm/ v_yf&Sm;r_. &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk tjzpfEdkifqHk; tedrfhqHk;ðyvkyfxm;&ef vdktyfonf? ,if;&nfrSef;csufrsm; atmifjrifr_onf/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wpfckvHk;tusKd;&Sd aprnfjzpf+yD;/ ,cktwdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;udk axmufcHaeaomolrsm;twGufyg tusKd;jzpfxGef;r_&dSaprnf[k jrifap&yg rnf? ab;z,fxkwfcH&onf[laom xifjrifcsuf

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wpfckodk@ ylaygif;yg0ifEdkif&ef/ uef@owfxm;aomoabmyg&dSonfh rl0g'rsm;/ xkwfjyefa=ujimcsufrsm;onf/ z,fusOfcHxm;&ol tkyfpkrsm;rS &efvdkr_ESifh OyuQmðyr_rsm;udk jzpfay:apygonf? Oyrm/ ppfrvdkvm;ol +idrf;csrf;a&;0g'Drsm;u t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_onf “oef@&Sif;pif=u,fI pnf;urf;ao0yfaom v_yf&Sm;r_wpfck” tjzpfxm;vdk=uygonf? (vlxk trsm;pku ‚if;wdk@.pdwful;,Ofqefonfhtjrifrsm;udk vufrcH=uyg?) AifeDZGJvm;EdkifiHwGif orw[l*dk acsAufZf (Hugo Chavez) tpdk;&udk qef@usifawmfvSef=uaom/ t=urf;rzufykefukefr_udk/ ppftpdk;&u u|rf;usifvdrfrmpGm o&kyfcGJEdkifcJh+yD;/ twdkuftcHv_yf&Sm;r_ axmufcHolrsm;udk/ pD;yGg;a&;ESifh vlrsKd;a&;tufta=umif;rsm;t& wdkufckdufr_rsm;udk zefwD;cJhygonf? qif;&Jom;rsm;ESifh orwudk axmufcHaom tom;ta&mif&Sdolrsm;t=um;ESifh vlcsrf;omESifh twdkuftcHudk axmufcH aom vljzLrsm;t=um;wGif yÉdyuQ zefwD;,lcJhygonf? wu,fhtppftrSefjy\emrsm;jzpfaom jcpm;r_/ t&nftcsif;uif; rJhr_ESifh tm%m&SifpepfqDodk@ wjznf;jznf; csDwufoGm;aeaom orw.vkyf&yfrsm;rSm/ vlrsKd;a&;ESifh vlwef;pm;[laom ajymifajrmufonfhpum;vHk;rsm;atmufwGif aysmufuG,fae&ygawmhonf? 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_twGif; EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;yg0ifaer_ EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wpfck. jynfwGif;tcef;u¾wGif/ EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm; yg0ifywfoufr_udk twdkuftcHrsm;u/ vlod&Sif=um; udpP&yfwpfck jzpfvmap&ef cGifhrðyoifhay? v_yf&Sm;r_u TuJhokd@aom EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;axmufyHhulnDr_rsKd;udk/ enf;ynm ydkif;qdkif&mtultnDwpfckomjzpfa=umif; azmfjyoifh+yD;/ vkyfydkifcGifhtcGifhtm%mvHk;0tyfESif;xm;jcif; r&Sdaom/ ol. vkyf aqmifr_rsm;udk vHk;0wm0efcHEdkifaom udpPwpfcktjzpfom azmfjyoifhonf? EdkifiHjcm;wkdif;jynfrsm;rS tultnDrsm;udk tcsdef vsifjrefpGmESifh &Sif;vif;odompGm todtrSwfazmfjyjcif;onf/ oifhavsmfvSygonf? odk@aomf/ ta&;t}uD;qHk;tcsuf wpfck taejzifh/ yxrOD;pGm aqmif&GufoifhonfrSm/ r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. tzGJ@0ifrsm;tm;vHk;udk/ ‚if;wdk@ . acgif;aqmifrsm;onf t&nftcsif;jynfh0a=umif;/ ‚if;wdk@.pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_rsm;udk trsm;tuJjzwfoHk;oyfEdkifatmif jzpf Edkifor# tjzpfEdkifqHk; jzef@jzL;&Sif;jy&ygrnf? acgif;aqmifrsm;odk@/ EdkifiHjcm;enf;ynmqkdif&mt=uHay;rsm;onf vdktyfaom txl;udpPwpfcktwGufom jzpfa=umif; &Sif;jyoabmaygufap&ygrnf? xdkuJhodk@aom t=uHay;r_ odk@r[kwf taxmuftyHh rsm;. tajctaetay:rlwnfI/ EkdifiHjcm;rSay;vmaom t=uHay;r_ odk@r[kwf taxmuftyHhrsm;udk vlod&Sif=um;rxkwf az:Edkifaom tajctaevnf; &dSEdkifygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh twdkuftcHacgif;aqmifr_tydkif;taejzifh/ az:xkwfr_a=umifh jzpfay:vmEdkifonfh xdcdkufr_rsm;ESifh ar#mfvifhxm;aom tusKd;aus;Zl;ESpfckt=um; owd}uD;pGm xdef;nd‡&ygrnf? 'kwd,tcsuftaejzifh/ r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_twGif; EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;rS yg0ifr_ESifh ywfoufI yGifh vif;pGm xkwfazmfajymaom a,bk,srl0g'wpfck csrSwfxm;jcif;tm;jzifh aumif;ygonf? twdkuftcHrsm;. atmifjrifr_ wdkif;onf/ EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;. qHk;jzwfcsufa=umifhjzpf&onf[laom tpdk;&.pGyfpGJcsufrsm;udk y,fzsufEdkifvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? tpdk;&. pGyfpGJcsufrsm;ukd tiftm;csdeJ@aponfomru/ twdkuftcHrsm;. wHk@jyefcsufrsm;onfvnf;/ &dk;pif;Iwnfhwdk;yHkpH jzpfapvdrfhrnf? “rdrdwdk@ t}udrftawmfrsm;rsm;wGif &Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm ajymcJh+yD;+yD? rdrdwdk@. v_yf&Sm;r_ acgif;aqmifydkif;u/ vGwfvyfr_udk jrwfEdk;aomEdkifiHrsm;ESifh vlwef;pm;tv$maygif;pHkrS t&nftcsif;jynfrDaomolrsm;t=um;rS/ rdrdwdk@ v_yf&Sm;r_ twGufudkufnDrnfh/ t=uH^m%fay;Edkifolrsm;udk aocsmppfaq;+yD;rS a&G;cs,fygonf? t=uH^m%frsm; awmif;cHaom tcsdef wGif/ rdrdwdk@ acgif;aqmifykdif;rS wpkwpnf;wnf; oabmwlqHk;jzwfcsufrsKd;&onftxd aqG;aEG;jcif;tm;jzifhom taxmuf tuljzpfapygonf? Tenf;twdkif;om aqmif&Gufoifhonfudk aqmif&Guf=uygonf?” wdkufyGJ0ifaeaom 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_wpfckodk@/ odk@r[kwf/ r[mAsL[majrmuft=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ az:xkwf&ef=uHpnf ae=uaomolrsm;twGuf toHk;0ifEdkifaom A[kokwESifh u|rf;usifr_rsm; ºuG,f0aom EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm; &SdEdkifygonf? xdkuJh odk@aomolrsm;udk qufoG,foifhonf? odk@aomf Tolrsm;. oifwef;&,l&mwGifESifh t=uHrsm;&,l&mwGif/ rdrdwdk@ qHk;jzwf csufcs&mvkyfief;rsm;txd xnfhoGif;yg0ifaprnf r[kwfa=umif;/ &Sif;xm;&ygrnf? odk@aomf xdkolrsm;. tod^m%frsm;ukd toHk;ðy &,l&ygrnf? EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_twGif; ppfwyfrsm; wufºuGpGmyg0ifapr_ EdkifiHwpfck. ppfwyftzGJ@tpnf;udk/ EdkifiHa&;qefqef toufoGif;jcif;onf rSm;,Gif;aom vkyf&yfwpfck jzpfygonf? ppfwyf [laom tzGJ@tpnf;onf/ jynfwGif;EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifywfoufjcif; r&dSyJ/ a&SmifvGJae&efrSm tawmfcufcJvSyg onf? txl;ojzifh tpdk;&acgif;aqmifydkif;u/ a&G;aumufyGJjzifh w&m;0ifr_ &,lxm;onf[k owfrSwfxm;ygu/ tajccH Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

Oya't& cGifhðyxm;onf[k owfrSwf&nf!Gef;xm;aom xdkacgif;aqmifr_onf/ EkdifiHa&;twdkuftcHrsm;udk ppftiftm;jzifh ESdyfuGyf&ef usL;vGefaqmif&Gufvmaom tajctaersm;wGif/ ppfwyfyg0ifr_onf jzpfay:vmygonf? rdrdwdk@ar#mfvifhxm;& rnfrSm/ v_yf&Sm;r_ tm;aumif;vmonfESifhtr#/ tpdk;&onf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_udk ESdrfeif;&eftwGuf ppfwyftiftm;udk toHk;ðyvmEdkifygonf? tenf;qHk; Todk@wGufcsufpOf;pm;xm;oifhygonf? xdk@a=umifh ppfwyftiftm;pkrsm;udk ‚if;wkd@. EdkifiHom;rsm;udk qef@usifonfh ppfyGJwGif/ ryg0ifrd=uap&ef twdkuftcHrsm;u ueOD;ydkif;uwnf;u aqmf=oxm;=u&ygrnf? jynfwGif;EdkifiHa&;wdkufyGJwpfckwGif/ ppfwyfu zufajymif;vmygu/ txl;ojzifh 'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&;twGuf tajccHtusqHk; v_yf&Sm;r_wGif &yfwnfvmonfhtaetxm;wGifyif/ vlxk. tpdwftydkif;wpfckqDodk@ ppftiftm;jzifh aqmif&Gufr_rsm; ydkI wdk;jrifhvmp&m ta=umif;&Sdygonf? ‚if;taetxm;ESifhtwl jynfwGif;ppfjzpfvmEdkif+yD;/ aemufqHk;tm%modrf;r_wpfck vnf; jzpfay:vmEdkifygao;onf? TjzpfEdkifacsrsm;onf jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;twGuf tusKd;r&Sdonfomru/ t=urf;rzuf v_yf&m;r_wpfckvHk;twGufvnf; tm;aumif;r_ rjzpfapyg? tu,fI toGifulajymif;a&;umvwpfckudk aqmif&Gufay;rnf [laomta=umif;jycsufjzifh/ ppfwyfu tpdk;&udk xdef;csKyfr_rsm;ðycJhyguvnf;/ xdkodrf;ydkufr_udk csufcsif;wdkufzsuf&ygvdrfh rnf? odk@r[kwfygu xdktoGifulajymif;a&;umvonf ESpfjzifhcsDIaomfvnf;aumif;/ q,fpkESpfcsDIaomfvnf;aumif;/ =umjrifhoGm;ygvdrfhrnf? 40 tu,fI xdyfwef;ppfwyft&m&dSrsm;u zufajymif;&ef yk*~dKvfwpfOD;csif;t& qENjyif;jy&Sdvmygu/ yk*~vduwpfOD;taejzifh ppfwyfrSxGufI/ ‚if;wdk@ESifhoifhawmfrnfh EdkifiHa&;tkyfpkwpfcktwGif;yl;aygif;I/ ‚if;. EdkifiHa&;tawG; tac:rsm;udk qufvufaqmif&GufEdkif&ef óud;yrf;oifhygonf? t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJtwGuf roifhavsmfvGe;f aom tzGJ@tpnf;wnfaqmufxm;yHk yHkpH r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wpfck. t"du&nfrSef;csufrsm;tay:wGif/ qufvuftav;xm;vkyfaqmif&ef rjzpfEdkifawmhaom/ tzGJ@tpnf;qkdif&mwnfaqmufr_onf/ a&maxG;npfnrf;r_rsm;udk zdwfac:ovdkjzpfaeapygonf? rnf onfh ppfyGJwpfyGJwGifrqdk/ qHk;jzwfcsufudk aumfrwDwpfckjzifh csrSwfrnfqdkygu roihfawmfay? taumif;qHk;taetxm;rSm r[mAsL[mcsrSwfonfh tqifhwGif/ wpHkwpfOD;onf v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk rnfonfhae&m/ rnfonfhtcsdefwGif ðyvkyfrnfqdkonf ESifhywfoufI wm0ef,l qHk;jzwfcsufcsEdkifol jzpf&ygrnf? wòydifeuftwGif;rSmyif tjcm;aomolrsm;uvnf;/ xdkwdkufyGJ rsm;ESifh v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; az:aqmifa&;twGuf wm0ef,lolrsm; jzpf&ygrnf? v_yf&Sm;r_wpfcktwGif;&dS tqifhwdkif;wGif/ vkyfief; udk rnfodk@taumiftxnfaz:&rnfrodaom vlyk*~dKvftm; wm0efray;oifhay? wm0ef&dSr_onf rnfodk@aomtcgwGifr# trsm;qkdifemrf “u|Ekfyfwdk@” [lI rjzpfap&yg? wpfOD;qdkifemrf “u|efawmf”om jzpf&ygrnf? Todk@qdkjcif;tm;jzifh vltrsm; u jyifqifr_tqifhESifh/ qHk;jzwfcsufcsorl sm;xH axmufcHt=uHðycsufrsm; wifoGif;cGifhray;&[k qdkjcif; r[kwfay? Todk@ axmufcHt=uHðycsufrsm;udk aocsmpGm pOf;pm;oHk;oyf&rnfjzpfaomfvnf;/ vlwpfOD;csif;taejzifhom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;cs rSwf&ygrnf? qHk;jzwfcsufcsonfhtay:ESifh taumiftxnfaz:r_wGifvnf; wm0ef,l&rnfjzpfonf? EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onf/ yÉdyuQvGefumvwGif ‚if;wdk@.tcef;u¾twGuf/ ae&maumif;&ap&eff qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;tay:wGif v$rf;rdk;vdk=uonfrSm tjrJwap jzpfavh&dSygonf? wpfcgw&H Ttcsufrsm;u ydkIta&;ygaewwf=uygonf? yÉdyuQvGef umvudk vSrf;ar#mfvkyfaqmifwwf=uygonf? odk@&mwGif v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;Y/ tpDtpOftm;vHk;onf vufawGusus avh vmtuJjzwfr_/ &nfrSef;csufudk wdkuf&dkuftaxmuftyHhðyEdkifr_ESifh v_yf&Sm;r_twGif; atmifjrifr_&&ef tpGrf;aqmifEdkifqHk;[k ,lqaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk wm0efay;tyf&ef/ ponfwdk@udk aocsmaprnfh pepf/ vkyfief;,EW&m;rsm; &dSaeoifhygonf? taumif;qHk;taetxm;t&qdkv#if/ xdkpepf/ vkyfief;,EB&m;onf pDrHudef;a&;qGJol OD;pD;t&m&SdwpfOD; jzpfoifhygonf? ‚if;u tkyfpkwpfpkESifh wpfpkt=um; rsufESmvdkufjcif;/ odk@r[kwf tjcm;aom zdtm;ay;r_rsm;a=umifh tpDtpOfyHkajymif;& rnfhtaetxm;udk/ &J&Jqef@usifI &nfrSef;csufESifh vkyfEdkif&nfwdk@udkom/ tajccHaom pDrHudef;udk xdef;ausmif;wnfhrwf &ygrnf? v_yf&Sm;r_twGif; ae&maumif;&&efóud;pm;aeaom/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf/ taumif;qHk; avhusifhxm;olrsm;ESifh taumif;qHk;OD;aqmifEdkifonfh tiftm;pkrsm;&dSae&ef vdktyfygonf? v_yf&Sm;r_wGif/ tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&m uwdu0wfðyxm;csufrsm;udk +yD;ajrmufjcif;&dS-r&dS od&dSEdkif&ef/ aemufqufwGJjyefvnfppf aq;onfh vkyfief;pOfrsm; &dSoifhygonf? &nfrSef;csufESifh r[mAsL[mtay:wGif oabmwlnDcsuf&&dS+yD;=uonfhtcg/ a&S@ vmrnfhvkyfief;rsm;wGif/ v_yf&Sm;r_wGifyg0ifaeaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm;vHk;u/ udk,fpGrf;^m%fpGrf;&Sdor# tjynfht0 40

yDEdka&S;udk csDvDEdkifiHrS rz,f&Sm;ciftcsdeftxd/ umv (17) ESpf =umjrifch Jhygonf? &efukefwGif&Sdaom ppftm%m&SifrSm ESpfaygif; (40) ausmfcJh+yD jzpfygonf? Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

axmufcHr_rsm;ay;vm=uvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifhxm;Edkifygonf? tzGJ@0if tzGJ@rsm;rS r[mAsL[mudk taxmuftyHhjzpfaprnfh vkyfief;tpDtpOfrsm;udk oabmwlvufcH+yD;onfESifhwòydifeuf/ Tvkyfief;rsm;udk “rdrdqENtavsmuf a&G;cs,fI vkyfcsif vkyf- rvkyfcsifaecGifh&dSaomudpPrsm;”[lI owfrSwfI r&awmhay? tu,fI tkyfpkwpfckudk/ wm0efay;tyfxm;&mwGif/ r[mAsL[m avhvmcef@rSef;wGufcsufr_wGif/ ‚if;. vkyfEdkifpGrf;xufausmfvGefaeonf qdkygu xdkvGJrSm;r_udk tpDtpOfa&;qGJ olrsm;xHodk@ csufcsif;wifjy&ygrnf/ odk@rSom jyefvnfcsdefnd‡jyifqifr_rsm; ðyvkyfEdkifrnf jzpfonf? tzGJ@tpnf;udk/ tjcm;vdk tyfaom pGrf;&nfrsm; xyfrHjznfhqD;ay;&ef vdktyfaumif; vdktyfEdkif+yD;/ aemufqHk;óud;yrf;tm;xkwfr_wpfcktaejzifh/ tjcm; tzGJ@wpfckudk v$Jajymif;xyfrH wm0efay;tyf&ef vdkaumif;vdkygvdrfhrnf? “oifcef;pm xkwfE_wf,ljcif;”udpPudk pDpOfaqmif &Gufjcif;tm;jzifh/ tzGJ@tpnf;wpfcktaejzifh &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk rnfr#jynfhajrmufatmif azmfaqmifEdkifpGrf; &Sd-r&Sd/ uwd u0wfðyxm;onfhtwdkif; vkyfief;rsm; rnfonfhtwdkif;twmtxd atmifjrifr_&dS-r&Sdudk jyefvnfqef;ppf&eftwGuf/ rsm; pGmrS taxmuftuljzpfygonf? olv#Kd v_H@aqmfa&;orm;rsm; tpdk;&owif;ay;rsm;taejzifh/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wpfcktwGif;odk@ xdk;azmuf0ifa&mufI xdkv_yf&Sm;r_. pGrf;aqmifEdkif &nfrsm;ESifh &nf&G,fcsufrsm;udk owif;ay;ydk@jcif;rSm/ tpdk;&u Todk@aqmif&Gufvmvdrfhrnf[k v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;u ar#mfrSef; xm;aom ,lqcsufwpfckyifjzpfonf? owif;ay;rsm;xuf ydkI tEW&m,f&dSaomolrsm;rSm olv#dKqlylv_H@aqmfa&;orm;rsm; jzpfonf? Tolv#dKrsm;onf t=urf;zufr_rsm;jzpfay:vmap&ef aoG;xdk;v_H@aqmfay;jcif;/ v_yf&Sm;r_twGif; oabmxm;uGJ vGJr_rsm;udk wdk;jrifhapjcif;ESifh tpdk;&.tm;enf;csufrsm;udk v_yf&Sm;r_u rwdkufEdkifap&ef vrf;v$Jay;jcif; ponfwdk@udk vkyf aqmifay;=uygonf? ,if;+cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;tm; wHk@jyef&mwGif/ txl;pdk;&drfylyefaep&mrvdkyg? tem*wfvkyfaqmifcsufrsm; a&G;cs,fqHk;jzwfr_rsm;wGif aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;Y/ vlrsm;tajymif;tvJjzpfyHkudk owd&dSpGm apmifh=unfh&efomvdktyf+yD;/ Tenf;tm; jzifh ydkIeD;eD;uyfuyfapmifh=unfhEdkif&ef owdðyrdapygonf? tusOf;csKyf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wpfcktwGif;odk@ a&maxG;npfnrf;apr_rsm;/ vHk;0y,fazsmufEdkif&efrSm jzpfEdkifacsr&dSaomfvnf;/ óud wifowdxm;jcif;/ óudwifumuG,fa&;enf;emrsm;oHk;jcif;ESifh/ jy\emrsm;ay:aygufvmygu csufcsif;ajz&Sif;aqmif&Gufjcif;/ ðyvkyfjcif;jzifh/ v_yf&Sm;r_taejzifh tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh ‚if;wdk@. r[mrdwftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tay: qdk;usKd;oufa&mufr_rsm;udk uef@owfEdkifygonf? v_yf&Sm;r_wpfcktwGif; a&maESmnpfnrf;apr_udk wm;jrpf&ef/ ta&;ygqHk;aom wm;qD;r_wpfckrSm/ cdkif rmI xufjrufaom/ acgif;aqmifr_yif jzpfygonf?

