HOME away from HOME by Miro Harout Tchaghlassian

Home away from Home large scale disasters requires urgent long-term solutions

RELATORE Prof. Gabriele Masera

Master Thesis Of: Mihran Jaghlassian Wessam Elshormolsy

Master thesis for build and architectural engineering Politecnico di Milano â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Faculty of engineering Polo Regionale di Lecco

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

Acknowledgments We would like to express our grateful and appreciation to our professors and university that helped us throughout our masterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s program years. The knowledge, advise and hints they provided made it possible to write this thesis and present this work which represent the outcome of our academic years. Especially we want to thank our main supervisor Prof. Gabrielle Masera, also our guiding professors Martinelli Paolo, Massimo Tadi and Marta Maria Sesana for their continuous support and guidance throughout the completion of this project. Additional thanks to our Politecnico di Milano teaching staff members for their guidance that helped developing this thesis. We wanted also to dedicate special thanks to our friends Ahmed Abdelwahed, Benida Kraja, Abdelrahman Gamil, Mohamed Adel Elbegermie, Mahmoud Mamdoud and Ahmad Hilal who helped us through this thesis, the support they gave us was vital to present this work. We would like also to appreciate the assistance we got from our student office staff Alessio Meoli throughout the years we had in Lecco campus.

Wessam For my mother Hanan Elkhashab who is my watching angel in this life (RIP), my father Ahmed Elshormolsy who is the strength of my existence and my supporter, my grandmother for her unconditional love and my beloved partner in life Nourhan Bassam.

Mihran I would like to thank also my astoundingly supportive family members- my parents, Harout, and Marina; my sister, Hilda for their unconditional helps, they all kept me going, and this book will not have been possible without them.

Once again, we thank all those who have encouraged and helped us in preparing this book and have provided us much understanding, patience, and support

All right reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means now known, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without the express written permission from the publisher, except for the use of brief quotations embodied in critical review and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by politecnico di milano copyright law.

Introduction

ABSTRACT

The war in Syrian Arab republic, which has started in 2011, created the biggest refugee crisis after the World War II. Around over five million Syrians Fled to the surrounding countries, searching for shelter and food to live and continue their life, Turkey has the largest portion of refugees, around three million people dispersed in all states of the country. One of the biggest refugee camps located North Syria on the border with turkey was established on 2012 reaching today around thirteen thousand people is Kilis Öncüpınar refugees camp that has a hot Mediterranean climate with very hot, dry and long summer weather and cold rainy winter, with occasional snowfall. The aim of this thesis is to develop the camp with shipping containers housing units rather than other structure systems, environmental friendly, Rapid, easy, well insulated and fire protected units. Moreover, easy to relocate, comfort, and satisfying. taking in consideration having Container homes with indoor comfort environment and very adaptable in the future, our concept is to provide a quality of life for refugees giving the feeling of home even if it’s far away from their origin home, integrating agriculture inside the community generating social interaction and job opportunities in a sustainable ecofriendly environment, while using local building materials will be easy to find and use for the current conditions. The urgent need for a rapid solution with a long-term vision based on a movable configuration of residential units, providing a higher living quality for people and achieving a level of comfort for them is an essential need even on temporary basis and providing a future vision for both the area of Kilis and the usage of the shipping containers for same or other function.

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

ABSTRACT La guerra nella repubblica araba siriana, che ha iniziato nel 2011, ha creato la più grande crisi dei rifugiati dopo la seconda guerra mondiale. Circa cinque milioni di siriani scappano nei paesi circostanti, alla ricerca di rifugio e cibo per vivere e proseguire la loro vita, la Turchia ha la più grande parte dei rifugiati, circa tre milioni di persone disperse in tutti gli stati del paese. Uno dei più grandi campi profughi situati nella Siria settentrionale, al confine con il tacchino, è stato istituito nel 2012, raggiungendo oggi circa tredici mila persone è il campo di rifugiati Kilis Öncüpınar che ha un clima caldo mediterraneo con molto caldo, asciutto e lungo periodo estivo e inverno piovoso freddo. nevicate occasionali. Lo scopo di questa tesi è quello di sviluppare il campo con unità di contenitori per i contenitori di spedizione piuttosto che altri sistemi di struttura, ambienti rispettosi dell'ambiente, rapidi, facili e ben isolati e protetti contro gli incendi. Inoltre, è facile trasferirsi, confortare e soddisfare. tenendo in considerazione di avere case di contenitore con ambiente confortevole interno e molto adattabile in futuro, il nostro concetto è quello di fornire una qualità di vita per i rifugiati che danno la sensazione di casa anche se è lontano dalla loro casa di origine, integrando l'agricoltura all'interno della comunità che genera sociale interazione e opportunità di lavoro in un ambiente ecofriendly sostenibile, mentre l'utilizzo di materiali da costruzione locali sarà facile da trovare e utilizzare per le condizioni attuali. L'urgente necessità di una rapida soluzione con una visione a lungo termine basata su una configurazione mobile di unità residenziali, offrendo una qualità di vita più elevata alle persone e il raggiungimento di un livello di comodità per loro è una necessità essenziale anche temporanea e fornendo una visione futura sia per l'area di Kilis che per l'uso dei container di spedizione per la stessa o altra funzione

Introduction

CONTENTS

Introduction l Refugee Crisis & Wars -------------------------------------------- 12

Chapter One l Refugee Crisis -------------------------------------------------------- 14 1.1 Existing Solutions ---------------------------------------------------------------- 17 1.1.1 Urgent and temporary -------------------------------------------------------- 17 1.1.2 Case Studies & Examples---------------------------------------------------- 17 1.2 Problems facing refugees--------------------------------------------------------1.2.1 Medical---------------------------------------------------------------------1.2.2 Food Distribution---------------------------------------------------------1.2.3 Water and Sanitation-----------------------------------------------------1.2.4 Education-------------------------------------------------------------------1.2.5 Safety and security---------------------------------------------------------

22 22 22 23 23 23

1.3 Impact of displacement on family relations------------------------------------ 23 1.4 Summary and Conclusion--------------------------------------------------------- 23 1.4.1 Pros and cons of selected solution------------------------------------------ 24 1.4.2 Conclusion (The need of Movable, Urgent solution and better quality of life Applicable on Kilis Camp in Turkey) ------------------ 25 Chapter Two l Kilis Camp ----------------------------------------------------------- 26 2.1 Introduction------------------------------------------------------------------------ 29 2.1.1 Case Selection---------------------------------------------------------------- 30 2.1.2 Site History-------------------------------------------------------------------- 31 2.2 Site Characteristics--------------------------------------------------------------- 32 2.2.1 Geography of Location----------------------------------------------------- 32 2.2.2 Climatic Analysis------------------------------------------------------------ 32 6

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

2.2.3 Social Analysis--------------------------------------------------------------- 35 2.2.4 Existing Housing Analysis-------------------------------------------------- 36 2.3 SWOT Analysis-------------------------------------------------------------------2.3.1 Strengths----------------------------------------------------------------------2.3.2 Weaknesses------------------------------------------------------------------2.3.3 Opportunities-----------------------------------------------------------------2.3.4 Threats-------------------------------------------------------------------------

37 37 40 41 42

2.4 Vision and Goals of Design-----------------------------------------------------2.4.1 Proposing a sustainable design system-----------------------------------2.4.2 Introducing agriculture farming into the community-------------------2.4.3 Using Renewable energy----------------------------------------------------

43 43 44 45

Chapter Three l Sustainable, ecofriendly and a better quality of life refugee camp ----------------------------------------------------- 46 3.1 Design concept and methodology----------------------------------------------- 49 3.1.1 Design Approach------------------------------------------------------------- 52 3.1.2 Design Proposal-------------------------------------------------------------- 54 3.1.2.1 Unit Design-------------------------------------------------------------- 55 3.1.2.2 Block Design------------------------------------------------------------ 55 3.1.2.3 Zone Design------------------------------------------------------------- 56 3.1.3 Integrated Agriculture community Design-------------------------------- 57 3.1.4 Conclusion-------------------------------------------------------------------- 58 3.2 Preliminary Design--------------------------------------------------------------3.2.1 Design alternatives---------------------------------------------------------3.2.2 Single unit Design----------------------------------------------------------3.2.3 Daylight Analysis-----------------------------------------------------------3.2.4 Energy Analysis--------------------------------------------------------------

60 60 61 62 72

3.3 Urban Design----------------------------------------------------------------------3.3.1 Strategic approach-----------------------------------------------------------3.3.2 Vision & Goals -------------------------------------------------------------3.3.3 Masterplan---------------------------------------------------------------------

82 83 92 97

Introduction

3.4 Architectural Design------------------------------------------------------------- 100 3.4.1 Schematic design------------------------------------------------------------ 102 3.4.2 Plans-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 104 3.4.3 Sections & Elevations----------------------------------------------------- 108 3.4.4 Renders---------------------------------------------------------------------- 118 3.5 Building Technologies ---------------------------------------------------------- 130 3.5.1 Passive and active Strategies--------------------------------------------- 133 3.5.2 Envelope Package---------------------------------------------------------- 136 3.5.3 Building Materials--------------------------------------------------------- 150 3.5.4 Building Details------------------------------------------------------------ 154

Chapter Four l Structural Analysis & Design ----------------------------------- 164

Conclusion and future Expectations --------------------------------------------- 205

Appendix ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

206

Bibliography ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 234

“This page intentionally left blank”

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

â&#x20AC;&#x153;You have to think about the camp as a human settlement, and not as a structure where people are packed into houses without any connection to their community,â&#x20AC;? Anicet Adjahossou ICRC Volunteer

Introduction

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

Introduction l Refugee Crisis & Wars Photos of people leaving their homes and taking dangerous journeys in search of safety in another country have dominated the news as levels of global displacement becoming higher and higher, the UNHCR, show that forced displacement arrived more than 65.6 million people in 2017, the highest level ever recorded, there are also 10 million stateless people who have been denied a nationality and access to basic rights such as education, healthcare, employment and freedom of movement. Among them are nearly 22.5 million refugees, even half of them are under the age of 18. This big problem also made Special difficulties faced by refugee host countries, the outflow of refugees and displaced persons placed increased burden on the neighboring States, including high economic and social costs. In addressing the problem of refugees and displaced persons, therefore, assistance should also be rendered to countries which hosted such persons. As Architects and engineers our focus will be on the condition of a camp to make it sustainable and suitable for living conditions through using sustainable container homes, renewable energy, and merge the agricultural fields surrounded to the camp into it, providing the refugees better quality life to make them live in good social environment.

Our thesis will introduce three main parts: Refugeeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s crisis, Kilis camp, Sustainable, ecofriendly and a better life quality refugee camp. The first part will present the studies, analysis and statistics of the refugees around the world in their living system, their problems, some study cases, and solutions followed by advantages and disadvantages of our chosen idea. The second part will discuss our site, reasons of choosing it, providing all kind of analysis that could help us in our project, also illustrating our vision and goals of the site choose for the project. The third part will be our design approach with the concept and the methodology, followed by Urban study, architectural design and finally sustainable building technologies. The Fourth and Final part will be the thesis conclusion and our future vision for the project including our expectations

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

Chapter one l Refugee Crisis • Existing Solutions Urgent & Temporary Case studies & Examples Future Expectations

• Quality of Life and Social Aspect Past & Present situations Problems facing Refugees Impact of Displacement on Family Relations

• Summary & Conclusion Pros & Cons of Selected Solution Conclusion

Chapter One

“Small rooms or dwellings discipline the mind; large ones weaken it.’’ Leonardo Da Vinci

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

Chapter One

Chapter One l Refugee Crisis

1.1 Existing Solutions Refugees problem requires solutions and those solution arise from the UN and neighboring countries to the place where the problem exist, nowadays the solutions existing are very few, nothing can replace a family home place and origin country. The solidarity and the unity from all the related organizations are vital for reaching different possibilities for this world-wide problem that affects everyone.

1.1.1 Urgent and temporary Solutions being processed are usually either Urgent permanent or temporary such as refugee camps, asylum and migrants. For the implementation of solutions, the need for a rapidly designed decision are necessary. The first thing to think about solution is to discover and explore the problems and examples that can deal with situations similar and from this point enhancing and developing are easier and efficient because it is on solid grounds and strong ideas.

1.1.2 Case Studies and Examples Study Case I: Keetwonen, Amsterdam Project information: Student homes Biggest shipping container home project in the world. When launched, the biggest student home (28 m2) a student could get for an “all in” rent of about 400 Euro (price level 2015). Keetwonen turned out to be a momentous success and is today among the most popular residence halls/campus in the city. Although this project was initially meant to only stay on this site for 5 years (and to be relocated to a new location – shipping container homes are ideal for that purpose), it is expected that the relocation will be postponed until end of 2018. The project started at the end of 2005 (first 60 homes commissioned in September 2005) and was completed in May 2006 – a construction speed of 150 homes per month. Number of modules: 1034 (housing + public areas + cafe Figure 1-0-1 Keetwonen Residence Area: 31020 m2

+laundry)

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

Challenges: • • • •

Sustainable containers. Reaching low rent cost for students. Temporary solution thus, units must be moved and used on another site. Fewer materials and less embodied energy.

Construction and assembling: The rate of construction was 20 to 25 units a day, containers are seismically stable, and they are welded steel frame modules that can hold up to 30400 Kg in capacity and can load bear 100 Kg/m2. Assembling the containers was done as a stack up to 5 levels high divided into 12 different buildings, galleries and stairways connect the units. The building formed by walkways, bridges and stairways. Each unit has its own balcony or garden if on the floor level and a bike storage was provided.

Figure 1-0-2 dismantling units

Sustainable technology: Shipping container used dimensions was the 40foot-high container type, ventilation was controlled by natural cross ventilation and manual switch system that regulates mechanical ventilation. One natural gas-fired central boiler was used per each building for heating, for insulation box within box system was used, walls and roofs were covered by rigid XPS extruded polystyrene insulation covered by dry wall, between walls gaps are closed with sealing band only at façade. Extra roof was installed on containers to control rain water and for extra insulation.

Figure 1-0-3 Curtain wall install

Chapter One

Study Case II: Karuma Refugee Camp Kakuma camp is located in the North-western region of Kenya. The camp was established in 1992 following the arrival of the “Lost Boys of Sudan”. During that year, large groups of Ethiopian refugees fled their country following the fall of the Ethiopian government. Somalia had also experienced high insecurity and civil strife causing people to flee.

Figure 1-0-4 karuma camp

Model Farms Transforming Lives in Kakuma Refugee Camp created by local efforts from the refugees themselves, farming despite the climatic hardships so they started farming along the river beds that cut across the camp. Although they worked as a group through joint efforts, they still faced many challenges including insufficient water for the crops and lack of fertilizer. A statement by the group ‘We were doing subsistence farming so there was hardly enough left over to sell.”

The Technology Neither complicated nor expensive. It costs 2,000 USD to set up; solar power is used to pump water from a shallow well (about 10 meters deep) to an elevated water tank of 1,000 liters capacity. The water is then channeled through pipes laid across the farm for drip irrigation. It is a simple, less tedious and economical way of utilizing the scarce resource for maximum output. It requires only one person to switch on the pump and takes less time to water the crops Previously, three to four people were required to water the crops

Figure 1-0-5 Irrigation

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

Social Aspect So far, over 300 farmers in 35 farmer groups from different nationalities are working together in the two farms. They have been trained on various aspects of improved farming, drip irrigation, formation of cooperatives and agribusiness. In the year, the farm has had three harvesting cycles and in each cycle the farmers have harvested produce worth USD 4,000. Figure 1-0-6 Social Engagment

Study Case III: Solar cabin refugee proposal As scores of refugees seek safety in the Netherlands, the government is scrambling to provide affordable and humane temporary housing. designed by Bureau Zondag and dNArchitectuur, Solar Cabin combines prefabricated, modular design and renewable energy to provide temporary to permanent sanctuary while contributing to Netherlands' 2020 clean energy goals. Figure 1-0-7 Conceptual Example

With prefabricated gypsum walls and a western red cedar facade, Solar Cabin is an aesthetically-pleasing design that offers profound environmental and social benefits. Comprised of a modular kit of parts that allows for a variety of configurations, the cabins can be stacked together or stand alone. The roof is comprised of a rooftop solar array, or solar field, that provides energy for the home itself and neighboring buildings. In this way, the housing serves two essential functions â&#x20AC;&#x201C; sheltering displaced people while also increasing the overall clean energy share in any given city.

Chapter One

The design also incorporates rainwater harvesting and a constructed wetland that helps to filter blackwater. The architects point out that because of its various green components, potential investors will qualify for various government subsidies, including the Energy Investment Allowance. this project is equally suitable for students, graduates and other low-income residents, offering housing for up to 10 years. The Solar Cabin crew notes that their design will enlist various sectors of society to work together to address the tragic increase in asylum applications – because of wars across the Middle East. dNA writes, “Investing in Solar Cabin is an investment in the environmental objective of the Dutch government in 2020 and a preview of Dutch Design with added value to other countries.” Of course, it also offers a more dignified alternative to the shabby tents far too many people around the world currently call home.

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

1.2 Problems facing refugees When a refugee flees away from home, a journey full of challenges begins unfortunately those challenges are not very well pleasing, risking their lives towards a shelter that can hold their families together carrying only what is most necessary and a very uncertain future. once their journey lands in a place that they can find peace within, difficulties arise such as housing, food, health, water, hygiene, education and safety. In this part we illustrate those problems in depth to have a view of what solutions can be implemented to help in enhancing this moving phase.

Figure 1-0-8 Problems Facing Refugees

1.2.1 Medical conditions Troubles in obtaining medical care are mostly due to the distance between facilities and housing units of refugees, inconsistent quality of service including staff behavior and finally the limited capacity dealing with patients and medical conditions. 1.2.2 Food distribution Lack of food availability is a great danger affecting refugees it generates many problems such as medical conditions and competition between people to obtain food making harassment and bullying. 1.2.3 Water and Sanitation

Chapter One

One of the huge problems is the lack of water which causes a lot of threats for refugees such as health and hygienic problems, also the problem of water distribution is a very similar condition to food which requires an urgent solution. In relation to water, sanitation also cause a lot of problems since the infrastructure is usually very weak people use to build toilets and cooking area by themselves which is not well designed. 1.2.4 Education Considered among the huge problems facing the refugee families especially for young aged people, education can be a more catastrophic way of destroying a society and itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a very essential tool that must be available to everyone but due to the huge amount of people and the weak infrastructure, it is very hard to deliver a quality education to them. 1.2.5 Safety and Security The main reason refugees are seeking, they left home and country to find peace, but unfortunately due to the rushing of huge amounts of refugees and the lack of discipline in between them and the availability of security forces for them, it brings violence and harassment and has its bad reflections on them.

