A GUIDE TO USING A DOG LEASH The Comprehensive Resource for Dog Owners
A MISTER BEN'S ORIGINAL PUBLICATION
A COMPLETE GUIDE TO USING A DOG LEASH The Comprehensive Resource for Dog Owners
www.MisterBens.com
A COMPLETE GUIDE TO USING A DOG LEASH: The Comprehensive Resource for Dog Owners by Mister Ben’s Amazing Products, LLC Copyright © 2018 by Mister Ben’s Amazing Products, LLC “All Rights Reserved” No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical or electronic, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright holder. Mister Ben’s Amazing Products, LLC Post Office Box 579 Blufton, SC 29910 www.MisterBens.com amazingproducts@misterbens.com ISBN-13: 9781790253913
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 5 2. IMPORTANCE OF LEASH TRAINING
7
3. STATE LEASH LAWS
10
4. CHOOSING A COLLAR Collar Types Collar Sizing
34 34 38
5.
CHOOSING A LEASH Leash Types Leash Lengths Mister Ben’s Bonded Collection Why Choose a Mister Ben’s Bonded Leather Leash?
40 40 41 42 43
6.
GETTING STARTED WITH TRAINING Types of Training Methods How to Leash Train Your Dog Puppy vs. Adult Dog Training Top Tips for Successful Training
45 45 48 48 49
7.
COMMON ISSUES WITH LEASHING DOGS Pulling on the Leash Reluctance to Walk Leash Injuries Leash Reactivity
51 51 52 53 54
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8. WHEN IS IT OK TO LET YOUR DOG OFF-LEASH? Letting Your Dog Off-Leash Canine Etiquette in Dog Parks
56 56 59
9. MORE RESOURCES
61
10. ABOUT MISTER BEN
62
11. NOTES
64
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01
INTRODUCTION
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ongratulations on your purchase of a Mister Ben’s Bonded Luxury Leather Dog Leash. Many dog owners know that walking their dog can be one of life’s great pleasures. Walking has positive benefits for you both, and is the perfect way to spend quality time together while enjoying some exercise.
A GUIDE TO LEASHES
There are so many reasons to leash your dog, including your pet’s safety. The purpose of this guide is to provide comprehensive information about the use of dog leashes and collars, and easy-tofollow, step-by-step instructions for leash training. We will discuss common issues encountered during leash-walking, and provide helpful tips on how to overcome these problems. We will discuss why it’s important to leash-train your dog, and when you might consider letting your dog off-leash. This guide will empower you to make informed decisions regarding leash-walking your dog confidently and safely. There are many everyday situations when you will need to leash your dog, such as at the vet, the groomer, in public parks, in the city or even in emergency situations. It makes sense that leash training your dog is an important part of being a responsible dog owner. Often, leash training is one of the first aspects of training when people bring a new puppy into their homes. New owners usually can’t wait to take their puppy for a walk around the block (when he has completed his full vaccination course).
Your dog needs to feel comfortable and happy while walking, and this means having a well-fitted, appropriate collar. With so many choices available, it can be a daunting decision for any pet owner to choose the right one. You also need to feel comfortable with the leash you are using. Ideally, a leash should be safe, durable, easy to clean and aesthetically pleasing. By choosing a luxury Mister Ben’s Bonded Leather Leash, you have chosen a high-quality product that meets all these demands. A dedicated owner like yourself only wants the best for your beloved pet.
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IMPORTANCE OF LEASH TRAINING
A GUIDE TO LEASHES
alking with your dog allows you to spend quality time together and work on obedience training, along with the positive physical benefits for you both. It is important that you can both enjoy walking in a comfortable and relaxed fashion. If your dog is pulling you off your feet every time you leave the house, it is not relaxing for either of you.
All dogs should learn how to walk on a leash. It is a basic and easily learned skill, and part of being a responsible dog owner. Of course, dogs can learn this skill at any age, but it is always easier to start as a puppy. Even dogs whose owners only exercise them off-leash should still learn to walk on a leash—for training purposes, for public etiquette and for emergency situations, too! Why you’ll want to train your dog to walk on a leash: •
Taking your dog for a walk is a great way to provide it with both exercise and mental stimulation.
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Using up excess energy through daily walks can also help to reduce behavioral problems in the home, such as destructiveness and inappropriate elimination.
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Leash training is important for all ages of dogs, but especially for puppies. They can learn how to appropriately interact with other dogs and people while walking on a leash.
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Walking your dog provides the perfect opportunity to socialize with other dogs. A dog who is not well-socialized is more likely to be anxious, fearful or aggressive toward other dogs and/or people.
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It is a great way to start obedience training with your dog. If you can successfully master leash-walking, then it can form a solid foundation as you move on to more complex training.
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A dog that pulls on the leash regularly is at risk of causing injury to its neck muscles, windpipe, throat or even its spine.
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Teaching your dog to walk on the leash is part of being a responsible dog owner. Uncontrolled behavior while walking on a leash could increase the risk of having an accident, such as
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stumbling, letting go of the leash, or your dog escaping onto a busy road. •
You’ll need to leash your dog in many everyday situations, such as at the vet clinic, the groomer, the boarding kennels, in public, or when your dog is with a dog walker.
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Most states have laws regarding where and when you need to keep your dog on a leash, so it is important to check in advance if you are unsure. You may be fined for not using a leash in areas that require it.
•
Unfortunately, you can’t control everything that happens around you while you walk. Being able to comfortably walk your dog on a leash allows you to be in control, helping to keep yourself, your dog and the people around you safer.
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03
STATE LEASH LAWS
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A GUIDE TO LEASHES
he laws regarding the control of dogs and use of a restraint, such as a leash, vary widely between states. States may require that an owner use a leash if a dog is in a certain area, such as a public school or park, wildlife area or livestock pasture. There may even be restrictions in place for the control of dogs during certain periods of the day, most commonly between sunrise and sunset.
Several states will allow “at-large� or roaming dogs to be seized, usually by animal control services. This could be defined as dogs who are not under control of the owner, not on a leash, running free unaccompanied or causing a nuisance. There may be certain
dog control and leash requirements for special circumstances. For example, during a rabies quarantine, some states require owners to confine dogs to their premises or to be leashed if they leave their owner’s property. A leash is not the only way to control a dog, with some owners arguing that a dog may be under control using verbal or hand commands. Many states do not enforce the use of a leash when discussing control, but instead, prohibit dogs running “at-large.” However, even if a state does not have leash laws in place, there may be local government requirements for animal control. It is always best to call your city or county code office to check the local laws regarding the control of dogs and use of leashes.