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

tcef; 13

jyify yk&d\wfudk =oZmv$rf;rdk;jcif; “0g'jzef@csDa&;orm;wpfOD;onf rdrdcH,lcsufESifh tawG;tjriffrsm;udk a&mif;cs&mwGif txl;u|rf;usifolwpfOD; jzpfonf?” [efpf pyD;,m; Hans Speier, economist, sociologist and political scientist

EdkifiHa&;tajymif;tvJtwGuf/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wdkif;. A[dkajrqGJtm;csufronf/ jynfwGif;tm;omv#if jzpfonf? EdkifiHwumtodkif;t0dkif;. axmufyHhtm;ay;r_onf ta&;ygaom tpdwftydkif;wpfckom jzpfonf? oHwreftodkif; t0dkif;ESifh tjcm;aomtus,ftjyef@ jyifyaxmufyHhr_rsm;a=umifh/ r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJ. ppfrsufESmudk csJ@xGifapEdkif+yD;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. ckcHEdkifr_tpGrf;udkvnf; wdk;jrifhvmapygonf? tjcm;wpfzufwGifvnf; jynfytpdk;&rsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh rdwfaqGjzpfylaygif;aejcif;a=umifh/ jrifomaomwefzdk;ESifh ykef;v#dK;aeaomwefzdk;rsm;vnf; &dSaeygao; onf? ,cktcef;. &nf&G,fcsufrSm/ jyifyyk&d\wfudk =oZmv$rf;rdk;Edkifa&; pOf;pm;&mwGif/ us,fjyef@aom tajccHpnf;rsOf; abmifrsm;udk aqG;aEG;xm;+yD;/ tcsKd@aom t=uHðycsufrsm;udkvnf; az:jyxm;ygonf? tpdk;&rsm; a,bk,stm;jzifh/ tpdk;&rsm;onf +Adwdef t,fvDZbufbk&ifr trSwf (1) . tar#mftjrif}uD;aom pum;wpfcGef;jzpf onfh “ EdkifiHrsm;wGif rdwfaqG[lI r&dS/ tusKd;pD;yGg;om&dSonf”[laom pum;udk xif[yfae=uygonf? wpfcgw&HwGif TtusKd;pD;yGg;rsm;onf vHkðcHa&;/ pD;yGg;a&;/ odk@r[kwf EdkifiHa&;udpPrsm;ESifh qufEG,fywfouf aeygonf? r=umc%qdk ovdkyif/ TtusKd;pD;yGg;rsm;udk vufawG@ususvkyfudkifaqmif&Guf=u+yD;/ EdkifiHa&;t,ltq/ oabmw&m;rsm;udk vufcH &rnfhjynfolrsm;/ cHomatmif oumtkyf=uygonf? (19) &mpk ESifh (20) &mpkrsm;twGif;wGif/ trsKd;om;a&;0g'onf ppfyGJ rsm;qifEGJ&eftwGuf txda&mufqHk;aom/ jyifqifxkyfydk;xm;onfh r[mAsL[m wpfck jzpfcJhonf? udkvdkeD0g'udk “vljzLwdk@ . 0efxkyf0efydk;”[kk ta=umif;jy/ qifajcqifvufay;jcif;onf/ ‚if;wdk@.rl&if;qEN/ tjrwftpGef;&&Sda&;udk t&dk;udkt&Gufjzifh zHk;tkyfxm;jcif;xuf rydkay? rnfodk@yifjzpfap/ trsKd;om;a&;tusKd;pD;yGg;rsm; ajymif;vJvmaomtcgwGif/ rl0g'rsm;onf vnf; vdkufIajymif;vJvmonf? wpfcgw&HwGif &kwfcsnf;yifajymif;oGm;wwfygonf? r[mrdwfzGJ@r_ ajymif;vJr_ESifh ppfyGJjzpf aepOftwGif;yifv#if r[mrdwfrsm;udk pGef@cGmoGm;cJhonfh om"ursm; &dScJhygonf? (1936 ckESpfu/ jyef=unfhaomtcg/ qdkAD ,ufjynfaxmifpkonf/ 1941 ckESpfwGif/ taemuf'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm;. r[mrdwfwpfEdkifiHjzpfvmvdrfhrnf[k rnfolur# wGufqxm;=uvdrfhrnf r[kwfay?) xdk@a=umifh EkdifiHwumtodkif;t0dkif;. axmufcHr_udk &,l&ef wm0ef&dSolrsm;onf vGefpGmrS ta&;}uD;onf? EdkifiHwum todkif;t0dkif;rS/ EdkifiHa&;tajymif;tvJtwGuf rdrdwdk@t=urf;rzufEdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_odk@/ jzpfEdkifacs&dSaom aiGa=u;axmufyHhr_ rsm;twGuf csOf;uyf&mY/ xdktpdk;&rsm;. ESpfzuftusKd;pD;yGg;udk xnfhoGif;wifjy&ef vdktyfygonf? EdkifiHwumESifh yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufa&;/ odk@r[kwf ESpfEdkifiHyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;/ wefzdk;rsm;udk axmufcHtm;ay;aom 'Drkdua&pDtpdk;& tm%m& aeonfqdkygpdk@/ xdk'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&taejzifh rdrdwdk@ta&;udk axmufcH&ef/ odk@r[kwf tenf;qHk;=um;ae&yfwnf&eftwGuf ta=umif;tcsufaumif; jzpfEdkifygonf? tu,fI &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ tcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk xyfrHaygif;xnfhygu/ vuf&dS&if;ESD;jr‡Kyf ESHr_rsm;udk tumtuG,fay;rnfqdkygu/ pD;yGg;a&;t& pnf;&Hk;wdkufwGef;olrsm;onf 'Drdkua&pDta&;twGuf pdwyf g0ifpm;r_ &SdvmEdkifygonf? vHkðcHa&;qdkif&m&_axmifhzufu=unfhv#if/ rdwfaqGEdkifiHwpfck&Sdxm;ygu/ tusyftwnf; ta&;ay:tajc taewGif/ ppfoHk;av,mOfysHrsm; jzwfoef;cGifhay;rnf/ axmufvSrf;a&;owif;rsm; tjyeftvSefzvS,f=urnf/ tu,fI ESpfEdkifiH. tusKd;wlpD;yGg;rsm;udk +cdrf;ajcmufvmygu EdkifiHjcm;wyfzGJ@rsm;twGuf/ wnfae&mcGifhay;rnf/ paomtcsufrsm;rSm wefzdk;&SdvSonfhudpPrsm;jzpf+yD;/ axmufcHvdkolrsm; &&SdvmEdkifygonf? tpdk;&. tkyfcsKyfa&;tcef;u¾ rnfodk@vkyfaqmifaeonf/ rnfodk@axmufyHhay;ae=uonfudk em;vnf&ef vGefpGmta&; }uD;vSygonf? EdkifiHt}uD;tuJwpfOD;rS rdrdwdk@'Drdkua&pDta&;v_yf&Sm;r_wpfckESifh ygwfoufI/ wpfpHkw&m az:jyajymqdk&Hk oufoufr#yifv#i/f Edik if t H 0Sr;f owdðyrdr&_ ap+yD;/ v_y&f Sm;r_udk w&m;0iftjzpf todtrSwfðyjr‡ifhwifay;&m a&mufapyg onf? TtodtrSwfðyr_a=umifh owif;rD'D,mrsm;rS ydkrdkpdwf0ifpm;vmap+yD;/ v_yf&Sm;r_ aemufcHordkif;a=umif;/ vlom; tajccH pdwf0ifpm;zG,fZwfvrf;rsm;ESifh yÉdyuQtay: t,f'Dwmwdk@u a0zefa&;om;csufrsm; azmfjyvm=ujcif; pojzifh Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)100

tusKd;&vm'f &dSEdkifygonf? jzpf&yftawmfrsm;rsm;wGif/ 'Drdkua&pDta&;twGuf awmif;qdkwdkufyGJ0ifaeaom t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;rsm;onf/ EdkifiHwumrsufESmpmwGif usifh0wfodumQ t& txufpD;taetxm;&ap+yD;/ wpfzufòydifzufudk cHppf taexm;wGif usapygonf? EdkifiHwdkif;. v$wfawmfrsm;onf/ tpdk;&. tkyfcsKyfa&;tcef;u¾udk w&m;0ifaomenf;vrf;jzifhjzpfap/ tjcm;w&m;r0if enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh jzpfap/ =oZmv$rf;rdk;Edkifonfh enf;vrf;rsm; &dS=uygonf? Oyrm/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif uGef*&uf v$wfawmf=um;em;yGJrsm;onf/ 'Drdkua&pDajymif;vJr_twGuf wdkufyGJ0ifae=uaom v_yf&Sm;r_wpfckESifh ywfoufI vlodrsm; vmapygonf? ydkI xda&mufvmapygonf? ‚if;=um;emyGJrsm;rSwqifh rdef@cGef;rsm;/ aemufqufwGJ qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;ESifh rdrd wdk@zufudk tav;omapaom Oya'rsm; ay:xGufvmEdkifygonf? tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (NGO) vltrsm;pdwf0ifpm;aom udpPwpf&yfudk/ jy\emwpfck jzpfvmap&ef/ xdk@aemuf tpdk;&wpf&yf. EdkifiHawmf tusKd;pD;yGg; qdkif&mudpPwpfck jzpfvmap&ef/ vkyfaqmif&rnfhwm0efrSm &_yfaxG;I cufcJaom vkyfief;pOfjzpfygonf? xdkvkyfief;pOfwGif zufaygif;pHk twwfynm/ u|rf;usifr_ESifh tawG@tñuHrsm; vdktyfonfhtjyif/ EdkifiHwpfckpDwGif vkyfaqmif=u&rnfhvkyfief;pOf rsm; uGJjym;jcm;em;=uygonf? uHaumif;axmufrpGmjzifhyif 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif/ 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk axmufcHa&;/ ydkrdkjrifomod&Sdvmapa&;twGuf vkyfaqmifay;aeaom/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;vnf; &dSae=uygonf? tpdk;&r[kwf aomtzGJ@tpnf; (tJef*sDtdk) rsm;/ &Sdae=u+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@.todkuft0ef;twGif;wGif/ tpdk;&udk v$rf;rdk;Edkifaom twGif;vl tenf;pkom vkyfaqmifEdkifaom/ ae&mrsm;wGif xda&mufpGmvkyfudkifEkdifaom tpGrf;tp&dSaewwf=uygonf? tvkyform; tcGifhta&;jr‡ifhwifay;a&;aqmif&Gufaeaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;twGuf wdkufyGJ0ifaeaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ ESdyfpufcH&olrsm;udk,fpm; aqmf=oay;aeaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ vGwfvyfI w&m;r#waom a&G;aumuf yGJrsm; ay:aygufa&;twuf axmufyHhay;aeaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ EdkifiH&yfjcm;wGif 'Drdkua&pDwefzdk;rsm; jyef@yGg;a&;aqmif &Gufaeolrsm;/ odk@r[kwf yÉdyuQrsm;twGif; =um;0ifajz&Sif;I/ jidrf;csrf;aomenf;jzifh jyefvnf&if=um;apha&; óud;yrf;ae=u aom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;[lI &dSae=uygonf? tu,fI (tJef*sDtdk) wpfck/ odk@r[kwf trsm;pku v_yf&Sm;r_wpfckudk OD;pm;ay; pdwf0ifpm;p&mtjzpf owfrSwfygu/ wefzdk;rjzwfEdkifaom taxmuftyHhrsm;&Edkifygonf? csOf;uyfpnf;&Hk;a&; r[mAsL[m csrSwfjcif;ESifh taumiftxnfazmfjcif;udpPrsm;/ jyifyvlwpfO;D taejzifh rodEdkifaom &Hk;cef;rsm;/ tpnf;ta0;uGef,ufrsm; udk wdk;&dkaygufoGm;apEdkifaom vrf;jyajryHkrsm;/ pojzifh tultnDrsm; ay;Edkif=uygonf? tpdk;&rsm;enf;wl (tJef*sDtdk) rsm;wGifvnf;/ tusKd;pD;yGg; &dS=uygonf? jzpfEdkifacs&dSaom taxmuftyHhrsm;twGuf ‚if;wdk@xH rcsOf;uyfrD/ ‚if;wdk@. pdwf0ifpm;r_{&d,mESifh vkyfief;aqmif&GufyHk xHk;enf;emrsm;udk owif;tcsuftvuf &Edkifor# t&Edkif qHk; pkaqmif;xm;jcif;rSm tar#mftjrif=uD;aom vkyf&yfwpfckjzpfygonf? v_yf&Sm;r_wpfckonf/ (tJef*sDtdk) wpfck.ay;urf; vmor#,lrnfh/ tdyfwpftdyf rjzpfap&efrSm txl;ta&;}uD;vSygonf? ta=umif;rSm v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;oabmxm;uGJvGJap Edkifonfomru/ jynfolrsm;twGuf taumif;qHk;tusKd;pD;yGg;ESifhvnf; udkufnDr_ tpOfrjzpfEdkifay? tqH;k pGef Oyrmay;& v#if/ (tdyfcsftdkifADG§ attdkif'Dtufpf) E_ef;vnf;jrifhrm;/ vlOD;a&vnf; rsm;jym;ESifh qif;&JrGJawr_ cHpm;ae&aom vlr_tzGJ@ tpnf;udk/ ukd,fpm;ðyaeaomv_yf&Sm;r_wpfcu k / uav;arG;zGm;E_ef; xdef;csKyfjcif;udk qef@usifaeaom (tJef*sDtdk) wpfckxHrS taxmuftyhHawmif;cHovdk trSm;rsKd; jzpfEkdifygonf? xda&muftusKd;&Sdap&efrSm/ ‚if; (tJef*sDtdk) rsm;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_wdk@t=um; tusKd;pD;yGg;wdkufqdkif wlnDr_/ tjyeftvSef av;pm;r_ESifh &dk;om;r_wdk@tay:wGif tajccHI yl;aygif;vkyfaqmif=ujcif;yif jzpfonf? taxmuftyHhrsm;awmif;cHaom tzGJ@ tpnf;zufrS/ tjyeftvSefav;pm;r_jyo&mwGif/ (tJef*sDtdk) wpfcktwGuf tcsdefonf wefzdk;jzwfrEdkifaom t&if;tjrpf jzpfygonf? tpnf;ta0;twGuf aocsmjyifqifwifjy&ef vdktyf+yD;/ aqG;aEG;rnfhta=umif;t&mrsm;twGuf pm&Gufpm wrf;rsm;/ tjcm;owif;tcsuftvufrsm; ydkrdkod&Sdvdkygu tcsdefrDS jyef=um;jznfhqD;ay;jcif;/ rdrd. twwfynmqdkif&mu|rf; usifr_ESifh av;pm;r_udk jyojcif;jzifh aqmif&GufEdkifonf? &dk;om;r_onfvnf; r&dSrjzpf vdktyfaom t&mwpfckjzpfonf? t=urf;rzufESvHk;&nfenf;jzifh wdkufyGJ0ifaeygonf[k udk,fhukdukd,fudk,fpm;ðyxm;aomfvnf;/ aemufuG,fwGif xdkv_yf&Sm; r_u/ vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@udk cdk;a=umifcdk;0Sufxm;ygu/ awG@&SdoGm;onfhtcg (tJef*sDtdk) ESifh v_yf&Sm;r_t=um;wGif t&Suf& p&m jzpfEdkifygonf?

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)101

v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;&dS tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk/ ‚if;wdk@. &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk xif[yfapaom tusKd;pD;yGg;&dSae=uonfh/ (tJef*sDtdk) rsm;udk &SmazGqufoG,f&ef tm;ay;oifhygonf? Oyrm/ trsKd;orD;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ tvkyform;or*~rsm;/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;/ owif;axmuftoif;rsm;ESifh tjcm;aom ynm&yfqdkif&mu|rf;usifoltzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf/ EdkifiH&yfjcm;&dS ‚if;wdk@. vkyfief; wl tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSwqifh vkyfaqmifjcif;jzifh ydkrdkI cdkifrmtm;aumif;ap+yD;/ ydkIvnf; xda&mufEdkifygonf? tzGJ@0iftzGJ@ rsm;rSwqifh v_yf&Sm;.tm;udk xkwfaz:jyoEkdifygonf? v_yf&Sm;r_. acgif;aqmifydkif;onf oifhawmfaomtcsed fwGif oabm wlnDcsufay;jcif;/ OD;aqmifr_ay;jcif;rSvGJI/ tvm;tvm&dSaom tvSL&Sifrsm;ESifh tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&m qufqHa&;rsm; wnf aqmuf&mwGif wdkuf&dkufyg0if&efrSm rvdkvnf; rvdktyf/ taxmuftulðy&mvnf; ra&mufay? tvSL&Sifrsm;rS ñuHawG@&avh&Sdaom jy\emwpfckrSm/ tv_&SifrS ‚if;wdk. taxmuftyHh. xda&mufr_udk wdkif;wmaom tcg &nfrSef;csufESifh &v'fuGm[csufyif jzpfonf? tvGeftrif;csKd@wJhqif;&Jaomae&mwGif/ taxmuftyHh. wpdwfwydkif; udk &yfwnfa&;twGuf &duQmtpm;aomuf/ tdk;tdrfae&mESifh ae@w"l0oGm;vma&;udpPrsm;twGuf v$Jajymif;toHk;ðy=u onfrSm em;vnfr_ay;EdkifzG,f jzpfygonf? odk@aomf/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u enf;vnf&efvdktyfonfrSm/ ,if;tultnDrsm; onf rnfonfht&mr# jyefay;&efvdkonfh/ tvSLtwef;r[kwfyg? ,if;vufcH&&dSaom taxmuftyHhrsm;udk oabmwl xm;aom tqdkðyv$mwpfck. vkyfief;pmcsKyfwpfcktjzpf oabmaygufxm;&ayrnf? ,if;vkyfief;qdkif&mpmcsKyfqdkonfrSm aiGa=u;axmufyHay;aom tvSL&Sifudk/ vufcHoltaejzifh ,if;aiGa=u;axmufyHhr_. &nf&G,fcsufodk@ a&muf&dSaponfh “v$JtyfEdkifaomt&mrsm;” jyefay;&rnf jzpfygonf? rdrd tzGJ@0ifrsm;wdk;yGg;vmjcif;/ pmydk@aqmifa&;pepfrsm; wdk;wufvm jcif;/ oifwef; tpDtpOf/ pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm; yHkESdyfxkwfvkyfr_/ jzef@a0r_ ponfjzifh/ *&ef@. &nf&G,fcsufrsm;jynfhrDap&ef vdk tyfaomt&mudpPrsm;udk jyefvnfjznfhqnf;ay;&ef wm0ef&dSygonf? aiGa=u;axmufyHr_ topfwzefjyefvnf&&Sd&ef twGuf/ tzGJ@tpnf; wpfcktaejzifh vkyfief;pmcsKyfudk jynfhrDap&ef/ odk@r[kwf ydkvkyfaqmifxm;&ef vdktyf+yD;/ tu,fI raqmif&GufEdkifygu tvSL&Sifu qufqHa&; &kyfodrf;oGm;vdrfhrnf jzpfonf? (tJef*sDtdk) todkuft0ef;twGif;wGif awmif; qdkaer_rsm;onf/ ay;Edkifaom t&if;tjrpfrsm;xuf/ tqrwefydkrdkI aeygonf? qHk;&H_;ysufuGufr_udk xyfIaxmufyHhay;ae avmufatmif (tJef*sDtdk) rsm;u pnf;pdrfºuG,f0r_ r&Sd=uyg? owif;rD'D,m EdkifiHjcm;tpdk;&rsm;ESifh tpdk;&r[kwfaomtzGJ@tpnf; (tJef*sDtdk) rsm;. axmufyHhr_rsm;udk arG;jrL&,l&rnfhtjyif/ owif;pm e,fZif;/ rD'D,mrsm; axmufyHhr_ryg&dSygu/ rJqEN&Sifjynfolrsm;udk vufvrS ;f rD&efrSm rjzpfEikd af y? 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGJwpfckudk vltrsm;od&Sdr_ESifh axmufcHr_rsm; us,fus,fjyef@jyef@&&dSjcif;tm;jzifh/ tjcm; EdkifiHwumaxmufyHhr_rsm; qufvuf&&dSap&ef óud;yrf;r_rsm;twGuf t&dSeft[kefESifh yHhydk;r_ jzpfapygvdrfhrnf? owif;rD'D,mqufqHa&;vkyfief;onf/ u|rf;usifolrsm;. t=uHay;r_rsm; vkdtyf+yD;/ owif;rD'D,m r[mAsL[mwpfckcs rSwfvkyfaqmifEdkifa&;twGuf/ owif;axmufrsm;/ t,f'Dwmrsm;ESifh tjcm;ta&;ygaom yHkESdyfrD'D,m/ &kyfjrifoH=um;ESifh a&'D,dkXmersm;. vdktyfcsufrsm;udk od&Sda&;twGuf/ t=uH^m%frsm; txl; vdktyfygonf? owif;Xmewpfck. tajccH yk&d\wfudkvnf; od&Sdxm;&ef vdktyfygonf? Oyrm - 0g&Sifwefydk@pf (Washington Post) ESifh 0g&Sifwefwdkif;rfpf (Washington Times) wdk@wGif rwluGJjym;aom owif;yk&d\wfrsm;&SdouJhodk@/ e,l;a,mufwdk;if;rf (New York Times) ESifh a0gpx&dwf*sme,f (Wall Street Journal) wdk@wGifvnf; tvm;wl oD;oef@pmzwfol yk&d\wfrsm; &Sdae ygonf? 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_ESifh ywfoufaom/ owif;tao;pdwfudk pHkprf;aeaom owif;axmufrsm;ESifh ywfoufI od&Sdxm;ygu taxmuftul jzpfapygonf? EdkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif/ EdkifiH&yfjcm;owif;axmufuvyfrsm; &Sdwwf=u+yD;/ t"duowif; Xmersm;ESifh tjcm;aom owif;pmapmifrsm;/ tvGwfowif;axmufrsm;/ owif;ay;ydk@olrsm;ESifh qufpyfaewwf=uyg onf? tifwmeufwGif ‚if;owif;axmufwdk@. trnfrsm;/ vkyfief;qdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;udk &SmazGpHkprf;jcif;rsm; tyg t0if/ ‚if;owif;axmufrsm;. tcsuftvufrsm;udk vuf0,f&&Sdxm;jcif;jzifh/ olwdk@ESifheD;pyfaom vkyfief;ydkif;qdkif&m qufqHa&;wnfaqmuf+yD;/ rdrdv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf tusKd;jzpfapEdkifygonf? owif;axmufrsm;onf owif;rsm;udk pdwf0ifpm;vdkufaeavh&Sdygonf? txl;ojzifh rnfolr#rodao;aom/ oD;oef@ rlydkif owif;rsm;udk ydkI pdwf0ifpm;ygonf? wefzdk;&Sdaom owif;wpfcktjzpf wnfaqmuf&eftwGuf/ olwdk@wGif &nf!$ef;udk; Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)102