1.3 Impact of displacement on family relations The situation within the family changes, women role increases more than men due to lack of employment this stress the relationships increase protection concerns, domestic violence as men not coping with the changed conditions, women and young girls feel overwhelmed with huge responsibilities causing anxiety and more arguments within the family. Moreover, Refugees are affected by the lost privacy and personal freedom those conditions Leeds to bad intimacy and children treatment and future bad influence on community when the temporary situation is resolved. (SERRATO, 2014)

1.4 Summary and Conclusion To summarize the refugee situation is a worldwide problem which requires a lot of efforts and unite from all parties to help the mankind, refugee camps are a very essential and urgent solution to accommodate displaced persons from their homes due to the unsuitable living conditions.

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

1.4.1 Pros and Cons (Refugee Camps) In this section we stated the pros and cons of the refugee camps as a solution for the problem, this helps us in enhancing the advantages of the solution and considering the disadvantages related to the camp as a design solution for people to live in.

Pros

Cons

Peaceful place away from war Shelter home Urgent and rapid solution Living among same community Work opportunities may arise Boost population growth

Lower living quality conditions Hygienic and medical problems Legalizations and decisions requirements Diversity exists Lower economic conditions Put strain on the infrastructure

considering Turkey as the destination to go depends on many reasons those reasons are illustrated in the following table with the results being investigated by a survey done by the Turkish authorities.

Figure 1-0-9 Reasons considering Turkey as a Destination

Chapter One

1.4.2 Conclusion The need of movable, urgent and better quality of life solution is a must for the current condition of the world’s by far worst problem, displaced persons is a very challenging issue to deal with. In our thesis we will use the solution of a camp to accommodate displaced persons into a better designed living community with a satisfactory living quality for them also introducing the concept of sustainability for this camp to sustain itself to face the lack of funding. Agriculture, renewable energies and social interaction will be the keywords for this design proposal. In the study of international mobility, refugees make up a very specific population. In contrast to most migrants, forcibly displaced persons have little opportunity for expanding livelihoods, and are usually faced with realities that deny them a dignified life and fulfilment of their capabilities. In many situations, people who left their homes to escape from persecution, armed conflict or violence face restrictive policies of the countries in which they found refuge and become critically dependent on humanitarian assistance. This paper describes living conditions and wellbeing of refugees – and more particularly camp-based refugees – in six countries with protracted refugee conditions: Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya in Africa, and Nepal, Bangladesh and Thailand in Asia. It primarily draws on UNHCR’s ‘Standards and Indicators’ data. Thematic areas covered in the paper include legal protection, gender-related issues, food security and nutritional status, health, education, and refugee livelihoods and coping strategies. The assessment of refugees’ living conditions proceeds along two different perspectives. The first is a gap analysis based on UNHCR standards, which are largely in line with SPHERE standards. The second is a comparison of refugees’ living conditions with those of host populations in the country of asylum and with those of populations on the country of origin. The available data lead to the conclusion that the living conditions of refugees vary across thematic areas and are strongly contextualized, depending on a complex of social, economic, political and attitudinal factors. There is also evidence that despite often grim conditions, at times the targeted efforts of humanitarian assistance and own coping strategies produce situations for refugees that are relatively better than that of the local hosting communities or the population in the region of origin. (By De Bruijn, 2009)

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

Chapter Two l Kilis Camp

• Introduction Case Selection Site History

• Site Characteristics Geography of Location Climatic Analysis Social Analysis Existing Housing Analysis

• SWOT Analysis Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats

• Vision & Goals of Design Proposing a Sustainable Design System Introducing Agriculture Farming into the Community Using Renewable Energy

Chapter Two

â&#x20AC;&#x153;If I wanted to describe the struggle and pain that we are living in, there are not enough words, papers or pens, as my story is never endingâ&#x20AC;? Susu, Refugee living in Kilis Camp.

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

Chapter Two

Chapter Two l Kilis Camp

2.1 Introduction Historically, bilateral relationships between the two neighboring countries of Turkey and Syria have almost always been with tensions. According to the former, for a long time Syria was “an enemy of the state” due to harboring “terrorists”, creating problems in the use of cross-border water resources, and claiming territory (Hatay Province) over Turkey. For the latter, Turkey has not equitably shared water resources, was an ally of the “West”, and occupied Syrian land. After being forced to send the Kurdish Guerrilla leader Abdullah Öcalan out of the country and signing a treaty with Turkey on anti-terrorism cooperation, there was a period of political, economic, social and cultural rapprochement lasting from 1998 until the outbreak of conflict in Syria in 2011. The U.N. estimates that 1 in 10 Syrian refugees live in camps. The rest are struggling to settle in unfamiliar urban communities or have been forced into informal rural environments. Kilis Öncüpınar Accommodation Facility is a refugee camp in Turkey for refugees fleeing the Syrian Civil War. It is located at Öncüpınar, next to Turkey's border with Syria, in Kilis. Opened in 2012, it hosted 14,000 people in February 2014. The camp consists of 2053 containers, linked with brick paths. Some schools and playgrounds serve the camp's 2000 school children. The camp is fully operated by the Turkish Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency committee. Kilis was one of the six "container camps" opened by Turkey, which sought to offer a higher life quality than traditional tent camps.

Figure 1-10 Refugees Increase

Figure 2-2 Kilis Population

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

2.1.1 Case Selection For our case selection we decided to work on Kilis refugee camp in turkey, we selected this case for more than a reason, the location of the camp is on the boarders between Syria and Turkey which makes it a very critical position in the passage between the two countries also it would become a first option for people coming from Syria making the capacity of this refugee camp huge, Kilis as a turkey province is now hosting more Syrian citizens more than the population of the Turkish themselves which puts pressure on the municipality to organize its resources and distribute them economically also this part of turkey land contains a huge renewable energy resources the flat terrain land provides a flow of wind which can be useful for generating energy, moreover the solar potential for the area is very high that attracts even investments from many foreign companies and this situation goes along with obtaining a selfoperating camp.

Figure 2-3 Kilis Camp

The camp lies in an agriculture area opening opportunities for refugees to work in the industry and be a positive contributor in the crisis rather than being negatively affecting the condition, nevertheless providing food for them. Kilis camp is a great choice for the design goal of this thesis, the camp already is containing housing units made from containers and this gives an advantage due to the fact of proposing container housing to work with in the design also the previous knowledge of people already living there in dealing with living in modular units such as shipping containers.

Chapter Two

2.1.2 Site History There is evidence of human occupation from 4,000 years ago, in the Middle Bronze Age. The region has been ruled by the Hurrians, the Assyrian Empire, the Hittite Empire, the Persian Empire, the Macedonian Empire, the Roman Empire (including the Byzantine Empire), the Armenian Kingdom and finally by the Ottoman Empire. Places of historical interest include many burial mounds, castles and mosques. The name of Kilis is thought to be originating from two possible sources. First one the Arabic word for lime which is "Kil'seh", was shortened and became Kilis. The reason is that the soil of Kilis contains high levels of lime. Second possible source is Turkish word for church, which is "Kilise" (from Greek ekklesia, εκκλησία).

Figure 2-4 Kilis Historical

When the Syrian crisis started to develop Kilis was a gateway for many Syrian citizens from the unpleasant condition their country is suffering from, people started to move towards the Turkish boarders and especially Kilis area. First the situation was bad people were laying down in small tents provided by the UNHCR.

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

2.2 Site Characteristics This Section will introduce the site analysis in depth illustrating the geography of the location, climatic conditions, social interaction of refugees and their background and finally the condition of housing units already installed on site. This analysis has a direct impact on our design concept for the solution of a higher living quality inside and a self-operating community.

2.2.1 Geography of Location Kilis is in the southern part of the Taurus Mountains west of the Euphrates River on the northern Syria boarders. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 1,642 km2 area, the district contains areas of good agricultural land, watered by small rivers and 68% of the land area of Kilis is planted, there is a border crossing into Syria, from where the road goes south to the Syrian city of Aleppo. Figure 2-5 Kilis Location

2.2.2 Climatic Analysis A Mediterranean climate dominates over the region, which is around 60 to 80 km away from the sea. Winters are cool and rainy, spring and fall months warm, and summers are hot. we started the analysis of the maximum, minimum and average Temperature which has a high impact for our design consideration of envelope, systems and thermal comfort for the usage of the residential housing units, Average winter temperatures are 4 to 7 degrees Celsius, while in Figure 2-6 Temperature summer the temperatures do not fall under 25 degrees Celsius. we will design upon the average temperatures but taking in mind the max and minimum temperature points. It is shown in the charts that the summer season is very high temperature exceeding 35 degrees Celsius this will make the consideration of implementing a natural ventilation relation in our units to cool off the temperature during this season also with the aid of mechanical ventilation passive-strategies. Then we go to the analysis of maximum and average wind speed and gust, wind analysis of

Chapter Two

speed and direction is very essential for the passive design of natural ventilation strategies and for the usage of the renewable energy generated by wind effect. we find that wind speed is very sufficient for the usage of wind turbines to generate power and this will be analyzed later in the building technologies. The direction of the wind is mostly west or north-west which will be taken into account for the natural ventilation. Cloud percentage and humidity ratio varies through the year but mostly increase in the winter season. Humidity by any case donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t increase than 70% though the year. The relative humidity is a vital parameter in the thermal comfort environment for a person, because it sometimes itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s the ruling factor even when temperatures are in the best conditions. In our condition the average relative humidity is almost 40% through the year which is a comfortable set point for most of the people but during winter season it increases mostly by 25% which can be an adverse effect on the thermal comfort for the people in their house units so taken that into account by the heating gain through glazing and thermal mass ability of the shipping containers.

Figure 2-7 Rainfall

Figure 2-8 Ultraviolet index

Average rain fall amount can reach 10 cm in winter season, especially Figure 2-9 Clouds in December, the winter in general is rainy and this can be used for water supply for agriculture lands but will be considered in the design of units. Snow fall only occurs for two months November and December, amount of snow is max 7.5 cm and this would be considered in the structural design loads in structural analysis. The sun potential in Kilis is very high and that is shown the figure through both the sunny days and hours almost more than 150 hours. The ultraviolet rays also show the high 33

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

potential of sun light rays through the year. This data shows the sufficient solar potential required for the usage of photovoltaic panels to generate energy depending on a renewable source which is one of the goals and concept of the design for the proposal of this project. Figure 2-10 Snowfall

Figure 2-11 Wind Speed

Chapter Two

2.2.3 Social Analysis There are more than 150 thousand people living in 31 refugee camps built by IHH with the support of partner organizations. Within these camps, there are 4,487 containers, 13,961 tents and 100 houses. Refugees took shelter in these camps after the conflicts that took place in Syria. Tents that were set at the earlier times of the war converted into container villages through several projects. The infrastructure and superstructure of the camps are developed in accordance with the needs of settlers to let them live comfortably and there are hospitals, blood centers, educational and social areas within the camps. Food and bread is distributed twice a day and food packages are distributed monthly in the camps. In most of refugee camps, a typical house is a small wooden one-room hut with a corrugated iron roof. The houses are poorly ventilated, overcrowded, and have no chimney. The interaction has occurred not only with locals but also with space. Syrians refugees had to adapt the space by transferring some of their cultural codes to feel more comfortable. They painted the walls with the same colours and techniques used in Syria. They rearranged interior spaces by dividing or merging cells. Some of them replaced the wood flooring with stone or tiles since they are used to washing the floor. Many Syrian refugees acknowledge that the conflict may last for many years. Therefore, the more skilled and educated refugees try to adapt to the local community and organize themselves to increase their resilience. The process occurs in

Figure 2-12 Living Situation in Refugee Camp

two phases: In the first phase, refugees demand basic requirements such as shelter, food, medicine etc, to survive. In the second phase - if they cannot head back to their hometown - they look for employment opportunities or set up businesses to live in better conditions, to enable their children to receive education, to get better Figure 2-13 Unfavorable Living Space medical care, and finally to become involved in society.

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

2.2.4 Existing Housing Analysis The housing units in Kilis camp has been a continuous improvement since the camp started receiving the refugees from the Syrian boarders, the camp started in its first opening depending on donated tents to host the families as an urgent solution for the problem, by the time and the arrival of more refugees, the camp started to think on a future basis accommodation, the housing units started to improve from tents to a build unit using local materials available in the area around to form Figure 2-14 Tents in Kilis Camp an appropriate housing condition but that wasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t enough, In 2015 the authorities in Turkey started to realize that the problems in Syria will take more time to settle and then the infrastructure situation was not sufficient enough to host more people without having basic needs for living, from this point the usage of modular units such as containers was the perfect solution. The containers are prefabricated and just Figure 2-15 Housing progressive need some fitting to host families and can be easily handled to form the proper environment for people to live within, also providing the ability to introduce infrastructure such as drinking water, sanitary and lighting inside home. The urgent need of this solution made the design of the camp as stacking units beside each other, and just offering a pathway between the units and the camp in general. The units are stacked on the basis of only one floor on ground and they define a pathway, they are resting on a concrete slab which a container can use as foundation. The urgent solution solved the problem of the basic needs for a suitable housing unit but didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t take in mind a better life quality for people and the increasing numbers of refugees and will create a problem of lack of energy and electricity to provide the units in future, mixing functions to create the life style required for people to live in and this will be the main goal to reach through our design proposal for the refugee camp of Kilis.

Chapter Two

2.3 SWOT Analysis In this section we will do our SWOT analysis for the Kilis refugee camp and will illustrate the pros and cons from this analysis in depth, we started first to state all the points within the SWOT then we will discuss every point that can affect our design proposal and concept for the camp to fully operate as self-sufficient and raising the quality of life within. The main 4 sections for this analysis will be strength, weakness, opportunity and threats.

2.3.1 Strength 1. Solar-potential An important parameter will be taken into account the solar potential of the location of the Kilis area, the solar potential for this area is very suitable for the usage of the renewable energy source using photovoltaic panels that will be installed in the gathering area of the project, the PV panels will allow us to produce energy required for the electricity and equipment installed in the housing units of the refugee camp, also the design and arrangement of the solar panels will provide shaded area for refugee to gather and decrease the direct sunlight to certain area with the appearance of architectural patterns in the gathering areas of community

Figure 2-16 Solar Potential

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

2. Agriculture A key point in the location of Kilis turkey is its agriculture fertile lands the thing that provides a strong aspect of integration of agriculture within the Kilis refugee camp providing food to people and job opportunities and enhancing the biomass cycle. Almost 4% of Turkey's grape production comes from Kilis. Other important agricultural products are olives, fruit, wheat, barley and tobacco. Integrating agriculture into the community of the camp gives a boost for the living quality for the people enhancing production and self-sufficiency for the camp in general. Also as a social interaction will provide a strong bond between people living together inside the camp for the feeling that agriculture is the source of both food and income. As shown in the figure the impact of agriculture on the community on integration. Low prices for consumers and possibility of high income in return for the organic agriculture against conventional methods.

Figure 2-17 Agriculture in Turkey

Chapter Two

3. Wind Like the solar potential of Kilis area and continuing with the concept of using the renewable energy potentials the wind in Kilis is sufficient for the usage of wind turbines and producing energy from another source, this will be considered and integrated on the roof of the housing units, increasing the sources of energy for a selfsufficient community.

4. Location

Figure 2-18 Wind Average in Turkey

On the boarders of Turkey and Syria, Kilis is located and the location is a direct link for future developments in terms of direct trade between the two countries and as a business center for both countries. They can benefit from the site that has a lot of renewable energy potentials, agriculture lands and near to a gateway from the sea.

5. Local-materials Materials available already in the surroundings will be an advantage for the project in terms of using local materials in the construction process and finishing works for the project, this will direct affect the cost of the project and increase its rate of construction as required dur to the urgent need for a rapid solution.

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

2.3.2 Weaknesses 1. Weather The variation of the temperature through the year is an adverse condition as the Mediterranean climate which is so hot in summer times and totally cold and can reach to freeze in winter season. This condition affects the envelope design and requires more attention to achieve thermal comfort inside the housing units.

2. Social-Interaction Moving away from home and going to another environment and changing the living environment affects the families, thus they try to start over again a cycle of building trust in the new environment and community, the role of the members of the family changes affecting the family bond and that reflects on the blinding with the society, loss of work, sources of income and pain caused by the war in the country are very vital.

3. Famine Food poverty is a catastrophic condition for refugees, it affects the health and generate competition for acquiring food and this is the most worst condition for refugee camps.

4. Pedestrian-connection Inside a refugee camp the design is not always made for a better connection between units and within the camp itself, people suffer from lack of this infrastructure parameter, it affects the quality of life and creates a sort of random paths, affecting sometimes the privacy.

5. Infrastructure The key point of any living community is infrastructure, for sure when starting a refugee 40

Chapter Two

camp, the lack of infrastructure is whole such as water supply, sanitary management, pathways, schools, medical centers, food centers and security posts need of life.

2.3.3 Opportunities 1. Jobs Investing in the refugee camp, provides a chance for raising the live quality of people, offering them to find sources of income, this can be done with the potentials available in the area, agriculture is a main point to invest on, also establishing workshops for people with different skills and offering a working environment for them to be a producing community.

2. Rural-Development The project is an important approach for rural development in Kilis province and for Turkey in general, it offers the prospects of a new connection between two countries on boarders, offers job opportunities for Turkish people and a new infrastructure in the future for turkey to rely on for trading and production.

3. Modular-units The fact that the Kilis refugee camp is already using modular units in the accommodation of people inside is an advantage that must get use from, the people inside the camp already have an idea about the modular units and living within them, so applying the shipping containers as a housing unit for them wonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be a strange approach for people 4.

Figure 2-19 Rural Agriculture

Population-wealth One of the important things for the progress of any society is the population, it is the main factor for the success of any Figure 2-20 Shipping Containers Modularity community, so for the refugee camp in Kilis the Syrians are considered a fortune that must get advantage from in this situation, each person of the community must get use from his skills and from that communities depend on. 41

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

2.3.4 Threats 1. Financial support The lack of funds is a main problem for the refugees in general, the increasing numbers of people requires a lot of efforts and funding to support their needs such as food, housing, materials, water and infrastructure.