This table is meant for information and educational purposes only. The information found in this table may no longer be up-to-date and cannot be guaranteed to be a full reflection of all regulations in place. The table does not include leash laws for dangerous dogs or dogs that have been declared vicious. It is the responsibility of every dog owner to check with the local government for dog restraint requirements. A MISTER BEN’S ORIGINAL PUBLICATION | 11
TABLE 1. STATE LEASH LAWS ALABAMA State laws that prohibit dogs running at large or allow municipalities to enact such ordinances All cities and towns of this state shall have the power to regulate and prevent the running of dogs at large on the streets. Ala. Code 1975 § 11-47-110 States requiring leashes for dogs in parks, state grounds, or wildlife areas No dog shall be permitted except on leash within any wildlife management area except per state rule; the owner of any dog at large within any wildlife management area shall be guilty of a misdemeanor Ala. Code 1975 § 9-11-305. ALASKA State laws that prohibit dogs running at large or allow municipalities to enact such ordinances County board of supervisors may, for unincorporated areas of the county, prohibit dogs running at large, except dogs used for control of livestock or while being used or trained for hunting, by ordinance. A.R.S. § 11-1005 The common council shall also have power within the limits of the town incorporated under A.R.S. § 9-101 to regulate, restrain and prohibit the running at large of dogs. A.R.S. § 9-240 State laws requiring restraint for rabies quarantine areas In a rabies quarantine area, no dogs shall be permitted at large. Each dog shall be confined within an enclosure on the owner’s property, secured so that the dog is confined entirely to the owner’s property,
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or on a leash not to exceed six feet in length and directly under the owner’s control when not on the owner’s property A. R. S. § 11-1012 States requiring leashes for dogs in parks, state grounds, or wildlife areas No person in charge of any dog shall permit such dog in a public park or upon any public school property unless the dog is physically restrained by a leash, enclosed in a car, cage or similar enclosure or being exhibited or trained at a recognized kennel club event, public school or park sponsored event. A. R. S. § 11-1012 States requiring leashing or confinement of female dogs in heat No female dog during her breeding or mating season shall be permitted at large A. R. S. § 11-1012 ARKANSAS State laws that prohibit dogs running at large or allow municipalities to enact such ordinances Municipal corporations shall have the power to prevent the running at large of dogs, and injuries and annoyances therefrom, and to authorize the destruction of them, when at large contrary to any prohibition to that effect. A.C.A. § 14-54-1102 State laws requiring restraint for rabies quarantine areas Whenever the proper officials or a government unit are convinced that the situation is conducive to the spread of rabies, the government unit involved may require that all dogs, cats, or other animals in the locality be kept muzzled and restrained by a leash composed of chain, wire, rope, or cable. A.C.A. § 20-19-310
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CALIFORNIA States requiring leashing or confinement of female dogs in heat It is unlawful for any person to permit any female dog which is owned, harbored, or controlled by him, to run at large at any time during the period when the dog is in heat or breeding condition. West’s Ann.Cal.Food & Agric.Code § 30954 COLORADO State laws requiring restraint for rabies quarantine areas It is unlawful for any owner of any dog, cat, other pet animal, or other mammal which has not been inoculated as required by the order of the county board of health or board of health of a health department to allow it to run at large. The health department or health officer may capture and impound any such dog, cat, other pet animal, or other mammal found running at large and dispose of such animal in accordance with local program policy. C. R. S. A. § 25-4-610 CONNECTICUT State laws that prohibit dogs running at large or allow municipalities to enact such ordinances No owner or keeper of any dog shall allow such dog to roam at large upon the land of another and not under control of the owner or keeper or the agent of the owner or keeper, nor allow such dog to roam at large on any portion of any public highway and not attended or under control of such owner or keeper or his agent, provided nothing in this subsection shall be construed to limit or prohibit the use of hunting dogs during the open hunting or training season. Violation of any provision of this subsection shall be an infraction C.G.S.A. §
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22-364 A municipality shall have the power to regulate and prohibit the going at large of dogs and other animals in the streets and public places of the municipality. C.G.S.A. § 7-148(c)(7)(D) DELAWARE State laws that prohibit dogs running at large or allow municipalities to enact such ordinances No dog shall be permitted to run at large at any time, unless the dog is accompanied by the owner or custodian and under the owner’s or custodian’s reasonable control and is licensed in accordance with county ordinances, except that a person who is an occupant of a farm or property containing 20 acres or more on which there are no more than 3 resident dwelling units may permit a dog to run at large between October 1 and the last day of February, next following. 9 Del.C. § 908 States requiring leashes for dogs in parks, state grounds, or wildlife areas Unlawful to allow any dog in the designated swimming or sunbathing area of a state coastal beach strand at anytime between May 1 and September 30 (except for law enforcement dogs or guide dogs for the blind). Violators are guilty of a violation with fine of $25 - $50. For each subsequent offense, fine of $50 - $100. 7 Del.C. § 1702 WASHINGTON, D.C. State laws that prohibit dogs running at large or allow municipalities to enact such ordinances The Council of the District of Columbia is hereby authorized and empowered to make and modify, and the Mayor of the District of Columbia is hereby authorized and empowered to enforce,
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regulations in and for the District of Columbia to regulate the keeping and leashing of dogs and to regulate or prohibit the running at large of dogs DC ST § 1-303.41 States requiring leashing or confinement of female dogs in heat If any owner or possessor of a female dog shall permit her to go at large in the District of Columbia while in heat, he shall, upon conviction thereof, be punished by a fine not exceeding $20. DC CODE § 22-1311 HAWAII States requiring leashing or confinement of female dogs in heat It shall be unlawful for the owner of any female dog, licensed or unlicensed, to permit it to run at large while the dog is in the copulating season. HRS § 143-14 ILLINOIS State laws that prohibit dogs running at large or allow municipalities to enact such ordinances The corporate authorities of each municipality may regulate and prohibit the running at large of dogs. 65 ILCS 5/11-20-9 The county board of each county may regulate and prohibit the running at large of dogs in unincorporated areas of the county which have been subdivided for residence purposes. 55 ILCS 5/5-1071 State laws requiring restraint for rabies quarantine areas To prevent the spread of rabies, the Department of Agriculture shall act to prevent its spread among dogs and other animals. The Department may order that all dogs be kept muzzled and restrained
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by leash. The Department may determine the area of the locality in which, and the period of time during which, such orders shall be effective. 510 ILCS 5/14 ILLINOIS State laws that prohibit dogs running at large or allow municipalities to enact such ordinances The corporate authorities of each municipality may regulate and prohibit the running at large of dogs. 65 ILCS 5/11-20-9 The county board of each county may regulate and prohibit the running at large of dogs in unincorporated areas of the county which have been subdivided for residence purposes. 55 ILCS 5/5-1071 State laws requiring restraint for rabies quarantine areas To prevent the spread of rabies, the Department of Agriculture shall act to prevent its spread among dogs and other animals. The Department may order that all dogs be kept muzzled and restrained by leash. The Department may determine the area of the locality in which, and the period of time during which, such orders shall be effective. 510 ILCS 5/14 IOWA State laws that prohibit dogs running at large or allow municipalities to enact such ordinances A dog shall be apprehended and impounded by a local board of health or law enforcement official if the dog is running at large and the dog is not wearing a valid rabies vaccination tag or a rabies vaccination certificate is not presented to the local board of health or law enforcement official I. C. A. § 351.37
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State laws requiring restraint for rabies quarantine areas If local board of health declares a quarantine due to rabies, any person owning or having a dog in the person’s possession in the quarantined area shall keep such animal securely enclosed or on a leash for the duration of the quarantine period I. C. A. § 351.40 KENTUCKY States requiring leashing or confinement of female dogs in heat Every female dog in heat shall be confined in a building or secure enclosure in such a manner that the female dog cannot come in contact with a male dog except for a planned breeding. KRS § 258.255 States requiring confinement/leashing of dogs at night Any peace officer or animal control officer may seize or destroy any dog found running at large between the hours of sunset and sunrise and unaccompanied and not under the control of its owner or handler. KRS § 258.265 LOUISIANA State laws that prohibit dogs running at large or allow municipalities to enact such ordinances No person shall suffer or permit any dog in his possession, or kept by him about his premises, to run at large on any unenclosed land, or trespass upon any enclosed or unenclosed lands of another LSAR.S. 3:2771 The governing bodies of all parishes and municipalities may adopt ordinances regulating dogs running at large. LSA-R.S. 3:2731