um;&ef aemufcHtcsuftvufESifh owif;xkwfjyefcsufrsm; &&Sd&ef vdktyfygonf? ta&;}uD;onfhtcsufrSm tjzpftysuf rwdkifrD/ owif;axmufrsm;udk óudwiftoday;xm;jcif;yif jzpfygonf? xdkodk@ jzpfap&eftwGuf/ tjyeftvSef ,Hk=unfr_udk &Sdae&ef vkdtyfygonf? xdkqufqHa&;wnfaqmuf&eftwGuf tcuftcJrSm tzGJ@tpnf;/ odk@r[kwf v_yf&Sm;r_. jyifyquf qHa&;ay:wGif rSDwnfaeygonf? obm&ifhowif;axmufrsm;onf/ vlrsm;u ‚if;wdk@.tusKd;pD;yGg;twGuf olwdk@udk toHk;cs &ef óud;pm;aeonf[k yHkrSeftm;jzifh tqdk;jrif/ aumufcsufcsxm;wwf=uygonf? toHk;cscH&onf[laom xifjrifcsufjzifh csnf;uyfr_udk ry,fcsoifhay? odk@aomf owif;axmuftwGuf v_yf&Sm;r_ESihf ywfoufI owif;a&;om;&ef aocsmaom tcGifhtvrf;rsm;r&Sdygu/ xkwfjyefxm;aomowif;xkwfjyefcsuu f dkausmfvGefI/ owif;axmufwpfOD;. tcsdeftukefcH&ef/ vkyfaqmif=uvdrfhrnf r[kwfay? jynfolvlxkonf/ owif;rsm;twGuf &kyfjrifoH=um;tay:wGif ydkI tm;xm;vmae=uygonf? xdk@a=umifh "gwfyHkESifh AD'D,dk owif;axmufrsm;onf ydkI ta&;}uD;vmygonf? obm&ifh &kyfjrifoH=um;owif;axmuf§xkwfvkyfolwpfOD;u tDvuf x&Gef;epf/ v#yfppfrD'D,m. tm;omcsufrsm;udk/ tjrifhrm;qHk; toHk;csEdkifap&ef atmufazmfjyyg t=uH^m%faumif;rsm; ay; cJhygonf? 41 Oya'o trSwf (1) yHkESdyfowif;rD'D,mrsm;udk rypfy,f/ vspfvsLrðyonfh wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif/ a&&SnfqufqHa&;wnfaqmuf&efwGuf xl;uJpGm awG;ac:wwfaom/ tjrifus,fvufcHwwfaom/ odk@r[kwf csOf;uyfI&Edkifaom owif;axmufrsm;§xkwfvkyfolrsm; (1) OD; odk@r[kwf (2) OD;udk owfrSwfa&G;cs,f aygif;oif;xm;&ef vdkygonf? ‚if;wdk@udk bD,mwcGuf/ aumfzDwcGufr# au|;I aygif;xm;Edkifygonf? odk@r[kwf olwdk@u ae@vnfpmac:au|;v#ifvnf; vufcHvdkufyg? Oya'o trSwf (2) oifa&G;cs,faygif;oif;rnf[k qHk;jzwfxm;aom owif;axmuf (1) OD;/ odk@r[kwf (2) OD;xHodk@/ trSefwu,f toHk;0if aomowif;rsm;udk ay;ydk@jcif;jzifh rsufESmvkyfyg? tu,fI oif. &nf&G,fcsufESifh hwdkuf&dkufoufqdkifr_r&dSv#ifaomfrS owif;ay;I qufqHa&;xlaxmifxm;yg? &nf&G,fcsufrSm oifh.,Hk=unfudk;pm;&r_/ “owif;wefzkd; oHk;oyfEdkifpGrf;”udk jyovdkjcif;jzpf+yD;/ xdkolrsm;. tusKd;pD;yGg;onf oif.acgif;xJwGif&Sdaea=umif;/ oifonf tquftoG,faumif;a=umif; jyo&efyif jzpfygonf? yHkrSefqufoG,fr_ rjywf ðyvkyfyg? odk@aomf oifhwGif owif;ðyvkyf&ef wpHkw&mtopf odk@r[kwf pdwf0ifpm;p&m r&dSygu owif;Xmersm;udk raESmifh,SufygESifh? Oya'o trSwf (3) oifhudk,fwdkifu tjrJtqifh&dSygap? owif;Xmersm;u oifhudk qufoG,fap&ef tm;ay;yg? oifh. zkef;eHygwf/ tD;ar;vfvdyf pmwdk@udk ay;xm;yg? ‚if;wdk@zkef;ac: (qufoG,fygu) csufcsif; wkH@jyefyg? tu,fI oifonf Oya'o trSwf (2) udk vdkuf emxm;+yD;jzpfygu/ oifxHodk@ owif;Xmersm;rS zkef;rsm; pwif0ifvm+yD jzpfonf? wpfpHkw&m oifhodxm;aomudpPtay: wGif ar;jref;jcif;/ t=uH^m%fawmif;jcif;rsm; ðyvkyfvmygvdrfhrnf? oifxkwfaz:ajymqdkaom tcsufrsm;ESifh ywfoufI owd&Sd&ygrnf? owif;Xmersm;rS oifhxHrS tcsuftvuf tpfatmufxkwf&SmazGaeonfqdkygu/ owif;acgif;pD;tay: rdrd=oZmv$rf;rdk;Edkif&eftwGuf tcGifhtvrf;aumif; jzpfygonf? Oya'o trSwf (4) owif;rsm;udk zefwD;rðyvkyfygESifh? oifhwGif tppftrSefta&;}uD;aom owif;r&Sdygu/ owif;Xmrsm;udk rac:ygESifh? T vdktyfrsm; jynfhpHkae+yDqdkygu/ owif;xkwfjyefrnfh tcsdefESifh yGJtwGuf pDpOfEdkifygonf? Towif;xkwfjyefr_udk jrifuGif;ESifh vltrsm;. pdwfcHpm;r_rsm; jzpfay:ap&ef/ twwfEdkifqHk; pDpOfoifhygonf? tcsdefESifh ae&mudk owif;xkwfvkyfolrsm;twGuf/ aemufqHk;owif;ydk@&rnfhtcsdeft& oufawmifhoufomjzpfap&ef/ a&G;cs,fpDpOfEdkifygonf? Oya'o trSwf (5) owif;t& ta&;ygr_ESifh ta&;}uD;onf[k oif,lqxm;aom/ oif.v_yf&Sm;r_/ tjzpftysufrsm;udk jzpfEdkifor# tjzpfEdkif qHk;/ owif;Xmersm;odk@ wifóudI ta=umif;=um;xm;yg? ar#mfvifhcsuf vdkonfxuf ydkIray;ygESifh? pmjzifh today; ta=umif;=um;r_tay:wGifom tm;udk;rSDcdk raeygESifh? jzpfEkdifor# vlom;csif;xdawG@qufqHr_ vdktyfygonf? vludk,fwdkif 41

TOya'orsm;a&;om;olu trnfrazmfvdyk g? Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)103

w,fvDzkef;jzifhqufoG,fI/ bmjzpfrnf/ b,ftcsdef/ b,fae&m/ bma=umifh/ b,folyg0ifrnf ponfjzifh wdus/ uspfvpf/ jynfpHkaom tao;pdwf/ tcsuftvufrsm;udk ay;yg? txl;ojzifh &kyfjrifoH=um;&dkuful;olrsm;twGuf ta&;}uD;Edkifaom yHkrSef pDpOfr_rsm;ESifh pufr_ydkif;qdkif&m owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ay;&ef rarhygESifh? oifhavsmfygu vrf;!Gefcsuf/ aemufcHjzpf pOftusOf;ESifh t"duacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;cef;rsm; pDpOfay;yg? Oya'o trSwf (6) trSwf&&efrSm/ oifwdk@. v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh atmifjrifr_rsm;udkom owif;Xmersm;u pdwf0ifpm;azmfjyygu/ oif.ta&;ayguf ajrmufonfr[kwfyJ/ oifh. &efzuftiftm;pku vkyfaqmifaeonfht&mrsm;udk owif;rsm;u pdwf0ifpm;onfudk owd csyfyg? oifh.v_yf&Sm;r_u/ ppftpdk;& vkyfaqmifaeaom/ odk@r[kwf =uHpnfjyifqifaeaom t&mudpPrsm;udk óudwifowif;& xm;Edkif+yD;/ owif;Xmersm;u pdwf0ifpm;aeEdkifygonf? jzpfEdkifygu xkdowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk a0iSzvS,fyg? oifh. vHkðcHa&;udk umuG,f&efESifh owif;t&if;tjrpfudk xdefcsefxm;&ef rarhygESifh? Oya'o trSwf (7) owif;axmufrsm;ESifh xkwfvkyfolrsm;onf/ ‚if;wdk@. owif;rsm;udk t}uD;tuJrsm;xHodk@ wqifhxyfrH“a&mif;cs”&rnfudk owdðy&ef vdkygonf? Tvkyfief;udk ulnDonfhtaejzifh/ owif;rsm;udk ydkrdkqGaJ qmifr_&dSap&ef/ ‚if;wdk@owdrxm;rdvdkufonfh aemufcHordkif;a=umif;/ ta=umif;t&m/ qufpyfr_rsm;/ odk@r[kwf aemufqufwGJjzpfEdkifacsrsm;udk &Sif;jy&ef vdkygonf? oifh taejzifh/ t"duacgif;aqmifrsm;. tao;pdwfudk,fa&;tcsufrsm;ESifh acgif;aqmifrsm;t=um;&dS qufqHa&;udk odaeEdkifyg onf? xdk@tjyif acgif;aqmifrsm;. aiGa=u;qdkif&mESifh pD;yGg;a&;qdkif&m qufpyfaer_rsm;udk owif;ay;jcif;jzifh/ owif;udk ydkI xl;jcm;apygonf? tu,fI jzpfEkdifygu/ owif;udk ydkrdk &kyfvHk;ºuGapEkdifaom AGD'D,dkrSwfwrf;wif tacGrsm;udkvnf; ay;Edkif ygonf? Oya'o trSwf (8) owif;axmufxH oifay;vdkufaom AGD'Dd,dkrSwfwrff;rsm;wGif/ rSm;,Gif;pGm udk,fpm;ðy razmfjyrdap&ef owdðyyg? oifay; vkdufaom jyuGufrsm;ESifh ywfoufI ta=umif;t&m/ ae@&uf/ ae&mwdk@udk/ wduspGm tao;pdwf azmfjyay;yg? xdkypPnf; rsm;udk ay;Edkifaom w&m;0iftcGifhtm%m oifhxHwGif &dS-r&dSudk aocsmapyg? Todk@ &kyfjrifoH=um;wGif jyojcif;jzifh/ yg0if aeaom rnfolrqdk epfem/xdcdkufapr_r&dSap&yJ/ odk@r[kwf oifhtm; w&m;pGJqdkjcif;rsm; jzpfrvmap&eftwGuf aocsmapyg? Oya'o trSwf (9) owif;axmufwpfOD;udk rnfonfhtcgr# rvSnfhpm;ygESifh? odk@r[kwf rrSefuefaom/ vrf;a=umif;rSm;vdkufapaom owif; rsm; ray;rdygapESifh? Todk@aqmif&Gufjcif;onf a&wdkwGifoifhtm;tusKd;jzpfapEdkifaomfvnf;/ a&&SnfysufpD;r_ESifhpmv#if rxdkufwefyg? Oya'o trSwf (10) rwlnDaom owif;uGef,uf/ rD'D,mukrR%Drsm;ESifh owif;0efaqmifr_Xmersm;onf/ rwlnDaom yk&d\wfudk owif;ay; ydk@ae=uonfudk owdcsyfyg? odk@twGufa=umifh ‚if;wdk@wGif rwlnDaom owif;tpOfrsm;/ wifjyyHkrsm;ESifh rwlnDaom enf; ynmvdktyfcsufrsm; &dS=uygonf? omrefr[kwfaom/ odk@r[kwf txl;ta&;ay: tajctaersm;rSvGJI/ ‚if;wdk@ESifh oifquf qHaomtcgwGif/ Ttcsufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhygonf? &kyfjrifoH=um;twGuf txl; puf&yfowif;wdkudk aqmif &Gufay;aom owif;axmufwpfa,mufonf/ pmvHk;a& (1500) ygonfh owif;Zmwfvrf;wpfyk'fay;ydk@&aom yHkESdyfowif; axmufwpfa,mufESifh vdktyfcsuf wlnDr_&Sdrnf r[kwfay? tusOf;csKyf (tJef*sDtdk) rsm;. axmufyHhay;r_/ odk@r[kwf owif;pme,fZif;/ rD'D,mrsm;udk u|rf;usifpGm toHk;csjcif;rSwqifh/ jyify yk&d \wfudk v$rf;rdk;Edkifjcif;onf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wpfck atmifjrif&eftwGuf ta&;}uD;ygonf? jyifytiftm;rsm;ESifh vkyfief;wl r[mrdwfzGJ@jcif;tm;jzifh w&m;0ifr_&&Sdap+yD;/ cGeftm;/ t&if;tjrpfESifh t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf vlodrsm; ap&ef owif;az:jyr_rsm; &apEdkifygonf? odk@aomf ,if;vkyfief;wl r[mrdwfzGJ@onfhudpPrsm;onf/ pmcsKyfpmwrf;jzifh aqmif &GufoifhaomudpPrsm;jzpf+yD;/ wm0eft&jznfhqD;&rnfh 0wW&m;rsm;udk jynfhrDatmif aqmif&Gufay;&ef vdktyfygonf? Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)104

tcef; (14)

t=uHðyyHhydk;jcif;ESifh oifwef; uHraumif;ta=umif;rvSonfh jzpf&yfrSefwpfckrSm/ vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;us&H_;oGm;+yD;aemufydkif;/ odk@r[kwf vufeuf udkifawmfvSefa&;onf atmifyGJtwGuf jzpfEdkifacsr&dSaom enf;vrf;wpfckjzpfa=umif;/ us,fus,fjyef@jyef@prf;oyfvkyfudkif +yD;onfhaemufrS/ tjcm;a&G;cs,fp&mvrf;wpfcktjzpf/ r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_udk udkifpGJ&ef pdwf0ifpm; vm=ujcif;jzpfonf? vaygif;rsm;pGm/ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm/ odk@r[kwf q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;twGif; jr‡KyfESHay;qyfcJhr_rsm;onf/ tv[\qHk;&_H;oGm;cJh&onfh wefzdk;jzpfonf? odk@wdkifatmif t=urf;zufv_yf&Sm;r_onf jzpfEdkif acsr&dSaom/ odk@r[kwf rnfonfhtcgur# tvkyfrjzpfcJhaom enf;vrf;wpfck[k owfrSwf&ef/ 0efav;ae=uao;onfrSm em;vnfEdkifp&m tajctae&Sdygonf? Todk@us&H_;&r_onf/ vkyfEdkifpGrf;&dSEdkifaom yg0ifvkyfaqmifcJh=uolrsm;. trSm;a=umifh r[kwfyg/ ‚if;wdk@ xdef;csKyfEdkifr_jyifywGif ydkI}uD;rm;aom tiftm;pkrsm;&Sdae=uygonf? tm%m&Siftpdk;&udk vufeufqGJudkifawmfvSefaeaom awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm;. ,ae@us&H_;&r_onf thHtm;oifhp&m r[kwfay? ppfat;acwf+yD;qHk;onfESifhtwl/ tiftm;}uD;EdkifiHrsm;onf qefusifzufEdkifiHtkyfpk.&efrS ‚if;wdk@. tusKd;pD;yGg; udk umuG,fay;&ef/ “vufa0cH” EdkifiHrsm;wGif yÉdyuQrsm; qufvufqifE$J&ef rvdktyfawmhyg? ,cktcsdefwGif EdkifiHrsm;onf EdkifiHa&;t& wnfjidrfr_&dSaom/ ywf0ef;usifwGif/ pD;yGg;a&;tusKd;tjrwfrsm; ydkrdkxda&mufpGm&Edkifa&;udkomv#if ydkItav; xm;ae=u+yD jzpfonf? tpdk;&rsm;wGif tm%mudk A[kdcsufrodk@ pkpnf;csKyfudkifr_ wpprsm;jym;vm+yD;/ pufr_enf;ynm ydkrdka&S@wef;a&mufvmjcif;ESifh twl/ twdkuftcHtkyfpkrsm;udk ESdyfuGyf&m/ xdef;csKyf&mwGif ydkrdkI tpGrf;xufvmygonf? Oyrm/ qufoG,fa&;vrf;a=umif; rsm;/ vlpkvla0; t"du&Hk;rsm; xdef;csKyfjcif;/ axmufvSrf;a&;owif;rsm; pkpnf;jcif;ESifh tjcm;aom zdtm;oHk;enf;emrsm; xd a&mufpGm vkyfaqmifvmEdkif=u+yD;/ vufeufudkiftzGJ@rsm;. oifwef;rsm;/ v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh ae&mcsxm;r_rsm;onf ydkIcufcJ vmapygonf? 'Drdkua&pDusaom vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGifyifv#if/ “t=urf;zuf0g'wdkufzsufa&; ppfyGJ”onf/ vlwpfOD;csif; pDtzdk@/ ,cifu ar#mfvifhxm;cJhjcif;r&Sdonfh xdef;csKyfr_/ apmifh=unfhr_rsm;udk jzpfay:vmapcJhygonf? Tjzpf&yfrsm;rSm vGefcJh aom ESpftenf;i,ftwGif;u/ awG;awmIyif r&EdkifcJhay? tm%m&Siftpkd;&rsm;twGufrl t=urf;zuf0g'wdkufzsufa&; ppfyGJrsm;onf zdESdyfr_rsm; ydkrdkvkyfaqmifEdkif&ef/ tcGifhtvrf; wHcg;zGifhay;vkdufovdk jzpfapygonf? t=urf;zuform;rsm;[k wHqdyfwyfcH&aom/ 'Drkdua&pDvdkvm;onfh tkyfpkrsm;udk/ tpdk;&u t=urf;zufacsr_ef;Edki+f yD;/ 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm;u qef@usif ajymqdkoHyif =um;=u&rnf r[kwfyg? Ttcsufrsm;a=umifh/ 'Drdkua&pDðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;ðyvkyf&ef/ vufeufudkifv_yf&Sm;r_onf rjzpfEdkifonfh tajctaeeD;yg;okd@ qdkufa&mufaeonfhtcsdefwGif/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_enf;vrf;odk@ ajymif;vJvdkuf+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@. r[mAsL[mrsm;udk rnfuJh okd@ taumiftxnfaz:&rnfudk pOf;pm;&ef vdktyfvmygonf? OyrmwpfckrSm/ w,fvDzkef;rsm; toHk;ðyjcif;jzpfonf? ,ae@ umvwGif w,fvDzkef;ay:wGif pum;ajymjcif;rsm;udk tcsdefwdkif;/ =um;jzwfem;axmif&efrSm jzpfEkdifaom udpPjzpfonf? ,ck tcsdefwGif/ vufudkifzkef;rsm;onfyif bufx&DðzwfvdkufaomtcgwGifrSom vHkðcHr_ &dSawmhonf? urBmht0Srf; toHk;ðyae aom/ uGefjyLwmrsm;twGuf trmxnfrSwf^m%f (hard drive) ay:wGif &dSaeaom/ tcsuftvufrsm;udk vHk;0zsufqD;ypf &ef qdkonfrSm/ ‚if;udk rD;&d_@ypfjcif;/ odk@r[kwf tm;aumif;aom v#yfppf-oHvkdufvd_if;jzifh awG@apjcif;jzifhom zsufqD;ypf&ef jzpfEdkifawmhonf? wl}uD;jzifh uGefjyLwmudk aygufcGJjcif;yifv#if/ tcsuftvufrsm; usefaeEdkifao;onf? uGefjyLwmynm&Sif rsm;u tcsuftvufrsm; xkwf,lEdkifao;onf? “zsuf” (delete) cvkwfudk ESdyfvdkufjcif;onf/ uGefjyLwmoHk;pGJol. jrif uGif;rS aysmufuG,foGm;jcif;om jzpfonf? tpdk;& axmufvSrf;a&;at*sifpDrsm;. jrifuGif;rS aysmufuG,foGm;jcif; r[kwfyg? uluD; “Cookies” rsm;udk tvkyfrS &yfqdkif;vdkufjcif;onfvnf;/ ,if; “Cookies” rsm;udk uGefjyLwmwGifwrif xnfhoGif; xm;ol. pdwf0ifpm;r_udk qGJaqmifaponf? pum;0Suf y&dk*&rfrsm; (encryption programs) udk toHk;ðyjcif;onfyif v#if/ tcsuftvufrsm;udk tcsdefrD razmfxkwfEdkif&Hkom&Sdaomfvnf;/ ,if;y&dk*&rfrsm;udk toHk;ðyaomolrsm;udk txl;pdwf 0ifpm;r_ jzpfay:vmaponf? t=urf;rzufa&; v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh ywfoufI a&;om;xm;aom pmtkyftrsm;tjym; &dSygonf? Tpmtkyfrsm;ESifhtwl &kyf&Sif rsm;/ owif;aqmif;yg;rsm;ESifh vufurf;pmapmifrsm;onf/ t=urf;rzufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ aqmif&Gufvdkolrsm;twGuf/ t=urf; rzufyÉdyuQxJwGif aqmif&GufwdkufyGJ0ifae+yD; enf;em&SmazGaeolrsm;twGuf/ toHk; 0ifapEdkifaom tzdk;rjzwfEdkifonfh &if; Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)105

jrpfrsm; jzpfygonf? odk@aomf Tt&if;tjrpfrsm;onf vHkavmufr_ r&dSao;ay? tcsdefuta&;ygonfESifhtr#/ todynmESif u|rf;usifr_qdkonfht&mrsm;udk tvsiftjref v$Jajymif;ay;Edkif&efvnf; vdktyfygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh tawG@tñuHrsm; aom t=uHay;olrsm;ESifh orBm&ifh oifwef;q&mrsm;rsm; vdktyfEdkifygonf? Todk@tultnD awmif;cHr_wpfckudk vufcH&ef rSm/ r,HkEdkifavmufatmif }uD;av;aomwm0efwpfck jzpfygonf? xda&mufaomoifwef;rsm;twGuf/ vlom;t&if;tjrpfudk tjrifhqHk;wdk;yGg;apjcif; “ydkI}uD;rm;aom tiftm;w&yf” (A force More Powerful) &kyf&Sifu/ r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; twGuf/ jznfhqD;ay;cJhaom vufaqmifrGefrsm;teufrS wpfckrSm/ oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom jynfolrsm;onf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm wdkufwGef;ajymqdkcJhaom Tv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifhywfoufI &Sif;vif;/ jywfom;pGm owif;pum;rsm;udk jrifawG@/ =um;emcGifh&&dS cJhjcif;yif jzpfonf? tm%mjy\emwGif/ vltrsm; xifjrifae=uonfh tuef@towfozG,f a&G;cs,fp&mjzpfaeaom/ t=urf;zufrnfavm/ atmufusKd@ emcHrnfavm[lonfh a&G;cs,pf &mvrf; (2) cktjyif/ xda&mufaom tjcm;a&G;cs,fp&m vrf;&Sdaeao;onfudkvnf; !$efjycJhygonf? a,bk,stm;jzifh t=urf;rzufenf;jzifh yÉdyuQajz&Sif;a&;udk/ trsm;jynfolwdk@ pdwf0ifpm;r_wdk;wufvmaeonfESifhtnD/ zdESdyfaomtpdk;&rsm;udk/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_enf;ESifh qef@usif&eftwGuf/ oifwef;rsm;/ owif;tcsuftvufrsm; awmif;cHr_ wppydkrdkrsm;jym;vmonfudk awG@ae&ygonf? rnfokd@aom tzGJ@tpnf;rsKd;ur/S t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_qdkif&m &_axmifhu¾pHkudk ydk@csEdkif&ef rpGrf;Edkifay? tcsKd@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf/ EdkifiHt0Srf;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGuf r[mAsL[mvdktyfcsuf rsm; ajz&Sif;&mwGif/ u|rf;usifouJhodk@/ tjcm;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSm enf;AsL[mqdkif&m u|rf;usifr_rsm;ESifh enf;emrsm;udk tm&Hk pdkuf avhvmxm;=uygonf? odk@aomf tjcm;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSm EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;pOfrsm;Y udk,fpm;ðyr_enf;yg;olrsm;twGuf tcGifhtm%mtyfESif;ay;&ef/ t=urf;rzufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;Y atmufajcvlxktqifh pkpnf;r_ t&nftaoG;rsm; wwfod em;vnf=uygonf? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk axmufcHtm;ay;aeaom rnfonfhtzGJ@wdkif;udkrqdk/ xdkbmom&yfESifh ywfoufI oifwef;rsm;ay;apjcif;/ tvkyf&HkaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;ðyvkyfay;jcif;ESifh ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJrsm; ðyvkyfay;&ef zdwfac:oifhyg onf? tajccHausm&dk; todrsm;udk/ wpfrlwnf;jzpfap&ef pHowfrSwfjcif; ar;p&mwpfck &dSvmonfrSm/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. oDtdk&D ESifh toHk;csr_rsm;qdkif&m todynm/ u|rf;usifr_rsm;udk wpfrl wnf;jzpfap&ef/ pHowfrSwfI aqmif&Gufoifhygovm; [laom ar;cGef;jzpfonf? Oyrm/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh ywf oufI oabmw&m;rsm;/ tajccHrlrsm;t& rdrdwdk@odxm;=uonfrSm/ vkyfc vpmwdk;jr‡ifha&;twGuf oydwfwdkufyGJ pDpOfae aomtcsdefwGifaomfvnf;aumif;/ vltcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;twGuf qENjyyGJrsm;udkaomfvnf;aumif;/ odk@r[kwf EkdifiH a&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_jzpfap&ef EdkifiHt0Srf;t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ðyvkyf&ef pDpOfaer_rsm;wGifaomfvnf;aumif;/ toHk;csI& Edkifaom oabmw&m;/ tajccHrlrsm; &Sdygonf? ,if;oabmw&m;rsm;ESifh tajccHrlrsm;onf rnfonfh,Ofaus;r_wdkif;wGif rqdk/ rnfonfhEdkifiHwdkif;rqdkwGif toHk;ðyI&ygonf? ppfyGJ. ppfrufa&;&m tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;udk wpfurBmvHk; toHk; ðyEdkifouJhodk@yif jzpfonf? odk@aomf Toabmw&m;rsm;udk toHk;cs=u&mY/ xlljcm;aomyÉdyuQtaetxm;ESifhtnD vuf awG@jzpfatmif =uHaqmif=u&ygonf? odk@aomfvnf; tcsKd@aom oDtkd&Drsm;onf rSefuefaeqJ/ w&m;0ifaeqJ jzpfygonf? tu,fI/ ‘yifr ausm&dk;pmpk’wpfckonf/ t=urf;rzufenf;jzifhajz&Sif;aom yÉdyuQ trsm;pkESifh qufpyfaeonfh/ pHowf rSwfcsufvkyfief; ausm&dk;abmifwpfckazmfxkwfay;Edkifygu/ rsm;pGm taxmuftulðyzG,f &Sdygonf? Tyifrausm&dk; todwGif/ yg0ifapEdkfifaom acgif;pOftcsKd@rSm/ 1? v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf aemufqHk;ESifh =um;umv &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk a&G;cs,f&mwGif ta&;ygr_ &Sif;vif;aom &nf&G,fcsuf&dSaejcif;tm;jzifh/ t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk ydkrdkaumif;rGefpGm cGJa0oHk;pGJEdkif+yD;/ OD;pm;ay; vkyf ief;rsm; a&G;cs,fqHk;jzwf&mwGifvnf; taxmuftul jzpfapygonf? Todk@ &nf&G,fcsuf&Sdxm;jcif;tm;jzifh jynfolvlxkudk axmufcH&ef/ yg0ifyl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&ef ta=umif;jycsufcdkifvHkaponfomru/ v_yf&Sm;r_ pwif aqmif&Gufvmonf ESifh/ acgif;aqmifr_. xda&mufpGmOD;aqmifEdkifr_udk wdkif;wmEdkifonfh enf;vrf;rsm;tjzpfvnf; oHk;Edkifygonf? Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)106