2. Temporary Despite the fact of establishing a camp and a residential center for refugees, but the outcome of this situation is always temporary, and the unclear prospect of the future makes more problem for the people living and for the Turkish and the UN to fix the current situation.

3. Political issues A direct aspect that has a huge influence on the Kilis camp is the political decisions, the situation is not stable all the time for the camp and the swinging decisions affects directly on any progress that can be made. The Turkish authorities have a direct call on the camp and can apply calls that can either enhance or worsen the conditions within the camp.

Chapter Two

2.4 Vision and Goals of Design After studying the current situation in Kilis refugee camp we started to set our vision and goals for this camp, the need for a better life quality for people to live with the ability to have a selfsufficient living community to eliminate any pressure caused by the Syrian crisis on the Turkish authorities our vision for this camp will be given as follow: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Sustainable Design for self sufficiency Ability of receiving more people in need of shelter Easily transported housing units for future developments Better living quality for people

In order to achieve our vision for the refugee camp we started to set some goals to achieve through the design of the proposed plan and designed housing units which will raise the quality of living including some comfort parameters such as daylighting and thermal comfort, also keeping in mind the social interaction of the community to maintain the Syrian culture, education and working environment. Introducing agriculture industry within the camp and improving infrastructure such as water quality, sanitary and even functions such as education and food distribution among people. Our goals for this project will try to achieve our vision and will include future expectations: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Passive housing unit design to minimize energy consumption Social interaction to raise community life style Renewable energy for the self-sufficient of camp Integrated agriculture housing community for a producing community

2.4.1 Proposing a sustainable design system One important aspect of our project is to be selfsufficient and that can be achieved through a passive design for housing units and the usage of the internal potentials of the site, so we made a scheme that can applied on our project proposal, the theme is based on a cycle that goes through the refugee camp and basically use the renewable energy, water distribution and agriculture as the main elements of the society for raising their standards of living. Figure 2-21 Sustainable Cycle

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

2.4.2 Introducing agriculture farming into the community One of most important aspects to achieve both self-sufficiency and raising live quality in the social interaction and providing a source of income, and Kilis provides a very suitable environment for this aspect, the fertile lands around the refugee camp is a main aspect to introduce agriculture inside the camp, we will try to integrate that aspect inside the project by the means of urban planning and a finger them design in introduce the aspect from outside to inside, also providing the suitable working environment by offering place designed for the industry. Shipping container can be adapted to work for any mean. So, we will provide some of them as work places and shops to boost the effect of agriculture integration.

The shipping container and the society will play the role in converting the agriculture into an industry that the community use, raises their source of income and boosting social sharing and interaction. Due to the importance of agriculture in even providing the basic need of life as food.

Containers can be adapted as shops, growing environment and a work space. Kilis is a fertile land providing almost 4% of the grapes and olive production of Turkey, such integration will have its benefit for Turkey on both short and long terms.

Chapter Two

2.4.3 Using Renewable energy The refugeeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s problems are arising affecting neighbor countries and by open the boarders they allow to host people and provide them shelter, food and energy which are basic needs of the human these days. The increasing amount of people moving towards Turkey is increasing and the energy infrastructure will not withstand the enormous number of people in this case solutions must arise. Renewable energies must be used to handle the problem, fortunately Kilis area contains a huge solar potential and acceptable wind speed climate. This allows the Turkish authorities to handle more people crossing the boarders and decrease the adverse effect on its energy infrastructure.

The Design of the project will integrate both solar and wind energy to the housing units and the gathering points thus modular turbines can be attached on the roofs of the shipping containers and solar photovoltaic panels will be installed to the court yards and gathering points. This approach will generate the electricity required for the camp to work taking in mind a passive housing design.

Solar PV panels will allow also the architecture to enhance by shading some parts and showing architectural panels beneath these areas, in the design part, a whole study of the area of solar panels and the energy expected to generate from both wind turbines and solar panels will be shown and how this would affect the Turkish infrastructure and help the self-sufficiency of the refugee camp to operate.

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

Chapter Three l Sustainable, ecofriendly and a better quality of life refugee camp • Design Concept and Methodology Design Approach Design Proposal Integrated Agriculture Community Design Conclusion

• Preliminary Design Design Alternatives Single Unit Design Daylight Analysis Energy Analysis

• Urban Design Strategic Approach Vision & Goals Masterplan

• Architectural Design Schematic Design Plans Sections and Elevation Renders

• Building Technologies Passive and active Strategies Envelope Building Materials Building Details

Chapter Three

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Live simply so that others may simply live.â&#x20AC;? Elizabeth Ann Seton

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

Chapter Three

3.1 Design concept and methodology The Conceptual design for the housing units in Kilis camp will depend on certain points as guidelines for the design, shipping containers will be used as the residential units for the refugees which provide a modular design for our project. Climatic, energy consumption and social aspects will influence the concept and we will try to provide an eco-friendly environment that can sustain itself due to lack of resources. Our guidelines for the conceptual design will be: • • • • • • •

Modularity Cost Portable Design Temporary Rapid Construction Sustainability Cultural Background

For reaching the output of our design we started to study problems and needs of people living in the camp. Then we analyzed the climatic conditions to provide an adequate design and raise the living quality experience of the people. The cultural background was a vital aspect in our design and we will try to implement it.

Syrian Architecture The concept will be influenced by the Syrian architecture as the refugee camp is based on mostly Syrians and that would make them feel like home which is a social aspect we want to respect, the Syrian homes is based on Islamic architecture which are represented in main elements as courtyards in homes, and architectural elements for windows and shadings as mashrbya. we will use our shipping containers to define a court yard and introducing the mashrbya architectural element which will provide shadings for windows and activate our ventilation strategy for housing. The Mediterranean area is distinguished by a similar traditional residential architecture throughout its vast territories, telling the long story of the cultural intermingling that has forged the area since antiquity. Similar environments, climates and social conditions played a crucial role, affecting architecture, making it a direct and clear consequence, a testimony of their roots. From an artistic and cultural point of view, this residential architecture, which may seem modest and simple, is worthy of praise and admiration. It must be

Figure 3-1 Mashrbya

Figure 3-2 Syrian Courtyard

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

registered and acknowledged to secure its conservation, and transmitted to the generations to come. The urban fabric in most of the Syrian cities that lived, flourished, and developed in the past, is still very much alive today, distinguishing itself through its intimacy and density. It plays with spaces and volumes, shade and lightâ&#x20AC;Ś roads wind between residences, narrowing as they shift from public to private areas. Private spaces open onto an inside courtyard, allowing for a restrained amount sun to come in, ensuring the right amount of ventilation in hot summers. In the villages where lands stretch outwards, the house extends horizontally. (Levant, 2004)

Figure 3-3 Syrian Architecture

Modularity Modular design or â&#x20AC;&#x153;modularity in designâ&#x20AC;? is a design approach that subdivides a system into smaller parts called modules or skids that can be independently created and then used in different systems. A modular system is characterized by functional partitioning into discrete scalable and reusable modules, rigorous use of well-defined modular interfaces and making use of industry standards for interfaces. The benefits of modular design are flexibility in design and reduction in costs. Examples of modular systems are modular buildings, solar panels, wind turbines and so on. Modular design combines the advantages of standardization with those of customization. A downside to modularity is that low quality modular systems are not optimized for performance. It is significant to use the modular approach in architectural designs. Modular design is characterized by properties such as upgradability, serviceability, flexibility and so on. Also, the beauty of modular architecture is that you can replace or add any module without affecting the rest of the system. It also provides the solution for the portable and transportation of the units with ease.

Figure 3-4 Modularity

Figure 3-5 Easy Handling of Units

Chapter Three

ISO shipping containers: The idea of using shipping containers as a building component is by no means new, most of them conversions have however been for temporary accommodation needs, for example storage, emergency, shelters and site offices, using this idea as a building component to provide more permanent accommodation has only been undertaken by a few people. Figure 3-6 ISO Shipping Container

The ISO shipping container has been designed to stringent standards, not only to withstand the extreme weather conditions on sea voyages, but to withstand the stacking of 9 fully laden containers. Shipping containers are used by all exporting and importing nations consequently there is a global transportation network that already exist to move these container by sea, the standard dimensions of an ISO container means that they are an excellent modular unit and their inherent strength weatherproof nature and availability makes them an ideal modular structural component or standard accommodation unit. Having the previous Containers homes clarification and research as a starting point the design concept is evolving from the idea of using shipping containers, that will provide to us new architectural paradigm of sustainability has the objective of satisfying peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s needs anywhere and at any time, without endangering the quality of life and development of future generations, at the same time it will be useful even to move it in the future for a lot of causes, and area like Turkey that rich with shipping container will help us to found low cost product that Containers homes cantilever will support us to make our project easier. It therefore implies an honest commitment to human development and social stability, using architectural strategies whose purpose lie in optimizing resources and materials, decreasing energy use, promoting renewable energy, reducing waste and emissions to a minimum, reducing the maintenance, functionality and price of buildings and improving the well-being of their occupants through the following set of architecturally- based actions.

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

3.1.1 Design Approach The Design approach we used is based on the definition of a court yard using shipping container modules which are aligned beside each other and then shifted by a fixed distance inward that distance will be the entrances towards the units from the court yard, the second floor will be aligned with same order but perpendicularly on the first level.

Figure 3-7 Design Approach

Chapter Three

The idea of using shipping containers as a building component is by no means new, most of them conversions have however been for temporary accommodation needs, for example storage, emergency, shelters and site offices, using this idea as a building component to provide more permanent accommodation has only been undertaken by a few people. The ISO shipping container has been designed to stringent standards, not only to withstand the extreme weather conditions on sea voyages, but to withstand the stacking of 9 fully laden containers. Shipping containers are used by all exporting and importing nations consequently there is a global transportation network that already exist to move these container by sea, the standard dimensions of an ISO container means that they are an excellent modular unit and their inherent strength weatherproof nature and availability makes them an ideal modular structural component or standard accommodation unit. that will provide to us new architectural paradigm of sustainability has the objective of satisfying peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s needs anywhere and at any time, without endangering the quality of life and development of future generations, at the same time it will be useful even to move it in the future for a lot of causes, and area like Turkey that rich with shipping container will help us to found low cost product that will support us to make our project easier. It therefore implies an honest commitment to human development and social stability, using architectural strategies whose purpose lie in optimizing resources and materials, decreasing energy use, promoting renewable energy, reducing waste and emissions to a minimum, reducing the maintenance, functionality and price of buildings and improving the well-being of their occupants through the following set of Figure 3-8 Concept architecturally- based actions.

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

3.1.2 Design Proposal The aim of our project is to rebuild the camp residential sustainable building to create better quality for our refuges in their camp make them fill comfortable and home, with very low cost providing them sustainable house, the idea is to build residential project fast, full fill green camp, recycled energy, easy to reply, temporary Which is, of course, what everyone always thinks: Refugees are supposed to be in their host countries only temporarily. Create for them gathering spaces, and create better community.

TARGETS

Figure 3-9 Upgrade Quality

Chapter Three

3.1.2.1 Unit Design Our plan for the thesis is to start from one shipping container and design it and use it as a prototype repeating the use of it to create small cluster containing 50 units of shipping container, and after that to arrange them and connect them next to each other to create better social life, one unit which is one 40â&#x20AC;&#x2122; shipping container for 3 to 4 people with private bathroom, kitchen and living room. 3.1.2.2 Block Design Cluster will contain around 50 units arranges next to each other creating a courtyard between them to provide enough and good space for the children to play and people to gather and increase the social bonds between the families living together.

Figure 3-10 Horizontal aligning of Units

Figure 3-11 Vertical aligning of units

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

3.1.2.3 Zone Design After we design the cluster the idea is to stack the clusters and add to them important functions as administration, schools, hospital, and some markets that will be surrounded with agricultural fields which will be continuing the external agricultural part. Our block has used 50 shipping containers to establish and define the residential complex. stacking up containers into two rows with opposing angles to create a building that boasts zigzagging edges, projecting roof terraces and cantilevered overhangs.

Figure 3-12 Unit Design

Figure 3-14 Zone Design Figure 3-13 Core Design

Chapter Three

3.1.3 Integrated Agriculture and community Design An important aspect that we will use to reach our target of a sustainable community and to upgrade the quality of life of people is agriculture, Kilis camp is surrounded with agriculture fields that gives us an opportunity to integrate the camp with its surrounding. Economy in Kilis province is based on agriculture and livestock. When examining the distribution of land in Kilis Province a total area is 152,100 hectares; % 67.8 (103,144 hectares) of this land is farmland, 12.3% of it (18,651 hectare) is forest land, 7.8% of it (11,800 acres) is meadow and pasture land, 10.6% of it (16,149 hectares) is constitute of soil, which is unsuitable for agriculture. The total irrigable area in the province is 72,000 hectares and virtually 14,127 hectares of this area is irrigated. At the 50% of agricultural land the grains and other plant products, at the 2.6% of it vegetable gardens, at the 46.3% of it fruit and spice crops are produced (Food, Agriculture and Livestock Ministry, 2013).

Figure 3-15 Kilis Camp Surrounding

Moreover, our concept is to include green roofs in the roofs of the shipping containers this will provide us with two advantages as maintaining the temperature of the residential units, the green roof provides a direct barrier to the temperature from reaching the roof of the corrugated sheets of the shipping containers, also farming can be used with some crops for the house occupant to plant and crop providing a direct income to the refugees. Figure 3-16 Green roof Containers

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

3.1.4 Conclusion We called the project Home away from home, as we are designing home but outside their country and we wanted to make them fill like their home, also maybe better the structure is painted bright grey on the corner of the container, while corrugated sheet is finished in a vibrant shade of white, helping it to stand out from its setting. we designed it in a simple way each container will contain one family with its bathroom, living room and American style kitchen open to the living room, also we wanted to integrate the Arab Islamic architecture that they were using before couple of decades the idea of Mashrabya and the courtyard which both of them was used in the Arabic Syrian old houses that it became so famous according to the sustainability and passive house system that they were using that period , we can see that the 50 shipping containers matching each other to create big courtyard between them , that will be useful for the children to play and for the adults to gather which will have big effect on their social life that its important also at the same time. The building can be moved to different locations as required. Its unusual form was created to offer an assortment of different spaces for people to use the spaces inside and outside their home. Shipping containers stacked and shifted in plan, and layered in elevation, maximize rooftop views and shaded public areas on the ground at the courtyard, each container has either glazed doors and windows built into both ends, allowing plenty of daylight to enter the building. And specially the skylight over each container to gain the light as much deep as needs, as well the ground floor containers creating corridor and terraces in the first level which could be seat areas located in nice places with view of the people that they are playing, working, etc... Staircases are located outside of the containers, linking the two floors to each other addition on them we create green roof on the top of the containers for architectural and engineering aspects as well as the containers are insulated walls, floor and roof to create comfort are inside it according to the bad climate that exist there.

Chapter Three

“This page intentionally left blank”

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

3.2 Preliminary Design The initial conditions for the design is done on several parts, we organized this section to start from the design alternatives and possibilities moving on with the single unit design as a residential home for a single family based on the single unit we developed our block design which will be the core for our preliminary conditions and analysis which will be the base for our design proposal. We will setup our daylight and energy analysis later to include our final results which will represent the daylighting comfort for the user of the unit and the energy consumption for the block in this project.

3.2.1 Design alternatives Due to the modularity of units, the design alternatives were several opportunities, so according to the influence of the architectural considerations and point of view, we chose the design option which will fulfil our concept and vision for this project.

Figure 3-17 Design Alternatives

The modularity is very flexible is obtaining varieties in the design the shipping containers are very good modular units as they are structurally sufficient to stack beside or above each other which is a great opportunity for us.

Chapter Three

3.2.2 Single unit Design The single unit Design is made as two types one for the first level and the other as the second level, the unit of the shipping container is considered as a residential unit for one family, the home will include a full house element containing bedroom, bathroom, kitchen and a living room. The dimensions for the single unit is modular 12.1m length and 2.42m width, the units contain three glazing elements, two of them on the front short sides of the shipping containers and a skylight unit installed on the roof of the units. The steps preparing the containers will include two windows of double glazing on one side and a glazed surface on the other side and mashrbya shading architecture element to be installed on this glazing surface. Finally, the skylight unit in installed on the roof of the shipping containers. For the entrance of the units for first floor will be installed on the two windows side towards the back side while the entrance of the second floor will be on the front side on the corridor. Figure 3-18 Unit assembling

Figure 3-19 Single Unit Design

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

3.2.3 Daylight Analysis To understand how a typical ISO 40’ container works in daylighting with its standard dimensions we started first with the single unit of shipping container, and introduced modifications with the glazing ratio and orientations of the unit. This enabled us to study well the shipping container dimensions with dealing with daylighting effect inside with different proposals.

Figure 3-20 Single Unit Daylight Analysi

The shipping container dimension is a modular unit with approximately a length of 12 meters long and 2.5 meters wide and controlling this dimension with relating the interior design of the unit is a bit difficult to obtain high values of daylighting factor and daylight comfort. Then we started to deal with orientation of the container itself and we started with our first proposal which was a H shaped unit consists from two 40’ container and joined together with a 20’ container composing the H shape.

Chapter Three

SHORT SIDE CONTAINER ANALYSIS

Fully Glazed east and west short side of container

Fully glazed north and south short side of container

Fully glazed north Short side of container

Fully glazed south short side of container

Conclusion The short side of the container is efficient in daylighting by 25% in case of orientating the short side towards south direction and this percentage increase a bit more when fully glazed from east and west side, these results are the maximum achieved considering the fully glazing side, and for sure the north side is fully under-lit on the short side considering sun path.

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

LONG SIDE CONTAINER ANALYSIS

Fully Glazed east and west Long side of container

Fully glazed north and south Long side of container

Fully glazed west Long side of container

Fully glazed so Long side of container

Conclusion The results in this part indicate that fully glazing the long side of the container is an extreme measure which over-lit the whole container, long sides of the container must be designed with a suitable glazing ratio to achieve daylighting comfort in the unit.

Chapter Three

After studying the single unit of shipping container in daylighting analysis considering the orientation of the container and the glazing ratios in the long and short sides, we started to propose our preliminary design for the residential units stacking together to form a H shaped unit. First, we started to analyze the H shape on a single floor then we introduced a second floor and studied the containers to evaluate our design proposal on terms of daylighting. The analysis made on the single container helped us to fix some points and make the situation comparison efficient.