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MAINE State laws that prohibit dogs running at large or allow municipalities to enact such ordinances It is unlawful for any dog, licensed or unlicensed, to be at large, except when used for hunting. The owner or keeper of any dog found at large is subject to the penalties provided in this chapter 7 M.R.S.A. §3901 Municipalities shall control dogs running at large. 7 M.R.S.A. § 3948 MARYLAND State laws that prohibit dogs running at large or allow municipalities to enact such ordinances See various individual county provisions regarding dogs at large in Maryland’sLocal Government Code States requiring leashing or confinement of female dogs in heat See various individual county provisions regarding dogs at large in Maryland’sLocal Government Code MASSACHUSETTS State laws that prohibit dogs running at large or allow municipalities to enact such ordinances A person owning, keeping or possessing a dog shall not allow, permit or consent to such dog chasing, hunting, molesting, attacking or killing a deer. The director is hereby authorized to issue an order to restrain all dogs from running at large in any city or town where, in his opinion, such a restraining order is necessary to prevent dogs from chasing, hunting, molesting, attacking or killing deer M.G.L.A. 131 § 82 The mayor, aldermen or board of selectmen may order
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that all dogs shall be restrained from running at large during such times as shall be prescribed by the order. M.G.L.A. 140 § 167 States requiring leashes for dogs in parks, state grounds, or wildlife areas Whoever is the owner or keeper of a dog shall restrain said dog by a chain or leash when in an officially designated public highway rest area. Whoever violates the provisions of this section shall be punished by a fine of not more than fifty dollars M.G.L.A. 140 § 174B MICHIGAN States that require a leash or that owner exercises control over dog It shall be unlawful for any owner to allow any dog, except working dogs such as leader dogs, guard dogs, farm dogs, hunting dogs, and other such dogs, when accompanied by their owner or his authorized agent, while actively engaged in activities for which such dogs are trained, to stray unless held properly in leash M. C. L. A. 287.262 State laws that prohibit dogs running at large or allow municipalities to enact such ordinances A city incorporated under the provisions of this act has, and the council may pass ordinances relating to, the following general powers to regulate and prevent the running at large of dogs. M.C.L.A. 91.1 A village has the same authority under M.C.L.A. 67.1 States requiring confinement/leashing of dogs at night It shall be unlawful for any person to own any dog 6 months old or over for any owner of any female dog to permit the female dog to go beyond the premises of such owner when she is in heat unless the female dog is held properly in leash M. C. L. A. 287.262
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MINNESOTA State laws that prohibit dogs running at large or allow municipalities to enact such ordinances Any person may seize, impound, or restrain any unlicensed dog which the person may find running at large. The fact that a dog is without a license attached to a collar shall be presumptive evidence that the dog is unlicensed. The sheriff and sheriff’s deputies or other police officer shall seize, impound or restrain any dog for which no license has been issued and for which one is required M. S. A. § 347.14 The electors of a town, at their annual town meeting, may let the town board pass an ordinance for licensing dogs and cats and regulating their presence, keeping, and running at large in the town. M.S.A. § 365.10 MISSISSIPPI State laws that prohibit dogs running at large or allow municipalities to enact such ordinances The governing authorities of municipalities shall have the power to prevent or regulate the running at large of animals of all kinds, and to cause such as may be running at large to be impounded and sold to discharge the costs and penalties provided for the violation of such regulations and the expense of impounding and keeping and selling the same Miss. Code Ann. § 21-19-9 MISSOURI State laws that prohibit dogs running at large or allow municipalities to enact such ordinances The board of aldermen may also tax, regulate and restrain and prohibit the running at large of dogs, and provide for their destruction when at large contrary to ordinance, and impose penalties on the
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owners or keepers thereof. V.A.M.S. 79.400 The Board of Trustees is granted a similar power under V.A.M.S. 80.090 MONTANA State laws that prohibit dogs running at large or allow municipalities to enact such ordinances A dog found running at large without a valid current dog license tag issued by the authority of a county or municipal corporation may be seized and impounded by any sheriff, deputy sheriff, police officer, game warden, county poundmaster, or other law enforcement officer MCA 7-23-102 Also see (7-23-4101 - Control of animals running at large and 7-23-2108 - County Control of Dogs). NEBRASKA State laws that prohibit dogs running at large or allow municipalities to enact such ordinances The owner of any dog running at large for ten days without a collar as required shall be fined an amount not to exceed $25 Neb. Rev. St. § 54-607 In counties having a population of eighty thousand or more inhabitants and cities of the first class contained in such counties, it shall be unlawful for any person, firm, partnership, limited liability company, or corporation to have any dog which is owned, kept, harbored, or allowed to be habitually in or upon premises occupied by him, her, or it or under his, her, or its control to be at large. Neb. Rev. St. § 54-608 A municipality may regulate, license, or prohibit the running at large of dogs. Neb.Rev.St. § 17-526
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NEVADA States requiring leashes for dogs in parks, state grounds, or wildlife areas It is unlawful for the owner of any dog to permit such dog to run at large if such dog is actively tracking, pursuing, harassing, attacking or killing any wildlife in a state-owned wildlife management area. N.R.S. 503.636 NEW HAMPSHIRE State laws that prohibit dogs running at large or allow municipalities to enact such ordinances A dog is considered to be a nuisance, a menace, or vicious to persons or to property if a dog is “at large,” which means it is off the premises of the owner or keeper and not under the control of any person by means of personal presence and attention as will reasonably control the conduct of such dog, unless accompanied by the owner or custodian (excluding hunting, supervised competition, exhibition, or training dogs with restrictions; also a dog which is guarding, working, or herding livestock, with restrictions) N.H. Rev. Stat. § 466:31 The city councils shall have power to regulate the keeping of dogs and their running at large, require them to be licensed, and authorize the destruction of those kept or running at large contrary to the ordinance. N.H. Rev. Stat. § 47:17 State laws requiring restraint for rabies quarantine areas In the case of a rabies epidemic, the mayor and aldermen of a city or the selectmen of a town may order that all dogs within the limits of the city or town shall be muzzled or restrained from running at large during the time prescribed by such order. N.H. Rev. Stat. § 466:29
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States requiring leashes for dogs in parks, state grounds, or wildlife areas It is unlawful for the owner or custodian of any dog to permit such dog to run at large in territory inhabited by game birds or quadrupeds, or on lands where livestock is pastured, at any time of the year (with exceptions for hunting and farm dogs) N.H. Rev. Stat. § 466:33 NEW JERSEY State laws that prohibit dogs running at large or allow municipalities to enact such ordinances The governing body of every municipality may make, amend, repeal and enforce ordinances toprohibit or regulate the running at large of dogs. N.J.S.A. 40:48-1 NEW MEXICO State laws that prohibit dogs running at large or allow municipalities to enact such ordinances Each municipality and each county shall make provision by ordinance for the seizure and disposition of dogs and cats running at large. N. M. S. A. 1978, § 77-1-12 NEW YORK State laws that prohibit dogs running at large or allow municipalities to enact such ordinances Any municipality may enact a local law or ordinance upon the keeping or running at large of dogs and the seizure thereof, provided no municipality shall vary, modify, enlarge or restrict the provisions of this article relating to rabies vaccination and euthanization McKinney’s Agriculture and Markets Law § 122
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States requiring leashes for dogs in parks, state grounds, or wildlife areas No owner or trainer of a dog shall allow it to run at large in fields or woods inhabited by deer outside the limits of any city or village, except on lands actually farmed or cultivated by the owner or trainer of the dog or a tenant of such owner or trainer. McKinney’s ECL § 11-0923 States requiring confinement/leashing of dogs at night The governing body of any municipality may at any time by order require that all dogs in such municipality shall be securely confined between sunset and one hour after sunrise during the period of time designated in the order, or, if no time is so designated, until the order is revoked McKinney’s Agriculture and Markets Law § 121 NORTH CAROLINA States requiring confinement/leashing of dogs at night No person shall allow his dog over six months old to run at large in the nighttime unaccompanied by the owner or by some member of the owner’s family, or some other person by the owner’s permission. Any person intentionally, knowingly, and willfully violating this section shall be guilty of a Class 3 misdemeanor, and shall also be liable in damages to any person injured or suffering loss to his property or chattels (N.C.G.S.A. § 67-12). OHIO State laws that prohibit dogs running at large or allow municipalities to enact such ordinances Ordinances or resolutions to control dogs include the restraint of dogs, except that such ordinances or resolutions shall not prohibit the use of any dog which is lawfully engaged in hunting or A MISTER BEN’S ORIGINAL PUBLICATION | 25