2? tm%m. A[koabmqef/ jyef@usJwnf&Sdaer_/ ‚if;.&if;jrpfrsm;ESifh ‘axmufwdkif’rsm;tjzpfac:qdkaom toif;tzGJ@rsm;/ ESifh zGJ@pnf;r_rsm;wGif tm%mwnf&SdaeyHk A[koabm/ tm%mjyef@uGJwnf&SdaeyHk/ ‚if;.&if;jrpfrsm;ESifh axmufwdkifrsm;wGif tm%mwnf&SdaeyHkudk &Sif;vif; jywfom; pGm/ em;rvnfygu/ vlwpfOD;csif;taejzifh t=urf;rzufenf;wdkufyGJta=umif;udk/ r[mAsL[musus pOf;pm;&ef rjzpfEdkifay? axmufwdkiftaxmuftyHhrsm;. tm;omcsuf/ tm;enf;csufwdk@ESifh ywfoufI “v#yf wjyuf jrifomaom&Sif;jycsuf”rsm; ESifh/ ppfqifa&;pDrHcsufvkyfief;pOfrsm;qGJ&mwGif tao;pdwftuJjzwfjcif;qdkif &mudpPrsm;udk/ vmrnfh oifwef; oifcef;pmrsm;/ okd@r[kwf t=uHay;csufrsm;wGif wifjyEdkifygonf? (tcef; 1 ESifh 2 udk =unfhyg?) 3? t=urf;rzuf aqmif&GufEdkifaom vufeufrsm;/ enf;emrsm;ESifh ywfoufI vufeufwdkuf}uD;udk zGifhjyjcif;? Ttcsufonf v_yf&Sm;r_aeaom tkyfpkrsm;udk/ jzpfEdkifacs&Sdaom enf;vrf;rsm;pm&if;udk !$efjyay;onfomru/ ‚if;tkyfpkrsm;. tzGJ@0ifrsm;udkvnf;/ t=urf;rzufv_y&f Sm;r_qdkonfrSm qENjyyGJrsm;oufoufr#xuf/ rsm;pGmom vGefa=umif; txif}uD;vmapEdkifygonf? (tcef; 4/ vkyfudkifyHktqifhrsm;ESifh enf;vrf;rsm;udk =unfhyg?) 4? a=umuf&GH@r_ESihf ‚if;udkausmfv$m;&ef enf;emrsm; jynfolvlxkudk a=umuf&GH@aeap&ef ajcmufvSef@xm;jcif;onf/ tm%m&Sifrsm; wnfjrJaeap&ef vGefpGmtoHk;0if vSaom enf;vrf;wpfckjzpfygonf? Todk@ a=umuf&GH@aeapjcif;jzifh vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;tm; csdeJ@avief;zrf;/ a=umuf &GH@wkefv_yfI/ wppDòyduGJaeapygonf? tcsKd@enf;emrsm;u a=umuf&GH@r_.tusKd;oufa&mufr_rsm;udk ausmfv$m;acs zsufEdkifa=umif; jyocJh=u+yD; jzpfygonf? Tenf;rsm;. &nfrSef;csufrSm vlrsm;udk ra=umuf&GH@ap&efaqmif&Gufay; jcif;r[kwfyJ/ a=umuf&GH@aevsufu ‚if;wdk@tvkyfjzpfap&ef/ ulnDay;&efom jzpfygonf? (tcef; 10/ a=umuf&GH@jcif; udk =unfhyg?) 5? 0g'jzef@csda&;qdkif&m tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;udk odjrifapjcif;? odap&rnfh owif;/ ypfrSwf/ owif;ydk@aqmifolESifh wkH@jyefr_qdkif&m oabmw&m;rsm;udk &Sif;vif;zGifhqdkjyjcif;tm; jzifh/ ta&;}uD;vSaom Tta=umif;t&m. ausm&dk;udk odjrifvmapEdkifygonf? (tcef; 9/ pdwf"gwfppfqifa&; udk =unfhyg?) 6? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wGif npfnrf;a&maxG;vmjcif;? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_udk tEW&m,fjzpfapaom/ jcdrf;ajcmufr_wpfckrSm t=urf;zufvkyf&yfrsm; a&maxG;vmjcif; jzpfonf? oD;jcm;jzpfay:aom t=urf;zufr_onfyif/ qdk;usKd;&Sdapygonf? ,if;uJhokd@aom t=urf;zufvkyf&yfrsm; udk acgif;aqmifr_tydkif;u od&dS/ pDrHxm;jcif;jzpf+yD;/ odomonfh tqifhwpfckudk a&muf&dSvmygu/ v_yf&Sm;r_udk zsufqD;apygawmhrnf? “vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_wpfck” vkyfaqmifjcif;wGif/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. tv$mpHkrS axmufcHtm;ay; r_&&dS&ef &nfrSef;csuf/ OD;wnfcsufrsm;udk xyfrH/ xyfrHxnfhoGif;&ef/ tjrJwap zdtm;ay;r_rsm; &dSaewwfygonf? odk@aomfvnf; v_yf&Sm;wpfcktaejzifh o,faqmifEkdifaom 0efyrm% tuef@towf &dSygonf? r[mAsL[mqdkif &mOD;wnfcsufrsm;udk tjrJwap xyfcsJ@aeI rjzpfyg? r[mAsL[m OD;wnfcsufwGif tuef@towf&dS&ef ta&;}uD; ygonf? “EdkifiHjcm;tultnD”rsm;onf tpOfojzifh/ tEW&m,f&dSygonf? *dk%f;*%tcsif;csif; twGif; wdkufyGJrsm; jzifh tm;ukefap+yD;/ ppftpkd;&udkvnf; v_yf&Sm;r_tm; òzdcGJpnf;&Hk;&mwGif taxmuftul jzpfapygonf? v_yf&Sm;r_ rsm; usqHk;&jcif;. tajccHta=umif;&if;wpfckrSm/ acgif;aqmifrsm;onf tm%mudk wu,fwrf;cGJa0&rnfh tcsdef rwdkifrDuyif/ ‚if;wdk@t=um; tm%mudk rnfodk@rnfyHk cGJa0&rnfESifh ywfoufI ydkIpdk;&drfv_yf&Sm;ae=uaom a=umihf jzpfygonf? tjcm;aom npfnrf;a&maxG;r_yHkpH (Contaminant) wpfckrSm/ 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_wGif wdkufyGJqifE$JaepOfumvY/ 'Drdkua&pDusaom tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&myHkpHwpfckvdktyfonf[k rSm,Gif;pGm,lq=ujcif; jzpfygonf? ,ckppfyGJonf/ t=urf;rzufenf;jzifh wdkufcdkufaom ppfyGJwpfyGJjzpfaomfvnf;/ tenf;qHk; ppfyGJawmh Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)107

jzpfaeygao;onf? xdk@twGufa=umifh ‚if;wdkufyGJwGif ckdifrmaomacgif;aqmifr_ ESifh pnf;urf;ao0yfr_&dS&ef vdk tyfygonf? ,if;acgif;aqmifr_ESifh pnf;urf;ao0yfr_qdkonfrSm “tvdktavsmuf jzpfvmjcif;”r[kwfyJ/ tm%m&Sifpepfudk òzdzsufypf&ef aumif;rGefaom pDrHr_ESifh jynfhpHkaomr[mAsL[mrsm;rS ay:xGufvmjcif;om jzpfygonf? (tcef; 12/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wGif npfnrf;a&maxG;r_rsm;udk =unfhyg?) todynmESifh u|rf;usifr_rsm;udk t&if;tjrpfrsm;jzef@cGJI &,ljcif; t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifae=uolrsm;/ odk@r[kwf/ ‚if;enf;udk toHk;ðy&ef pOf;pm;aeolrsm;onf/ todynmESifh u|rf; usifr_rsm;qdkif&m oifwef;rsm;udk ae&maygif;pHkrS taxmuftyHhjzef@cGJ&,l&ef wdkufwGef;ygonf? Oyrm/ vuf&Sdjyifqif tpD tpOfa&;qGJaeaom v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk/ axmufcHyHhydk;&ef tvkyform;xkudk pnf;&Hk;odrf;oGif;rnfqdkygu/ 0g&ifhtvkyform; or*~pnf;&Hk;a&;rSL;rsm;onfom/ toifhawmfqHk;aom oifwef;ay;Edkifonfhol t&if;tjrpfjzpfonfudk/ r[mAsL[mcsrSwf olrsm;u od&SdI &SmazGaumif; &SmazGEdkifygonf? TudpP&yfrsKd;wGif ‚if;0g&ifhor*~pnf;&Hk;a&;rSL;rsm;onf/ ‚if;wdk@ pnf;&Hk;&rnfh u¾wpfckcsif;pDY u|rf;usifolrsm; jzpfoifhygonf? Oyrm - pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;/ pufr_vkyfief;/ 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;ESifh tjcm; vkyfief;rsm;/ ponfwdk@ jzpfonf? tvm;wl/ 0g'jzef@csda&;vkyfief;/ wenf; ydkrdkI ,Ofaus;odrfarG@aom pum;toHk;tE_ef;ESifhqdk&v#if/ owif;jyef =um;a&;ESifh rD'D,mvkyfief;onf/ t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJtwGuf ta&;}uD;aom tpdwftydkif;wpfck jzpfygonf? xdkvkyfief;rsKd;twGuf/ tawG@tñuH&ifh/ atmifjrifaom vlxkqufqHa&;t=uHay;rsm;. u|rf;usifr_enf;ynmudk &,l&ef &SmazGoifhygonf? vlom;t&if;tjrpf. xuf0ufeD;yg;r#&Sdaom/ trsKd;orD;rsm;udk t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf vlopfpkaqmif;&&SdEdkifyg onf? tcsKd@vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGif/ trsKd;orD;rsm;onf vkyfom;tiftm;pk}uD;. ta&;}uD;aom tpdwftydkif;r[kwf=u yg? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_twGif; trsKd;orD;rsm; yg0ifvm&ef pkpnf;jcif;ESifh v_yf&Sm;r_twGif; trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf ta&;yg aom tcef;u¾rsm; owfrSwfay;a&;twGuf/ tawG@tñuH&Sdonfh/,Ofaus;r_wl/ tajctaewl tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;rS pnf;&Hk; v_yf&Sm;cJholrsm;udk/ tqifoifh &&Sdaumif; &&SdEdkifonf? vli,fxku¾udkvnf; txl;tav;ay;pnf;&Hk;&ygrnf? t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJwGif/ ppfa&;wdkufyGJuJhodk@yif/ vli,fxkonf a&S@ wef;rS t+rJyg0ifavh &Sdygonf? vli,frsm;onf vlr_a&;ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; wyfOD;rS OD;aqmifolrsm;jzpf +yD;/ trSefwu,f jzpfoifhaomolrsm;vnf; jzpfygonf? odk@aomfvnf; v_yf&Sm;r_xJwGif ‚if;wdk@odoifhaom ta=umif;t&m rsm;pGm &Sdygao;onf? avhvmp&m pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; axmufyHhay;&Hk/ enf;AsL[mESifhacgif;aqmifr_qdkif&m bmom&yfrsm; ESifh ywfoufaomoifwef;/ aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;ðyay;&HkESifh rvHkavmufao;yg? tjcm;aom v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rS vli,ftkyfpkrsm;. 0g&ifh &Jabmfa[mif;rsm;ESifh awG@qHkI ‚if;wdk@. atmifjrifr_/ usqHk;r_rsm;udkvnf; avhvmapoifhygonf? yk*~dKvfa&;tawG@ tñuHonf q&maumif;wpfOD; jzpfouJhodk@/ tjcm;olrsm;. tawG@tñuHudk avhvmjcif;onf/ ay;qyf&onfhwefzdk; ydkI enf;ygonf? wpfcsufjcif;pDtwGuf/ vdktyfr_&SdI awmif;qdkaom u|rf;usifr_/ todynmESifh ywfoufI taumif;qHk;aom oifwef; t&if;tjrpfrsm;&&Sd&ef/ OD;pm;ay; tpDtpOfrsm;owfrSwfI a&G;cs,fawmif;qdkEdkif=uygonf? qdkvdkonfrSm/ t=urf;rzuf wdkufyGJrsm;wGif yg0ifv_yf&Sm;cJhzl;ol &Jabmfa[mif;wdkif;/ oifwef;ay;&ef/ t=uH^m%f&,l&eftwGuf taumif;qHk; r[kwfyg? xda&mufaom oifwef;q&mrsm;ESifh t=uHay;rsm;jzpfatmif rnfodk@ pGrf;aqmifrnfenf;? t=uH^m%frsm;ESifh oifwef;taxmuftyHhrsm;twGuf awmif;cH&yfrsm;udk ulnDay;&ef/ todynmESifh u|rf;usifr_rsm; tqifoifh&Sdaeonfhwdkif/ xda&mufpGm ydk@csay;Edkif&ef/ u|Efkyfwdk@. oifwef;q&mrsm;wGif rnfodk@aom u|rf;usifr_rsm;ESifh t&nftcsif;rsm; &Sdaeoifhonfudk u|Efkyfwdk@ pOf;pm;&ygvrd fhrnf? ‚if;oifwef;q&mrsm;twGuf vdktyfaom tcsKd@t&nf tcsif;ESifh u|rf;usifr_rsm;rSm/ 1? aumif;rGefpGm em;axmifwwfol/ avhvmwwfoljzpfjcif;/

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)108

owif;vufcH,ljcif;onf/ owif;ay;jcif;enf;wl ta&;}uD;vSygonf? oifwef;om;rsm; ,cifu wifóudodxm; r_rsm;/ tkyfpktvdkuf ar#mfrSef;csufrsm;udk odjcif;/ vuf&Sdwifjyaeaom bmom&yf. atmifjrifr_ESifh ywfoufI jyefvnfwHk@jyefcsufrsm;udk &,ljcif;/ ponftm;jzifh wefzdk;&Sdaom tcsdefrsm; tavtvGifh rjzpf&efumuG,fEdkifyg onf? tawG@tñuH&Sdaom oifwef;q&mrsm;ESifh t=uHay;rsm;onf/ ‚if;wdk@ yk&d\wf. rsufvHk;csif; qufoG,fr_ rsm;ESifh udk,f[efjybmompum;rsm;udk ta&;yga=umif;udk oabmayguf=uygonf? oifcef;pm acwWem;aepOf tcsdeftwGif;wGif/ vufaxmufwpfa,mufxm;I/ ‚if;u wifjyr_yHkpHudk jyifqif&eftwGuf tkyfpkrsm;xHrS xifjrif ,lqcsufrsm;udk pkaqmif;&ef/ aocsmem;rvnfcJhaom acgif;pOfrsm;udk jyefvnf&Sif;jy&ef/ vwfwavm xdktkyfpk u pdwf0ifpm;aeaom acgif;pOfodk@ ausmfI &Sif;jy&efodEdkifv#if/ vGefpGm tusKd;&Sdygonf? t=uHay;ESifh oifwef; q&mwdk@onf/ tcsdefwdkif;vdkvdk pum;ajymae&ef rvdktyfay? acwW tcdkuftwef@ qdwfqdwfaevdkufjcif;onf tjcm;olrsm; pum;ajymEdkif&ef tcGifhtvrf; zGifhay;onfhES,f jzpfEdkifygonf? oifwef;om;rsm;u ajymqdkcsufrsm; onf ta&;ygonfhta=umif; jzpfEdkifygonf? odk@r[kwf t=uHay; odk@r[kwf oifwef;q&mrsm; ajym=um;rnfh ta=umif; jzpfaeEdkifygonf? oifwef;om;rsm;/ wifóudod&Sdavhvmxm;csufESifh ywfoufI/ (1992) ckESpf/ aESmif;ydkif;wGif a'gufwm*sif;&Syf onf/ jrefrmtwdkuftcHtkyfpkrsm;. awmwGif;XmecsKyfjzpfaom/ rme,fyavmodk@ oGm;a&mufvnfywfcJhygonf? ,if;tkyfpkonf r=umao;rDuyif/ r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ESifhywfoufaom oabmw&m; rsm;udk rdwfqufxm;cJh+yD; jzpfonf? aumvdyfygarmuQwpfa,mufjzpfol oifwef;om;wpfOD;ESifh a'gufwm*sif;&Syf udk rdwfqufay;aomtcg/ tmvmyovmy ajymqdk&rnfhtpm;/ xdkygarmuQonf *sif;&Syf. “t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_. EdkifiHa&;”oHk;tkyfwGJpmtkyfwGif yg0ifaom/ tao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm;udk &kwfw&uf}uD; aqG;aEG; vmcJhonf? ,if;pmtkyfrsm;udk ygarmuQu vGefcJhonfh wpfESpfxufru tcsdefu zwfxm;cJh+yD; jzpfonf? t=uHay;wpfOD;awmif;cHxm;onfh tcsdefESifh t=uHay;r_vufawG@vkyfaqmifonfhtcsdef=um;wGif/ jzpf&yfrsm;pGm jzpfay:wdk;wuf+yD; jzpfaeEdkifygonf? xdk@a=umifh yxrOD;qHk;aom aqG;aEG;&rnfh ta=umif;t&monf/ t=uH^m%f &,l&ef pDpOfxm;onfh tkyfpkujzpfap/ tjcm;tkyfpkrsm;xHrSjzpfap vuf&Sdtajctaeqdkif&m tusOf;csKyfudk &Sif;jy rdwfqufay;&ef jzpfonf? t=uHay;r_taejzifh t"dutm&Hkpl;pdkuf&rnfhta=umif;onf/ ‘jzpfpOfrsm;rS xkwfE_wf,l jcif;’(OBE = overtaken by event) ESifh aemufxyf OD;pm;ay;r_topfrsm; &SmazGowfrSwfjcif;yif jzpfygonf? acgif;pOfrsm;udk jyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;ESifh t=uHay;rsm;u rnfodk@aom tcsuftvufrsm;udk u|rf;usifaocsmpGm &Sif;vif;Edkifrnf[k qHk;jzwf+yD;aomtcg/ t=uHay;jcif;udpPtwGuf aqG;aEG;&rnfh acgif;pOfrsm;udk jyefvnfjyifqif tacsmowfjcif; +yD;+yD jzpfygonf? rlvawmif;cHxm;r_ESihf qufEG,faom acgif;pOfrsm;twGuf jyifqifvmcJhaom rSwfpkrsm;udk xdktzGJ@rsm;vufwGif csefxm;&pfEdkifygonf? tu,fI rwlnDaom t=uHay;rsm; vkdtyfyguvnf;/ xdkudpPESifh ywfoufI u|rf;usifolrsm;udk rnfonfhae&mwGif &&SdEdkifonf[laom t=uHay;csufjzifhom/ ajz&Sif; t=uHay;oifhygonf? 2? rwlnDaom ,Ofaus;r_rsm;t=um; qufqHa&;udpPrsm;udk yg;eyfpGm od&Sdem;vnfjcif;? oifwef;q&mrsm;tm;vHk;vdkufem&rnfh tajccHtcsuf tcsKd@&Sdygonf? Oyrm/ oifwef;om;rsm;onf ‚if;wdk@. udk,fydkiftawG@tñuHrsm;ESifh 0ef;usift& wifjyaepOfwGif/ owif;tcsuftvufrsm; xGufay:vmwwfygonf? tu,fI Oyrmay;r_rsm;onf oifwef;q&mtoHk;ðyrnfh tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh qufEG,fr_&dSaeygu/ oifwef; q&mu ,if;odk@ajymqdkr_udk t&dSefjrifhay;&rnf jzpfonf? wpfcgw&HwiG f pum;jyefolonf rqdkoavmufom odaom bmom&yftwGuf/ ac:,ltoHk;ðyjcif; jzpfwwfonf? xdk@a=umifh pum;jyefolu ,if;oifcef;pmudk “ydk@csaejcif;” yHkpH rjzpfap&ef wdusaom tajccHpnf;urf;owfrSwfcsufrsm; xm;&rnf? tjzpftysufwpfckwGif oifwef;om;rsm;ajymaom bmompum;udk txdkuftavsmuf u|rf;usifaom oifwef;q&m&dScJh+yD;/ ‚if;. bmompum;u|rf;usifr_udk pum;jyefodk@ todray;yJ xm;cJhonf? bmom&yfESifh tu|rf;w0if&dSyHkay:aom xdkpum;jyefonf bmom&yfay:wGif oifwef;q&m. tjrifudk ajym&rnfhtpm;/ ol@. udk,fykdiftjrifrsm;udk xnfhI pwifajymvmcJhonf? xdkpum;jyefudk csufcsif;qdkovdkyif z,f&Sm;apcJhonf? 3/ jyifqifxm;aom oif&dk;!$ef;wef;xufydkI/ bmom&yfudk avhvmod&Sdxm;jcif;? Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)109