H-shape Daylighting analysis First proposal was considering a square window 1x1m on the long sides and for two different orientations north-south and eastwest. Long side with square windows on east-west direction of the 40’ container while short side of the 20’ container windows are on the northsouth direction.

Long side with square windows on north-south direction of the 40’ container while short side of the 20’ container windows are on the east-west direction.

Second proposal was considering a square window 2x1m on the long sides and for two different orientations north-south and east-west. Long side with square windows on east-west direction of the 40’ container while short side of the 20’ container windows are on the northsouth direction.

Long side with square windows on north-south direction of the 40’ container while short side of the 20’ container windows are on the east-west direction.

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

Finally, we started to add the second floor of containers on the first level and to evaluate the result of this proposal using the second proposal windows size. Long side with square windows on east-west direction of the 40’ container while short side of the 20’ container windows are on the northsouth direction.

Long side with square windows on north-south direction of the 40’ container while short side of the 20’ container windows are on the eastwest direction.

Conclusion: After analyzing The H shaped design proposal we found a lot of problems concerning the daylighting comfort using this order and orientation, the building was mostly over-lit and under-lit which is totally out of comfort values, a huge consideration must be done concerning introducing more light is some areas and the use of shading devices in others , from another point of view the 20’ containers were not so practical as separate units connecting the containers or as bathroom units, moreover the daylighting issue needed a lot of progress and solutions. Also referring to architectural point of view the proposal of the H shaped was not fulfilling the concept idea of the feel of home, the concept was not well appearing and had a lot of problems on basis of horizontal and vertical connections and circulations. Even in terms of masterplan and implementation of the shape inside the Kilis camp there were problems arising. so it was decided to try with another proposal which will be more efficient in terms of daylighting, architectural design and applying the concept initially implemented for the project of Kilis camp.

Chapter Three

Analyzing and Enhancing the Final proposal The final proposal for our project contains a lot of improvements in terms of daylighting throughout the year, taking advantage of the indirect and direct sun light, the shipping containers glazing area is going to be arranged on the short sides of the containers and also, we added a sky light to improve the daylighting efficiency inside the units due to the stacking of the sides of the containers beside each other. The fully glazed side is located on the front side towards the court yard and is shaded by the architectural element mashrabeya, the other side

Figure 3-21 Block Overview

will contain 2 windows.

The second level is resting perpendicularly on the containers of the first level but inverted so that the 2 windows are on the court yard side to allow the horizontal circulation in the corridor on the second level while the mashrabeya is on the other side. The analysis made for the daylighting is done for each season to verify the daylighting experience for the people living inside, the mashrbya is used as a shading element to eliminate the over-lit effect from the full glazing side, while the skylight will be useful to obtain indirect light and extend the light effect towards the inside part of the container, the modularity of the container is a 12 meters long side which is stacked beside the containers so the lighting effect will be obtained from the roof side.

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

Figure 3-22 Daylighting Lux Levels

Chapter Three

Figure 3-23 Seasonal Daylighting

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

Over & Under-lit for Floors

Figure 3-24 Over and Under-Lit Analysis First Floor

Figure 3-25 Over and Under-Lit Analysis Second Floor

Chapter Three

“This page intentionally left blank”

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

3.2.4 Energy Analysis The design of the shipping containers as residential home units for refugees was done with the consideration of sustainability and energy efficiency, the first part was the ensuring of quality of daylighting inside the units. The design concept was done on the basis of movable and better life quality, sustainability is included in this concept as it is one of the elements that ensure the consistency of the living conditions in the camp and the life span of the project even if itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s designed on a temporary basis. This section illustrates the iterations, analysis and evaluation of the energy consumption in general and how the impact of implementing different proposals and elements into the project itself, we divided this part into steps starting from the preliminary shapes of design and how the mases and volumes affects the energy consumption, then we analysis our proposal and produce our response curves in order to figure out the acceptable and integrated design parameters that can work sufficiently with the design proposed on architecture terms and its impact on energy consumption.

Step one: preliminary masses and volumes During the concept period of the project we started to analyze the masses and orders that shipping containers produce and what the effect that it impacts on the consumption in general without using still any passive or active strategies that

affects the comparison, this analysis was done using sefaira plugin using energy plus engine. Three main masses where used to analyze the energy consumption generally in terms on mass order and orientation and shape those three masses were the base point of our design so we tried to integrate between the L-shaped and H-shaped masses.

Chapter Three

Step two: analysis of proposed shape After the masses and orientation study and considering the climatic analysis, applying the concept and architecture consideration an integrated design proposal was reached, and this section will show the analysis and evaluation of the proposal starting from the baseline concept and the impact of using this baseline. For this part of analysis, the web app of sefaira analysis application was used and response curves was produced to reach a proper baseline for our design. The main two points were always analyzed are the cooling and heating loads and how to decrease them , the response curves produced were the change in the units orientation and the orientation was studied thus the heating loads were not affected that much with changing the orientation while the cooling load were varying across the change angle as a result the block was designed to have a 20 degree angle which was suitable on both basis of architecture and energy consumption considerations, then the U values of the envelope of the shipping container

CHAHE IN UNITS ORIENTATION Highest Peak Cooling Load by Zone (W/m2) Highest Peak Heating Load by Zone (W/m2) 140 120 100 80

60 40 20 0 -200

-150

-100

-50

100

150

200

Figure 3-26 Change in unit orientation

CHANGE IN WALL U VALUE Highest Peak Cooling Load by Zone (W/m2) Highest Peak Heating Load by Zone (W/m2) 120 100 80 60 40 20

0 0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Figure 3-27 Change in Wall u value

was analyzed on the same criteria as a change of U values against the effect on the cooling and heating loads. 73

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

CHANGE IN ROOF U VALUE Highest Peak Cooling Load by Zone (W/m2) Highest Peak Heating Load by Zone (W/m2) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

Figure 3-28 Change in Roof U value

CHANGE IN FLOOR U VALUE Highest Peak Cooling Load by Zone (W/m2) Highest Peak Heating Load by Zone (W/m2)

100 80 60 40 20 0 0

0.5

1.5

Figure 3-29 Change in Floor U value

The change in U values was changing in terms of roof and wall while for the floor it was constant mostly, as a result the decision was choosing a U value which will be consistent all over the shipping container for construction and assembling reasons and in terms of manufacturing the insulation panels that were used made us reach a very suitable value of 0.11 W/mÂ˛K. then we started to evaluate our glazing ratio, U value using double glazing and also applying external shadings to eliminate the over-lit effect previously analyzed in the daylighting analysis section, S SHGC factor was also studied in terms of energy consumption and impact on the heating and cooling loads.

Chapter Three

CHANGE IN GLAZING U VALUE Highest Peak Cooling Load by Zone (W/m2)

Highest Peak Heating Load by Zone (W/m2) 100 80 60 40 20 0 0

0.5

1.5

2.5

Figure 3-30 Change in Glazing U value

CHANGE IN SHGC VALUE Highest Peak Cooling Load by Zone (W/m2) Highest Peak Heating Load by Zone (W/m2)

300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Figure 3-31 0 Change in SHGC 0 . 2 value

0.4

0.6

0.8

Glazing U values and SHGC factors were a vital parameter in affecting the cooling and heating loads, we chose a U value of 2.4 W/mÂ˛K and 0.26 SHGC factor these values were suitable for us on term of energy consumption and architecture point of view, the glazing was composed of two operable windows that can used in natural ventilation which is a passive strategy that we used to decrease cooling loads while a main third glazing side with the mashrbya shading effect to be applied to overcome the over-lit areas, the final glazing area was a skylight to be established in the roof for a better performance of daylighting inside our shipping container residential units. The shading effect was a very important impact for us on the energy consumption of the project

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

Figure 3-32 Shading affect in cooling loads

Figure 3-33 Shading effect in heating loads

The shading analysis was done among the types of shadings and position interior or exterior against the heating and cooling loads. This analysis was done to evaluate the insertion of the architectural element mashrbya which will be used as an architectural element pattern for Syrian refugees to feel the belonging to home effect and affecting both energy consumption and daylighting efficiently. Using the external shading venetian type was super-efficient in terms of reducing the cooling loads so the option of adding the mashrbya element was positively evaluated and integrated with the shipping containers, also in terms of cross ventilation strategy it is very efficient. As a conclusion from step two a baseline concept was created for the envelope opaque and transparent elements, the shading system was evaluated, building orientation was considered both on terms of architecture point of view and energy consumption. Passive strategies were 76

Chapter Three

then implemented on the design concept and the decision of using a passive house was eventually made with the need for HVAC system which consumes a lot of electricity which in the case of the camp is very low on terms of electricity availability. Introducing a green roof on the second level containers was also a passive strategy which will help in the reduction of cooling loads.

Proposed Baseline Item Wall U value Roof U value Floor U value Glazing U value Glazing SHGC Infiltration rate Ventilation Equipment Lighting Visible light transmittance

Value 0.11 0.11 0.11 2.4 0.26 5 13 5 10 0.4

Units

W/m²K W/m²K W/m²K W/m²K m3/m2h L/s-person W/m2 W/m2

Figure 3-34 Proposed Baseline

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

Step three: Evaluation of final proposal After setting our design concept we started to evaluate our proposal on terms of energy consumption and cost we started the whole evaluation from the beginning starting with the sefaira plugin showing the energy consumption using our final mass and glazing with skylight and showing the energy gains and losses, which will influence the design and their impact

overall. The analysis using sefaira plugin was done using the baseline concept created for our final proposal, final evaluation showed the annual energy consumption 52 KWH/m2 and that the dominated energy consumption was the cooling load, and this was expected due to the nature and climate of the location of the camp with high degree temperatures among most of the year. The analysis also shows the breakdown of the Energy consumption based on both Heating and cooling loads and the impact of the baseline concept on each value of conduction related to wall, roof, floor, glazing and infiltration the first diagram shows the general consumption and the breakdown of the energy analysis while the other two diagrams shows the impact of the baseline on the cooling and heating loads but in both passive and active gains mode, including active gains was analyzed due to the impact of the heat produced by both people living inside the housing unit and the equipment that produce heat also and this parameter affect both heating and cooling loads. As for summer this is an excess gain for heat and will increase loads required for cooling loads while in winter this heat could be useful for decreasing the heating loads.

Chapter Three

After the initial analysis on the sefaria plugin we start to evaluate the strategies implemented on the design to reach the optimized design solution for the project block of containers stacked together, this evaluation was done based on changing the parameters and comparing them to the baseline concept already available, the glazing ratio is controlled, applying the shading system, natural ventilation strategy and also the design of PV solar panels that will be introduced to the project to satisfy the concept idea of the project to be sustainable and to produce energy required to overcome deficit of the energy available in the area. The court yard defined by the containers in the middle will be designed to be an architectural element for shading with patterns filled with solar panel that will be assumed to be 50% of the area proposed.

EUI (kWh/m2/yr) 70 60

50 40 30 20 10 0 Baseline Concept

shadings external

space use and Natural ventilation ventilation

PV panels

All Strategies

Figure 3-35 EUI change Against Strategies

Annual net electricty use (kWh) 80000 70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 Baseline Concept

shadings external

space use and Natural ventilation ventilation

PV panels

All Strategies

Figure 3-36 Annual Net Electricity use change Against Strategies

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

The comparison was made based on the results of energy use intensity (EUI) and the annual net electricity use against the strategies applied on the baseline concept, this was made to optimize the energy consumption of the project and finally combine all strategies together the evaluation results are shown. The different strategies were: external shadings as the architectural element we introduced mashrbya ,it reduced the cooling load which was dominating the energy consumption, then the definition of the space use was defined as 4 members of one family living in the same shipping container housing unit so the average meters per person was considered as 10 m2, the rate ventilation was set as 13 L/s. the natural ventilation strategy was simulated also using the crack infiltration of 5 m3/m2.hr which affected the energy consumption by an integral percentage and was considered as an absolute

Figure 3-37 Monthly Energy Mix

Another strategy was the use of photovoltaic solar panels to generate energy and reduce the electricity use by the block thus the whole campus, the solar panels decreased the need for electricity need by almost 40% using half the roof of the cover on the courtyard providing also shading to the gathering area for the refugees. Finally combining all the strategies together gave us the final evaluation of the energy consumption of one prototype block which will be repeated as a grid on the whole camp area with the same strategies and orientation, the outcome was satisfactory on the terms of raising the quality of live within the Kilis refugee camp and achieving the sustainability of the project on all other aspects. Figure 3-38 Annual Energy Mix

Chapter Three

“This page intentionally left blank”

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

3.3 Urban Design Working on the urban scale it was a difficult situation, since the location of the camp is on the boarders of the two countries but from the Turkish side, the camp is isolated from the nearest urban community like Kilis province and the transportation is difficult as the camp was only established on both urgent and temporary basis. In that case we had to work on the urban scale as that the camp is a community by itself. The camp will be dealt with as a neighborhood which will require functions, the functions are the necessary needs for a better life quality that we intend to provide the camp with as educational center, medical units, gathering areas, administration, workshops and worships. The location of the camp is surrounded with agriculture fields and we will use that to bring inside the agriculture towards the camp as it is a strategy and concept for a sustainable community.

Figure 3-39 Urban Current View

The areas inside the camp are segregated and not consistent in their design, they donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t allow the continuity in the link between areas and each other, moreover the problems existing Our site already hosts more than 10000 people and it doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t look like an inviting place to live. It looks like a prison. All around are olive grove One of the largest problem that the refugees have is the climate condition as Kilis city is a desert city and the camp is made by Plastics, Nylon, Tank, and Containers. big and a lot of problems that the people are facing there like lack of water, their medical conditions are bad, Food distribution, and lack of education.

Chapter Three

3.3.1 Strategic approach To apply all those requirements, we searched for the best solution to match all the targets and for sure it exist a lot for example Pre-fabricated housing, build smaller (micro homes), refurbishment of existing housing stock, build upward to reduce urban spread then we found that the best solution is to work with is ISO shipping containers.

Figure 3-40 Urban Implementation

Our strategic approach comes from the idea of zoning and social interaction, the private units define a court yard which generates a gathering point for people and pedestrian links which connects blocks with each other, these blocks provides neighborhoods and that engages the community arising the zones, and for the best performance of these areas functions are provided. Analyzing the situation in Kilis camp we started reviewing the stats that concern us in order to deal with them, for the functions that we want to introduce we had to look for the main sectors that shape the basic life in order to start from there and moving on to enhance it.

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

According to the disaster and emergency management Turkish section, Most of the Syrian refugees in Turkey come from the region close to the Syrian-Turkish border which is also the region of intense conflict. About 36 percent of the Syrian refugees to Turkey are mostly located in the 20 camps in 10 cities and about 64 percent are located in the various cities including the 10 cities where there are camps. These 10 cities are located in the south and southeastern Turkey close to the Syria-Turkish border. Of these Syrian refugees in Turkey who are out of the camps about 45 percent have AFAD registration and about 20 percent have residence permit. Over half of the Syrian refugees in the camps and almost 81 percent of the refugees out of the camps stated that they left Syria for security reasons. Further, there were substantial proportions of the refugees who left for political or economic reasons. More than half of the refugees in the camps and a quarter of refugees out of the camps entered Turkey without passport from an official

border crossing point. Further, a substantial percent entered Turkey from an unofficial border crossing point. About three quarters of the Syrian refugees choose Turkey over another country because of ease of transportation. Over half of the individuals are children of the household head and about one in three are spouses of the household head. Close to 70 percent of the individuals 15 years old and over are married while one in three are single. About 17 percent of the household heads in the camps and 22 percent of the same out of the camps are women. Over half of the Syrian refugee household had income 155 USD or less while in Syria, while about 21 percent of those in the camps and 30 percent of those out of the camps had incomes 231 USD or more while in Syria.

Chapter Three

Thus, those refugees out of the camps were somewhat better off compared to those in the camps. Over half of the Syrian refugees out of camps earned less than 250 USD during the last month. Close to half of the Syrian refugees in the camps (slightly less among those out of the camps) reported that their homes in Syria are completely damaged or very damaged. About one third of the Syrian refugee reported death of at least one family member or injury to at least one family member (slightly less among out of the camps). About three in four Syrian refugees out of the camps live in a house or apartment flat. However, there are one in four who live in ruins or make-shift arrangements. Housing conditions are rather crowded. About 62 percent of those out of the camps live 7 or more people together. About three in four of the refugees in the camps and over half of them out of the camps think their housing unit is not suitable for the climate. Over 90 percent of the Syrian refugees in the camps and close to three fifths of the refugees out of the camps stated that they used health services in Turkey and over three quarters were very satisfied or satisfied with the health services. Close to half of the Syrian refugees (slightly less among those out of camps) think that they or their family members need psychological support.

About quarters of the adults in the camps (somewhat less among out of the camps) report sleeping disorders. Similarly, about a quarter of the children in the camps (somewhat less among out of the camps) have sleeping disorders. Those children who are not vaccinated against polio and measles are rather larger out of the camps. One in four of the children in the camps and about 45 percent of those out of the camps do not have polio vaccination and about one in three children in the camps and about 41 percent of children out of the camps do not 85

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

have measles vaccination. These pose serious health threat to the local population. Only about two in five of the Syrian refugees in the camps and about 15 percent of those out of the camps received aid from humanitarian aid agencies. A very high proportion of the Syrian refugees who live in the camps evaluated the security, food, health, education, religious services etc. very favorably.

About 83 percent of the Syrian refugee children in the camps and only 14 percent of the children out of the camps are attending a school. The very low percent of those attending out of the camps need attention. About three quarters of the Syrian refugees out of the camps are looking for a job and total of 86 percent want to learn Turkish. Close to three in five of the refugees (somewhat less among those in the camps) stated that they plan to return to Syria when the conflict in Syria ends. About two in five of the refugees (somewhat more among those out of the camps) think that they will have a shelter when they return to Syria and about the same think that they will have a job when they return to Syria.

Chapter Three

Gender Distribution As it is observed in this figure the percentages of males in the camps and out of the camps are the same. Similarly, the percentages of females in and out of the camps are the same also. However, there are slightly less females than males, (51 percent versus 49 percent) both in and out of the camps.

Age Distribution The proportion of the age groups of children 0-18 years old is 53 percent in the camps and slightly less, 49 percent out of the camps. These percentages point to the high proportion of the young among the Syrian refugees. The proportion of those 55 years old and older is very small. It is 4.5 percent in the camps and 6.1 percent out of the camps. This age distribution of the Syrian refugees is very similar to the age distribution of the population of Syria. The population of Syria also has high proportions of both the young and the working age population but very small proportion of the older age group. The median age of the population is 22 years (National Statistical Office of Syria).