training for the purpose of hunting while accompanied by a licensed hunter. RC § 955.221 State laws requiring restraint for rabies quarantine areas Whenever rabies is deemed prevalent, the director of health shall declare a quarantine of all dogs in the health district or in a part of it. During the quarantine, the owner or keeper of any dog shall keep it confined on the premises, except that a dog may be permitted to leave the premises if it is under leash or under the control of a responsible person. RC § 955.26 States requiring leashing or confinement of female dogs in heat No owner, keeper, or harborer of any female dog shall permit it to go beyond the premises of the owner, keeper, or harborer at any time the dog is in heat unless the dog is properly in leash. R.C. § 955.22 OKLAHOMA State laws that prohibit dogs running at large or allow municipalities to enact such ordinances The board of county commissioners of any county with a population of 200,000 or more may regulate or prohibit the running at large of dogs within said county, and cause such dogs as may be running at large to be impounded and disposed of. 4 Okl.St.Ann. § 43 States requiring leashes for dogs in parks, state grounds, or wildlife areas Notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person may enter a state park with a dog, unless the dog is on a leash, or permit any dog to enter a state park or recreation area under the jurisdiction of the Commission. 74 Okl.St.Ann. § 2217
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OREGON State laws that prohibit dogs running at large or allow municipalities to enact such ordinances If the governing body of a county by ordinance, or a measure approved by the electors in an election prohibits dogs from running at large, the county shall give notice, by publication in a newspaper having a general circulation in the county. After 60 days from the date of the notice, every person keeping a dog shall prevent the dog from running at large in any county or city where prohibited. A person who is the keeper of a dog commits a Class B violation if the dog runs at large where prohibited O. R. S. § 609.060 States requiring leashing or confinement of female dogs in heat A dog is a public nuisance if it is a female in heat and running at large O. R. S. § 609.095 PENNSYLVANIA States that require a leash or that owner exercises control over dog Confinement and control.--It shall be unlawful for the owner or keeper of any dog to fail to keep at all times the dog in any of the following manners: (1) confined within the premises of the owner; (2) firmly secured by means of a collar and chain or other device so that it cannot stray beyond the premises on which it is secured; or (3) under the reasonable control of some person, or when engaged in lawful hunting, exhibition, performance events or field training. 3 P.S. § 459-305
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State laws that prohibit dogs running at large or allow municipalities to enact such ordinances Municipalities have the power to regulate or prohibit the running at large of dogs and to cause such as may be running at large to be impounded and sold, to discharge the costs and penalties provided for the violation of such prohibition, and the expenses of impounding and keeping the same and of such sale. 53 P.S. § 23143 53 P.S. § 56530, 53 P.S. § 66530 and 53 P.S. § 37410 provides the above powers to First Class, Second Class, and Third Class Townships, respectively. State laws requiring restraint for rabies quarantine areas Any police officer or State dog warden may humanely kill any dog running at large in a rabies quarantined area without any liability for damages for such killing. 3 P.S. § 459-301 States requiring leashing or confinement of female dogs in heat It shall be unlawful for the owner or keeper of any female dog to permit such female dog to go beyond the premises of such owner or keeper at any time she is in heat, unless such female dog is properly confined or under control. 3 P.S. § 459-304 RHODE ISLAND State laws that prohibit dogs running at large or allow municipalities to enact such ordinances City or town councils may make any ordinances concerning dogs in their cities or towns as the councils deem expedient, pertaining to the conduct of dogs, which ordinances shall include regulations relating to unrestricted dogs, leash laws, confinement, and destruction of vicious dogs. Gen.Laws 1956, § 4-13-15.1
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SOUTH CAROLINA State laws that prohibit dogs running at large or allow municipalities to enact such ordinances It is unlawful in any county or municipality adopting penalty provisions pursuant to the provisions of this article for any dog or cat owner or other keeper of a dog or cat to allow his dog to run at large off of property owned, rented, or controlled by him. Code 1976 § 47-3-50 States requiring leashes for dogs in parks, state grounds, or wildlife areas It shall be unlawful for any person at any park or facility under the jurisdiction of the Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism to bring a dog or any other animal into the park or facility unless it is crated, caged, or upon a leash not longer than six feet or otherwise under physically restrictive control at all times. Code 1976 § 51-3-145 SOUTH DAKOTA State laws that prohibit dogs running at large or allow municipalities to enact such ordinances The board of county commissioners of each of the counties of the State of South Dakota shall have the power to regulate, restrain, or prohibit the running at large of dogs. SDCL § 40-34-5 The board of county commissioners of each of the counties of the State of South Dakota may provide that if any person owning or keeping more than five dogs shall fail to keep such dogs within the confines of his own property, such failure shall amount to a public nuisance. SDCL § 40-34-4
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States requiring leashes for dogs in parks, state grounds, or wildlife areas Any person who permits a dog to run at large in a state park is guilty of a Class 2 misdemeanor. SDCL § 41-17-18.1 TENNESSEE States that require a leash or that owner exercises control over dog The owner of a dog has a duty to keep that dog under reasonable control at all times, and to keep that dog from running at large. T. C. A. § 44-8-413 TEXAS State laws that prohibit dogs running at large or allow municipalities to enact such ordinances This subchapter does not prohibit a municipality or county from adopting leash or registration requirements applicable to dogs. V.T.C.A., Health & Safety Code § 822.007 The owner of a dog has a duty to keep that dog under reasonable control at all times, and to keep that dog from running at large. V.T.C.A., Health & Safety Code § 822.012 The owner or person having control of a dog at least six months of age in a county adopting this subchapter may not allow the dog to run at large unless the dog the dog is registers and is wearing an identification tag. V.T.C.A., Health & Safety Code § 822.031 UTAH State laws requiring restraint for rabies quarantine areas Any dog not muzzled found running at large in a quarantined area or any dog known to have been removed from or escaped from such
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area, may be killed by any person without liability therefor. U.C.A. 1953 § 26-6-11 VIRGINIA State laws that prohibit dogs running at large or allow municipalities to enact such ordinances The governing body of any locality may adopt ordinances requiring that dogs within any such locality be kept on a leash or otherwise restrained and may, by resolution directed to the circuit court, request the court to order a referendum as to whether any such ordinance so adopted shall become effective. The results of the referendum shall not be binding upon the governing body of the locality but may be used in ascertaining the sense of the voters Va. Code Ann. § 3.2-6539 State laws requiring restraint for rabies quarantine areas The governing body of any locality shall also have the power and authority to pass ordinances restricting the running at large in their respective jurisdiction of dogs and cats that have not been inoculated or vaccinated against rabies and to provide penalties for the violation thereof. VA Code Ann. § 3.2-6522 WASHINGTON State laws that prohibit dogs running at large or allow municipalities to enact such ordinances The council of said town shall have power to prohibit dogs running at large, and to provide for the killing of all dogs found at large and not duly licensed. West’s RCWA 35.27.370 It shall be the duty of the sheriff or any deputy sheriff to kill any dog found running at large (after the first day of August of any year and before the first
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day of March in the following year) without a metal identification tag. West’s RCWA16.08.030 WEST VIRGINIA State laws requiring restraint for rabies quarantine areas Dogs or cats vaccinated in compliance with the provisions of this article may run at large in any area or locality: Provided, That the commissioner of agriculture may, pursuant to article nine of this chapter, exercise his discretion to establish a quarantined area or locality and to require all dogs and cats within the limits of any quarantined area or locality to be confined as provided in article nine. W. Va. Code, § 19-20A-8 It shall be unlawful, during the continuance of such quarantine, after notice as aforesaid, for the owner of any dog to permit such dog to run at large in any such quarantined locality W. Va. Code, § 19-9-18 States requiring leashes for dogs in parks, state grounds, or wildlife areas It shall be unlawful for any person to knowingly allow a dog owned by him to be upon the grounds of the capitol buildings or governor’s mansion unless such dog is under control by leash (W. Va. Code, § 5A-4-4). WISCONSIN State laws that prohibit dogs running at large or allow municipalities to enact such ordinances A dog is considered to be running at large if it is off the premises of its owner and not under the control of the owner or some other person. A dog that is actively engaged in a legal hunting activity, including training, is not considered to be running at large if the dog is monitored or supervised by a person and the dog is on land that is open to
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hunting or on land on which the person has obtained permission to hunt or to train a dog. Dog running at large or untagged dog subject to impoundment. An officer shall attempt to capture and restrain any dog running at large and any untagged dog. W. S. A. 174.042 WYOMING State laws that prohibit dogs running at large or allow municipalities to enact such ordinances A board of county commissioners may declare the running at large of any specified animals in unincorporated areas within the county limits a public nuisance. W. S. 1977 § 11-31-301 (Also see § 15-1103: The governing bodies of all cities and towns may regulate or prohibit the running at large within the city limits of any animals, impose a license fee for the keeping or harboring of dogs and establish and provide for the operation of a pound).