oifwef;q&mrsm;u ar;cGef;rsm;udk ajzqdkjcif;ESifh oif=um;r_. &nfrSef;csufrsm; atmifjrif&ef xyfrHtm;jznfh aqmif&Gufjcif;onf ta&;}uD;ygonf? “q&mjzpfoifwef;” tpDtpOfwGif ta&;}uD;aom tm;enf;csufwpfck &dSaeygonf? (2) }udrf/ (3) }udrf xyfausm+h yD;onfh aemufydkif;wGif/ tawG@tñuHt&/ oifwef;q&mrsm;onf ‚if; wdk@jyifqifxm;aom oif&dk;!Gef;wrf;xufydkI/ ar;cGef;rsm;udk jynfhjynfh00 rajzEdkif=uay? odk@twGufa=umifh/ oif wef;q&mrsm;onf ynm&Siftqifhjzifh bmomjyefxm;aom/ prf;oyfppfaq;r_cH+yD;aom/ pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;udk &&SdavhvmEdkifjcif; &Sdoifhonf? wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif rnfuJhokd@aom u|rf;usifr_ynm&Sif e,fy,fwdkif;wGifrqdk/ ajym prSwf wpfck&dSygonf? “usaemfawmh 'Dtar;udk rajzEdkifyg? usaemfpOf;pm; yg&apOD;/ +yD;awmh cifAsm;udk usaemf tajz jyefay;yghr,f?” [lI jzpfonf? 4? oif=um;avhvmr_ rnfuJhokd@ jzpfay:zGH@òzd;vmonfudk em;vnfjcif;? pmzwfjcif;/ em;axmifjcif;ESifh udk,fwdkifðyvkyfjcif; (odk@r[kwf tm;vHk;udk a&maxG;aqmif&Gufjcif;) wdk@rSwqifh &&dSaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifjcif;udk/ tao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm;jzifh oufaojyIr& aomfvnf;/ vltrsm;a,bk,sodjrifr_t& vltrsm;yg0ifaqmif&Gufapjcif;tm;jzifh/ pmtkyfrsm;ESihf oifcef;pm rsm;rS ol&&dSaom tod^m%fudk ydkItm;jznfh rSwfrdapygonf? xdk@a=umifh jzpfEdkifygu oifwef;q&mwpfOD;onf ol.wifjyaqG;aEG;csufrsm;udk/ jzpfEdkifaom tajctaewdkif;wGif rsufpdjzifhjrifEdkifaomtul/ odk@r[kwf vufawG@ avhusifhcef;rsm;xnfhoGif;I ydkrSwfrdap&ef vkyfaqmifay;&ef/ vdktyfygonf? ppfoifwef;enf;jya[mif;wpfOD;wGif oifjyenf;aumif;wpfck&dS+yD;/ ‚if;udk oifwef;q&mrsm;tm;vHk; vdkufemusifhoHk;Edkifygonf? “olwkd@udk cifAsm; bm ajymawmhr,fhta=umif;udk t&ifajymyg? +yD;awmh olwdk@udk ajymjyyg? +yD;awmh cifAsm; cifAsm;ajymcJhwJhta=umif; awGudk olwdk@udk jyefajymcdkif;yg?” [lI jzpfonf? t=uHay;olwpfOD;onf/ t=uH^m%fawmif;cHvmonfh tkyfpk.ta=umif;udk odxm;oifhonfomruyJ/ xdktkyfpkonf v_yf &Sm;r_twGif; rnfonhfu¾ae&mwGif &dSaeonfudkvnf; odoifhygonf? wenf;qdkygv#if/ Tt=uHay;r_onf oif;uGJtkyfpk wpfcktwGufvm;/ odk@r[kwf/ yifra&pDa=umif;&Sd twdkuftcHv_yf&Sm;r_twGufvm; [lonfudk &Sif;ae&ygrnf? tu,fI v_yf&Sm;r_. xdyfydkif;acgif;aqmifrsm;. oabmwlnDcsuf/ axmufcHtm;ay;r_rsm;jzifh Toifwef;udkpDpOfonfqdkv#iftwdkif; txuftvGef jzpfygonf? tpnf;ta0;wpfck pDpOfEkdifygu/ t=uHay;olonf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. oabmobm0 tusOf;udk wifjyEdkifI/ ToDtdk&Dudk tjcm;aom t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJrsm;wGif toHk;ðycJhyHkudk rdwfqufay;Edkifygonf? tu,fI t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ESifh ywfoufI jzpfEkdifacsrsm;udk tcsKd@u oHo,&dSaeao;ygu/ “ueOD;vkyfief;prf;oyf pDrHcsuf” wpfck ðyvkyf&ef t=uHay;oifhygonf? okd@rSomv#if v_yf&Sm;r_acgif;aqmif;rsm;u av;pm;r_&Sdaom/ v_yf&Sm;aqmif &Gufolrsm;. tuJjzwfcsufudk tjcm;acgi;f aqmifrsm; =um;Edkif=urnf jzpfonf? &dk;&Sif;vSygonf? tu,fI acgif;aqmif ydkif;u t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_onf jzpfEdkifacs&dSaom a&G;cs,fr_wpfckjzpfonf[lI/ vufrcHygu/ xdkv_yf&Sm;r_onf ‚if;. &nfrSef;csufrsm; txajrmufatmifjrifap&ef/ vdktyfcsufrsm;jzpfaom aiGa=u;qdkif&mESifh t&nftcsif;&dSaom vlyk*~dKvfrsm;/ ponfh t&if;tjrpfrsm; &&dSvdrfhrnf r[kwfay? twdkuftcHacgif;aqmifrsm;u todtrSwfrðycif tcsdefwGifyifv#if/ tm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;onf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. udkifv_yfEdkifaom +cdrf;ajcmufr_tEWm&,f twdkif;twmudk todtrSwfðyxm;=uygonf? yxrOD;ydkif; au'grsm;twGuf oifwef;ay;jcif;udk vlod&Sif=um; xkwfaz:jcif;rðy&ef owdxm;&vdrfhrnf? oifwef;enf;jyrsm;onf oifwef;vma&muf wufaom oifwef;om;rsm;tm;vHk;. trnfudk od&ef rvdktyfyg? ‚if;tpm;/ tcsKd@tajctaersm;wGif oifwef;udka&muf &dSonfESifh ‘trnf0Suf’rsm;om azmfjyIrdwfqufapoihfonf? trnf&if;rsm;udk oifwef;enf;jyrsm;u rodEdkifay? odk@ r[kwf ,cifu rqHkcJhzl;=uaom ausmif;om;rsm;tcsif;csif;vnf; ajc&maumufI &Ekdifawmhrnf r[kwfay? 42 tajctaecGifhðyygu/ oifwef;q&mrsm;ESifh t=uHay;olrsm;onf/ oifwef;om;tkyfpkESifh twlwuGaexdkifapoifhygonf? odk@rSom oifwef;cef;rtjyifzuf/ tm;vyfcsdefrsm;wGif vlr_a&;t& aygif;oif;xdawG@r_rsm; ðyvkyfEkdifrnf jzpfonf? wenf;

pma&;olu ta0;ajrwpfae&mwGif aqmif&GufcJhzl;aomoifwef;rsm;rS/ ausmif;om;rsm;. trnfrsm;udk rSwfwrdaeygao;onf? odk@aomf ‘tdkoJvdk’/ ‘b&dkuf’/ ‘Zl;vl;’/ ‘&dkrD,dk’/ ‘*|ef uae'D’ pojzifhom emrnf0Sufrsm;jzifh rSwfrdaejcif; jzpfygonf? TtcsufESifh rqdkifyJ/ xdkae&mwGif ‘a¹rGowform;’ wpfOD;vnf; &Sdygao;onf? ol. rSwfwrf;t&/ wpfae@wnf;wGif a¹rG (6) aumif owfcJhygonf? Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)110

qdk&aomf/ oifwef;q&mrsm;udk tvG,fwul csnf;uyfEdkifonf? wpfcgw&HwGif todynmzvS,fjcif;onf “tvkyfem; csdef” twGif;Y ydkI xda&mufr_ &dSwwfygonf?

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tjcm; aemufqHk; pOf;pm;&rnfhtcsufrsm; r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wpfckudk qifE$J&efupd PESifh/ ‚if;udk taumiftxnfazmfaqmifr_ aemufuG,fwGif jzpf ay:vmaom vlxktm%m oDtkd&Drsm;udk/ oD;oef@ vufa&G;pif vlwpfpktwGufom[k usOf;ajrmif;pGm rpOf;pm;oifhyg? r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_udk/ tpdk;&. zdESdyfr_xGefwHk;atmufrS vGwfajrmufvdkol tm;vHk;u toHk;csEdkif aom/ em;vnfEdkifaom bmom&yfwpfcktjzpf todtrSwf ðy&ygvrd fhrnf? tm%m&SifrS ‚if;wdk@udk zdESdyf&mwGif toHk;ðy xm;aom tm%mt&if;tjrpftm;vHk;udk/ jynfolrsm;u ydkifqdkifxm;onfukd/ jynfolrsm;u &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; odjrif oabmaygufxm;&ef vdktyfygonf? xdkjynfolrsm;uyif pkaygif;nDnmpGmjzifh tkyfcsKyfolrsm;xHodk@ay;tyfaeaom tm%m t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk jzwfawmufEdkif+yD;/ vGwfajrmufa&;udk az:aqmifEdkif=urnf jzpfonf? ,ckpmtkyf. yifr&nf&G,fcsufrSm/ pmzwfolrsm;tm; r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_tajccH oabmw&m;ESifh ‚if;wdk@udk vufawG@usifhoHk;yHkrsm;udk tusOf;csKyfaqG;aEG;wGif rdwfqufwifjyEdkif&ef jzpfygonf? twdtusvdkufem&ef vrf; !$efrsKd; r[kwfyg? odk@aomf zdESdyfr_rsm;udk tqHk;owfapEdkif&ef/ {&mrtiftm;}uD;rm;vSaom jynfolvlxk.tm%mudk rnf uJhokd@ xdef;ausmif;toHk;csEdkifrnf[laom pOf;pm;aom csnf;uyfr_wpfckqdkv#if ydkI rSefuefygonf? vufeufudkifwdkufyGJESifh vufeufrJhwdkufyGJt=um; wlnDcsufrsm;&Sdaeonfudk awG@cJh=u&ygonf? odk@aomf &nf&G,fcsuf&dS&dSjzifh tm&Hkydkpdkufxm;aom tydkif;rSm/ vHk;0vufrcHEdkifp&m wlnDr_wpfck jzpfaumif;jzpfEdkifaom/ qHk;jzwfcsufcsaomtydkif;ESifh pDrHudef;a&;qGJaomtydkif; wGif pepfwuscsnf;uyfr_rsm;udk csrSwfusifhoHk;&efyif jzpfygonf? oifhavsmfaumif;rGefaom r[mAsL[mwpfckonf v_yf&Sm; r_wpfcktwGuf &nfrSef;csufrsm; xajrmufatmifjrifap&ef/ OD;wnfcsufrsm;ESifh OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Guf&rnfh udpPrsm;udk azmf xkwfay;+yD;/ tcGihftvrf;topfrsm;/ okd@r[kwf/ pdefac:r_topfrsm;udk ausmfv$m;Edkif&eftwGuf tpDtpOfrsm;udk xdef;nd‡&m wGifvnf; ðyvG,fjyifvG,fr_udk jzpfapygonf? vufiif;tajctaeay:wGifr_wnfI/ óudwifjyifqifxm;aom tpDtpOfwGif/ tajymif;tvJrsm; vkyf&efvdktyfaeaomtajctaewGif/ rlv tpDtpOftwdkif; txufu!$ef=um;csufudk vdkufem&rnf [laom trdef@ay;r_onf rSm;,Gif;ygonf? Todk@ ajymif;vJvkyfaqmif&efrSm obm0usygonf? odk@aomf oifhavsmfaumif; rGefaom r[mAsL[m/ tar#mftjrif}uD;rm;aom pDrHudef;wpf&yfESifh ckdifrmaom acgif;aqmifr_onf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ wpfckudk/ xdkuJhokd@aom xdef;nd‡r_rsm; vsifvsifjrefjref aqmif&GufapEdkif+yD;/ wpfzuf&efoludkvnf; udk,fhtvdkusppfajrjyif/ wdkufenf;jzifh a&G;cs,fwdkufEdkifapygonf? xdkuJhodk@aom acgif;aqmifr_ESifh r[mAsL[monf/ rnfodk@aom t=urf;rzufv_yf &Sm;r_rsKd;wGifrqdk/ wrlxl;jcm;aom&v'frsm;xGufay:apatmif/ qHk;jzwfaqmif&GufEdkifygonf?

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aemufqufwGJ tcef; 1

t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rS ta&;ygaom/ pum;vHk;rsm;. cufqpfteuft"dy`g,f Accomodation

vdkufavsmaphpyfjcif;? ? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. ajymif;vJr_qdkif&m vkyfief;pOf ,EW&m;wpfck jzpfonf? qef@usifzuf tiftm;pkrsm;u jy\emudkajz&Sif;=u&mwGif/ t=urf;rzufckcHolrsm;. awmif;qdkr_ wpfpHkw&mudk vufcH vdkufavsm&ef/ tay;t,lðyvkyf&ef ‚if;wdk@Y a&G;cs,fEdkifcGifh &dSaeao;aomtcsdefwGif/ ajz&Sif;yHkjzpfonf? qef@usifzuftiftm;pkrsm; tae jzifh/ ‚if;wdk@. tjrifudk ajymif;vJjcif;r&SdyJ/ odk@r[kwf t=urf;rzufaomenf;rsm;jzifh tusyfudkifzdtm;ay;jcif;cHrae&onfh tcsdefwGifvnf; vdkufavsmaphpyfjcif; jzpfay:wwfonf? odk@aomf ‚if;wdk@u tay;t,lðyI ajz&Sif;jcif;onf/ vdkvm;onfh &vm'fjzpfay:Edkifonf[k qHk;jzwfonfhtcsdefwGif vdkufavsmaphpyfjcif; jzpfay:Edkifonf? vdkufavsmaphpyfjcif;onf =oZm wpfpHkw&ma=umifhjzpfEdkif+yD;/ tu,fI qufvufajymif;vJygu/ pdwfajymif;vmI ajymif;vJr_/ t=urf;rzufenf;t& tusyfudkifzdtm;ay;jcif;/ odk@r[kwf qef@usifzuftiftm;pkrsm;. pepfqdkif&m/ odk@r[kwf tpdk;&udk òyduGJapjcif;rsm;udkvnf;/ OD;wnfaumif;OD;wnfvmEdkifaponf? Authority

=oZmtm%m? ? vlyk*~dKvftcsKd@/ odk@r[kwf tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. w&m;r#wr_qdkif&mqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;/ qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;/ t}uH ðycsufrsm;ESifh trdef@ay;r_rsm;ESifhqdkifonfh t&nftaoG;jzpfonf? tjcm;olrsm;u tcGifhta&;wpfckuJhokd@ qENtavsmuf Todk@t&nftaoG;wnf&Sdaeonfudk vufcH=ujyD;/ emcHr_/ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;jzifh taumiftxnfay:apatmif aqmif&Gufay;=uonf? tm%m&dSjcif;onf EdkifiHa&;tm%m. t"du t&if;tjrpfwpfckjzpfonf? okd@aomfvnf;/ wxyf wnf; rusay? Boycott

oydwfarSmufjcif;? ? vlr_a&;t&aomfvnf;aumif;/ pD;yGg;a&;t&aomfvnf;aumif;/ odk@r[kwf EdkifiHa&;t&aomfvnf; aumif; ylaygif;aqmif&Gufr_ rðyjcif;/ Civic abstention

EdkifiHom;rsm;u rJray;jcif;? ? EdkifiHa&;t& ylaygif;aqmif&Gufr_ rðyaom vkyf&yfrsm;uJhokd@/ t"dy`g,fwlpum;&yfjzpfonf? Civic action

EdkifiHom;rsm;. v_yf&Sm;r__? ? EdkifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufrsm;twGuf vkyfaqmifaom t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_uJhodk@aom v_yf&Sm;r_ rsm;twGuf/ t"dy`g,fwlpum;&yf jzpfonf? Civic defiance

EdkifiHom;rsm;. tm%mzDqefr_? ? EdkifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufrsm;twGufvkyfaqmifaom/ t=urf;rzufqENjyjcif;/ ckcHjcif;/ odk@ r[kwf 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;wdk@uJhodk@aom wufºuGpGmaqmif&Guf=uonfh v_yf&Sm;r_jzpfonf? Civic resistance

EdkifiHom;rsm;. ckcHr_? ? EdkifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufrsm;twGuf aqmif&Gufaomt=urf;rzufonfhawmfvSefa&;ESifh tvm;wl pum;&yfjzpfonf? Civic strike

EdkifiHom;rsm;. oydwf? ? EdkifiHa&;ta=umif;jycsuft& pD;yGg;a&;&yfqdkfif;jcif;uJhodk@aom v_yf&Sm;r_jzpfonf? Tv_yf&Sm; r_wGif tvkyform;rsm;oydwfwGif yg0ifqifEGJonfomru/ ausmif;om;rsm;/ ynm&Sirf sm;/ aps;onfrsm;/ 0efxrf;rsm; (tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm; tygt0if) ESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;txufv$mrsm;yg yg0ifEdkifonf?

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Civil disobedience

vlxktm%mzDqefr_? ? Oya'rsm;/ Oya'uJhodk@ tm%mwnfaomtrdef@rsm;/ pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;/ ppfwyf odk@r[kwf &JwyfzGJ@rsm;uay;aom trdef@rsm;ESifh tvm;wludpPrsm;udk/ jidfrf;csrf;aomenf;jzifh &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sd csdK;azmufjcif;jzpfonf? ,if;Oya'rsm;onf yHkrSeftm;jzifh usifh0wfESifhrudkufnDaom/ w&m;r#wr_r&dSaom/ odk@r[kwf zdESdyfaomt&mrsm;tjzpf owfrSwfxm;=uonfh Oya'rsm;jzpfonf? odk@aomf wpfcgw&HwGif/ ydkrdkus,fjyef@aom tpdk;&.rl0g'rsm;udk uef@uGuf a=umif;jyoonfhtaejzifh/ a,bk,stm;jzifh pnf;urf;xdef;odrf;r_qdkif&mOya'rsm;/ usifh0wfydkif;qdkif&mt& oifhwifhr#w aomOya'rsm;udkvnf;/ oauFwoabmaqmifI remcHjiif;y,fjcif; ðy=uonf? Conversion

pdwfajymif;vJr_? ? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ qifEGJaeaomolrsm;tay:/ qef@usifzuftiftm;pkrsm;u oabmxm;tjrif ajymif;vJvmjcif; jzpfonf? ‚if;wdk@u t=urf;rzufa&;v_yf&Sm;ol tkyfpkrsm;. &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk vufcHoifhonf[k ,Hk =unfvm=ujcif; jzpfonf? Ttcsufonf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. ajymif;vJjcif;enf;em (4) cktxJrS wpfckjzpfonf? Disintegration

òyduGJjcif;? ? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. (4) ckaom/ ajymif;vJjcif;enf;emteuf wpfckjzpfonf? qef@usifzuftiftm;pkonf tusyfudkif zdtm;ay;jcif; cHae&&Hkoufoufr[kwfyJ/ ‚if;wdk@. pepf odk@r[kwf tpdk;&onfvnf;/ vltrsm; us,fus,fjyef@ jyef@ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_rðyvkyfjcif;/ tmcHjcif;wdk@a=umifh wppDòyduGJ ysufpD;oGm;apjcif; jzpfonf? tm%mt&if;tjrpfrsm; udk ryl;aygif;raqmif&Gufjcif;enf;jzifh uef@owfydwfqdk@xm;vdkufjyD;/ tjrifhqHk;tajctaewGif qef@usifzuftiftm;pk. pepf odk@r[kwf tpdk;&udkvnf; òydvJoGm;apawmhonf? Economic shut-down

pD;yGg;a&;t& &yfqdkif;xm;jcif;? ? òrd@wpfòrd@/ a'owpfck ESihf wdkif;jynfwpfcktwGif; pD;yGg;a&;t& vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;/ vHk avmufaomtwdkif;twmwpfcktxd tausmao&yfqdkif;oGm;ap&ef/ pD;yGg;a&;t&vkyfief;rsm; qdkif;iHhydwfxm;jcif; jzpf onf? Todk@aom v_yf&Sm;r_udk EdkifiHa&;&nf&G,fcsuftwGuf aqmif&Gufavh&Sdonf? T&vm'frsKd;udk tvkyform;rsm;. taxGaxGoydwrf sm;a=umifh jzpfay:apEdkif+yD;/ pDrHcef@cGJr_/ pD;yGg;a&;ESifh ul;oef;a&mif;0,f a&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ aps;qkdifi,frsm;u ‚if;wdk@. vkyfief;rsm;udk ydwfxm;Edkifonf? pD;yGg;a&;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk &yfqdkfif; xm;Edkifonf? Freedom (political)

vGwfvyfr_ (EdkifiHa&;t&)? ? vlwpfOD;csif;t&aomfvnf;aumif;/ tkyfpkwpfpkcsif;t&aomfvnf;aumif;/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf; ESifh EdkifiHa&;pepf. vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;tay: qHk;jzwfcsufcs&mY yg0ifvmEdkifap&ef/ vGwfvyfpGm a&G;cs,fydkifcGifhESifh vkyf aqmifEdkifcGifhudk cGifhðyaom EdkifiHa&;tajctaewpfck jzpfonf? Grand Strategy

t*~AsL[m? ? yÉdyuQwpfcktwGif;/ a&G;cs,fxm;aom v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;jzifh/ &nfrSef;csuu f dk rnfuJhokd@ t&,lrnf[laom us,fjyef@onfh oabmw&m;yif jzpfonf? Tt*~r[mAsL[mu/ yÉdyuQwpfcktwGif; &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk atmifjrifap&ef tzGJ@tpnf;. oifhavsmaf om/ tqifhoifh&&dSEdkifaom t&if;tjrpfrsm;tm;vHk; (vlom;/ EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGg;a&;/ usifh0wfa&;&m/ ponfjzifh) udk yl;aygif;qufpyf/ xdef;nd‡uGyfuJjcif;udk vkyfaqmifonf? v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;wpfckvHk; atmifjrifap&eftwGuf/ vufatmufcHtqifhrsm;Y/ t*~AsL[mtwGif;/ avsmfuefaom&nf&G,fcsufrsm; twGuf tuef@towfjzifhtoD;oD;aom r[mAsL[mrsm;udk xnfhoGif;toHk;ðyEdkifonf? Grievance group

epfem&aomtkyfpk? ? a,bk,sjynfolvlxk.tkyfpkrsm;jzpf+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@. epfemcsufrsm;udk yÉdyuQwpfcktwGif;/ jy\emrsm; tjzpf toHk;ðyEdkifjyD;/ t=urf;rzufa&;v_yf&Sm;olrsm;u u|rf;usifvdrfrmpGm wdkufyGJtwGuf toHk;ðyEdkifonf? Human Resources

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vlom;t&if;tjrpf? ? Tae&mwGif ‚if;pum;&yfonf/ “ tkyfpdk;ol ” (EdkifiHawmftm%mudk xdef;csKyf!$ef=um;aeaom tkyfpk) rsm;udk emcHaeaom vlyk*~dKvfrsm;ESifh tkyfpkrsm; ta&twGufudk qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf? xdkolrsm;onf tkyfpdk;olwdk@. qENrsm; taumiftxnfay:&eftwGuf/ ylaygif;yg0ifjcif;/ taxmuftulðyjcif;rsm; ðyvkyfay;=uonf? a,bk,s jynfol vlxktwGif;/ xdkuJhokd@aom vlOD;a&ESihf tkyfpkrsm;. tcsdK;tpm;vnf; yg0ifonf? xdk@tjyif ‚if;wdk@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. twdkif;tq/ zGJ@pnf;xm;yHk/ ‚if;wdk@.vGwfvyfwnf&Sdaer_vnf; yg0ifonf? tkyfpdk;ol. tm%monf xdkuJhokd@aom vlom; t&if;tjrpfrsm;. vuf0,f&&dSaer_ESifh oufqdkifaeonf? Ttcsufonf EkdifiHa&;tm%m t&if;tjrpfrsm;txJrS wpfck jzpfonf? Material Resources