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

Educational overview Most of the Syrian refugees in Turkey are graduates of primary school. The percentages of those who are graduates of primary school are 37 and 33 for those who are in camps and out of camps respectively. The graduates of secondary school are the second largest group. They make up the 25 and 19 percent of those in camps and out of camps respectively.

Housing Feature the tents/containers are considered as the housing unit of the refugees in the camps. In discussing this table, we will concentrate on the responses which state that the housing feature considered is not enough. We see in this table that about 39 percent of the refugees in the camps and 58 percent of the refugees out of the camps consider the size of the housing unit is not enough. This is especially so, since the average number of rooms per housing unit are only 2.1 rooms. This is also in conformity with the discussion of the previous table that housing units out of the camps are more crowded. Second, about 41 percent of the refugees in the camps and 56 percent of the refugees out the of camps consider their housing unit not comfortable. Third, 15 percent of the refugees in the camps and 21 percent of the refugees out of the camps consider the security of their housing not enough. Fourth, 73 percent of the refugees in the camps and 53 percent of the refugees out of the camps do not consider their housing unit suitable for the climate. The high percentage of the refugees who consider their housing unit unsuitable for the

Chapter Three

climate, especially those of in the camps is very important in view of the approaching harsh winter conditions of the region where most of the refugees are located.

Housing Capacity In the camps, the tents/containers are considered as housing units. We observe in this table that about 93 percent of the refugees in the camps and 68 percent of those out of the camps live in one family per housing unit. While about seven percent of the refugees in the camps live two or more families per housing unit, also 32 percent of the refugees out of the camps live in two or more families per housing unit. We next consider the number of people per housing unit. We observe that 56 percent of the refugees in the camps and 31 percent of the refugees out of the camps live 4-6 people together per housing unit. Further, almost 30 percent of the refugees in the camps live together with seven people and over per housing unit. while, refugees out of the camps live in much more crowded conditions. In other words, almost 60 percent of the refugees out of the camps live together with seven people and over per housing unit. Further, the average number of people per housing unit is 5.6 people in the camps and 8.6 people out of the camps. Therefore, we can conclude that the refugees out of the camps live under more crowded conditions

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

Basic Needs we consider the way the Syrian refugees rate their basic needs in their housing, the considered basic need is not enough about 26 percent of the refugees in the camps and 73 percent of the refugees out of the camps consider sleeping materials in their housing unit is not enough. Second, the 21 percent of the refugees in the camps and 81 percent of the refugees out of the camps consider heating in their housing is not enough. Third, 38 percent of the refugees in the camps and 75 percent of the refugees out of the camps consider basic foodstuff in their housing not enough. Fourth, 26 percent of the refugees in the camps and 71 percent of the refugees out of the camps do not consider the kitchenware and equipment is enough. Fifth, 19 percent of the refugees in the camps and 42 percent of the refugees out of the camps do not consider prayer materials are adequate. Finally, 65 percent of the refugees in the camps and 77 percent of the refugees out of the camps do not consider their clothing materials are adequate. a greater percent (about 71-81 percent) of the refugees out of the camps rated all their basic needs (except the prayer materials) as inadequate as compared to the refugees in the camps. Therefore, the basic needs of the refugees out of the camps are more inadequate than those in the camps and more attention should be paid to the basic needs of the refugees out of the camps.

Education about 83 percent of the children 6-11 years old in the camps attend a school, only about 14% of the children 6-11 years old out of the camps attend a school. Of those refugee children who attend school in the camps, 38 percent of them attend a center organized by the municipality, NGOs, or the Syrian citizens. This same percentage is about 33 among the refugee children out of the camps. Thus, the largest percentages of the children in and out of camps attend a center organized by municipality/NGO/ Syrian citizens. We also note that a larger percentage of the children attending school out of the camps go to a formal Turkish school with 31 percent, while the same percentage for the similar children in the camps is 17 percent.

Chapter Three

Monthly income We observe that 56 percent of the males and 58 percent of the females earn 249 USD or less and 40 percent of males and 42 percent of females earn between 250-499 USD. The mean earning is 232 USD and 218 USD for males and females respectively. The median earning is 160 USD and 181 USD for males and females respectively. However, we note that the ratio of females who worked last month is less than 1 percent. Therefore, the figures for females may not be reliable.

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

3.3.2 Vision & Goals our vision for Kilis refugee camp is a quality living community which contain all basic needs with a good level of comfort and motivation for a person to live, the community life we want to create depends on the circulation through functions, pedestrian paths, gathering points and agriculture. We are aiming to introduce a sustainable living community, self-dependent and identity visible giving the feeling of being home. The camp will contain all necessary functions to raise its performance, functions will include medical center, educational classes, workshop spaces, gathering points, worships, administration, supermarkets and agriculture production places.

Figure 3-41 Kilis Camp Vision

The project will try to introduce Community Theatre as a tool to foster a positive intercultural dialogue between the refugees and the host society in an appropriate way that the available competences of the refugees suffice.

Turkey future rural development Opportunities and life quality standards offered by cities compared to the lack of integrated development of economic, social and physical infrastructure and services in rural areas make migration from rural areas to cities unavoidable, and this in turn leads to irregular development of cities. Guiding practices are being carried out to increase the fertility of the lands of rural settlements, to provide infrastructure services efficiently, to employ the dwellers in the regions they live, to expand agricultural businesses and to support agricultural production and to improve the quality of life in rural areas. Agricultural village projects were put into practice since 2003 to offer more appealing living spaces for citizens living in the rural areas and to deal with irregular urbanization arising out 92

Chapter Three

of migration from villages to cities. Municipalities and metropolitan municipalities in the country are responsible for urban transport and decision concerning cities. Metropolitan municipalities establish Transport Coordination Centers to render, in coordination, any transport services within its boundaries. Decisions taken by the Center regarding public transport bind all municipalities and public institutions and organizations.

Goals Our goals for the camp is based on many points that we intend to achieve within this urban scale: -

Social Interaction Agriculture Integration Sustainable Community Self-Dependency Rural Development Pedestrian Connections Functionality Performance Portable Structure

These aspects we will try to implement our masterplan design to achieve a good level of each parameter, this project is proposed on a temporary basis, but we tried to ensure the performance to give the opportunity of using the project for any future plans from the Turkish side.

Figure 3-42 Pedestrian Links

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

Figure 3-43 Single Cluster

Figure 3-44 Double Cluster

Chapter Three

Figure 3-45 Green Roof and Urban Gardens

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

Chapter Three

3.3.3 Masterplan

Figure 3-46 Masterplan

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

Chapter Three

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

3.4 Architectural Design In this section we illustrate our design concept and we produce the visualization for our project for Kilis refugee camp using shipping containers units as homes, First we use schematic design to justify our design to be integrated with the passive and active strategies we previously mentioned, the design was produced using modularity integrated with both Syrian architecture and modern building technologies to raise the living quality for the refugees to eliminate any adverse effects from their departure out of home also giving the feeling of being home in a sustainable community integrated with agriculture as a method for income raising.

Figure 3-47 Architectural View

The visible feature of our project proposal for Kilis refugee camp is the integration between Syrian architecture which are represented by the Islamic patterns and the architectural element mashrbya, the modularity of design and the sustainable passive design. For the comfort of habitants thermal and daylighting comfort were investigated and reached a good level. Thermal comfort was achieved by terms of glazing ratios and design, thermal insulation, cross ventilation strategy. While the daylighting comfort was based on glazing design and shading elements. In this section we produce our architectural plans, sections and elevations and finally we produce renders to show the experience of the blocks stacked with each other, the living experience within the cluster and the zones forming the neighborhoods integrated with agriculture to represent the living community experience.

100

Chapter Three

Shading Element The Mashrbya shading element will be used on the glazing surface, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s an architectural Islamic element that enhance our architectural design and provides a Syrian pattern which is very familiar with the people living in the camp, its advantage will be huge as it will be used as shading for the over-lit areas and will make people to feel like home with its appearance. In a sense this is not an altogether incorrect impression. Mashrabiyas were veils drawn against the outside world and behind their cool shield of latticework those inside did recline in shaded privacy while gazing out at the tumult of the streets below. And yes, they were also a haven for women whose need for privacy in older cultures did give rise to the exotic, if exaggerated, legends of the hidden harem. Yet the origins and functions of the

mashrabiya are far more prosaicâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;as their Egyptian name suggests. The word "mashrabiya" comes from an Arabic root meaning the "place of drinking," which was adapted to accommodate the first function of the screen: "the place to cool the drinking water. â&#x20AC;&#x153;As indeed it was. The shade and open lattice of a mashrabiya provided a constant current of air which, as the sweating surfaces of porous clay pots evaporated, cooled the water inside. This was such an important function that sometimes a small screened platform large enough to accommodate two or three pots of water was built out from the main screen to catch additional air and cool more water. From this beginning the mashrabiya developed into an eminently practical architectural feature that for centuries served, at one and the same time, as window, curtain, air conditioner and refrigerator. Shrewdly designed, it not only subdued the strong desert sunlight but also cooled houses, water and people in lands from India to Spain where, at certain times of the year, people hide from the sun as others seek shelter from rain.

Figure 3-48 Syrian Pattern

Figure 3-49 Mashrbya Effect

101

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

3.4.1 Schematic design Summer Scheme

Figure 3-50 Schematic Design Summer

102

Chapter Three

Winter Scheme

Figure 3-51 Schematic Design Winter

103

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

3.4.2 Plans

Figure 3-52 Plan View 1

104

Chapter Three

Figure 3-53 Plan View 2

105

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

106

Chapter Three

107

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

3.4.3 Sections & Elevations

Figure 3-54 Section 1

Figure 3-55 Section 2

108

Chapter Three

“This page intentionally left blank”

109

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

110

Chapter Three

111

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

112

Chapter Three

113

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

Figure 3-56 Section and Elevation of single unit

114

Chapter Three

Figure 3-57 Elevation

115

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

116

Chapter Three

117

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

3.4.4 Renders

Figure 3-58 Render 1

Figure 3-59 Render 2

118

Chapter Three

Figure 3-60 Render 3

Figure 3-61 Render 4

119

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

Figure 3-62 Render 5

Figure 3-63 Render 6

120

Chapter Three

Figure 3-64 Render 7

Figure 3-65 Render 8

121

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

122

Chapter Three

123

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

124

Chapter Three

125

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

126

Chapter Three

127

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

128

Chapter Three

129

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

3.5 Building Technologies

In this Section we illustrate the building strategies and details to use the shipping containers and converting them to a suitable living environment for people to life within, first we will start with our passive and active strategies for the camp, our design is mainly a passive house concept due to the fact of insufficient resources and to decrease the cost of building in both materials and construction. Overall this section will represent the envelope layers we used to improve performance of the houses, the active strategies will be focused on solar panels that will be used to generate electricity, the verification of envelope layers for thermal insulation, air tightness and moisture control. The modularity of the units is controlled by the vertical connection of services ducts beside the bathrooms, thus gives and shared area between the two floor levels. For the overheating of the shipping containers corrugated steel sheets we will use wood cladding which will not be that expensive and can be installed easily also we can consider changing it in terms of transporting the project in future.

Figure 3-66 Aligning Containers

Figure 3-67 Transportation of Containers

UPCYCLE BENEFITS Working with shipping containers has led us to understand the multiple benefits of working with them as a basis for innovative architecture, versus traditional construction. - Sustainability: The â&#x20AC;&#x153;upcyclingâ&#x20AC;? of shipping containers as a construction technology is a highly sustainable practice, and has shown to be a strong asset for our clientsâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;both politically and financially. Beyond the inherent sustainability of our design methodology, we are committed to researching and implementing innovative ways to conserve materials and energy.

Figure 3-68 Reusing containers

130

Chapter Three

- Modularity: Shipping containers naturally lend themselves to creating smart, modular configurations for any application, including cultural, institutional, commercial or residential projects of any size. This also applies to renovations as the needs of a planned space changes over time. - Durability: Containers are made entirely of Corten steel, and their assembly creates a stronger and more durable structure than typical construction methods. - Efficiency: Building with containers allows clients to shorten the time typically needed to construct a new building. Site preparation and off-site module fabrication can be timed to occur simultaneously, which can result in a time savings of 4-6 months. Working on a large scale like Kilis camp must make us deal with mass production of homes based on equality of design and aim for a higher life quality that the current situations, the advantages of using shipping containers as a construction: Durable Housing In their native setting, shipping containers are highly durable; and depending on how they are converted into housing they can be designed to carry this trait into their new life as a temporary residence. Simple windows can be cut into the sides of containers, and interior partitions can be built to provide additional privacy. The steel walls and doors are difficult to damage without some type of implement or tool, and the flooring has been designed to carry a great amount of weight. Easy to Maintain Both the interior and exterior of a shipping container can be maintained with as little as a garden hose and broom, and if constructed with vinyl walls and flooring the container housing will be reluctant to stains and damages caused by everyday life. Refugee camps typically donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have all the amenities of home, so itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s expected that the housing must be able to withstand a higher level of wear and tear, and a container housing solution can be constructed cost effectively to live up to this very purpose.

Figure 3-69 Durable container homes

Figure 3-70 Easy Maintenance of containers

131

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

Quick Construction and Removal In the event of an international crisis, refugees and asylum seekers typically arrive in mass, and the host nation doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have a great amount of time to plan for the event. Shipping container housing can be constructed anywhere, and moved to the location where it is most needed. Once on site, the housing just needs to be connected to a power source and possible water and itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a fully operational housing unit. Include stairs and the units can be stacked several high to reduce the geographic footprint. As the situation improves, or more suitable housing is located, the container housing can be disassembled and moved to another location.

132

Chapter Three

3.5.1 Passive and active Strategies

Because passive houses are so energy-efficient, heating and cooling them costs dramatically less than in other homes. And because internal air temperature is so consistent, passive homes are more comfortable than a house where the inside temps oscillate between sweltering and freezing. Ninety-nine percent of a passive house is made with the same materials, methodologies, workers, and schedules as a non-passive house. Most of the passive house work takes place in the design stage because every element must work together to produce the benefits of the methodology. Passive House requirements For a building to be considered a Passive House, it must meet the following 1. The Space Heating Energy Demand is not to exceed 15 kWh per square meter of net living space (treated floor area) per year or 10 W per square meter peak demand.

Figure 3-71 Passive Strategy

In climates where active cooling is needed, the Space Cooling Energy Demand requirement roughly matches the heat demand requirements above, with an additional allowance for dehumidification. 2. The Primary Energy Demand the total energy to be used for all domestic applications (heating, hot water and domestic electricity) must not exceed 60 kWh per square meter of treated floor area per year for Passive House Classic. 3. In terms of Airtightness, a maximum of 0.6 air changes per hour at 50 Pascals pressure (ACH50), as verified with an onsite pressure test (in both pressurized and depressurized states). 4. Thermal comfort must be met for all living areas during winter as well as in summer, with not more than 10 % of the hours in each year over 25 Â°C All the above criteria are achieved through intelligent design and implementation of the 5 Passive House principles: thermal bridge free design, superior windows, ventilation with heat recovery, quality insulation and airtight construction. (Institute, 2015)

133

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

Working on our passive strategies we introduced the following elements: - Thermal insulation envelope - Adjusting openings and the U value of glazing areas - Ventilated Foundation connecting the shipping containers with ducts - Architectural shading element (Mashrbya) - Green Roof - Agriculture areas - Skylight - Cross ventilation These strategies we integrated in our design of the units enabled us to obtain an energy sufficient home which consumes less energy and comfort in living and for the user experience. While for decreasing the electricity usage we intend to use solar panels to generate electricity and decrease the units net demand.

Figure 3-72 Solar Panels

The area for each block intended to use will be 70 m2, this will allow us to generate almost 40% of the electricity demand which is cause by the lighting and equipment that can be used inside the residential units, as much as possible we tried to decrease the relying on the active systems for cooling and heating systems, the camp itself is far away from an infrastructure utility and also that will put pressure on Turkish authorities.

134

Chapter Three

“This page intentionally left blank”

135

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

3.5.2 Envelope

Wall Package

Figure 3-73 Wall Package

136

Chapter Three

137

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

Wall 3D

Figure 3-74 Wall Package 3D

Floor package

138

Chapter Three

139

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

140

Chapter Three

Roof Package

141

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

142

Chapter Three

“This page intentionally left blank”

143

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

InSoFast Products

InSoFast UX 2.0 panels At 50.08 mm thickness, the UX 2.0’s closed-cell, injection-molded EPS foam body achieves 0.11 w/m2k U-value and 8.5 m2k/w R-value comes co-molded and nonconductive studs that won’t bleed you Uvalue through the thermal bridge, EPS is a non-toxic, inert insulation that maintains its R-value throughout the life of your building. Because it does not absorb moisture like open-cell types of bead board, it is rated highly for below-grade applications like basements. The EPS body is a fire-retardant material and serves as a Class III vapor barrier, most of them can be installed with little more than a utility knife and caulk gun. Dovetailed ribs on the embedded studs are there to be adhered to walls to make the installation easier, simple and more performance. You can find in each of them self-leveling tongue-and-groove interlocks at the edge along each panel form a continuous, they create a resilient seal that won’t change the shape, dry or crack over time. They eliminate the potential for mistaken thermal bridge and avoid the water to reach the face, it helps to stay the panels and studs aligned during the installation even when cut. The applications made with materials that will not rot, rust, warp or decay. They have moisture control channels keep walls drained and dry waking them the perfect solution for below-grade and moistureprone applications like basements those channels are specifically sized cavities that moderate wall pressure so that both interior and exterior wall assemblies can drain and make to stay dry all the time, also the foam ensures the moisture isn’t trapped in walls.

Figure 3-75 Moisture Control Insulating panels

144

Chapter Three

Also, each panel has built-in electrical channels running vertically also horizontally. allowing you for easy push-pull wiring access and even fit over preexisting-conduit. it situated at 406 mm vertically on center, and 610mm horizontally on center and the chases also provide the necessary separation from drywall face to protect the wiring.