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04
CHOOSING A COLLAR
Collar Types
A GUIDE TO LEASHES
Dog collars are used for walking, identification purposes, training or even as fashion accessories. A dog’s collar should have an ID tag with up-to-date contact information. A suitable, well-fitting and comfortable collar is extremely important for the health and well-being of your dog. If your dog feels uncomfortable, it may act anxious or be less likely to respond well to his training. Imagine trying to exercise with an extremely tight belt on your jeans!
• Everyday collar: Everyday dog collars are usually made of leather or nylon, and can be flat or rolled in appearance. They
are available in a wide variety of colors and designs to suit personal tastes. They usually have a metal or plastic buckle to allow size adjustment. Others have a plastic clasp to adjust the fit with a quick-release fastener. Rolled leather collars are slightly more expensive but tend to be more comfortable, more durable and less likely to cause hair loss and rubbing than other materials.
• Slip collar: Slip collars, also known as choke chains, tighten when the dog pulls, and loosen when the dog stops. They were originally produced for training purposes to discourage dogs from pulling on the leash. However, most dog trainers are moving away from this method as this type of collar may inflict pain or cause damage to your dog’s neck. Slip collars may be nylon, leather or a metal chain.
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• Head collar: Head collars act like a harness for the dog’s head and are often used to help train a difficult dog to walk on a leash and heel. When a dog pulls on the leash when walking, the halter puts pressure over the nose and will cause the dog’s head to turn slightly. This is intended to deter the pulling behavior, and encourage the dog to walk without pulling. They are often available in leather or nylon.
• Harness: Harnesses fit around the dog’s body and are often made from leather, nylon or cotton. They usually have multiple
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buckles or clasps to allow size adjustment. Harnesses place the focus and strain on the abdomen and chest, rather than the neck area, and therefore are beneficial for dogs with airway problems or neck injuries. They are also useful for brachycephalic breeds (short-nosed, such as Bulldogs, Boxers and Boston Terriers).
• Martingale: Martingales are also known as limited slip collars or greyhound collars. These collars have a two-loop system, which tightens slightly when the dog pulls on the leash. There is a stopping mechanism, which prevents the collar from completely tightening on the neck like a slip collar. They prevent the dog from slipping out of the collar while walking on a leash. Martingales are often made of nylon or leather, and are available in a variety of colors and designs. • Smart collar: Smart collars are a high-tech variation of the traditional everyday collar. Some smart collars have GPS to track your dog’s location, and others can monitor your dog’s behavior and activity. A MISTER BEN’S ORIGINAL PUBLICATION | 37
• Metal prong collar: The prong collar is a type of choke collar with metal prongs that face inward onto the neck. The prongs apply pressure onto the neck when the dog pulls on the leash. This type of collar is highly controversial, with many people thinking that it is an inhumane and unnecessary training tool. Collar Sizing It is important that your dog has a well-fitting collar that feels comfortable to wear. It should not be so loose that it could slip over the head, nor so tight that it could restrict breathing or cause a neck injury if the dog pulls on the leash. Ideally, a well-fitting dog collar should only allow enough room for two fingers between the dog’s neck and the collar. The correct size of dog collar is determined by measuring the circumference of the neck where the collar will naturally sit. You can measure the neck circumference using a soft tape measure (e.g.,
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seamstress tape) or a piece of string, which you then check with a ruler. Remember that two fingers should fit easily under the tape or string when measuring. Sighthounds (e.g., Greyhound, Afghan Hound or Whippet) have longer, thinner necks compared to many other breeds, and wear their collars much higher on the neck. These breeds most commonly use martingale collars.
Normally, small breed dogs require a smaller-width collar, and larger dogs require a thicker-width collar. A wider collar will spread the pressure across a larger area of your dog’s neck. Strong dogs, large breeds and those that tend to pull on the leash should have a wider collar.
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05
CHOOSING A LEASH
Leash Types A leash is often one of the first things owners buy for their new dog or puppy, as they are excited to take their first walk together. These days, there are endless choices of dog leashes in different materials, styles and lengths. This can make the decision of choosing the right one for your dog seem difficult. Here is a simple guide:
A GUIDE TO LEASHES
• Standard leash: Standard leashes are intended for everyday use. They are available in a variety of materials including nylon, rope or leather. Most commonly, they have a looped handle at one end and a metal clip to attach to the dog’s collar at the other end. They are available in different lengths. • Slip leash: A slip leash acts as a collar and a leash. A large loop goes over the dog’s head, and the other end has a standard smaller looped handle. Slip leads can be made from nylon, rope, leather or chain. If your dog pulls on the leash, the collar will tighten on the neck. If the dog pulls too tightly, it can put excessive pressure on the dog’s neck and airway, making it difficult to breath. On the other hand, if the leash becomes slack, then the collar will become loose and the dog may slip out of it. • Chain leash: Chain leashes are often used for strong dogs or those who like to chew through their leashes. They are
available in different weights and thicknesses of chain, and can often be quite heavy. If a dog chews the chain, it may cause damage to the teeth. • Retractable leash: Retractable leashes have a long nylon band or cord with a metal clip on one end, which lengthens when the dog pulls, and retracts back into the plastic handle when the dog stops. The plastic handle has a locking mechanism button, which allows the dog walker to lock the leash at a specific length. These leashes can be helpful if you want to be able to vary the length of leash and allow your dog more freedom to wander away. When the leash is at a longer length, there is a risk that the dog is more likely to get tangled or get itself into an accident. Retractable leashes are also more likely to snap than standard leashes. Unfortunately, these leashes can encourage bad habits and teach a dog to pull on the leash to get more freedom. We recommend that a dog learns to walk well on a standard leash first, before using a retractable leash. Leash Lengths Choosing the right leash length The length of leash you choose depends on the breed, temperament and training experience of your dog, and on where you intend to go walking. • The standard leash: A standard dog leash of 72” (6 foot) is the most commonly used length of walking leash for most dog owners. This length allows the owner to maintain control, while still providing room to offer the dog some freedom to explore. It is ideal for walking in neighborhoods or the countryside, but offers too much length for city walking. This length is often also too long for larger or giant breed dogs, who require a shorter leash length for the owner to retain good control. A MISTER BEN’S ORIGINAL PUBLICATION | 41
• The shorter leash: A shorter leash gives you better control over your dog than the standard leash. It is useful to prevent wandering, and when training your dog to stay by your side. Short leashes are the most common type of leash used on larger dogs and service dogs. In city areas with crowded streets and traffic, short leashes of 48” (4 foot) or 24” (2 foot) are much more suitable. It allows the owner to maintain control and prevent the dog from getting in other people’s way, tangling itself on lamp posts or poles, or eating rubbish from the pavement.