&kyf0xˆKt&if;tjrpf? ? Ttcsufonfvnf; EdkifiHa&;tm%m t&if;tjrpfrsm;txJrS tcsufwpfcsufjzpfonf? ‚if;a0g [m&onf ydkifqdkifr_/ obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;/ aiGa=u;qdkif&m t&if;tjrpfrsm;/ pD;yGg;a&;pepf/ qufoG,fa&;vrf;a=umif;rsm; ESifh vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;pepfrsm;udkvnf; &nf!$ef;onf? tkyfpdk;ol xdef;csKyfEdkifjcif;/ rxdef;csKyfEdkifjcif; twdkif;twmudk az:jyae+yD;/ tkyfpdk;oltm%m. yrm% odk@r[kwf tuef@towfudk qHk;jzwfay;onf? Mechanisms of Change

ajymif;vJjcif; jzpfpOf,EB&m;? ? atmifjrifaom t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_jzpf&yfrsm;rS/ tajymif;tvJudk jzpfay:apcJhaom ajymif;vJyHk jzpfpOfrsm;jzpfonf? Todk@ajymif;vJjcif;jzpfpOf,EW&m; (4) ckrSm pdwfajymif;vJjcif;/ vdkufavsmaphpyfjcif;/ t=urf; rJh tusyfudkifzdtm;ay;jcif; ESifh òyduGJjcif;wdk@jzpfonf? Methods

enf;emrsm;? ? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. enf;vrf;rsm;twGif;rS/ twdtus v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm; jzpfonf? ,cktcsdef xd enf;emaygif; (200) eD;ygudk owfrSwfazmfxkwfEdkifcJh+yD; jzpfonf? t"du trsKd;tpm; (3) ck cGJjcm;Edkifonf? ‚if;wdk@rSmt=urf;rzufqENjyjcif;ESifh qGJaqmifjcif;/ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_rðyjcif; (vlr_a&;/ pD;yGg;a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;udpPrsm;wGif)/ ESifh t=urf;rzuf 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcifwkd@ jzpfonf? Noncooperation

yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_rðyvkyfjcif;? ? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. enf;emrsm;/ trsm;pkwGif yg0if+yD;/ rdrdaxmufcHr_r&Sdaom vlyk*~dKvf/ vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ odk@r[kwf tpdk;&rsm;udk/ wrifwum &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sd uef@owfcsufrsm; ðyvkyfjcif;/ tquftqH jzwfawmufjcif;ESifh vlr_a&;/ pD;yGg;a&; odk@r[kwf EkdifiHa&;t& ylaygif;aqmif&Gufr_rsm; (tm;vHk;udk a&maESmIvnf; toHk;ðyEkdifonf?) rsm;udk &yfqdkif;xm;jcif; ponfwdk@yg0ifonf? yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ rðyvkyfjcif;udk/ aemufxyftrsKd;tpm;i,f (3) ck cGJjcm;azmfjyEdkif+yD;/ vlr_a&;t& ylaygif;aqmif&Gufr_ rðyvkyfjcif;/ pD;yGg;a&;t& yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_rðyvkyfjcif; (pD;yGg;a&;oydwf ESifh tvkyform;oydwfrsm;) ESifh EdkifiHa&;t& yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ rðyvkyfjcif; ponfwdk@ yg0ifonf? Nonviolence (religious or ethical)

(bmoma&;t& odk@r[kwf usifh0wfa&;&mt&) t=urf;rzufr_? ? bmoma&;t& odk@r[kwf/ usifh0wfa&;&mtajccHrsm; t&/ t=urf;zufvkyfaqmifr_rsm;udk wm;jrpfydwfyifaom/ ,Hk=unfudk;uG,fr_ESifh ðyr_usifh=uHyHktcsKd@ &Sd=uonf? tcsKd@aom udk;uG,f,Hk=unfr_ pepfrsm;wGif/ &kyfydkif;qdkif&mt& t=urf;zufr_udkomru/ &efvdkaom pOf;pm;=uHqcsufESifh pum;vHk;rsm; udkyif wm;jrpfxm;=uonf? tcsKd@udk;uG,f,Hk=unf&mpepfrsm;u qef@usifzuftiftm;pktay:wGif taumif;jrifarwWm xm;&rnfh oabmxm;rsm;/ tðytrlrsm; xm;&dSap&ef oGefoif=ujyD;/ &efol (odk@r[kwf) qef@usifzuf[laom t,ltq udkyif jiif;y,f=uonf? xdkuJhodk@aom ,Hk=unfolrsm;onf vufawG@usaom ta=umif;tcsufrsm;twGuf/ jynfolrsm; yg0ifaeaom t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wGif &Hzef&Hcg yg0ifvmEdkifonf? odk@r[kwf ryg0ifyJvnf; aeEkdifonf? Nonviolent action

t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_? ? &kyfydkif;qdkif&m t=urf;rzufr_rygyJ/ qENjyyGJrsm;/ ckcHwGef;vSefr_rsm;/ =um;0ifpGufzufr_rsm;udk aqmif&Guf=uaom a,bk,senf;emwpfck jzpfonf? TuJhokd@aom v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif/

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(u) y,fcsjcif; - qdkvdkonfrSm v_yf &Sm;olrsm;u ‚if;wdk@ tpOftjrJðyvkyfaeaom/ vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk ðyvkyf&ef jiif;qdkjcif;/ "avhxHk;wef;t& ðyvkyf&ef &dS onfrsm;udk rðyvkyfjcif;/ okd@r[kwf Oya't& (odk@r[kwf) pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;t& vdkufem&efvdktyfonfrsm;udk jiif;qefjcif;? odk@r[kwf/ (c) tcGifhtm%m&,ljcif; - qdkvdkonfrSm v_yf&Sm;olrsm;u ‚if;wdk@ tpOftjrJðyvkyfjcif;r&dSaom vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk ðyvkyfjcif;/ "avhxHk;wef;t& rðyvkyf&onfrsm;udk ðyvkyfjcif;/ okd@r[kwf Oya't& (odk@r[kwf) pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;t& wm;jrpfxm;onfrsm;udk vkyfaqmifjcif;/ odk@r[kwf/ (*) xdkt&mudpPESpfckpvHk; a&maESmtoHk;ðyjcif;? ponfwdk@ yg0ifonf? Tenf;pepfrsm;wGif/ tao;pdwfvkyfaqmifus&aom enf;emtrsm;tjym; yg0if+yD;/ t=urf;rzufqENjyjcif;ESifh qGJaqmif pnf;&Hk;jcif;/ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_rðyvkyfjcif; (vlr_a&;/ pD;yGg;a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;t&) ESifh/ t=urf;rzuf0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif; enf;emrsm; yg0ifonf? Nonviolent Coercion

t=urf;rzuf zdtm;ay;jcif;? ? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_twGif;/ tajymif;tvJjzpfay:apaom jzpfpOf ,EW,m;wpfck jzpf onf? Ttajymif;tvJjzpfpOfudk/ us,fjyef@aom yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_rsm; rðyvkyfjcif;/ tmcHjcif;wkd@jzifh/ tajctaeudkxd a&mufpGm xdef;csKyfxm;Edkif+yD;/ qef@usifzuftiftm;pk. qENryg&SdyJ/ rdrdawmif;qdkr_rsm;udk atmifjrifpGm &,ljcif;yif jzpf onf? odk@aomfvnf; qef@usifzuftiftm;pkrsm;onf/ ‚if;wdk@. w&m;0if&mxl;Xmersm;wGifom qufvuf&dSaeqJjzpfjyD;/ ‚if;wdk@. pepfonfvnf; òyduGJr_ rjzpfay:ao;ay? Nonviolent insurrection

t=urf;rzufykefuefr_? ? wnf&SdaeqJ zdESdyftkyfpdk;aeonf[k ,lqEdkifonfh tpdk;&wpf&yfudk/ vltrsm;u us,fjyef@pGm yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ rðyvkyfjcif;ESifh tm%mzDqefjcif;wdk@jzifh/ wcJeuf EdkifiHa&;t&qef@usiftHkºuGr_/ jzpfonf? Nonviolent intervention

t=urf;rzuf =um;0ifaqmif&Gufr_? ? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. enf;emrsm;twGif; us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ yg0ifaeonfh trsKd; tpm;wpfckjzpfonf? Tenf;vrf;rsm;jzifh yÉdyuQjzpfaeaom tajctaewGif/ qef@usifzuftiftm;pkrsm;. pepfvnfywf r_twGif;/ v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGif;/ t=urf;rzuf wdkuf&dkfuf0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif; jzpfonf? Tenf;vrf;onf oauFw oabmaqmifaom qENjyr_/ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ rðyvkyfjcif;/ yHkpH (2) ckpvHk;ESifh jcm;em;aom enf;emjzpfonf? taESmuf ,Sufay;aom =um;0ifpGufzuffaqmif&Gufjcif;wGif/ &kyfydkif;qdkif&m (xdkifoydwfarSmufjcif;) v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;yg0ifEdkif+yD;/ pdwfydkif; qdkif&m/ vlr_a&;qdkif&m/ pD;yGg;a&;qdkif&mESifh EkdfifiHa&;qdkif&mt& 0ifa&mufpGufzuf=ujcif;vnf; jzpfEkdifonf? Nonviolent protest and persuasion

t=urf;rzuf qENjyjcif;ESifh qGJaqmifjcif;? ? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. enf;emrsm;twGif; us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ yg0ifaeonfh trsKd;tpm;wpfck jzpfonf? Tenf;emrsm;rSm oauFwoabmaqmif+yD;/ uef@uGufqef@usifaom oabmxm;udkazmfjy onfh/ odk@r[kwf qGJaqmifwdkufwGef;onfh/ (Edk;=um;ap&ef v_H@aqmfr_rsm;/ csDwufyGJrsm;/ pDwef;vSnfhvnfyGJrsm;) yg0ifonf? Tv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf E_wft& tjrifrsm;udk xkwfazmfajymqdkjcif;xufydk+yD;/ ryl;aygif; raqmif&Gufjcif; (oydwfrsm;) ESifh t=urf;rzuf =um;0ifpGufzufjcif; (Oyrm- xdkifoydwf) ponfwdk@txdvnf; ra&mufay? Nonviolent struggle

t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_? ? t=urf;rzufaomfvnf; jyif;xefaom enf;vrf;/ aqmif&GufcsufyHkpHrsm;ESifh yÉdyuQudk oHEMdXmefydkif;jzwf qifEGJjcif;? txl;ojzifh t=urf;zufzdESdyfr_jzifh wkH@jyefvmEdkifacs&Sdaeaom/ cdkifrmtm;aumif;I t&if; tjrpfrsm;vnf; aumif;rGefaeaom/ qef@usifzuftiftm;pkrsm;udk awmfvSef&mwGif toHk;ðyonf? Nonviolent weapons

t=urf;rzuf vufeufrsm;? ? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. wdusaomtao;pdwfenf;emrsm;?

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Pillars of support

a'gufwdkifrsm;? ? ‚if;. tm%mpGrf;udk t&Snfojzifh xdef;odrf;Edkif&ef/ csJ@xGifEdkif&eftwGuf/ tm%mt&if;tjrpfrsm; vdktyfaeaom vuf&dStpdk;&udk axmufyHhay;aom/ vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;&dS tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk qdkvkd jcif;jzpfonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- ta&;,l'%fcwfr_udk axmufyHhtm;jznfhay;aom &JwyfzGJ@/ tusOf;axmifrsm;/ ppfwyfrsm;/ tm%mydkifpdk;r_ udk tm;jznfhay;aom usifh0wfa&;&mESifh bmoma&;acgif;aqmifrsm; (w&m;0ifr_udk jzpfaponf?)/ pD;yGg;a&;t&if;tjrpfrsm; udk jznfhqD;ay;aom tvkyform;rsm;/ ukefonfrsm;ESifh &if;ESD;jrK‡yfESHolrsm;/ ponfwdk@ESifh tm%mt&if;tjrpftjzpf owf rSwfazmfjyEdkifaom tvm;wl tiftm;pkrsm; jzpfonf? Political defiance

EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_? ? tm%m&Sifpepfudk òydvJusqHk;oGm;apjyD;/ 'Drdkua&pDpepfopfjzifh jyefvnf tpm;xdk;Edkifap&eftwGuf/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_udk r[mAsL[majrmuftoHk;csr_ jzpfonf? awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm;u/ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ rðyvkyfjcif;ESifh tm%mzDqefjcif;rsm;jzifh/ tzdedyfcH jynfolvlxk. tm%mudk jyefvnftm;aumif;zGH@òzd;vmap&ef v_H@aqmfay;+yD;/ tm%m&Sifpepf. tm%mt&if;tjrpfrsm;udk jzwfawmuf ypf&efEiS hf uef@owfxed ;f csKyf&eftwGuf &nf&G,fonf? Todk@tm%m. t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk tkyfpkrsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u axmufyHhay;ae+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@udk “axmufwdkif”[kac:onf? EdkfifiHa&;tefwkr_udk atmifjrifpGm toHk;csEdkifaomtcgwGif/ vuf&dStpdk;&u qufvuftkyfcsKyf&efrjzpfEdkifawmhonfhtjyif/ tem*gwfwGifvnf; tm%m&Sifrsm;u wdkif;jynfudk quf vuftkyfcsKyfxm;&ef rjzpfEdkifawmhyg? xdktwGufa=umifh Tv_yf&Sm;r_u 'Drdkua&pDpepfwpfckudk umuG,fapmifha&Smufay; +yD;/ jzpfEdkifacs&dSaom tem*gwf jcdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;udkvnf; umuG,fay;Edkifonf? Political jiu-jitsu

EdkifiHa&; odkif;ajymif;jyef (*sL*spfqk)? ? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_twGif;/ tm%mqufqHa&; (csdefcGifv#m) udk ajymif;vJap &ef/ aqmif&Gufv_yf&Sm;Edkifaom txl;vkyfief;pOfwpfck jzpfonf? EdkifiHa&;*sL*spfqkenf;wGif/ t=urf;rzufqef@usifolrsm;udk qef@usifzuftiftm;pkrsm;u/ t=urf;zufacsr_ef;zdESdyfr_rsm;udk EdkifiHa&;t& wefjyefqdk;usKd; jyefvnfjzpfay:ap&ef/ xdk;ESuf toHk;csaom enf;jzpfonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh qef@usifzuftiftm;pkrsm;. EdkifiHa&;&yfwnfcsufudk csdeJ@ap+yD;/ t=urf; rzufqef@usifolrsm;udk ydkrdktm;aumif;aponf? t=urf;zufESdrfeif;r_rsm;udk/ t=urf;zufenf;jzifh rwHk@jyefjcif;/ vufajr‡muf t&H_;ray;yJ/ t=urf;rzufenf;jzifh jyefvnfwHk@jyefaomtcgwGifrSom/ Tenf;udk toHk;ðyEdkifonf? qefhusifzuftiftm;pk rsm;. zdESdyfr_rsm;udk tqdk;0g;qHk;taetxm;tjzpf rD;armif;xdk;jyEdkifonf? odk@twGufa=umifh wwd,tiftm;pkrsm;/ epfem r_cHpm;ae=u&aom omrefjynfolvlxktkyfpkrsm;wGifomru/ qef@usifzuftiftm;pk. yHkrSef axmufcHolrsm;twGif;Yyif oabmxm;tjrifrsm; ajymif;vJoGm;apEdkifonf? Todk@ajymif;vJr_rsm;a=umifh/ qef@usifzuftiftm;pktwGuf axmufcHae r_rsm; ,kwfavsmhapjyD;/ t=urf;rzufwGef;vSefaeolrsm;twGuf axmufcHr_udk ydkrdk&&dSapEdkifonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh &vm'f onf/ qef@usifzuftiftm;pkrsm;tay: tus,ftjyef@&_H@csr_rsm;jzpfapEdkif+yD;/ qef@usifzuftiftm;pkrsm;t=um; twdkuf tcHrsm; ay:aygufvmapjcif;ESifh/ ckcHr_rsm; ydkrdk}uD;xGm;vmapjcif; ponfh aemufqufwGJ tusKd;oufa&mufr_rsm; jzpfay: vmapEdkifonf? wpfcsdefwGif t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ tkyfpkrsm;tay:wGif tav;omaom tm%mqufqHa&; (csdefcGifv#m) udk Tajymif;vJr_rsm;u jzpfay:apEdkifonf? EdkifiHa&;*sL*spfqkenf;udk t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJrsm; tm;vHk;wGif toHk;ðyjcif; r&Sd =uay? ‚if;enf;udk toHk;ðyjcif; r&dSygu tm%mqufqHa&; (csdefcGifv#m) tajymif;tvJjzpfay:ap&eftwGuf/ ryl;aygif; raqmif&Gufjcif; twdkif;tq/ us,fjyef@r_tay:wGifom }uD;}uD;rm;rm; rDScdkae&ayvdrfhrnf? Political power

EdkifiHa&;tm%m? ? vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;wpfcktwGuf w&m;0ifrl0g'rsm;udk taumiftxnfaz:&ef/ qHk;jzwfcsufcs&ef twGuf/ &&SdEdkifaom =oZmoufa&mufr_rsm;ESifh zdtm;rsm; tvHk;pHkudk toHk;ðy=u&onf? EdkifiHa&;tm%mudk tpdk;&Xme/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ toHk;ðyEdkif=uouJhodk@/ twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;/ tpdk;&udk qef@usifaeaomtkyfpkrsm;ESifh tzGJ@tpnf; rsm;uvnf; EdkifiHa&;tm%mudk toHk;ðyEdkif=uonf? yÉdyuQwpfckwGif EdkifiHa&;tm%mudk/ wdkuf&dkfuftoHk;ðyEdkif=uonf? odk@r[kwf aemifwGiftoHk;ðy&eftwGuf/ t&HpGrf;tm;wpfcktjzpf xdef;odrf;aumif;vnf; xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifonf?

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Sanctions

tjypfay; ta&;,lr_rsm;? ? ar#mfvifhxm;onfhtwdkif;/ odk@r[kwf jzpfapvdkaomtwdkif; vlrsm;u vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufjcif; r&Sdonfh twGufa=umifh/ odk@r[kwf ar#mfvifhxm;jcif;r&Sdonfh/ wm;jrpfydwfyifxm;onfh udpPrsm;udk aqmif&Guf=uonfh twGufa=umifh csrSwfaom/ tjypfay;r_/ odk@r[kwf '%fcwfr_jzpfonf? Ttjypfay;/ ta&;,lr_onf t=urf;zufIjzpfEdkif ouJhodk@/ t=urf;rzufyJvnf; jzpfEdkifonf? trdef@remcHjcif;tay: jypf'%fcwfjcif;udk/ t=urf;zufaomenf;jzifh ta&;,l =uonfudk ydkrdk&Sif;vif;jrifom awG@&+yD;/ t=urf;rzufaomenf;udk/ owfrSwfxm;aom &nf&G,fcsufwpfck&&Sdatmif aqmif &Gufjcif;udpPrsm;twGuf ydkIjzpfEdkifygonf? tjypfay;/ ta&;,lr_onf EkdifiHa&;tm%m. t&if;tjrpfwpfckyif jzpfygonf? Self reliance

udk,fxludk,fx? ?rdrd. udk,fydkifta&;udpPrsm;udk rdrdudk,fwdkifpDrHcef@cGJEdkifaom/ rdrd. qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk udk,fwdkif csrSwf Edkifaom t&nftcsif;/ rdrdtwGuf/ rdrdtkyfpktwGuf/ odk@r[kwf rdrdtzGJ@tpnf;twGuf udk,fwdkifaxmufyHh&yfwnfEdkifaom t&nftcsif;/ vGwfvyfr_/ udk,fydkifjyXmef;ydkifcGifhESifh rdrdzmomzlvHk&yfwnfEdkifaom tajctae jzpfonf? Skills and knowledge

u|rf;usifr_ESifh todynm? ? EdkifiHa&;tm%m. t&if;tjrpfwpfck jzpfonf? tkyfpkd;ol. tm%mudk vlr_tzGJ@tpnf; twGif;&Sd vlyk*~dKvfrsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. u|rf;usifr_rsm;/ tod ynmESifh pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_rsm; (vlom;t&if;tjrpf) u axmufyHhay;xm;jcif; jzpfonf? wenf; tkyfcsKyfolrsm;u tvdk&Sdonfhtcg &Edkifaom/ u|rf;usifr_rsm;/ todynmESifh pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_rsm;ESifh tkyfpdk;olwdk@.qufqHa&;udpP jzpfonf? Sources of power

tm%m. t&if;tjrpfrsm;? ? EdkifiHa&;tm%m. rlv&if;jrpf tajccHrsm; &Sdygonf? ‚if;wdk@wGif- tm%musifhoHk;ydkifcGifh/ vlom;t&if;tjrpf/ u|rf;usifr_ESifh todynm/ vufqkyfvufudkfifrjyEdkifaom tcsuftvufrsm;/ &kyf0xˆKt&if;tjrpfrsm;/ tjypfay; ta&;,lr_rsm;/ ponfhtcsufrsm; yg0ifygonf? T&if;jrpfrsm;onf vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;rS qif;oufvmaom t&mrsm; jzpfygonf? ‚if;t&if;tjrpfrsm; wpfckpDonf/ vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;&dS tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh jynfolrsm;. vufcH r_/ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ESifh vkdufemr_wdk@tay:wGif eD;uyfpGm qufEG,fwnfrDSae=uygonf? ‚if;t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk cdkifrmpGm yHhydk;ay;xm;ygu/ tkyfpdk;olonf wefcdk;tm%m}uD;aernf jzpfonf? axmufyhHr_ csdeJ@vmonfESifhtr#/ odk@r[kwf jzwf awmufcH&onfESifhtr#/ tkyfpdk;ol. tm%monf tm;aysmhcsdeJ@vm+yD;/ òydusysufpD;&rnf jzpfonf? Strategic nonviolent struggle

r[mAsL[majrmuf ESvHk;&nfwdkufyGJ ? ? r[mAsL[majrmufa&;qGJxm;aom tpDtrHtwdkif; aqmif&Gufaom t=urf; rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ jzpfygonf? ‚if;r[mAsL[majrmuftpDtrHrsm;udk/ yÉdyuQwpfpHkvHk;. tajctaeudk oHk;oyfqifjcifI ðypkxm;jcif;jzpf+yD;/ qef@usifzuftiftm;pkrsm;. tm;enf;csuf/ tm;omcsuf/ qef@usifzuftiftm;pk. oabm obm0/ pGrf;aqmifEdkif&nf/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf enf;emvdktyfcsufrsm;ESifh/ txl;ojzifh TuJhodk@aom v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf r[mAsL[majrmuf tajccHpHowfrSwfcsufrsm;udk/ wGufq jyifqifxm;jcif; jzpfygonf? (t*~AsL[m/ r[mAsL[m/ enf; AsL[mESifh enf;emrsm;udkvnf; =unfhyg? ) Strategy

r[mAsL[m? ? yÉdyuQwpfckvHk;udk v$rf;ðcHaom/ t*~AsL[m (Grand strategy) twGif;/ t"dutqifhwpfck/ odk@r[kwf ppfqifa&;wpfckudk azmffaqmif&eftwGuf csrSwfpDpOfaom pDrHudef;wpfckjzpfonf? r[mAsL[mwpfckonf tao;pdwf ppfqifa&;wpfck. v_yf&Sm;r_udk/ rnfuJhokd@az:aqmif zGH@òzdl;aprnfenf;[laom/ tajccHpOf;pm;awG;ac:csufjzpf+yD;/ TpDrHcsuf tm;jzifh rwluGJjym;aomtpdwftydkif;rsm;udk/ aygif;pnf;I/ tm;omr_ t&SdqHk;jzpfap+yD;/ &nf&G,fcsufjynfh0apa&;twGuf rnfodk@rnfyHk taumiftxnfaz:rnfenf;[laom tajccH oabmw&m;vnf; jzpfonf? r[mAsL[monf/ t*~r[m AsL[m. &_jrifcsufabmiftwGif;Yom vkyfaqmifonf? enf;AsL[mESifh tao;pdwfenf;emrsm;udk/ ppfqifa&;wpfck. ydkrdkao;i,faom tpdwftydkif;/ wdkufyGJi,frsm;wGif toHk;ðy+yD;/ r[mAsL[mtaumiftxnfazmfaqmifa&;twGuf t axmuftyHhjzpfaponf?