InSoFast InSerts Container inserts are very important for the installation of shipping containers to fill insert corrugation of a shipping container, they are shaped sleeve of EPS foam and intended to be used in conjunction with inSofast panels to achieve maximum insulation and specially air-tightness in minimum space. For the preparation we should be ensure that all the surfaces are clean from dust, debris, etc. after that it can be adhered directly to the metal its intended for the inset portions of corrugated walls, after installation, the walls of the container will be flush surface to be covered in full by the panels in next steps. Metal is thermally conductive. Do not penetrate the steel walls of your container with screws or fasteners. They are capable of producing custom-fit insert

Figure 3-76 Insulation of Shipping Containers

145

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

Mold-Resistant Studs Each panel is co-molded with three highstrength polypropylene studs that align every 406 mm. The anterior surfaces feature three inset markers for nailing while the posterior surfaces feature ribbed dovetails for adhesive applications against concrete, stone, metal or brick walls. They provide a straight surface that can support drywall attachment and exterior finishes as well as adornments like cabinets and TVs. They are not prone to moisture damage, and do not conduct heat along a wall system.

Figure 3-77 Insulating package dimensions

146

Chapter Three

Figure 3-78 Insulating Panel 3D

147

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

Reyanaers aluminum windows SlimLine 38 is a highly insulated system inward and outward opening windows, which combines elegance and comfort, with a unique design. This special slender steel look is the perfect solution for modern architecture and renovation of steelframed windows, respecting the original design but offering a thermally improved solution. The SL 38 system is available in 3 different minimalistic design variants, Classic, Ferro and Cubic, for our project as we have small area we would like to use the Cubic one because itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s the smallest and to perfectly match the architectural aspect of the building. The windows can be provided with double and triple glazing without losing the ultra-slim look. However, after analyzing daylight for our project the shipping container wonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have any problem for both, so we decided to use double glazed. In combination with its superior insulation capabilities, the system provides the perfect harmony between durable material, clean design and demanding architectural challenges. The windows must have a sufficient standard of security. Especially the back of your house, where most break-ins often occur. Without standard security, an alarm system is useless. But how can you properly secure your building from unwanted visitors? Aluminium windows and doors are well resistant to burglary because of the extreme stability and resistance to deformation of the base material. Burglar-proof systems Reynaers provides you with a choice of burglary and bullet resistance levels. Just as an example, we can produce our windows with several locks on multiple sides of the window. We also have safeguards that ensure that the position of the open windows can only be changed if they are closed first leaving thieves left out in the cold.

148

Chapter Three

Aluminumâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s high durability and 100% recyclability without loss of quality has established its reputation as the green metal. Its remarkable strength, anti-corrosion and low maintenance characteristics make it the ultimate construction material for an industry that is constantly searching for lighter, stronger, more durable and greener alternatives. The U-value of the window is 1,6 W/mÂ˛K with 600 pa of air tightness and 600 pa for water tightness and 45 dB for acoustic performance.

Figure 3-79 Window Detail

Figure 3-80 Window Sill Dimensions

149

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

3.5.3 Building Materials Although we are using shipping containers as the residential unit for our projects we needed building materials to shape our building and fixing it, our projects rests on foundations and columns that needed to define materials, moreover the cladding, floor finishing, and the interior finishes were another thing to think about. The mashrbya architectural shading element was obviously wood as the Syrian architecture style. -

Wood we are using in different things across the project, firstly hardwood is used as the structural floor for the shipping containers with a relatively thick thickness hardwood flooring is also available in various sizes from 3 to 6 or more inches wide, then the floor finishes are also using durable wood to increase its performance. The cladding for the containers were made of wood tiles as well, most of the external features for the units was represented with wood texture, glazing and greenery. The cladding dimensions are wood block made up from 10 cm x 120 cm with 5 cm thickness. Figure 3-81 Wood floor Finishing

Cladding made of wood panels

150

Chapter Three

Concrete precast concrete is used as the foundation system for our project, the concrete block consists of two parts stacked over each other and repeated to cover the container dimensions, the foundation itself is hollow that with openings for vents that activates the ventilation strategy for the housing units. Precast concrete is a construction product produced by casting concrete in a reusable mold or "form" which is then cured in a controlled environment, transported to the construction site and lifted into place ("tilt up"). In contrast, standard concrete is poured into site-specific forms and cured on site. Precast stone is distinguished from precast concrete using a fine aggregate in the mixture, so the final product approaches the appearance of naturally occurring rock or stone.

Figure 3-82 Precast Concrete Foundation

Steel the bear loading elements in our project are made of steel sections, which allow to withstand enormous load with relatively small sections due to its high strength, for that purpose we decided to use two main elements in our bearing loads such as the substructure between the first level and second level containers, this substructure is responsible for transferring all loads of the upper floors towards the corner fittings of the shipping containers. I beam section is used in this case, moreover for the containers due to structure considerations it was proposed to use circular steel column sections V shape, these columns are

Figure 3-83 V Column Shape

151

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

responsible for bearing the loads from the containers whenever the span increase more than 5 meters and they are fixed into a concrete footing with bolts. Most steels used throughout Europe are specified to comply with the European standard EN 10025 and the Euro code 2 and 3 for concrete and steel

Gybsum Boards gypsum board is the generic name for a family of panel products that consist of a noncombustible core, composed primarily of gypsum, and a paper surfacing on the face, back and long edges. Gypsum board is one of several building materials covered by the umbrella term â&#x20AC;&#x153;gypsum panel products.â&#x20AC;? All gypsum panel products contain gypsum cores; however, they can be faced with a variety of different materials, including paper and fiberglass mats.

Figure 3-84 Gybsum board installation

152

Chapter Three

“This page intentionally left blank”

153

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

3.5.4 Building Details Sections scale 1:100

Figure 3-85 Section A-A

Figure 3-86 Section B-B

154

Chapter Three

Blowup 1 Scale 1:10

Figure 3-87 Blowup 1

155

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

Blowup 2 Scale 1:10

Figure 3-88 Blowup 2

156

Chapter Three

Nodes Node 1 (Scale 1:5)

Figure 3-89 Node 1

157

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

Node 2 (Scale 1:10)

Node 3 (Scale 1:10)

158

Chapter Three

Node 4 (Scale 1:5)

Figure 3-90 Node 4

159

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

Node 5 (Scale 1:10)

Figure 3-91 Node 5

Node 6 (Scale 1:10)

Figure 3-92 Node 6

160

Chapter Three

Node 7 (Scale 1:10)

Figure 3-93 Node 7

Node 8 (Scale 1:10)

Figure 3-94 Node 8

161

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

Node 9 (Scale 1:10)

Figure 3-95 Node 9

162

Chapter Three

“This page intentionally left blank”

163

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

CHAPTER FOUR l STRUCTURE ANALYSIS & DESIGN • Structural System Project Description Shipping container structural component Materials

• Design & Analysis Standard and Pre-dimensioning Calculating Loads Slab Cross-member analysis Top side rail analysis Substructure beam design Column design Foundation design

• General Comments on ISO Shipping Container's Inherent Capacity to Satisfy Building Code Requirements in Shipping Container House Applications

164

Chapter Four

â&#x20AC;&#x153;The fewer moving parts, the better." "Exactly. No truer words were ever spoken in the context of engineering.â&#x20AC;? Christian Cantrell, software developer

165

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

166

Chapter Four

Chapter Four: Structural System This section will illustrate the structural analysis and design for the project in the Kilis refugee camp, the different elements that compose the structural system of the shipping container to withstand loads will be analyzed in depth, it is worth mentioning that this study will perform on a typical housing container and the loading scenario that occurs due to the two-level repetition of the design proposed and considering the sub-structure load and live loads on the corridors. Horizontal loads were not included in the calculations since Kilis area is in Degree V which has a low ground acceleration in terms of seismic loads. But horizontal loads were considered for elements placement such as bracings Due to the average wind speed in the area. This was decided from the fact that the scope of the thesis is based on the modularity and the prototype and repetition of the units. The site will have future developments and other functions made from the composition and orientation of the shipping containers. Figure 4-1 Seismic Map Turkey

1. Project-description The project in Kilis refugee camp is to use shipping containers as the modular housing unit, the architectural design introduced the use of the shipping containers, and already shipping containers are bearing capacity units made from weathering steel known as Cor-Ten steel, The project is made up by stacking containers together to form a block made by two levels, containers are laid on the ground floor and then the second level rest on the first level containers perpendicularly. Each single container represents a housing unit for one family, the containers will rest on a slab on grade type foundation and there will a sub-structure using two beams of APN 450 I beam type this substructure will rest on the first level to lift the second level providing outlets for ducts and supporting the corridor which act as the horizontal circulation for the second level containers housing units, stairs will be provided as a single unit separated. The problem will be the cantilever length of the shipping containers of the second level and this issue will be dealt with steel columns lifting the containers from their rear corners. The whole project will be using steel as the main structure and in this section, we will illustrate in depth the shipping containers structure analysis and the design of a block as a prototype representing the repetition of the housing units in Kilis refugee camp project. The housing units are modular units with dimensions of 2.4mx12m flooring area

167

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

2. Shipping Container structural components The shipping container structural system consists of some main elements, they form a steel box composed of 4 main corner posts (columns) 8 main beams bottom and top to form the steel box all welded together with 4 corner fittings steel elements, for floor support there are 14 cross members welded to the 2-bottom main long side beams then either a plywood or a steel plate is connected to the cross member to establish the floor.

Figure 4-2 Container Structural Elements

4.1.1 Corner Fitting. Internationally standard fitting (casting) located at the eight corners of the container structure to provide means of handling, stacking and securing containers. Specifications are defined in ISO 1161. 4.1.2 Corner Post. Vertical structural member located at the four corners of the container and to which the corner fittings are joined. 4.1.3 Door Header. Lateral structural member situated over the door opening and joined to the corner fittings in the door end frame. 4.1.4 Door Sill. Lateral structural member at the bottom of the door opening and joined to the corner fittings in the door end frame. 168

Chapter Four

4.1.5 Rear End Frame. The structural assembly at the rear (door end) of the container consisting of the door sill and header joined at the rear corner fittings to the rear corner posts to form the door opening. 4.1.6 Top End Rail. Lateral structural member situated at the top edge of the front end (opposite the door end) of the container and joined to the corner fittings. 4.1.7 Bottom End Rail. Lateral structural member situated at the bottom edge of the front end (opposite the door end) of the container and joined to the corner fittings. 4.1.8 Front End Frame. The structural assembly at the front end (opposite the door end) of the container consisting of top and bottom end rails joined at the front corner fittings to the front corner posts. 4.1.9 Top Side Rail. Longitudinal structural member situated at the top edge of each side of the container and joined to the corner fittings of the end frames. 4.1.10 Bottom Side Rail. Longitudinal structural member situated at the bottom edge of each side of the container and joined to the corner fittings to form a part of the understructure. 4.1.11 Cross Member. Lateral structural member attached to the bottom side rails that supports the flooring.

169

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

3. Materials A typical ISO shipping container is made from a ‘weathering steel’ as specified within BS EN 10025-5:2004. This is commonly known as ‘Cor-ten’ steel. Cor-ten steel is a corrosion resistant steel that is used within many industries where exposed steel sections are necessary, e.g. building panels, facades and sculptures. Weathering steels are specified in BS EN 10 155:1993 (superseded by BS EN 100255:2004) and within this category Cor-ten is a well-known proprietary grade. These steels have properties comparable with those of Grade S355 steels to BS EN 10 025’. All the metal container components have: Density= 7.85 E 109 ton/mm3 Young’s Modulus (E)= 200 E103 MPa (N/mm2) Poisson’s Ratio= 0.3 Yield stress= 275 N/mm2 corner fittings 285 N/mm2 inner rear corner posts 343 N/mm2 for all other components. Gross Weight of container= 30480 Kg Tare weight of container = 3960 kg Capacity of container= 76.3 m3 Additional specifications on steel shipping container: 1. Racking/Shear Load of the shipping container (corner posts) = 7257.5 Kg 2. Side Wall Lateral Load of the shipping container= 11.25 kN/m² 3. End Wall Lateral Load of the shipping container= 17.5 kN/m² 4. Racking/Shear Load of the shipping container= 15195.3 Kg 5. Stacking/ Axil Load of the shipping container= 95254.3977 Kg 6. Roof Load of the shipping container= 14.3 kN/m² 7. Floor Load of the shipping container= 4.8 kN/m²

170

Chapter Four

4. Standard elements Dimensioning /Pre-dimensioning of steel elements I.

Bottom side rails/ Beams The bottom frame system of the container is composed of two main long side beams and two short side beams with cross members to hold the floor. The two long side beams are made from a C channel steel section 162x48x30x4.5 mm. The beams are reinforced at their ends with steel plates with dimensions 200x150x4 mm.

II.

Cross-members The cross members holding the floor and welded connected to the side beams are composed of 28 cross members from which 25 short elements and 3 large elements. Short elements are made up of 25 C steel channels of dimensions 122x45x40x4 mm. While large elements are 3 C steel channels of 122x75x40x4 mm while their web is 4.5 mm.

III.

Floor The shipping container floors are made of planking or plywood wood 28mm thick, 63 kg each board (approx.) which is very strong and resilient, does not dent, and may be easily replaced during repairs. The floors also have a strong friction surface. Most containers are sprayed for insects because when lumber is used, it must comply with the quarantine regulations in most countries. The plywood boards are longitudinally laid on the crossmember with a pre-blasted painted and free floating flat steel at the center, two angle steels along both side rails. The plywood boards are tightly secured to each crossmember with countersunk self-tapping electro-zinc plated steel screws, these heads of the floor screws are countersunk below the level of the upper surface of the floor by 1.5 mm to 2.5 mm.

IV.

Top side rails/ beams

171

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

Each top rail is made from square steel pipe section 60x60x 3 mm, connected all together by the four corner fittings at the top corners of the shipping container.

Sub-Structure We are proposing a sub structure system for the support of the second level containers which lay perpendicular on the first level containers and allowing a horizontal circulation with a corridor on the top of the first level containers. The sub structure will be composed from I steel section beams laid on top of the corner post each first level container, the I section proposed will be HEB 100 lifting the level of the second floor by at least 10 cm a metal floor will be attached on the flange of the I beam with thickness 5mm.

VI.

Corner posts

The main bearing element in the shipping container structure the corner posts (columns) are designed to withstand a great amount of load from stacking up containers on each other and are the strongest elements in the framing structural system. Posts are composed from 2 parts welded together, an inner part made from a C steel section channel with dimensions 113x40x12 mm and the outer part which form the hollow section shape is a 6-mm thick steel plate. The corner posts are the main loading bearing elements and in our approach, we transform always the load to them.

172

Chapter Four

5. Calculating total acting on the structural elements Floor and roof Imposed loads According to the euro code 1: Actions on structures â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Part 1-1: General actions Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for buildings

Figure 4-3 Imposed Loads Euro Code 1

According to category A which is used for residential activities the imposed loads on the floor qk=2 kN/m2 and considering the interior partitions load that must be added in case of self-weight < 1 kN/m For the roof the two categories H and I will be applied as the first level floor will be assigned to the category H which work for normal maintenance and repairs using an imposed load qk=0.5 kN/m2 , while for the second level roof category I which works according to the imposed loads categories shown in the above table will be assigned as the roof will be used as a green roof and the imposed load will be qk=2 kN/m2 The shipping containers have an identical total weight according to ISO specifications which is 32,500 kg, this includes the structural floor of the container which is made of 28mm hardwood. The green roof load will be considered as an average weight of 1.1 kN/m2

173

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

Snow/seismic-loads The weather in Kilis, Turkey tends to be a Mediterranean climate but in winter it can snow specially in the mid of the winter season for safety considerations snow load will be considered and according to the euro code 3: s = Îźi Ce Ct sk (5.1 EN 1991-1-3) where Îźi is equal to 0.8 horizontal roof shape factor and Ce, Ct are assumed 1 while for the snow load we consider it as 1kN/m2 Seismic loads due to the ground acceleration value it to be neglected because Kilis is in category V area which has a low value, while wind loads in the area are in average 3m/s which can also be neglected. As an overall horizontal force are neglected in the design analysis but bracing and reinforcement will be applied as a safety consideration.

Figure 4-4 Structural Cases of internal Forces

The Resistance of the cross section according to the Eurocode 3 is defined according to classes depending on cross section shape and type of internal forces Analyzing the main elements and verifications of the safety criteria will be done on the cross members (beam) holding the flooring system, corner posts (column) of the first level containers, the substructure system transferring the load from second level to corner posts on the first level, top side rails (beam) holding the roof load, the green roof added above and the snow loads as mentioned in the Eurocode 1: Actions on structures â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Part 1-1: General actions - Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for buildings. And finally including the design of the introduced columns holding the cantilever part of the containers on the second level to simply support the container structure and the precast concrete as a foundation system for the shipping containers

174

Chapter Four

Resistance of cross sections according to Euro code 3:

Figure 4-5 Resistance of Cross Section

175

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

6. Slab beam Analysis The shipping container floors are made of planking or plywood wood, which is very strong and resilient, does not dent, and may be easily replaced during repairs. The floors also have a strong friction surface. Most containers are sprayed for insects because when lumber is used, it must comply with the quarantine regulations in most countries. The floor is designed to pass a concentrated load test of 7257.5 Kg over a foot print of 0.03 sq. meters. The floor has also been designed to pass a test at twice its rated payload capacity of 26681.7 Kg for a 40' container when evenly distributed. The structure of the floor is typically made of steel joists or cross members that are six inches deep (150mm), and placed 20 inches apart (508 mm). These cross members run across the container and are welded to each of the beams on either side of the container. This design allows for the weight to be carried corner posts and the floor. If you make any modifications to the cross members, it can weaken and compromise the structural integrity of the container. Without any modification, containers can carry as much as 30 tons; enough to support the weight of a forklift packing the container with cargo. The container flooring itself can be made from several different materials. Historically, it has been constructed from 25-30mm thick marine plywood, consisting of the hardwoods Apitong or Keruing. Wood is ideal because of its strength, ability to withstand abuse and resist denting, and its natural friction. And while these two woods are strong and pest resistant, the available supply has decreased in availability of over the years. (Herr, 2012) The cross members carrying the plywood are C channel steel sections: Steel Section C-Channel

Weight per 1 meter Kg/m 5.7

Dimensions

Area

mm 122*45*4

mm2 1700

mm4 36400

mm4 4320

The cross members will be the structural support responsible to bear the sum of the slab loads and transfer them to the columns and foundations. The maximum span of 2.324 meters is used due to the fact of the width of the shipping container and the spacing 176

Chapter Four

between the bottom side rails that the crossmembers are welded to and therefore transfer the loads of the slab directly to the bottom side rails. In the following calculations the source used is EN 1993-1.1: Eurocode 3. Design of steel structures - Part 1-1. General rules and rules for buildings and the steel construction guideline IS 80018. The following verifications are included: 1. Flange criterion (bending moment) 2. Web criterion (shear force) 3. Lateral torsional buckling 4. Deflection The straining actions are analyzed based on the condition of a fixed beam with a span of 2.33 meters welded from both sides directly to the bottom side rails, the profile of the straining actions will be appearing as the diagram shown. The weight that the cross member will be loading are the dead loads and live loads on the slab plus the slab weight and the C channel self-weight and according to the Eurocode 1: Actions on structures â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Part 1-1: General actions - Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for buildings, for the structural analysis and calculations of straining actions and deformations SAP 2000 was used as software for the analysis using the instructions of Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures. First we defined our load patterns as mentioned before in the calculations part including dead, live and snow loads, then for the slab design we will be using the self-weight of the steel element and including both imposed loads as dead and live loads 1.5qk

Figure 4-6 Load Pattern for beam

177

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

The final output results are shown in this table: Type Max shear Force Max bending Moment Max Deflection

Units kN kN.m m

Value 6.243 2.445 0.000927

The cross members are subjected to uniaxial bending and shear forces and according to the Euro code we use the equations of the design moment and resistance moment to check the safety criteria of the uniaxial bending force acting on the cross members and then check the shear force as well.