The 24” (2 foot) leash is a great city leash for large to giant breed dogs and helps the owner maintain full control. This shorter leash is also the best choice for those dogs who can be unpredictable around other dogs or people.
• The longer leash: Longer leashes are sometimes used as training tools when a dog is learning to recall, stay and sit from a distance. Often, long leashes can be 50–150 feet in length. It allows you to have distance between you both while you test the dog’s training, but still keep a connection and some control over your dog. Mister Ben’s Bonded Collection Mister Ben’s collection of Bonded Luxury Leashes are made from 100% premium-quality bridle leather and complemented with solid brass hardware. They are of the finest workmanship, with attractive hand-braided leather under the handle and above the brass hook. The braiding not only looks great but increases the overall strength of the leash. The high-quality leather ensures that these leashes are extremely strong and durable, and will naturally soften over time. Available in black or brown, they offer the ultimate classic look for your dog.
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They are available in three lengths to suit every type of dog and lifestyle: Short/Urban 2 feet, Medium/Suburban 4 feet or Long/ Country 6 feet. Mister Ben’s Bonded Luxury Leashes are a great investment for your own dog, or they make the perfect gift for that special dogowning friend. They are perfect for every occasion from everyday walking, training and even dog shows. Mister Ben’s Bonded Luxury Leash collection is available to buy at www.MisterBens.com. Why Choose a Mister Ben’s Bonded Leather Leash?
After comparing and using many different types of leashes, we have found that leather leashes tend to be superior to other materials when considering overall performance, durability and comfort. However, it is important to choose a good quality leather leash to get the long-lasting benefits from your product. Leather leashes are the best choice for your dog because: • Durability: Leather is a strong and durable material. In comparison, nylon and cotton leashes tend to fray easily and often need to be replaced more often due to wear and tear. Leather definitely tends to weather better, too, especially against cold and dampness. A good quality leather leash can last the entire lifetime of your beloved dog. A MISTER BEN’S ORIGINAL PUBLICATION | 43
• Comfort: Leather tends to soften with age, which makes it more comfortable to handle with time. Leash burn is a common problem among dog walkers and can be extremely painful! When compared to leather, nylon leashes tend to cause significantly more leash burn if your dog pulls the leash through your hand. • Cleaning: You can easily wipe leather clean, but it’s a good idea to use a leather-care product regularly to keep it in good condition. Cotton and nylon leashes tend to absorb water and dirt which cause discoloration, and they take longer to dry out once they become wet. • Safety: Leather leashes have a great, natural grip which helps provide the walker with more control. They don’t slip through your hand easily if your dog suddenly pulls. Leather will not break or snap, which many cheaper nylon leashes tend to do if put under extreme pressure. • Appearance: At first, many people tend to jump straight for nylon leashes as they come in a variety of bright colors or funky designs, and are often very affordable. However, leather leashes offer a more classic look which lasts longer and ages much more gracefully. A good quality leather leash will save you money in the long term due to its durability.
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06
GETTING STARTED WITH TRAINING
Types of training methods
A GUIDE TO LEASHES
There are many different types of dog-training methods, each with its own dedicated following of dog trainers, celebrities and owners. It can be confusing to decide what will work best for your dog. In basic terms, you can divide most methods into either dominance-based or reward-based training. • Dominance-based methods: In the past, dog training revolved around a dominance theory and the use of aversive stimuli and intimidation. The dominance theory was based on the belief that dogs are pack animals and they should respect and obey the leader of the pack. In this method, the owner was encouraged to take the role of the alpha, and the dog a subordinate position in the family. Often the owner was expected to exert physical dominance over the dog, such as using “alpha rolls,â€? whereby the owner rolls the dog on its side and pins it down. However, this can lead to a misunderstanding of canine behavior and may even be dangerous for the owner. Aversive dog training uses unpleasant stimuli to discourage unwanted behaviors (positive punishment) and encourage good behavior by removing the aversive stimuli (negative reinforcement). Aversive stimuli may include choke chains, prong collars, use of a harsh voice and physical manipulation. However, studies have shown that aversive dog-training methods may be associated with a welfare risk for the dog. These
methods may cause fear, anxiety, stress and increased aggression, and affect the dog-owner relationship in the long term. • Reward-based methods: These methods, also known as humane training, utilize positive reinforcement using rewards in response to good behavior. Rewards may include food, treats, toys, vocal encouragement or play time. Humane training also uses management strategies which are not aversive/unpleasant for the dog to help prevent unwanted behavior before it happens. These include the use of no-pull harnesses, putting lids on the garbage, muzzles in certain situations and pet gates to keep dogs separate from children or other animals. Clicker training is a positive reinforcement method. It uses a device which produces a quick, sharp noise, such as a click or whistle, to signal to the dog when it performs a desired or good behavior. It is generally a good method to help learn new behaviors, but does not work very well to prevent unwanted behaviors. This is usually most effective when combined with other reward-based methods. Reward-based training may encourage positive canine welfare, as it is an enrichment activity for dogs and promotes a strong bond between the dog and owner. How to Leash Train Your Dog Below, we will discuss a reward-based method for leash training, as it encourages a stronger bond between dog and owner. The reward should be something your dog is very interested in and will respond positively to, such as food, treats, a toy that he likes or simply vocal praise and play. A simple way to help your dog learn to walk without pulling on the leash is to immediately stop moving
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forward when he pulls, and to reward him with positive reinforcement when he comes back and walks by your side. First, fit a suitable and comfortable buckle collar or harness on your dog. If your dog is very strong or difficult to control, a head collar may be more appropriate. Attach your chosen leash. A shorter leash is better when starting to leash train. You can increase the leash length when your dog is walking comfortably. Traditionally, a dog walks on the left-hand side, but it is your choice as to which side you prefer. Leash training steps: 1. Start walking with your dog. If your dog pulls on the leash so it becomes taut, STOP IMMEDIATELY and let him come back to your side so that the leash is loose again. 2. Reward him with a treat and praise ONLY when he is by your side and the leash is loose. 3. Continue walking when the leash is loose. 4. When you are walking comfortably for 3–4 steps without your dog pulling on the leash, you should also give praise and a reward. 5. As soon as the dog pulls, STOP IMMEDIATELY and repeat steps 1–4. By consistently following these steps every time you walk your dog, you will be clearly communicating: •
If the leash is pulled tight, the dog does not get to walk anywhere.