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Strike

oydwf? ? pD;yGg;a&;t& &nfrSef;csufrsm;atmifjrifap&ef/ odk@r[kwf wpfcgw&HwGif EdkifiHa&; &nfrSef;csufrsm; atmifjrifap &eftwGuf/ tvkyf&Sifrsm;/ tpdk;&rsm;udk zdtm;ay;aomtaejzifh/ vkyfief;rsm;udk &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sd &yfqdkif;xm;jcif;/ okd@ r[kwf wm;jrpfuef@owfxm;jcif; jzpfonf? a,bk,stm;jzifh ,m,Doabmom aqmif&Guf=uonf? Tactic

enf;AsL[m? ? yÉdyuQ. tuef@towf&Sdaom tqifhwpfckwiG f/ tuef@towf&Sdaom &nf&G,fcsufrsm;atmifjrifap&ef/ &&dSEdkifaomenf;em/ v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk rnfuJhodk@ xda&mufpGm toHk;ðyrnfqdkaom/ oabmw&m;udk tajccHI/ vkyfief; tpD trHrsm; csrSwfaqmif&Gufjcif; jzpfonf? yÉdyuQwpfckvHk;. tqifhwpfqifhwGif/ ydkrdkus,fjyef@aom r[mAsL[mudktaxmuf tulðyaz:aqmifa&;twGuf/ enf;AsL[mrsm;udk toHk;ðyonf? Violence

t=urf;zufr_? ? tjcm;aom vlom;rsm;tay:wGif &kyfydkif;qdkif&mt=urf;zufr_jzifh/ xdcdkfufemusifapjcif; odk@r[kwf aoqHk;aojcif;/ ,if;uJhodk@ t=urf;zufr_rsKd;udkoHk;rnf[k +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;/ odk@r[kwf ,if;uJhodk@ emusOfapr_/ jcdrf;ajcmufr_ tay:trSDðyxm;aom vkyfaqmifr_rsm;udk/ t=urf;zufr_[k ac:qdkEdkifonf? tcsKd@aom bmoma&;,Hk=unfr_rsm;ESifh usifh0wfydkif;qdkif&mudpPrsm;wGif/ t=urf;zufr_ESifh ywfoufI ydkIus,fjyef@pGm t"dy`g,d zGifhqdkxm;=uonf? ydkIusOf;ajrmif;aom t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkcsuft&/ tjcm;olrsm;/ tkyfpkrsm;. yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ &&Sdap&ef Todk@t=urf;zufenf;vrf;udk toHk;ðy&rnf[k ,Hk=unfaeolrsm;&Sdaeonfhtcsuftay: rlwnfI/ t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_udk usifhoHk;&ef/ vufawG@jzpfEdkifacs&dSaomtajccHrsm;udk &SmazGjyifqif=uonf?

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aemufqufwGJ tcef; (2)

t=urf;rJh wdkufenf;rsm; t=urf;rJhuef@uGufqENjyjcif;ESifh rdrdzufygatmif pnf;&Hk;qGJaqmifaomenf;vrf;rsm; pnf;urf;wus a=ujimxkwfjyefcsufrsm; 1? vlxka[majymyGJrsm; 2? uef@uGufpmrsm;/ axmufcHpmrsm; 3? toif;tzGJ@rsm;. xkwfjyefa=ujimcsufrsm; 4? jynfolvlxku vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;aom pmwrf;rsm; 5? ta&;,lrnf/ w&m;pGJrnf[k a=ujimcsufrsm; 6? vlpkvltkyfESifhcsD+yD; wifoGif;aom toem;cHpm/ yef=um;v$mrsm; vltrsm;=um;a&mufatmif qufoG,fa&;rsm;รฐyvkyfjcif; 7? oHcsyf/ &kyfajymifESifh oauFwtrSwftom;rsm; 8? tvHrsm;/ ydkpwmrsm;ESifh vltrsm;jrifavmufatmif pmwrf;rsm;jyoxm;jcif;/ 9? pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;/ vufurf;pmapmifrsm;/ pm&Gufrsm;/ 10? pme,fZif;rsm;/ owif;pmrsm;/ 11? "gwfjym;rsm;/ a&'D,dkESifh &kyfjrifoH=um;/ 12? aumif;uifpmwef;a&;aomrdk;ysHa=umfjimESifh ajrjyifa=umfjimrsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tvdkuf udk,fpm;รฐyjcif; 13? udk,fpm;vS,fv$wfjcif;/ 14? ysuf&,fรฐyqkay;yGJrsm;/ 15? tzGJ@ESifhrJqG,fjcif;/ 16? oydwfwm;jcif;/ 17? ysuf&,fรฐya&G;aumufyGJrsm; vlxkt=um; [eftrlt,mrsm;ESifh o&kyfazmfjcif;rsm; 18? tvHrsm;xljcif;/ ta&miftaoG;rsm;ESifh jyojcif;/ 19? t0wftpm;ESifh vuQ%mrsm;jyojcif;/ 20? qkawmif;0wfรฐyr_rsm;/ 21? oauFw trSwftom;rsm;ygonfh/ ypPnf;rsm;udk jzef@a0jcif;/ 22? ouFef;c|wf qENjyyGJrsm;/ 23? udk,fydkifypPnf;rsm;udk zsufqD;jcif;/ 24? rD;xGef;I txdrf;trSwfjyojcif;/ 25? &kyfyHkum;csyfrsm; cif;usif;jyojcif;/ 26? aq;okwf+yD; uef@uGufqENjyjcif;/ 27? trSwftom;opfrsm;ESifh emrnftopfrsm;xkwfjyefjcif;/ 28? oauFwygonfh toHrsm; vkyfjcif;/ 29? jyefvnfodrf;ydkufr_jyonfh vuQ%mrsm;/ Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)120

30? &dkif;jyonfh ajc[efvuf[efrsm;/ vlyk*~dKvftvdkuf taESmuft,Sufay;jcif; 31? tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;udk pdwfajcmufjcm;vmatmif vkyfjcif;/ 32? tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;udk rcHcsdrcHomjzpfatmif vkyfjcif;/ 33? &if;ESD;pGm taygif;toif;vkyfjcif;/ 34? Edk;=um;pGm apmifh=unfhaejcif;/ jyZmwfESifh tqdktwD; 35? [mojyZmwfESifh tajymiftysufyGJrsm;/ 36? jyZmwfESifh wD;vHk;rsm;/ 37? oDcsif;oDqdkr_rsm;/ pDwef;vSnfhvnfr_rsm; 38? csDwufvrf;av#mufyGJrsm;/ 39? pDwef;vSnfhvnfyGJrsm;/ 40? bmoma&; pDwef;vSnfhvnfyGJrsm;/ 41? bk&m;zl;oGm;jcif;/ 42? armfawmfum;rsm;ESifh/ pDwef;vSnfhvnfarmif;ESifjcif;/ uG,fvGefolrsm;tm; *k%fรฐyjcif; 43? EdkifiHa&; 0rf;enf;a=uuGJr_jyojcif;/ 44? ysuf&,fรฐy tokbrsm;/ 45? qENjyonfh tokbrsm;/ 46? ok\mefodk@ oGm;a&mufI tav;รฐyjcif;/ vljrifuGif;rsm;wGif pk&Hk=ujcif; 47? uef@uGufr_twGuf odk@r[kwf axmufcHr_twGuf pka0;jcif;/ 48? uef@uGufa&;pnf;a0;yGJrsm;/ 49? &kyfzsufI qef@usifqENjypnf;a0;yGJrsm;/ 50? oifwef;rsm;ay;jcif;/ aemufqkwfjcif;ESifh pGef@v$wfjcif;rsm; 51? xGufcGgqENjyjcif;rsm;/ 52? wHk%dbma0 qdwfqdwfaejcif;rsm;/ 53? *k%fxl;bGJ@wHqdyfrsm; jyefvnftyfESHjcif;/ pGef@v$wfjcif;/ 54? aemufausmcdkif;xm;jcif;/ vlr_a&;t& ulnD&dkif;yif;r_rvkyfyJ/ xm;Edkifonfhenf;rsm; rvdkvm; rESpfoufolrsm;udk 0dkif;y,fjcif; Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)121

55? oma&;ema&; oydwf/ 56? uGufusm; vlr_a&;oydwf/ 57? tzsuform;rsm;udk vufydkuf=unfhaejcif;/ 58? tquftoG,fjzwfawmufjcif;/ 59? bmoma&;udpPrsm;udk ausmcdkif;jcif;/ &yf&GmudpP/ vlr_a&;udpP/ bk&m;yGJ/ w&m;yGJ/ "avhxHk;pHESifh tzGJ@tpnf;ponfwdk@udk tultnDray;yJ/ xm;vdkufjcif; enf;rsm; 60? &yf&GmwGif;aysmfyGJ&$ifyGJrsm;ESifh tm;upm;yGJrsm;udk &yfqdkif;xm;vdkufjcif;/ 61? &yf&GmudpPrsm;udk oydwfarSmufxm;jcif;/ 62? ausmif;om;oydwf/ 63? vlr_a&;&mESifh ywfoufonfhpnf;urf;rsm;udk csKd;azmufjcif;/ 64? taysmfwrf;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS E_wfxGufjcif;/ vlr_a&;yHkpHrS xGufjcif; 65? udk,fhtdrfxJrSm udk,faejcif;/ 66? udk,fxdvufa&muf bmr#tultnDay;r_ rðyjcif;/ 67? tvkyform;rsm; tkyfpkvdkuf tvkyfrSxGufcGgjcif;/ 68? ab;rJhcHkv_Hjcif;/ 69? tpkvdkuf tðyHvdkuf udk,fa,mifazsmufjcif;/ 70? qENjyI jynfajy;vkyfvdkufjcif;/ (Hijrat) pD;yGm;a&;t& ulnD&dkif;yif;r_rðyonfh enf;vrf;rsm; (1) pD;yGm;a&;oydwf pm;oHk;olrsm;u vkyfaqmifEdkifaomt&mrsm; 71? pm;oHk;oloydwf/ 72? oydwfarSmufxm;onfh ypPn;f rsm;udk roHk;yJaejcif;/ 73? òcd;jcHac|wmjcif;/ 74? tdrfvcray;yJxm;jcif;/ 75? tdrfriSm;yJ aejcif;/ 76? wdkif;jynfw0Srf;vHk; pm;oHk;oloydwf/ 77? EdkifiHwum pm;oHk;olrsm;oydwf/ tvkyform;rsm;ESifh ukefxkwfvkyfolrsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_ 78? tvkyform;oydwf/ 79? ukefxkwfvkyfolrsm;oydwf/ yGJpm;rsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_ 80? ukefay;oGif;olrsm;ESifh ukefwifukefcsvkyfolrsm;oydwf/ ydkif&Sifrsm;ESifh tkyfcsKyfr_wdk@. v_yf&Sm;r_ 81? ukefonfoydwf/ Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)122

82? aps;ra&mif;yJxm;jcif;/ ypPnf;rsm;/ tdrfrsm; ra&mif;jcif;/ 83? qdkifaomhydwfxm;jcif;/ 84? pufr_vufr_ tultnDrsm; ray;jcif;/ 85? aps;onfrsm;. taxGaxGoydwf/ b¾maiG t&if;tESD;axmufyHholrsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_ 86? b%fY oGif;xm;aomaiGrsm;udk xkwf,ljcif;/ 87? tzdk;tcrsm;/ taºuG;rsm;/ wef&mwefzdk;rsm; ray;yJxm;jcif;/ 88? taºuG;rqyfyJae/ twdk;ray;yJaejcif;/ 89? axmufyHha=u;rsm;&yfpJ/ taºuG;ray;yJaejcif;/ 90? tcGeftaumufay;&ef jiif;qefjcif;/ 91? tpdk;&aiGrsm;udk vufrcHjcif;/ tpkd;&rsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_ 92? jynfwGif;ukefoG,fa&;rsm; &yfpJjcif;/ 93? ukefonfrsm;tm; emrnfysufpm&if;oGif;jcif;/ 94? EdkifiHwumrS a&mif;csolrsm;u ta&mif;t0,f&yfqdkif;jcif;/ 95? EdkifiHwumrS 0,f,lolrsm;u ta&mif;t0,f&yfqdkif;jcif;/ 96? EdkifiHwumrS ukefoG,fr_ &yfqdkif;jcif;/ (2) oydwf txdrf;trSwfoydwfrsm;/ 97? uef@uGufqENjyyGJrsm;/ 98? wr[kwfcsif; qENjy/ tvkyfcGifrS xGufoGm;jcif;/ v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&; oydwfrsm; 99? v,form;rsm; oydwf/ &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;oydwf 100? v,f,mpdkufysKd;olrsm; oydwf oD;oef@tkyfpkrsm;. oydwf 101? tvkyfu|rf;usifolrsm;. oydwf/ 102? tusOf;om; oydwf/ 103? vufr_ynm&Sifrsm; oydwf/ 104? ynm&Sdvkyfom;rsm; oydwf/ omref pufr_vufr_vkyfief;rsm; oydwf 105? tvkyf&Sifoydwf/ 106? pufr_vufr_oydwf/ 107? qENjyr_tm; pmemaxmufcHtm;ay;onfhtaejzifh oydwfarSmufjcif;/

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tuef@towfxm;+yD; arSmufonfhoydwfrsm; 108? wdwdususarSmufaom oydwf/ tao;pdwfpOf;pm;+yD; arSmufaomoydwf/ 109? taESmuft,Sufjzpf&Hk arSmufaomoydwf/ 110? tvkyfaESmifhaES;atmif arSmufaomoydwf/ 111? ajyma&;qdkcGifh&&Sdatmif tvkyf0ifaea=umif; jyojcif;/ 112? aeraumif;I tvkyfrvm[k ajymqdkjcif;/ 113? tvkyfxGufpmwifjcif;/ 114? tuef@towfxm;+yD;/ oydwfarSmufjcif;/ 115? udk,fhpdwf贸uduftvdkuf=unfh+yD;/ arSmufonfh oydwf/ taxGaxG pufr_vufr_vkyfief;oydwfrsm; 116? c|if;csufxm;+yD; arSmufjcif;/ 117? jynfvHk;u|wf taxGaxGoydwf/ oydwfarSmufjcif;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;wHcg;ydwfjcif; ESpfckaygif;v_yf&Sm;jcif; 118? tvkyf&yfpJjcif;/ 119? pD;yGm;a&; um;vdyfcsjcif;/ EdkifiHa&;t& tultnDray;yJ xm;jcif;enf;rsm; =oZmtm%mudk jiif;y,fvdkufjcif; 120? opPmcH rvkyfyJ aejcif;/ opPmcHtjzpfrS E_wfxGufjcif;/ 121? vlxkaxmufcHr_udk jiif;y,fxm;jcif;/ 122? twdkuftcHzufrS a&S@aevdkufonfh pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;/ a[majymyGJrsm;/ jynfolwdk@u tpdk;&udk tultnDray;yJaejcif; 123? Oya'冒ytzGJ@udk oydwfarSmufjcif;/ 124? a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk oydwfarSmufjcif;/ 125? tpdk;&tvkyf/ tpdk;&&mxl;rsm;udk oydwfarSmufjcif;/ 126? tpdk;&Xmersm;/ XmecGJrsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk oydfwfarSmufjcif;/ 127? tpdk;& ynma&;/ ausmif;rsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS E_wfxGufjcif;/ 128? tpdk;&taxmuftyHhcH toif;tzGJ@rsm;udk oydwfarSmufjcif;/ 129? Oya'udk cdkifvHkwif;usyfatmifvkyfaeonfh &Hk;rsm;udk tultnDray;yJ xm;jcif;/ 130? udk,fh&mxl;trSwftom;/ ae&mtrSwftom;rsm;udk y,fzsufypfjcif;/ 131? cef@tyfvdkufonfh t&m&Sdrsm;udk vufrcH[k jiif;qefjcif;/ 132? vuf&SdXme toif;tzGJ@ponfwdk@udk &kyfodrf;cdkif;v#if jiif;qefjcif;/ jynfolwdk@u wpfrsKd;wpfrnf trdef@udkzDqefjcif; 133? tvkyfudk rvkyfcsif vkyfcsif vkyfjcif;/ jznf;jznf;vkyfjcif;/ 134? wdkuf&dkuf}uD;=uyfrnfhol r&Sdaomtcg trdef@udkremcHyJ aejcif;/ 135? trsm;ESifha&m+yD; trdef@udkqef@usifjcif;/ 136? pum;em;raxmifcsif[ef aqmifjcif;/ Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)124

137? pk&Hk;pnf;a0;yGJrsm;udk vlpkcGJcdkif;v#if em;raxmifyJ aejcif;/ 138? xdkifoydwfarSmufjcif;/ 139? ac|;wyfqGJv#if rvdkufjcif;/ jynfESif'%fay;v#if ta&;rpdkufjcif;/ 140? ykef;atmif;aejcif;/ xGufajy;jcif;/ emrnfajymif;/ vdyfpmajymif;/ trSefrsm; ray;yJ aejcif;/ 141? w&m;r0ifonfh Oya'rsm;udk zDqefjcif;/ tpdk;&tvkyform;rsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; 142? tpdk;&uay;onfh axmufyHhcsuftcsKd@udk jiif;y,fjcif;/ 143? txufucsrSwfonfh trdef@/ owif; รฆ ponfwdk@udk ydwfqdk@xm;jcif;/ 144? tvkyfrsm;udk wef@xm;jcif;/ aESmifhaES;atmifvkyfxm;jcif;/ 145? taxGaxGtkyfcsKyfa&;udkvnf; 0ifa&mufrulnDjcif;/ 146? tvkyf}uD;=uyfolrsm;u wrifoufouf tvkyfrvkyw f wfonfh[efaqmifaejcif;/ tultnDray;yJ aeoifhonfh udpPrsm;udk rsufESmv$Jjcif;/ 147? ykefuefjcif;/ jynfwGif; tpdk;&v_yf&Sm;r_ 148? tmywfvGwfonfhenf;jzifh tvkyfudka&Smifjcif;/ tvkyftcsdefqGJxm;jcif;/ 149? tpdk;&XmecGJrsm;u tultnD&yfpJjcif;/ EdkifiHwum tpdk;&. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; 150? oHwref/ udk,fpm;vS,f ponfwdk@udk ajymif;vJjcif;/ 151? oHwreftcrf;tem;rsm;udk qdkif;xm;jcif;/ zsufypfvdkufjcif;/ 152? oHwref todtrSwfrรฐyjcif;/ 153? oHwrefqufoG,fa&; jzwfjcif;/ 154? EdkifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS xGufjcif;/ 155? EdkifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;odk@ 0ifa&mufcGifhudk jiif;y,fjcif;/ 156? EdkifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS xkwfy,fypfjcif;/ t=urf;rJh0ifa&mufpGufzufEdkifonfh enf;rsm; pdwf"gwftm;jzifh taESmifht,Sufay;+yD; pGufzufjcif; 157? aeylxJ&yf/ rdk;&GmxJae/ tat;cH qENjyjcif;/ 158? oDvaqmufwnfjcif; u? pdwftvdk rvdkufyJaejcif;/ c? tpmtiwfcH qENjyjcif;/ *? trSefw&m;vufudkifxm;+yD;/ oDvaqmufwnfjcif;/ 159? ajymif;jyef ppfaq;prf;oyfjcif;/ 160? t=urf;rJh taESmifht,Sufay;jcif;/ udk,fxfdvufa&muf pGufzufjcif; 161? xdkifoydwf 162? &yfoydwf/ Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)125

163? twif;um;0ifpD;jcif;/ 164? wdk;+yD; 0ifa&mufjcif;/ 165? taygif;tazmfwpfpkESifh twif;0ifa&mufjcif;/ 166? 0ifa&mufqkawmif;jcif;/ 167? t=urf;rzufyJ 0ifa&mufpD;eif;jcif;/ 168? t=urf;rzufyJ av,mOfysHjzifh 0ifa&muf+cdrf;ajcmufjcif;/ 169? t=urf;rzufyJ usL;ausmf0ifa&mufjcif;/ 170? t=urf;rzufyJ usL;ausmfpD;eif;jcif;/ 171? t=urf;rzufyJ atmf[pfjcif;/ 172? t=urf;rzufyJ ydwfyifwm;jrpffjcif;/ 173? t=urf;rzufyJ odrf;ydkuftydkifpD;xm;jcif;/ vlr_a&;&mt& 0ifa&mufpGufzufr_rsm; 174? aygif;oif;qufqHa&; yHkpHopfudk wnfaxmifjcif;/ 175? a&;/ rD; ponfhtrsm;oHk; ypPnf;rsm; tqrwefoHk;jcif;/ 176? twif;0ifa&muf ydwfqdk@jcif;/ 177? twif;pum;0ifajymjcif;/ 178? ajymufusm;ZmwfyGJ usif;yjcif;/ 179? tzGJ@tpnf;opfwpfrsKd; xlaxmifjcif;/ 180? qufoG,fa&;pepf wpfrsKd;xGifjcif;/ pD;yGm;a&;&mt& 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif; 181? wefjyefoydwf/ 182? tvkyfcGiftwGif; xdkifoydwf/ 183? t=urf;rzufonfh ajr,modrf;,ljcif;/ 184? ydwfqdk@xm;onfrsm;udk z,fypfjcif;/ 185? EdkifiHa&;t& vkyfaqmif&onfrsm;udk twkta,mifðyvkyfjcif;/ 186? ypPnf;rsm;udk óudwif0,f,l odkavSmifxm;jcif;/ 187? &ydkifcGifh ypPnf;rsm;udk odrf;qnf;jcif;/ 188? v$ifhypfjcif;/ 189? tydkifpD;oifhonfwdk@udk tydkifpD;jcif;/ 190? aps;uGufwpfrsKd;xGifjcif;/ 191? o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;pepfwpfrsKd; wnfaxmifjcif;/ 192? pD;yGm;a&;tzGJ@tpnf;wpfrsKd; ajymif;+yD; xm;jcif;/ EdkifiHa&;t& 0ifa&mufpGufzufr_ 193? tkyfcsKyfa&; pDrHcef@cGJr_pepfudk rEdkifreif;jzpfvmatmif vkyfay;jcif;/ 194? v#Kd@0Suf axmufvSrf;a&; at;*sifhrsm; rnfolrnf0grsm;jzpfa=umif;/ azmfxkwfjyojcif;/ 195? axmifuscHjcif;/ 196? bufrvdkufonfh Oya'rsm;udk zDqefjcif;/ 197? vkyfcdkif;onfrsm;udk rvkyfyJ/ udk,fvkyfcsif&mrsm;udkom qufvkyfjcif;/ 198? pifòydiftpdk;&axmifjcif;/ pifòydifbk&iftm; eef;xdkifapjcif;/

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)126

r=umc%qdkovdkyif/ 'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&;ESifh w&m;r#wr_ta&;twGuf wdkufyGJ0ifv_yf&Sm;ae=uolrsm;onf/ t=urf; rJhwdkufenf; tjynfhtpHkudk/ us,fjyef@uHkvHkpGm owdrðyrd=uyg? yg;eyfvdrfrmpGmpGmcsrSwfxm;aom r[mAsL[m/ t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJ. v_yf&Sm;r_twuftus/ wdkufenf;rsm;udk u&kwpdkufaocsma&G;cs,f toHk;ðyjcif;tm;jzifh/ atmifjrifrnfh tcGifhtvrf;udk ydkIrsm;jym;wdk;wufapEdkifygonf? a'gufwm*sif;&Syfu okawoeðyI/ Tenf; vrf; (198) ckudk pkpnf;xm;ygonf? ol.ynm&yfydkif;qdkif&m ºuG,f0aom/ óud;yrf;tm;xkwfr_rsm;rS erlemðya&G; xkwfxm;jcif; jzpfygonf? The Politics of Nonviolent Action (3 Vols.) Boston: Porter Sargent Publishers, 1973.