178

Chapter Four

Verifications for safety of the C channels cross members: 1. Flange criterion MEd ď&#x20AC;˝ 2.445 kN.m ď&#x20AC;ź Wpl,y fy/ ď § M0 ď&#x20AC;˝ 99.1ď&#x201A;´10ď&#x20AC;6 ď&#x201A;´ 343ď&#x201A;´103/ 1.0 ď&#x20AC;˝ 34 kNm

2. Web criterion Shear buckling for webs without stiffeners should be verified in accordance with EC3-1-5, if: where hw and tw are the height and thickness of the web and Îˇ is in accordance with EC3-1-5. hw= 114 mm, tw= 4 mm so hw/ tw= 28.5 235

Îľ= â&#x2C6;&#x161;( đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;Ś )= 0.828, Îˇ= 1 so 72(Îľ/ Îˇ) = 59.616 > 28.5 So, it is not necessary to verify the shear buckling resistance. 3. Bending + Shear:

VEd ď&#x20AC;˝ 6.243 kN ď&#x20AC;ź 0.50ď&#x201A;´Vpl,Rd ď&#x20AC;˝ 0.50ď&#x201A;´90.3 ď&#x20AC;˝ 45.13 kN So, it is not necessary to reduce the bending resistance to account for the shear force. Cross section resistance is verified.

179

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

7. Top side rail (beam) analysis In the case of container roof panels, an evenly distributed 200 kg load may be applied to a surface area of 600 x 300 mm, so meaning that two people may stand next to one another on the container roof. Under no circumstances may container roof panels be covered with cargo. The roof load test is 300 kg over an area of 50.8mm x 25.4mm applied to the weakest part of the roof. The load is usually applied at the center of the containers positioned with the 50.8mm dimension aligned longitudinally. Thus, the roof can support an imposed load of a minimum of 15.8 kN/m2, the design is easily capable of supporting the basic snow loads of 1.44 kN/m2 evenly distributed. It is difficult to quantify uplift and suction forces. Unlike a building, the roof of a container is an integral part of the structure; it is continuously welded around its entire periphery and is itself made from sheets of corrugated 14. Cor-Ten steel also continuously welded together. This steel, also used for the side and end walls has a minimum yield strength of 343 N/mm2 and tensile of 480 N/mm2. The probability of the roof being removed by these forces is practically zero as the entire container structure would have to be destroyed for this to happen. The roof, which is largely flat (1/4 in 12 slope) sits directly on the containers: first its sits on a pressure treated 2x4 screwed (with self-taping screws) into the container that acts like a top plate. On the low side the rafter sits directly on this, and on other sides there are very short knee walls (on the side walls they're tapered), which are then nailed to the plate

The top side rail carrying the roof loads are hollow square steel sections: Steel Section Hollow section

Weight per 1 meter Kg/m 5.42

Dimensions

Area

mm 60*60*3

mm2 684

mm4 166023

180

Chapter Four

The top side rails will be the structural support responsible to bear the sum of the roof loads and transfer them to the columns and foundations. The maximum span of 12.1 meters is used due to the fact of the length of the shipping container and the spacing between the top end rails. The roof panels are corrugated, and they are directly welded to all the side rails that transfer the loads directly to the corner post. The main factor for designing your shipping container home's roof is expected loading. Loads are categorized as dead or live. Dead loads are things like wall, equipment, and furniture weight, live loads are people walking. For comparison, a typical interior floor live load is 1.92 kN/m² and dead load is 3.35 kN/m² (5.27 kN/m² combined), uniform roof loads for a home in a severe winter climate (lots of snow) is 1.2 kN/m² dead load and 1.92 kN/m² snow load (3.11 kN/m² combined). Having a roof deck or green roof planting will add roughly an additional 3 kN/m² load. In the following calculations the source used is EN 1993-1.1: Eurocode 3. Design of steel structures - Part 1-1. General rules and rules for buildings and the steel construction guideline IS 80018. The following verifications are included: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Flange criterion (bending moment) Web criterion (shear force) Lateral torsional buckling Deflection

The straining actions are analyzed based on the condition of a fixed beam with a span of 12.1 meters welded from both sides directly to the corner posts, the profile of the straining actions will be appearing as the diagram shown. The weight that the top side rail beam will be loading are the dead loads and live loads on the roof panels including the green roof weight and the hollow square section self-weight and according to the Eurocode 1: Actions on structures – Part 1-1: General actions Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for buildings the snow loads are also included, for the structural analysis and calculations of straining actions and deformations SAP 2000 was used as software for the analysis using the instructions of Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures. First we defined our load patterns as mentioned before in the calculations part including dead, live and snow loads, then for the slab design we will be using the self-weight of the steel element and including both imposed loads as dead and live loads 1.5qk ISO shipping cargo containers are tested in accordance with the requirements of International Standard ISO 1496/1 which stipulates static and dynamic design load factors to be complied with. So according to the ISO standards the roof can withstand the dead and live loads combined but first we decided to check the ability of the roof to withstand the green roof system proposed according to architectural and energy analysis needs without reinforcement, the analysis was done with SAP 2000 as the following:

181

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

182

Chapter Four

Analyzing the condition above we found that the combination of loads assigned to the top side rail beam including dead, live, snow and green roof will cause a failure to the top side rail, for that issue we decided that a reinforcement to the beam is required and due to construction assembly reasons and as a compromise for the architectural point view, we decided to use additional substructure system that we designed in order to transfer the loads directly to the corner posts which have a Figure 4-6 Green Roof higher loading bearing capacity and without adding additional loads to the top side rail beam which according to the ISO standards can hold dead and live loads imposed on the roof without any reinforcements needed.

183

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

8. Sub-structure beam Design According to the architectural concept and design it was decided to arrange the shipping container units perpendicular on each other, this means that the original arrangement of stacking containers above each other is not present in this case, taking in mind that the load bearing capacity of the corner post of the containers is the main element to bear loads, so in order to not load the top side rail beams of the container we decided to introduce a substructure element to transfer all the loads of the second floor directly towards the corner posts. The substructure we intend to use is an I cross-section steel beam simply supported on the corner fittings, it will be used to carry both loads of the second level container units and the live load of the corridor that connects the units with each other. The length of the beam will be 12.1 meters which will be reinforced with cross members as a bracing system, the load combination for the substructure beam varies in different positions so we decided to design the critical condition case.

The substructure carrying the second-floor total loads is an I beam steel section: Steel Section HEM 100

Weight per 1 meter Kg/m 41.8

Dimensions

Area

mm mm2 120*106*12*20 5320

mm4 114000

mm4 40000

184

Chapter Four

The substructure will be the structural support responsible to bear the sum of the second-floor loads and transfer them to the columns and foundations. The maximum span of 12.1 meters is used Figure 4-7 Case of Loadings for Substructure due to the fact of the length of the shipping container and the spacing between the top end rails. The design analysis will be done on two cases, the first one we will analyze the beam safety verification with the consideration that each second floor container is resting on one I beam from one side and the other side supported by separate columns, while the second one will be done considering an intermediate fitting connected between containers bottom side rails and the substructure I beam at the intersection points, thus the case of loading is different and each beam is used by every second floor container intersecting with an I beam, the corridor live load will always exist as a distributed imposed load and according to Eurocode 1: Actions on structures â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Part 1-1: General actions Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for buildings the live load will be 2kN/m2. In the following calculations the source used is EN 1993-1.1: Eurocode 3. Design of steel structures - Part 1-1. General rules and rules for buildings and the steel construction guideline IS 80018. The following verifications are included: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Flange criterion (bending moment) Web criterion (shear force) Lateral torsional buckling Deflection

The straining actions are analyzed based on the condition of a simply supported beam with a span of 12.1 meters connected from both sides directly to the corner posts, the profile of the straining actions will be appearing as the diagram shown. The two cases of load combinations will be done using SAP 2000, we will show the results obtained for each case and the impact of each case and a comparison will be done to illustrate which condition is favorable to use depending on structure, construction assembly and cost considerations. Furthermore, the construction of the project is done on the consideration of future development and increasing the number of floor levels, so the decision also will be taken on this basis and the I beam cross-section would be changed for that issue.

185

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

According to the analysis made on the first case of no intermediate connections between the bottom side rail and the I beam sub structure and using the steel profile HEM 100 we analyzed the condition using SAP 2000

186

Chapter Four

Analyzing the condition obtained, the deflection was a failure for this cross-section as the max deflection for a cross section is L/240 which in the case of the beam is a maximum of 50.41 mm. the cross-section failed to pass this safety criteria and therefore it was decided to use a different cross section profile HEM 180 Steel Section HEM 180

Weight per 1 meter Kg/m 88.9

Dimensions

Area

mm mm2 200*168*24*14.5 15960

cm4 7480

cm4 3650

Using the HEM 180 steel section, the profile passes the safety check for deflection and gives

the opportunity for the future development and increasing the number of floors by one more. The final output results are shown in this table: Type Units Value Max shear Force kN 14.416 Max bending kN.m 43.54 Moment Max Deflection m 0.004415 187

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

The substructure I beams are subjected to uniaxial bending and shear forces and according to the Euro code we use the equations of the design moment and resistance moment to check the safety criteria of the uniaxial bending force acting on the cross members and then check the shear force as well.

Verifications for safety of the I beam substructure: 1. Flange criterion MEd ď&#x20AC;˝ 43.54.753 kN.m ď&#x20AC;ź Wpl,y fy/ ď § M0 ď&#x20AC;˝ 238ď&#x201A;´10ď&#x20AC;6 ď&#x201A;´ 343ď&#x201A;´103/ 1.0 ď&#x20AC;˝ 81.634 kNm

2. Web criterion Shear buckling for webs without stiffeners should be verified in accordance with EC3-1-5, if:

where hw and tw are the height and thickness of the web and Îˇ is in accordance with EC3-1-5.

hw= 152 mm, tw= 14.5 mm so hw/ tw= 10.48 235

Îľ= â&#x2C6;&#x161;( đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;Ś )= 0.828, Îˇ= 1 so 72(Îľ/ Îˇ) = 59.616 > 12.48 So, it is not necessary to verify the shear buckling resistance.

3. Bending + Shear: VEd = 14.416kN ď&#x20AC;ź 0.50ď&#x201A;´Vpl,Rd ď&#x20AC;˝ 0.50ď&#x201A;´90.3 ď&#x20AC;˝ 45.13 kN So, it is not necessary to reduce the bending resistance to account for the shear force. Cross section resistance is verified.

188

Chapter Four

According to the analysis made on the second case of intermediate connections between the bottom side rail and the I beam sub structure and using the steel profile HEM 300 we analyzed the condition using SAP 2000 the critical condition for the beam

189

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

The two conditions are safe to use, it was decided to use the second case due to an architectural point of view from not using too much columns and as a constructions cost view to minimize the addition of steel columns and use the substructure already installed on the top of the first level containers. The final output results are shown in this table: Type Max shear Force Max bending Moment Max Deflection

Units kN kN.m

Value 237.76 543.2

0.054

190

Chapter Four

Verifications for safety of the I beam substructure: 1. Flange criterion MEd ď&#x20AC;˝ 543.2 kN.m ď&#x20AC;ź Wpl,y fy/ ď § M0 ď&#x20AC;˝ 99.1ď&#x201A;´10ď&#x20AC;6 ď&#x201A;´ 343ď&#x201A;´103/ 1.0 ď&#x20AC;˝ 34 kNm

2. Web criterion Shear buckling for webs without stiffeners should be verified in accordance with EC31-5, if: where hw and tw are the height and thickness of the web and Îˇ is in accordance with EC3-1-5.

hw= 152 mm, tw= 14.5 mm so hw/ tw= 10.48 235

Îľ= â&#x2C6;&#x161;( đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;Ś )= 0.828, Îˇ= 1 so 72(Îľ/ Îˇ) = 59.616 > 12.48 So, it is not necessary to verify the shear buckling resistance. .

Bending + Shear:

VEd ď&#x20AC;˝ 237.6 kN ď&#x20AC;ź 0.50ď&#x201A;´Vpl,Rd ď&#x20AC;˝ 0.50ď&#x201A;´90.3 ď&#x20AC;˝ 45.13 kN So, it is not necessary to reduce the bending resistance to account for the shear force.

Cross section resistance is verified.

191

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

9. Column Design For the columns proposed for holding the container weight when the cantilever length is more than 4.84 meters, the analysis showed that the critical condition is the column to hold 60 percent of the container of the second floor but due to future development and safety reasons we decided to design a column that can withstand 120 percent of a container weight. The V shape was suggested from an architectural point of view and the container will be designed to withstand compression forces of 340 kN.

Figure 4-8 V steel Column

The beam profile that will be used is the pipe steel section No.108 with diameter of 108 mm and thickness 8 mm and the designed force for the column 340 kN, buckling resistance (clause 6.3 of Eurocode 3, part 1.1) must be checked in all members submitted to compressive stresses, which are: â&#x20AC;&#x201C; members under axial compression N; â&#x20AC;&#x201C; members under bending moment M; â&#x20AC;&#x201C; or under a combination of both (M+N).

In this Case NED= 340 kN, while the NRD will be calculated according to (clause 6.2.4 of EC3-1-1) which is the critical resistance of the cross-section, the check of safety will be done on two parts, the plastic resistance and the buckling resistance.

192

Chapter Four

Flexural buckling is in general the buckling mode, which govern the design of a member in pure compression. For this mode in a pinned column, the elastic critical load Ncr, defined as the maximum load supported by the column, free from any type of imperfections, is given by the well-known Eulerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s formula:

Calculating the Ncr will depend on the cross-section selected for the column in this case we will use the pipe No.108 steel section where: 2 2 Ncr= Ď&#x20AC; EI/L = 527 kN > Ned Cross-section resistance verified

193

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

For the buckling resistance we will calculate Nb.Rd according to class 1 and the reduction factor equals 0.1 according to table 6.1 from EC3-1-1, in this case Nb.Rd = 86093 kN Cross-section Buckling verified

194

Chapter Four

10.Foundation Design For the foundation system for our shipping containers a precast concrete system will be used to withstand the total loads of the project and will be used also as a ventilation strategy. The concrete foundation will be sections with voids inside and an outlet with a fan system to activate ventilation from the floor of the containers. The total loads will directly transfer from the containers corner fittings towards the concrete. Finalize building location on site. flat sites are best as they require minimum excavation and grading. If you are planning a build which consists of more than one container, Foundation costs are potentially very expensive, especially if the bearing capacity of the soil is poor or land substantially sloped. The three basic types of foundations are full basement, crawl space, and slab-on-grade. Figure 4-9 Precast Concrete Foundation There is a 2.5 x 12.5 perimeter foundation wall made from precast concrete panels, but could easily be concrete masonry unit (CMU) or poured concrete. The perimeter was excavated, and trench filled with gravel (for drainage). The precast panels were dropped in via a crane and tied together. The panels included insulation and exterior water proofing membranes added at the factory. Utilities (water, electrical, and gas supply lines) are run to the base of the foundation and then to their respective locations in plan. Foundation walls were then back-filled, soil compacted, gravel added, rebar laid out, and then slab poured.

195

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

When the shipping containers arrive on site, they are crane-lifted one by one onto the foundation, hooked into place, and welded down to marry them completely to the foundation. These heavy-gauge steel containers are so strong—each is designed to carry 25855 kg that they need only be fastened at the corners to hold fast, much as they would be on a ship. the shipping container bottom corner blocks are welded to steel plates imbedded in the concrete slab to secure the house to the foundation. The foundation bearing capacity will be designed to carry up to four floors of shipping containers which mean that the total loads the foundation will carry will be equal to 1500 KN and the area of the foundation will be 12.5mx2.5m with a total area of 31.25 m2 Precast concrete • Built off site • Lowest site impact (0.5-1.0 days) • Negligible impact by weather • Panelized = joints for expansion and contraction • Low permeability • f’c = 34473.78647 (kN/m²) Bearing resistance of the foundation is governed by the Eurocode:

In this case Vd= 1500 kN and comparing it to Rd

Rd= 3500 kN Foundation safety verified

196

Chapter Four

Foundation Unit Dimensions

Figure 4-10 Foundation Section

Figure 4-11 Foundation Unit 3D

197

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

The analysis of the foundation and the bearing capacity of soil was done using PLAXIS 2D software which allowed us to check the displacement of the foundation and calculate the stresses and forces. First, we generated the mesh which represents the soil and the soil from the area was clay type.