•
If the leash is loose and your dog walks comfortably, he will get praise and a treat. A MISTER BEN’S ORIGINAL PUBLICATION | 47
At first, your walks will feel stilted as you start and stop constantly. Remember to be patient, and that consistency and regular daily training are the keys to success. Gradual progress will happen each time you go for a walk. Puppy vs. Adult Dog Training Although the basics of dog training are often the same no matter the age, there are a few important differences between training a puppy and an adult dog. • Puppy social development: Puppies have a critical socialization period up until they are around 4 months of age. It is a REALLY important time in their social development! This is the time when they should learn how to interact appropriately with other dogs, including how to approach and greet other dogs, how to play and how to determine if another dog wants to play or be left alone. At this stage, it is also important for them to learn how to greet and interact with people, and learn many things about the world around them. Puppies should learn to travel in the car, go to new environments and walk in busy and quiet places. It is also a good time to introduce handling and grooming at this age, getting your puppy used to having his ears, feet and teeth checked and cleaned. If a puppy misses out on learning these skills, then it is more likely to have difficulty interacting normally and safely with other dogs and people in the future. It will be at a high risk of developing behavioral problems, anxiety or aggression in social situations. The time from weaning to 4 months should focus on learning social skills, handling and shaping your puppy into a friendly,
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confident and well-adjusted young dog. Of course, you can start obedience basics such as leash-walking and “sit,” but they shouldn’t be your main focus at this age! • Can old dogs learn new tricks? The main difference between training a puppy and an adult dog is that a younger dog is like a blank canvas with a brain primed and eager to learn. An adult dog may have learnt some bad habits already, or just never had the opportunity to do any previous training. However, it is possible to change bad habits; it just takes time and patience. Most people have heard of the phrase, “You can’t teach an old dog new tricks,” but this isn’t true at all. Older dogs can and will learn new things. A recent dog learning study at the University of Vienna confirmed that older dogs are capable of learning new things, but they do take more time to learn than younger dogs. Researchers also found that the older dogs outperformed younger dogs in logical reasoning tasks. This means they use their life experience to their advantage to make better decisions when faced with new tasks and situations. Top Tips for Successful Training •
The sooner you start training your dog, the easier it will be. Ideally, training will start as a puppy, but even older dogs can change old habits.
•
Consistency is key. Make sure everyone in the house and everyone who walks the dog follows the same rules.
•
Patience is important. Remember that every dog learns at a different speed.
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•
Regular training is important to reinforce the correct behavior.
•
Always reward good behavior. This may be with treats, a toy or play time.
•
Training should be a fun and enjoyable activity for you and your dog. Remember to end all training sessions on a positive note.
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07
COMMON ISSUES WITH LEASHING DOGS
Pulling on the Leash
A GUIDE TO LEASHES
Dogs pull on the leash for several reasons: •
It is a natural behavior for a dog to pull against the leash when it is being restrained or held back. It is an instinct for the dog to pull back, but with training, the dog can learn not to pull against the leash.
•
Most dogs pull on the leash because they haven’t been taught any differently.
•
Many owners unknowingly reward their dog for pulling on the leash. When the dog pulls, owners give the dog more length to run with, or walk more quickly behind it, or allow the dog to find something interesting when he pulls (e.g., a stick or another dog’s scent).
•
Many dogs pull on the leash because they are excited and curious, and want to explore the sights and smells of their environment.
•
Some dogs will pull on the leash due to anxiety, aggression or dominance when they are in a new environment or with other dogs or people.
How to stop your dog from pulling on the leash: •
First, try to figure out why your dog is pulling. Is it due to excitement after leaving the house? Is it due to aggression and/or anxiety when he meets other dogs? Has he just never been taught to walk properly on the leash?
•
Be consistent with your leash training EVERY time you walk your dog, and you will be clearly communicating: If the dog pulls the leash tight, the dog does not get to walk anywhere; if the dog allows the leash to be loose, the dog gets to walk comfortably and will get praise and a treat.
•
Seek help from a registered canine behaviorist or dog trainer, if necessary.
Reluctance to Walk At the start, some puppies will lag behind or sit down and refuse to move when taken for a walk the first few times. This is because they feel confused or unsure what to do, and may be a little scared, too. In these cases, use a lot of encouragement instead of trying to pull the dog along beside you. Take a few steps, and if he follows, then reward with praise and a treat. Your puppy will soon learn to walk with you. If your puppy or dog is constantly reluctant to walk on the leash, it is important to check:
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•
Is your dog too tired for the walk? Have you walked too far?
•
Is your dog unwell?
•
Is the collar uncomfortable or too tight?
•
Is your dog showing signs of fear or anxiety?
If you think your dog is unwell, then call your veterinarian. If he is showing no signs of illness but appears tired, then allow him to rest. In the future, reduce the length of walks, then slowly try to increase them when he is ready. If your dog appears to be showing signs of fear or anxiety during walks, try to figure out what is causing it. Is it caused by other dogs or people, or by walking in a new area? Your dog will need a lot of encouragement, praise and rewards to overcome his anxiety. Sometimes walking with another dog that your dog already knows may help in these situations. Leash Injuries If your dog regularly pulls on the leash, she may be at risk of injuring herself. Common canine leash-induced injuries include: •
Neck muscle strains
•
Injury of the nerves in the neck area
•
Damage to the neck vertebrae (bones)
•
Windpipe injury
•
Throat injury
•
Trauma to the thyroid gland
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You can prevent the risk of these injuries with a comfortable, wellfitted collar, the right type of leash and by successfully leash training your dog. Seek veterinary advice if you are concerned that your dog has injured itself. Leash Reactivity •
What is leash reactivity? Leash reactivity is when a dog reacts inappropriately to other dogs and/or people when walked on a leash. Inappropriate behavior may include signs of aggression or fear, such as lunging, pulling the leash, barking or growling. Unfortunately, leash reactivity is an increasingly common canine behavioral problem.
•
What causes leash reactivity? Leash reactivity often stems from frustration, stress or inadequate training. Sometimes a previous bad experience, such as a dog attack, is the underlying cause. A bad experience may leave the dog feeling extremely stressed and anxious when confronted with new dogs while on a walk.
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In other cases, the cause may be due to poor socialization of the dog as a puppy, leading to inappropriate interactions with other dogs when the dog is older and bigger. Another common underlying cause is inappropriate interaction with other dogs who are running off-leash. Many owners who let their dogs run off-leash may not recognize rude behavior in their own dogs. They may think their dog is being “friendly” when it runs up to another dog on a leash and jumps all over him with inappropriate greetings. If the dog on the leash reacts to the sudden invasion of personal space, the other owner will often criticize the dog on the leash for being aggressive. But in fact, the dog running off-leash was the culprit or aggressor. A small situation like this may be the starting point for leash reactivity in some dogs. •
What can I do to help? The good news is that you can improve leash reactivity if you are committed and have the correct help and training. Often, it is best to seek help from a certified dog trainer or behaviorist. The dog needs to learn to associate being around other dogs and/or people while on the leash as being something positive. This is usually completed initially in a controlled environment with another non-reactive dog, using positive reinforcement such as vocal praise and treats when the dog acts appropriately. At first, training takes place while keeping a distance between the reactive dog and other dogs. Then the dog can move on to real-life situations, starting in low-distraction areas and slowly building up to busier places.
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08
WHEN IS IT OK TO LET YOUR DOG OFF-LEASH?
Letting Your Dog Off-Leash Dogs love to run, roll, play and sniff the world around them freely, and sometimes being on a leash can prevent them from doing this. However, letting your dog run leash-free is a contentious issue, as it may be dangerous for your dog or even against the local laws in your area. It is important to be a responsible dog owner and keep your dog safe, as well as other dogs and the people around you. Some things to consider before letting your dog off-leash: • The area: Generally, it is safe to let your dog off-leash if you are in an enclosed, controlled area and your dog has had some basic training. If you live in the countryside and have access
to a large area of space for your dog to run leash-free, then you will be able to let your dog off-leash more often than a dog who lives in a city. If you are walking in an area with other people and dogs, then it is best to keep your dog on a leash. • Your dog’s training: It is important to properly train your dog to behave well off-leash, that he returns when called, stays by your side and is under your voice control. Do not let your dog off-leash if he does not have sufficient training. • Local laws: Most states and cities have laws regarding where and when you need to keep your dog on a leash, so it is important to check in advance if you are unsure. You may be fined for not using a leash in areas that require it. These laws are in place to keep everyone safe. If your dog causes any damage to another dog, person or object while off-leash, then you will probably be held responsible and your dog may be detained or even destroyed. • Interactions with people: Take into account other people in the area when you are considering letting your dog run free. Some people have a fear of dogs, while others may not like dogs or find free-running dogs a nuisance. Is your dog likely to jump up on another person that he meets? Even if your dog does this to be friendly, it can be frightening for someone who does not know your dog. How will your dog react to a child shouting or running? Your dog may even react in an unexpected way to an adult or child trying to pet it. If there are other people or children in the area, then it is best to keep your dog leashed. • Interactions with other dogs: You are likely to encounter other dogs while out walking. Naturally, dogs will want to greet and interact with each other through sniffing and playing.