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aemufqufwGJ tcef; 3

OD;pD;t&m&Sdrsm;avhvma&;yHkpH (Staff Study Format) udk toHk;ðyI jy\emajz&Sif;jcif; erlem (1992) ESpfv,fydkif;cef@wGif/ jrefrmtwdkuftcHtkyfpkrsm;. wyfaygif;pkwpfcku/ EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_aumfrwD (PDC) udk zG@J pnf;cJhygonf? ‚if;aumfrwD. yxrOD;qHk;wm0efrsm;xJrS wpfckrSm/ ajymif;vJjzpfay:aeaomtajctaersm;t&/ jrefrm EdkifiHwGif 'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&;twGuf/ rnfuJhokd@ v_yf&Sm;wdkufyGJqif&ef taumif;qHk;jzpfonfudk avhvmwifjy&ef jyifqifcJh& jcif; jzpfonf? aumfrwDu OD;pD;t&m&Sdrsm;avhvma&;yHkpHwpfckudk jyifqifwifjycJh+yD;/ jynf axmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH trsKd;om; aumifpD (NCUB) . xdyfydkif;acgif;aqmifr_twGif;/ ta=utvnfaqG;aEG;cJh=uyg onf? vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;udk qufvufudkifpGJ&ef OD;pm;ay;oifh-roifh/ okd@r[kwf/ t=urf;rJhESvHk;&nfwdkuf yGJudk vkyfaqmif&ef oifh-roifhonfESifh ywf oufI/ tqifhjrifhaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif/ ‚if;tcsuftvufrsm;udk toHk; ðycJh=uygonf? odomxif&Sm;aomtcsufrSm/ a': atmifqef;pk=unf. trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfu a&G;cs,f xm;cJhaom/ t=urf;rJhóud; yrf;tm;xkwfr_rsm;ESifh tvm;wl/ ,SOfòydiftm;jznfhEdkifaom r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rJhwdkufyGJwpfckudk OD;aqmifvrf;!$ef&ef/ EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_aumfrwD (PDC) udk zGJ@pnf;cJhjcif;jzpf+yD;/ vufawG@uspGm aqmif&Gufr_rsm;vkyfaqmifap&ef/ owdxm;cJh=uygonf? OD;pD;t&m&Sd avhvma&;yHkpHudk Tjy\em ajz&Sif; Edkif&ef toHk;ðycJh=uygonf? EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_aumfrwD (PDC) . OD;pD;t&m&Sdrsm; avhvma&; yHkpHonf/ r[m AsL[majrmuf ar;cGef;rsm;udk ajzqdkEdkif&eftwGuf toHk;ðyEdkifaom/ jy\emtajz&Sma&; taumif;qHk;Oyrmwpfck jzpfygonf? EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_aumfrwD OD;pD;t&m&Sdavhvma&;yHkpH 1? jy\em? ? jrefrmEdkifiH/ 'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;twGif; atmifyGJt&,lEdkif&ef/ v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;odk@ jynfoltrsm; yg0ifvmapa&;udk tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufðyEdkif&eftwGuf/ txda&mufqHk;aom enf;vrf;rsm;udk owfrSwf azmfxkwf&ef? 2? ,lqcsufrsm;? ? jrefrmEdkifiHom; trsm;pk}uD;onf/ EkdifiHawmf jidrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@ (e0w) . tkyfcsKyf aer_udk qef@usif=uygonf? 3? Tjy\emtay: tajccHaom tcsuftvufrsm; (u) jrefrmEdkifiHwGif cef@rSef;acstm;jzifh EdkifiHom;pkpkaygif; (44) oef;cef@ aexdkifvsuf&dSygonf? (c) jrefrmhwyfrawmf vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@tiftm;onf (4) odef;cef@&dS+yD;/ Ed_if;,SOfcsuft& 'Drdkua&pD ta&; axmufcHaom/ tiftm;pkrsm;. ppfa&;tiftm;onf (1) aomif;cef@&dSygonf? (rSwfcsuf? ? ,ckqdkv#if (4000) atmufwGifyif avsmhenf;I &dSEdkifygonf?) (*) (e0w) ppftpdk;&u/ jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;&Sd t&yfom;'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_. acgif;aqmifydkif; rsm;udk zrf;qD;jcif;/ axmifcsjcif;/ jynfyokd@armif;xkwfjcif;/ +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;/ odk@r[kwf/ tqHk; pD&ifjcif;wdk@jzifh xdxda&mufa&muf z,f&Sm;EdkifcJh+yD; jzpfygonf? (C) vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;twGuf/ t&yfom;vlxkrsm;udk vufeufwyfqifay;&ef/ avhusifhay; &eftwGuf t&if;tjrpf&&dSEdkifaomtajctae r&Sdyg? (i) jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiH/ trsdK;om;!Gef@aygif;tpdk;& (NCGUB) onf/ wpfzGJ@wnf;taejzifh/ jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; 'Drkdua&pDxGef;um;a&; v_yf&Sm;r_udk rjr‡ifhwifEdkifyg? ‚if;wGif r[mAsL[mtpDtpOf a&;qGJ&ef/ pnf;&Hk;v_yf &Sm;&efESifh/ r[mAsL[majrmuf óud;yrf;r_rsm;udktaumiftxnfazmf&eftwGuf/ pkzGJ@r_ (odk@r[kwf) pepfwus avhusifhoifwef;ay;xm;aom vlyk*~dKvf tiftm;rsm; r&dSyg? (p) (e0w) ppftpdk;&u/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;&dS jynfolrsm;udk qef@usifaom ‚if;.v_yf&Sm;r_twGif; ppfa&;/ EdkifiHa&;t& ESpfckpvHk;udk vufOD;r_&onfhtaetxm;udk xdef;odrf;xm; Edkifygonf? Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)128

(q) vGefcJhaom (10) ESpftwGif;/ EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_ wdkufyGJudk EdkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif atmifjrifpGm qifE$JEdkifcJh=uyg onf? (tZmbdkif*sef/ b*Fvm;a'h&Sf/ zdvpfydkif/ &S&Sm;/ ydkvef/ ta&S@*smr%D/ a*smf*sD,m/ vpfoltm;eD;,m;/ tufpwdk;eD;,m;/ vwfAD;,m;/ a[wDESifh xdkif;EdkifiH) wdk@wGif qifEGJatmifjrifcJh+yD; jzpfygonf? (Z) EdkifiHwumtodkuft0ef;u/ vlxkvlwef;pm; trsm;tjym;u wufºuGpGmyg0ifqifE$J=uaom EdkifiHa&;yÉdyuQ v_yf&Sm;r_udk ydkrdkpdwf0ifpm;I/ wkH@jyefaqmif&Gufvm=urnf jzpfyg onf? 4? aqG;aEG;csufrsm; u? &mpkESpfw0ufeD;yg;wGif/ jrefrmEdkifiH/ vlOD;a&. oHk;yHk-wpfyHk&dSaom wdkif;&if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;onf/ tpdk;&u OD;aqmif qifEGJaeaom rsm;jym;vSonfh/ ppfa&;-EdkifiHa&;xdk;ppfrsm;udk cHpm;ae=u&ygonf? Todk@aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;onf/ rwluGJ jym;aom wdkif;&if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;. EdkifiHa&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_rsm;udk vHk;0zsufqD;ypf&ef &nf&G,fcsufESifh aqmif&Guf aejcif; jzpfygonf? vlenf;pkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;tay: ,if;uJhokd@aom t=urf;zufr_ twdkif;twmyrm%udk omrefjrefrm jynfolrsm; us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ rod&Sd=uyg? (1988) ckESpfrSpI jrefrmppfwyf u/ ‚if;wdk@tay: &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwfr_ usL;vGefaomtcgwGifrS/ omrefjynfolrsm;onf q,fpkESpfaygif; rsm;pGm wdkif;&if;om;vllenf;pkrsm; cHpm;awG@ñuHae=u& onfhtay: em;vnf od&dSvmcJhjcif; jzpfygonf? ,if;uJhokd@ aom wppwdk;yGm;od&dSvmr_rsm;a=umifh/ ArmvlrsdK;rsm;ESifh wdkif; &if;om;tkyfpkrsm;t=um;wGif wlnDaom bHk&efol wpfOD;wnf; &dSaeonfudk odjrifvm=uygonf? T&efolrSm &efukef&dS ppftm%m&Siftpdk;&yif jzpfonf? c? (44) oef;aom jrefrmjynfolrsm; (rSwfcsuf? ? (2003) ckESpfwGif oef; (50) &dSonf?) onf/ ta&twGuftm;jzifh (4) odef;aom ppfwyf/ &JwyfzGJ@rsm;. jcdrf;ajcmufr_/ zdESdyfaESmifwnf;r_udk cHae=u&ygonf? wpfenf;qdk&ygu/ jrefrmEdkifiH wnf;[laom tusOf;axmifwGif/ jynfolOD;a& (100) udk xdef;odrf;xm;&eftwGuf axmif=uyf (1) a,mufom xm;&dS& onfh oabmjzpfonf? tusOf;om; (100)/ axmifapmifh (1) a,muf (rSwfcsuf? ?2003 ckESpfwiG f (125) a,muf/ (1) a,mufjzpfonf) [laom tcsKd;onf ppftpdk;&. t=urf;zuf+cdrf;ajcmufjcif;/ ta=umufw&m;jzifh tkyfcsKyfjcif;udk u|rf; usifpGm ðyvkyfEdkifonfudk jyonfhtwdkif;twmjzpfonf? 'Drkdua&pDzuf awmfom;rsm;. rnDnGwf òyduGJaejcif;udkvnf; jyo&ma&mufaeonf? Ttcsufu acgif;aqmifr_rJhaejcif;ESifh jynfolrsm;zufwGif/ r[mAsL[majrmuf tpDtrHrJhaejcif;ukd vnf; &nf!$ef;onf? *? tm%m&Sifu ta=umufw&m;ESifh tjcm;aom zdESdyfr_yHkpHrsm;udk toHk;ðyaoma=umifh yxrtqifh/ 'kwd, tqifhESifh wwd,tqifh 'Drkdua&pDacgif;aqmifrsm; jrefrmhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;rS z,f&Sm;cHcJh=u&onf? 'Drdkua&pDzufawmfom; tiftm;pk rsm;u jrefrmEdkifiH&Sdacgif;aqmifr_rsm;twGif; jyefvnfoGwfoGif;&efvdktyf+yD;/ v_yf&Sm;r_twGif; wm0efrsm;udkxrf;aqmif&ef acgif;aqmifopfrsm;udkvnf; avhusifharG;jrLay;&ef vdktyfaeonf? C? e,fpyfwav#muf/ t"du e,fpyfukefoG,fa&;vrf;a=umif;rsm;udk jrefrmppfwyfu odrf;ydkufxm;+yD;jzpfonf? ,if;odk@ odrf;ydkufr_rsm;u/ vufeufESifh tjcm;taxmuftyHhrsm; 0,f,la&;twGuf b¾maiGrsm; tqrwef avsmhusoGm;ap onf? xdk@tjyif EdkifiHjcm;ppfa&; taxmuftyHhrsm;vnf; &&Sdaejcif; r&dSay? xdk@a=umifh 'Drkdua&pD ta&;v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf ppfa&;t& wdk;csJ@&eftwGuf t&if;tjrpf vuf0,fr&dSay? xdk@tjyif ydkI ta&;}uD;aom tcsufrSm/ tu,fI aiGa=u; tqifoifh&dSonfqdkyguvnf; pepfwusavhusifhxm;+yD;/ vufeufaumif;pGmwyfqifxm;aom/ tiftm;}uD;rm;vSonfh/ (e0w) ppfwyf}uD;udk acsr_ef;Edkifrnfh wyfwpfcktjzpf wnfaqmuf=u&ef rSm/ pdwful;Iyif r&Edkifay? i? jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiH/ trsKd;om;!Gef@aygif;tpdk;& (NCGUB) onf/ (1990) arvwGif a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufcH xm;&aom/ trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf (NLD) . pHwefzdk;rsm;udk vufqifhurf;o,faqmifvmoljzpfonf? rJay;cGifh r&aom ae&mrsm;Yyifv#if/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf. acgif;aqmifr_udk jynfolrsm;u vufcH=uonf? xdk@a=umifh (NCGUB) onf/ jrefrmjynfolrsm; todtrSwfðyxm;aom acgif;aqmifr_udk ukd,fpm;ðyaeonf? jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH trsdK;om;aumifpD (NCUB) . axmufcHyHhydk;r_ r&&dSyJ/ (NCGUB) onf ppfrSefaom pifòydiftpdk;t&wpfcktjzpf/ urBmh tv,fwGif *k%foduQm&dSpGm &yfwnfEdkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfay?

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)129

p? ppfa&;t& tom;pD;&aer_ESifh qef@usifzuftwdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;. nD!Gwfa&;òyduGJaer_rsm;a=umifh/ (e0w) ppf tpdk;&onf/ ‚if;ESpfouf&m tcsdef/ vdkaomae&mwGif ppfa&;/ EdkifiHa&; xdk;ppfrsm;udk vufOD;r_,l qifE$J aeEkdifjcif; jzpfonf? tu,fI twdkuftcHrsm;t=um; wdk;wufjzpfay:vmaeaom EdkifiHa&;nD!Gwfa&;udk/ qufvufwdk;wufwnfaqmuf Edkifygu/ 'Drdkua&pDzufawmfom; tiftm;pkrsm;onf EdkifiHa&;xdk;ppfrsm;udk vufOD;r_,l vkyfaqmifEdkifrnfrSm rkcsjzpfonf? q? jynfoltrsm;yg0ifaom/ tiftm;}uD;rm;onfh t=urf;rJhv_yf&Sm;r_.orkdif;a=umif;onf/ txl;ojzifh vGefcJhaomq,fpk ESpfwGif/ t&yfom;jynfolrsm;udk zdESdyf&eftwGuf tiftm;aumif;aom ppfwyfrsm;udktoHk;ðyaeaom/ tajctaeatmuf wGif/ ‚if;t=urf;rJhv_yf&Sm;r_wdkufenf;udk toHk;ðyr_onf/ toHk;0iftvkyfjzpfaom ppfqifa&; yHkpHwpfckjzpfa=umif;/ vufawG@ jyocJhonf? “ EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_” pGrf;yum;onf/ ppfa&;qdkif&m u|rf;usifr_uJhodk@yif vlrsKd;ra&G;/ ,Ofaus;r_tkyfpkra&G;/ odk@ r[kwf rnfonfhzdESdyfr_twdkif;tqYrqdk toHk;ðyEdkifygonf? Z? (1988) ckESpf ta&;awmfyHk}uD;. aemufqHk;tqifhrsm;ESifh jrefrmppfwyf. ueOD;ydkif; òzdcGif;r_rsm;udk urBmh owif;pm rsm;u wkH@jyeftpD&ifcHcJh=uygonf? ta=umif;rSm jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;rS }uD;rmaom vlxk}uD;. vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;a=umifh omv#if jzpf+yD;/ tpkd;&rsm;u ppftm%m&Siftay: '%fcwfydwfqdk@r_rsm;jzifh wkH@jyefcJh=uygonf? jynfolvlxk. yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufr_r&dSv#if/ EdkifiHwumzdtm;onfvnf; jzpfvmp&mta=umif; r&Sday? 5? oHk;oyfcsuf u? &efukefppftpdk;&udk acsr_ef;tedkif,l&eftwGuf/ jrefrmjynfolrsm;onf (1988) ckESpfu/ pdefac:tefwkcJhovdkrsdK; (e0w) ppftpdk;&udk/ pdefac:&Jonfh pGrf;&nf&dS&ayrnf? EdkifiHwum todkuft0ef;/ 'Drdkua&pDzufawmfom; ppfwyfrsm;ESifh jynfol vlxkrsm;. pGrf;aqmifr_rsm; csdwfquf&Sd&Sd yl;aygif;ap&ef vdktyf+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@vuf0,fwGif&dSaom t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk pkpnf;/ nD!GwfapEdkifaom r[mAsL[majrmuf tpDtrHrsm;udk a&;qGJaz:xkwf&efvdktyfaeyg onf? c? tu,fI jynfolrsm;u/ (e0w) ppftpdk;&udk xdxda&mufa&mufqef@usifaom v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;vkyfaqmifvmygu/ tm%mcsdefcGifv#majymif;oGm;Edkif+yD;/ jynfolrsm;zufodk@ tav;omvmEdkifygonf? *? tu,fI EdkifiHa&; nD!Gwfr_ xdef;odrf;xm;vdkygu/ (NCUB) ESifh (NCGUB) wdk@t=um;/ tjyeftvSef tay;t,l axmufcHyHhydk;r_rsm; &dS&ygrnf? C? EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_enf;vrf;onfomv#if/ ppftm%m&Sifudk qef@usifaom r[mAsL[majrmuf EkdifiHa&;xdk;ppfrsm; vufOD; r_,l qifE$JEdkif&eftwGuf/ jzpfwefpGrf;rsm; ay;aeygonf? 6? t=uHðycsufrsm; u? EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_ &Hk;wpfck wnfaxmif&efvdktyf+yD;/ ‚if;u jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH/ trsdK;om;aumifpD (tJefpD,lbD) . obmywdtzGJ@odk@ wdkuf&dkuftpD&ifcH&ygrnf? ‚if;&Hk;u r[mAsL[mpDrHudef;rsm; az:xkwfjcif;/ vdktyfaom t&if;tjrpfrsm; udk owfrSwfazmfxkwfjcif;/ EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_ynmay;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh oifwef;rsm;udk }uD;=uyf jcif;ESihf r[mAsL[majrmuf pDrHudef; tpDtrHrsm;udk csdwfqufnd‡Ed_if;r_rsm; aqmif&Gufjcif;/ pojzifhvkyfief;rsm;udk wm0efcHaqmif&Gufay;&ygrnf? c? jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_ xdk;ppfrsm;ðyvkyf&eftwGuf vlopfpkaqmif;jcif;/ avhusifhay;jcif;ESifh pkpnf;r_rsm;ðy vkyf&ef/ jrefrmjynftwGif; apmpD;pGmjyefvnf0ifa&muf&ef/ a&G;cs,fxm;olrsm;twGuf EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_ oifwef;rsm; csuf csif; taumiftxnfaz:&ygrnf? */ EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_ ,lepfrsm;. vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk ulnaD xmufyH&ef/ vuf&dSwnf&dSaeaom ajratmuf t&if;tjrpf tquftoG,frsm;udk wm0efay;&ygrnf?

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)130

aemufqufwGJ (4)

r[mAsL[m cef@rSef;wGufcsufr_jyifqifðypk&eftwGuf t=uHðyvdkaom yHkpH tajctaecef@rSef; tuJjzwfcsuf 1? OD;wnfcsuf 2? tajctaeESifh v_yf&Sm;r_tpDtpOf (Courses of Action) (u) v_yf&Sm;r_ tpDtpOftay: tusKd;oufa&mufEdkifonfrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;csufrsm;? (1) ppfqifa&;rsm; aqmif&Gufrnfhae&m. oGifjyifvuQ%m u? ppfa&;yx0D0if 1? ajryHk- ajrjyiftaetxm; 2? a&a=umif; 3? &moDOwk c? o,f,lydk@aqmifa&; *? ta0;ajymqufoG,fa&;pepf C? EdkifiHa&; (2) Ed_if;,SOfcsuft& wdkufcdkufEdkifpGrf;tm; u? &efzuf ppfwyfzGJ@rsm; 1? tiftm; 2? wdkufyGJ trdef@pD;qif;yHk 3? wnfae&mXmersm;ESifh wyfcsxm;yHk 4? ppfuljznfhpD;ay;r_ 5? axmufyHhay;r_ 6? wdkufcdkufa&;pGrf;&nf xda&mufxufjrufr_ 7? ppfwyfrsm;. oD;oef@tcsuftvufrsm; (c) rdwfzuf ppfa&;tiftm;pkrsm; (txufazmfjyygtwdkif;) (*) qef@usifzuftiftm;pkrsm;. EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_ u? tiftm; c? tm;enf;csuf *? tm%maxmufwdkifrsm; 4? vlOD;a&qdkif&m xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfh tcsufrsm; u? vlOD;a&tpdyftusJ c? wuUodkvfbGJ@&rsm; jyef@usJwnf&Sdaer_ *? axmufcHolrsm;t=um;&Sd pmwwfajrmufr_E_ef; C? vlrsKd;ESifh bmoma&;t& uGJjym;wnf&Sdaer_ i? vlaer_tqifhtwef; (axmufcHolrsm;) 5? EdkifiHa&;t& xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfh ta=umif;rsm; u? “obm0t& rdwfzuftiftm;pkrsm;” c? toif;tzGJ@rsm; *? EdkifiHa&;tufa=umif;rsm; 6? vHkðcHa&;t& xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfh ta=umif;rsm; Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)131

u? wefjyefaxmufvSrf;a&;pepf. xda&mufr_ c? vlpkaqmif;cH&rnfh tEW&m,f/ tm;aysmhaeaom tajctae *? tzGJ@tpnf;t& ppfaq;a&;vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; C? qufoG,fa&;pepf i? owif;ESifh pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm; vHkรฐcHr_ (C) rdwfzuftiftm;pkrsm;. EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_ (txufazmfjyygtwdkif;) (3) xifjrif,lqcsufrsm; (c) qef@usifzuftiftm;pkrsm;. vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf; (*) rdrda&G;cs,fxm;aom v_yf&Sm;r_tpDtpOf 3? qef@usifzuftiftm;pkrsm;u a&G;cs,fvkyfaqmifvmEdkifaom v_y&f Sm;r_tpDtpOftay: oHk;oyfcsuf 4? rdrd. vkyfaqmifEdkifaom v_yf&Sm;r_tpDtpOf ESifh Ed_if;,SOfcsuf 5? qHk;jzwfcsuf

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)132

yHk (1) ausmufwdkifozG,f oefrm=uHhcdkifaom tm%mwnfaqmufxm;yHk yHkpH

tm%mtm;vHk; txufYwnfonf? zGJ@pnf;yHk ajymif;vJr_ r&Sd? jynfolrsm;u yg0ift=uHay;jznfhqD;cGifh r&Sd? jynfolrsm;u vdkufem&efom? jynfolrsm;u tkyfcsKyfoltay: rSDcdk=u&onf?

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)133

yHk (2) A[kyHkpH (jyef@usJwnf&Sdaeaom) tm%m

w&m;0ifr_ ta&twGufrsm; u|rf;usifr_t&nftcsif;ESifh ynm vufqkyfvufudkif azmfjyr&Edkifaom tcsufrsm; &kyf0wห KยบuG,f0csrf;omr_ zdtm;ay; ta&;,lr_rsm;

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)134

yHk (3) tm%m. axmufwdkifrsm;

tpdk;& 0efxrf;rsm;

EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;

tjcm;

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tvkyform; toif;tzGJ@rsm;

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Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)135

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