Figure 4-12 Mesh Grid of Soil

Figure 4-13 Stress on Soil

198

Chapter Four

Figure 4-14 Principal Stress on Soil

Figure 4-15 Total Displacements of Soil

199

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

10. General Comments on ISO Shipping Container's Inherent Capacity to Satisfy Building Code Requirements in Shipping Container House Applications: The side walls and end walls/doors must withstand loadings of 0.6P and 0.4P respectively, these values equate to 28,746 lbs and 19,164 lbs based upon the payload given above. The side wall area in contact with the load is 146.56 sq. ft. giving a pressure of 196 lbs/sq. ft. Corresponding figures for the end wall/doors are 51.78 sq. ft. and 370 lbs/sq. ft. These figures are well more than the 20 lbs/sq. ft. wind load required for structures less than 50 ft. high. A wind of 100 MPH produces a pressure of only 30 lbs/sq. ft. However, it is not unusual for the complete container to be lifted or blown over if it is not secured to the ground in storm or hurricane conditions. This would be prevented by adequate foundation design which is the responsibility of the customer. As you know when containers do blow over in container yards the resulting damage is almost always minimal, another testimonial to their strength. The boxes are suitable for earthquake areas of seismic rating of up to the California standards. Under 1.8 x maximum gross weight, no part of the container will protrude more than 6.0 mm below the plane formed by the lower faces of the bottom corner fittings at the time of maximum deflection. Install windows, exterior doors, flashing, and any sky lights. Windows are set into openings that were measured and cut prior to delivery of the shipping containers or roughed out on site. All openings for windows and doors should be framed with a steel section. Hollow rectangle sections work the best, but an L section will work as well. Images below show openings for sliding door systems in the end and sidewall panels of a container.

200

Chapter Four

201

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

202

Chapter Four

203

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

“Each new situation requires a new architecture.” Jean Nouvel, French architect

204

Conclusion & Future Expectation

Conclusion and Future Expectations Kilis Camp is an urgent Solution for the refugee problem, situation in Syria currently is very unstable and this puts pressure on the neighboring countries. Thus, providing this project will provide a better quality of life and removes the pressure by a certain amount on the Turkish authorities from providing more resources on this issue, but also this project can be very benefit for Turkey in terms of investments in the future. The location of Kilis is very strategic especially that it provides a direct link between the two countries and analyzing the investments data of Turkey we can see that Kilis province have a very motivational plan and huge resources. This resource is like solar potential and agriculture industry, the project provides flexibility in the usage and portable structures. Economy in Kilis province is mainly based on agriculture, ago-food industry and livestock. Industrialization trends can be seen in textile and general manufacturing industries investments. It is necessary to indicate that there is a noticeable increase in the industrialization activities on cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s most important local products are such as olives, olive oil and grape-based products (General Directorate of Industry, 2012). When compared to other provinces in the TRC1 region, it is observed that industrialization is not at the desired level in Kilis. But along with the â&#x20AC;&#x153;New Incentive Systemâ&#x20AC;?, it is seen that in Organized Industrial Zone and across the province new investment is realized. In terms of investment in the coming years, the province is expected to become the center of attraction (General Directorate of Industry, 2012). This project will boost the trading and export levels for the city providence of Kilis and Turkey in future.

205

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

Appendix

206

207

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

208

209

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

210

211

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

212

213

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

214

215

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

216

217

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

218

219

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

220

221

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

222

223

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

224

225

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

226

227

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

228

229

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

230

231

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

232

233

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

234

BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://www.unhcr.org/ https://it.quora.com/ http://www.residentialshippingcontainerprimer.com/ http://weburbanist.com/ http://cargotecture.com/ http://www.greenhomebuilding.com/articles/containers.htm https://www.oxfam.org/ https://www.trialog.com/ https://www.ihh.org.tr/ http://eng.majalla.com/ http://www.aljazeera.com/ http://advances.sciencemag.org/ EN 1993-1-1, Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures-Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings, Editore: European Committee for Standardization, Anno edizione: 2005L. Gardner, D. Nethercot, Designers' Guide to EN 1993-1-1 Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures, Editore: Thomas Telford, Anno edizione: 2005 EN 1992-1-1, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures-Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings, Editore: European Committee for Standardization, Anno edizione: 2004 EN 1993-1-1, Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures-Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings, Editore: European Committee for Standardization, Anno edizione: 2005 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures â&#x20AC;&#x201C;Part 1-1: General actions - Densities,self-weight, imposed loads for buildings http://eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu/doc/2014_07_WS_Steel/presentations/05_Eurocodes_Steel_ Workshop_SIMOES.pdf L. Gardner, D. Nethercot, Designers' Guide to EN 1993-1-1 Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures, Editore: Thomas Telford, Anno edizione: 2005 Intermodal Shipping Container Small Steel Buildings (Paperback) by Paul Sawyers http://nova-docdb.fnal.gov/ Giriunas, K., Sezen, H., and Dupaix, R. B., 2012. Evaluation, modeling, and analysis of shipping container building structures. Engineering structures, vol. 43, pp. 48-57. 235

HOME AWAY FROM HOME

https://www.ancraaustralia.com https://www.asee.org/documents/zones/zone3/2015/Educational-Adaptation-of-CargoContainer-Design-Features.pdf Fundamentals of Structural Steel Design By GAMBHIR https://www.asee.org/documents/zones/zone3/2015/Educational-Adaptation-of-CargoContainer-Design-Features.pdf http://eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu/doc/2014_07_WS_Steel/presentations/05_Eurocodes_Steel_ Workshop_SIMOES.pdf ISO 1496-1:1990 Series 1 freight containers – Specification and testing – Part 1: General cargo containers for general purposes ISO/TR 15070:1996(E) Series 1 freight containers – Rationale for structural test criteria Commentary on the Specification for the Design, Fabrication and Erection of Structural Steel for Buildings”, Section 1.8, American Institute of Steel Construction, 1978 ISO 1161-1984(E) Series 1 freight containers – Corner fittings – Specification Commentary on the Specification for the Design, Fabrication and Erection of Structural Steel for Buildings”, Section 1.5.1.3, American Institute of Steel Construction, 1978 http://precast.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Foundations_Presentation1.pdf http://eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu/doc/2013_06_WS_GEO/presentations/02-Scarpelli-Designof-spread-foundations.pdf GREEN CONTAINER ARCHITECTURE 3 by Book by Luis de Garrido Intermodal Shipping Container Small Steel Buildings (Paperback) by Paul Sawyers http://nova-docdb.fnal.gov/ worldweatheronline.com http://www.sensiblehouse.org/con_containers.htm http://www.rehabimed.net/ https://www.arch2o.com/language-modular-architecture/ www.u-wert.net www.containerbuildgroup.com.au https://www.thenational.ae/uae/masdar-city-role-model-for-a-sustainable-future1.576827#page2 www.dezeen.com www.archdaily.com https://insofast.com/ 236

FIGURE 1-0-1 KEETWONEN RESIDENCE ......................................................................................................................... 17 FIGURE 1-0-2 DISMANTLING UNITS ............................................................................................................................... 18 FIGURE 1-0-3 CURTAIN WALL INSTALL ........................................................................................................................... 18 FIGURE 1-0-4 KARUMA CAMP ...................................................................................................................................... 19 FIGURE 1-0-5 IRRIGATION........................................................................................................................................... 19 FIGURE 1-0-6 SOCIAL ENGAGMENT .............................................................................................................................. 20 FIGURE 1-0-7 CONCEPTUAL EXAMPLE ........................................................................................................................... 20 FIGURE 1-0-8 PROBLEMS FACING REFUGEES .................................................................................................................. 22 FIGURE 1-0-9 REASONS CONSIDERING TURKEY AS A DESTINATION ...................................................................................... 24 FIGURE 2-2 KILIS POPULATION..................................................................................................................................... 29 FIGURE 1-10 REFUGEES INCREASE ................................................................................................................................ 29 FIGURE 2-3 KILIS CAMP .............................................................................................................................................. 30 FIGURE 2-4 KILIS HISTORICAL ...................................................................................................................................... 31 FIGURE 2-5 KILIS LOCATION ........................................................................................................................................ 32 FIGURE 2-6 TEMPERATURE.......................................................................................................................................... 32 FIGURE 2-7 RAINFALL................................................................................................................................................. 33 FIGURE 2-8 ULTRAVIOLET INDEX .................................................................................................................................. 33 FIGURE 2-9 CLOUDS .................................................................................................................................................. 33 FIGURE 2-11 WIND SPEED .......................................................................................................................................... 34 FIGURE 2-10 SNOWFALL............................................................................................................................................. 34 FIGURE 2-13 UNFAVORABLE LIVING SPACE .................................................................................................................... 35 FIGURE 2-12 LIVING SITUATION IN REFUGEE CAMP ......................................................................................................... 35 FIGURE 2-14 TENTS IN KILIS CAMP ............................................................................................................................... 36 FIGURE 2-15 HOUSING PROGRESSIVE ............................................................................................................................ 36 FIGURE 2-16 SOLAR POTENTIAL ................................................................................................................................... 37 FIGURE 2-17 AGRICULTURE IN TURKEY .......................................................................................................................... 38 FIGURE 2-18 WIND AVERAGE IN TURKEY ....................................................................................................................... 39 FIGURE 2-19 RURAL AGRICULTURE ............................................................................................................................... 41 FIGURE 2-20 SHIPPING CONTAINERS MODULARITY.......................................................................................................... 41 FIGURE 2-21 SUSTAINABLE CYCLE ................................................................................................................................ 43 FIGURE 3-1 MASHRBYA .............................................................................................................................................. 49 FIGURE 3-2 SYRIAN COURTYARD .................................................................................................................................. 49 FIGURE 3-3 SYRIAN ARCHITECTURE ............................................................................................................................... 50 FIGURE 3-5 EASY HANDLING OF UNITS .......................................................................................................................... 50 FIGURE 3-4 MODULARITY ........................................................................................................................................... 50 FIGURE 3-6 ISO SHIPPING CONTAINER ........................................................................................................................... 51 FIGURE 3-7 DESIGN APPROACH ................................................................................................................................... 52 FIGURE 3-8 CONCEPT ................................................................................................................................................. 53 FIGURE 3-9 UPGRADE QUALITY.................................................................................................................................... 54 FIGURE 3-10 HORIZONTAL ALIGNING OF UNITS .............................................................................................................. 55 FIGURE 3-11 VERTICAL ALIGNING OF UNITS .................................................................................................................... 55 FIGURE 3-13 CORE DESIGN ......................................................................................................................................... 56 FIGURE 3-14 ZONE DESIGN ......................................................................................................................................... 56 FIGURE 3-12 UNIT DESIGN ......................................................................................................................................... 56 FIGURE 3-15 KILIS CAMP SURROUNDING ....................................................................................................................... 57 FIGURE 3-16 GREEN ROOF CONTAINERS ........................................................................................................................ 57 FIGURE 3-17 DESIGN ALTERNATIVES ............................................................................................................................. 60 FIGURE 3-18 UNIT ASSEMBLING ................................................................................................................................... 61 FIGURE 3-19 SINGLE UNIT DESIGN ............................................................................................................................... 61 FIGURE 3-20 SINGLE UNIT DAYLIGHT ANALYSI ................................................................................................................ 62 FIGURE 3-21 BLOCK OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................... 67 FIGURE 3-22 DAYLIGHTING LUX LEVELS ......................................................................................................................... 68 FIGURE 3-23 SEASONAL DAYLIGHTING .......................................................................................................................... 69

237

FIGURE 3-25 OVER AND UNDER-LIT ANALYSIS SECOND FLOOR .......................................................................................... 70 FIGURE 3-24 OVER AND UNDER-LIT ANALYSIS FIRST FLOOR .............................................................................................. 70 FIGURE 3-27 CHANGE IN WALL U VALUE ....................................................................................................................... 73 FIGURE 3-26 CHANGE IN UNIT ORIENTATION .................................................................................................................. 73 FIGURE 3-29 CHANGE IN FLOOR U VALUE ...................................................................................................................... 74 FIGURE 3-28 CHANGE IN ROOF U VALUE ....................................................................................................................... 74 FIGURE 3-30 CHANGE IN GLAZING U VALUE ................................................................................................................... 75 FIGURE 3-31 CHANGE IN SHGC VALUE ......................................................................................................................... 75 FIGURE 3-32 SHADING AFFECT IN COOLING LOADS ........................................................................................................... 76 FIGURE 3-33 SHADING EFFECT IN HEATING LOADS ........................................................................................................... 76 FIGURE 3-34 PROPOSED BASELINE ............................................................................................................................... 77 FIGURE 3-35 EUI CHANGE AGAINST STRATEGIES ............................................................................................................. 78 FIGURE 3-36 ANNUAL NET ELECTRICITY USE CHANGE AGAINST STRATEGIES.......................................................................... 78 FIGURE 3-37 MONTHLY ENERGY MIX ........................................................................................................................... 78 FIGURE 3-38 ANNUAL ENERGY MIX.............................................................................................................................. 78 FIGURE 3-39 URBAN CURRENT VIEW ............................................................................................................................ 78 FIGURE 3-40 URBAN IMPLEMENTATION ........................................................................................................................ 78 FIGURE 3-41 KILIS CAMP VISION .................................................................................................................................. 78 FIGURE 3-42 PEDESTRIAN LINKS .................................................................................................................................. 78 FIGURE 3-44 DOUBLE CLUSTER.................................................................................................................................... 78 FIGURE 3-43 SINGLE CLUSTER ..................................................................................................................................... 78 FIGURE 3-45 GREEN ROOF AND URBAN GARDENS .......................................................................................................... 78 FIGURE 3-46 MASTERPLAN ......................................................................................................................................... 78 FIGURE 3-47 ARCHITECTURAL VIEW ............................................................................................................................. 78 FIGURE 3-48 SYRIAN PATTERN..................................................................................................................................... 78 FIGURE 3-49 MASHRBYA EFFECT ................................................................................................................................. 78 FIGURE 3-50 SCHEMATIC DESIGN SUMMER ................................................................................................................... 78 FIGURE 3-51 SCHEMATIC DESIGN WINTER ..................................................................................................................... 78 FIGURE 3-52 PLAN VIEW 1 ......................................................................................................................................... 78 FIGURE 3-53 PLAN VIEW 2 ......................................................................................................................................... 78 FIGURE 3-55 SECTION 2 ............................................................................................................................................. 78 FIGURE 3-54 SECTION 1 ............................................................................................................................................. 78 FIGURE 3-56 SECTION AND ELEVATION OF SINGLE UNIT .................................................................................................... 78 FIGURE 3-57 ELEVATION ............................................................................................................................................ 78 FIGURE 3-58 RENDER 1 .............................................................................................................................................. 78 FIGURE 3-59 RENDER 2 .............................................................................................................................................. 78 FIGURE 3-61 RENDER 4 .............................................................................................................................................. 78 FIGURE 3-60 RENDER 3 .............................................................................................................................................. 78 FIGURE 3-63 RENDER 6 .............................................................................................................................................. 78 FIGURE 3-62 RENDER 5 .............................................................................................................................................. 78 FIGURE 3-65 RENDER 8 .............................................................................................................................................. 78 FIGURE 3-64 RENDER 7 .............................................................................................................................................. 78 FIGURE 3-66 ALIGNING CONTAINERS ............................................................................................................................ 78 FIGURE 3-67 TRANSPORTATION OF CONTAINERS ............................................................................................................. 78 FIGURE 3-68 REUSING CONTAINERS .............................................................................................................................. 78 FIGURE 3-69 DURABLE CONTAINER HOMES .................................................................................................................... 78 FIGURE 3-70 EASY MAINTENANCE OF CONTAINERS.......................................................................................................... 78 FIGURE 3-71 PASSIVE STRATEGY .................................................................................................................................. 78 FIGURE 3-72 SOLAR PANELS........................................................................................................................................ 78 FIGURE 3-73 WALL PACKAGE ...................................................................................................................................... 78 FIGURE 3-74 WALL PACKAGE 3D ................................................................................................................................. 78 FIGURE 3-75 MOISTURE CONTROL INSULATING PANELS.................................................................................................... 78 FIGURE 3-76 INSULATION OF SHIPPING CONTAINERS ....................................................................................................... 78

238

FIGURE 3-77 INSULATING PACKAGE DIMENSIONS............................................................................................................. 78 FIGURE 3-78 INSULATING PANEL 3D............................................................................................................................. 78 FIGURE 3-80 WINDOW SILL DIMENSIONS ...................................................................................................................... 78 FIGURE 3-79 WINDOW DETAIL .................................................................................................................................... 78 FIGURE 3-81 WOOD FLOOR FINISHING .......................................................................................................................... 78 FIGURE 3-82 PRECAST CONCRETE FOUNDATION ............................................................................................................. 78 FIGURE 3-83 V COLUMN SHAPE .................................................................................................................................. 78 FIGURE 3-84 GYBSUM BOARD INSTALLATION .................................................................................................................. 78 FIGURE 3-85 SECTION A-A ......................................................................................................................................... 78 FIGURE 3-86 SECTION B-B.......................................................................................................................................... 78 FIGURE 3-87 BLOWUP 1............................................................................................................................................. 78 FIGURE 3-88 BLOWUP 2............................................................................................................................................. 78 FIGURE 3-89 NODE 1 ................................................................................................................................................ 78 FIGURE 3-90 NODE 4 ................................................................................................................................................ 78 FIGURE 3-91 NODE 5 ................................................................................................................................................ 78 FIGURE 3-92 NODE 6 ................................................................................................................................................ 78 FIGURE 3-93 NODE 7 ................................................................................................................................................ 78 FIGURE 3-94 NODE 8 ................................................................................................................................................ 78 FIGURE 3-95 NODE 9 ................................................................................................................................................ 78 FIGURE 4-1 SEISMIC MAP TURKEY ................................................................................................................................ 78 FIGURE 4-2 CONTAINER STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS............................................................................................................. 78 FIGURE 4-3 IMPOSED LOADS EURO CODE 1.................................................................................................................... 78 FIGURE 4-4 STRUCTURAL CASES OF INTERNAL FORCES ...................................................................................................... 78 FIGURE 4-5 RESISTANCE OF CROSS SECTION ................................................................................................................... 78 FIGURE 4-6 LOAD PATTERN FOR BEAM .......................................................................................................................... 78 FIGURE 4-6 GREEN ROOF ........................................................................................................................................... 78 FIGURE 4-7 CASE OF LOADINGS FOR SUBSTRUCTURE ........................................................................................................ 78 FIGURE 4-8 V STEEL COLUMN ...................................................................................................................................... 78 FIGURE 4-9 PRECAST CONCRETE FOUNDATION ............................................................................................................... 78 FIGURE 4-11 FOUNDATION UNIT 3D ............................................................................................................................ 78 FIGURE 4-10 FOUNDATION SECTION ............................................................................................................................. 78 FIGURE 4-13 STRESS ON SOIL ...................................................................................................................................... 78 FIGURE 4-12 MESH GRID OF SOIL ................................................................................................................................ 78 FIGURE 4-14 PRINCIPAL STRESS ON SOIL ....................................................................................................................... 78 FIGURE 4-15 TOTAL DISPLACEMENTS OF SOIL ................................................................................................................. 78

239

240