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Some dogs do not respect other dogs’ boundaries or privacy and will bound straight in and start rough play, which can cause fights to quickly break out. Some dogs may feel threatened by off-leash dogs, especially if they have had a previous bad experience. It is much easier and safer to control these interactions if BOTH dogs are leashed. The owners then have physical control over each dog. • Your dog might be involved in an accident: Dogs can easily become distracted and follow their natural instincts to chase prey, become spooked by a loud noise or another dog, and run away. Your dog may even be the one to cause a road accident, or fight with another dog. Unfortunately, if your dog is offleash, it is more likely to get hit by a car or cause a car accident, ingest a toxin/poisonous plant/rubbish, fight with another dog, injure wildlife, damage property, get shot (especially in areas where hunting takes place, or if your dog wanders onto farmland), get lost or stolen.
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So, when is it safe to let your dog off the leash? It is safest to let your dog run off-leash if you are in an enclosed, controlled area and your dog has good training to obey your commands to return when necessary. A dog park may be the best location for your dog to exercise off-leash. Ideally, the area should not have many people or other dogs, traffic or distractions. You should also check that you aren’t breaking the law if you let your dog run off-leash in your chosen area. Canine Etiquette in Dog Parks Off-leash dog areas, or dog parks, are enclosed areas in which dog owners can gather to allow their dogs time to be off-leash. This area allows dogs to socialize, play and interact freely. Unfortunately, with so many dogs running free, there is the possibility that something might go wrong. Here are helpful pointers to make the whole experience safer: • Don’t take puppies to the dog park: Wait until your pup is at least 6 months old before going to a dog park. It is best to do puppy socialization in controlled environments, at “puppy parties,” a friend’s garden, or by leash-walking with an older dog. A dog park is not the ideal place to learn how to socialize. Puppies can be hard to control and over-excited that they can run free and meet all the other dogs. However, the older dogs often will play too rough or may even act aggressively toward puppies. • Basic training is a must: Your dog should have mastered basic training skills before going to a dog park, especially to come when called. If your dog won’t listen to your voice commands in the park, it is best that you work on this training before you return.
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• Check for rules and regulations: Some dog parks have a list of rules listed on the outside. You don’t want to annoy the regulars on your first visit by unknowingly breaking all the rules! Common rules include: vaccinations must be up-to-date, owners must dispose of their dog’s waste appropriately, no sick dogs and no female dogs in heat. • Leash etiquette: Dog parks are for off-leash exercise only. All dogs should be leashed until safely inside the dog park and then returned to a leash prior to exiting. Some dogs, while on a leash, can be more “reactive” or aggressive toward other dogs that are off-leash. Dogs can misinterpret behavioral signals if one dog is on a leash while another is off-leash, and this can lead to problems. • Pause before entering: A well-designed dog park should have a double-gated entrance. This is for safety purposes, so that dogs can’t escape. It is best to pause and assess the park before entering. Check how many dogs are inside. Are there too many? Are they all swarming and sniffing the gate, making your entrance difficult? • Pay attention to your dog: The dog park isn’t just an area to leave your dog, then go socialize with the other owners. It is important that you pay attention to what your dog is doing so you can prevent him from getting injured, stop a fight if necessary or scoop up his poop. Owners are liable for any injury or damage caused by their dog and are fully responsible for their dog’s actions.
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MORE RESOURCES
A GUIDE TO LEASHES
What to do if you need more help: •
Remember that dog training is not always easy, and each dog will learn at her own pace. If you are unsure how to train your dog, or you don’t seem to be getting good results, it is always a good idea to seek professional help.
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If you are concerned about the possibility of your dog having an underlying medical problem or injury which might be restricting his progress, then talk to your veterinarian.
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Dog training is unregulated, meaning that pretty much anyone can CLAIM to be a dog trainer! Choose a certified dog trainer who uses a positive reinforcement method of dog training. Check with the trainers to be sure that they do not use shock collars, choke chains or dominance-based methods.
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There are organizations that accredit and recommend modern dog trainers. Victoria Stillwell is a leading advocate of positive training and has a network of approved dog trainers across the United States. The Association of Professional Dog Trainers (APDT) also has great resources available online, as well as a list of certified dog trainers.
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Join a local dog training club or take a dog training class to talk to other dog owners with similar interests, as well as to gain help and moral support.
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ABOUT MISTER BEN
Mister Ben spent his growing-up years in the countryside and shores of Connecticut and then the pristine natural environment of Hilton Head Island, South Carolina. These were perfect places to enjoy long walks with his dogs. His love for nature and animals was reinforced every step of the way.
A GUIDE TO LEASHES
As early as high school, Mister Ben began using his skills for experimentation as he competed in the medical field at the International Science and Engineering Fair. He worked on his research for years while consulting with renowned scientists on the cutting edge of his topic. After competing and succeeding on the international stage, winning one of the top prizes for student scientists in the world, he studied at Yale University and subsequently worked for Yale University Health Services. Because he had dogs with allergies and constant ear infections, which caused pain and itching, Mister Ben’s dedication for their care and comfort was the spark that gave birth to Mister Ben’s Amazing Products. It all started with the development of an amazingly effective Ear Tonic for Dogs, made up of only the best ingredients. After spending fifteen years creating and fine-tuning the tonic, Mister Ben’s now offers the Tonic, along with a wide variety of other exceptional products and solutions with you and your pet in mind.
Mister Ben still enjoys taking his dogs for long walks, just like he did when he was growing up. The idea for Mister Ben’s Bonded Luxury Leashes came about when he found that he needed to replace his dog’s nylon leashes with increasing frequency due to a multitude of reasons, including fraying, discoloration or damaged seams and buckles. In his search for a superior and more durable option for his beloved dogs, he came to the conclusion that highquality leather offered the best solution. After extensive research, he created Mister Ben’s Bonded Luxury Leashes to provide a highquality, long-lasting and attractive alternative.
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NOTES
The Association of Professional Dog Trainers. https://apdt.com/ about/ Bain, M., Aggression toward unfamiliar people and animals. In: Horwitz D. F., Mills D. S., (2009) BSAVA manual of canine and feline behavioural medicine. 2nd ed. Gloucester, UK: BSAVA, 2009; 211-222. Beerda, B., Schilder, M.B.H., van Hooff, J.A., de Vries, H.W., (1997). Manifestations of chronic and acute stress in dogs. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 52, 307e319. Roll, A., Unshelm, J., (1997). Aggressive conflicts amongst dogs and factors affecting them. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 52, 229e242. Stilwell, Victoria, dog trainer. https://positively.com/ victoria-stilwell/ Wallis, L. J., VirĂĄnyi, Z., MĂźller, C. A., Serisier, S., Huber, L., Range, F., (2016). Aging effects on discrimination learning, logical reasoning and memory in pet dogs. Age, 38:6 DOI 10.1007/ s11357-015-9866-x. Wisch, R. F., (2015). Table of State Dog Leash Laws. Michigan State University College of Law. https://www.animallaw.info/topic/ table-state-dog-leash-laws/