The Adaptation of Portable Housing in the Indian context - Dissertation. by Mithun Ram

THE ADAPTATION OF PORTABLE HOUSING IN THE INDIAN PROJECTCONTEXTREPORT A DISSERTATION REPORT (Code AR 8015) Submitted by MITHUN RAM S Reg. No: 311318251069 In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE in ARCHITECTURE MEASI ACADEMY OF ARCHITECTURE: CHENNAI – 14 ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI – 600 025 JUNE 2022

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI – 600 025 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE Certified that this project report “THE ADAPTATION OF PORTABLE HOUSING IN THE INDIAN CONTEXT” is the Bonafide work of MITHUN RAM S who carried out the project work under my supervision. Prof. M.R. MOHAMED KHALID Ar. SILVINUS CLISSON PRAGASH PRINCIPAL SUPERVISOR MEASI Academy of Architecture, MEASI Academy of Architecture, 87, Peters Road, Royapettah, 87, Peters Road, Royapettah, Chennai-600014 Chennai-600014 INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With great pleasure, I would like to extend my sincere appreciation and gratitude to the Measi Academy of Architecture for providing us with the opportunity to work on a dissertation project that has elevated my spectrum of knowledge in the field of Architectural research and its counterparts. I am deeply indebted to Architect JOSEPH N THOMAS, our professor in-charge for investing great interest and time in our discussions. And my gratitude to my Dissertation guide, Architect SILVINUS CLISSON PRAGASH for continuously encouraging me to put my best foot forward and do justice to this research paper. I would extend my thanks to Mr.Shreeram from Modulus Housing Solution who helped me with the research paper. I would also like to thank Architect SYED FAZIL for the timely coordination, guidance, and support I received from him. Special thanks to my fellow peers for aiding me during the research process and for their well-thought feedback. Lastly, I would be remiss to not thank my parents and family for their interest, feedback, and excitement that propelled me to have an exorbitant amount of fun while working on this paper.

TABLE OF CONTENTS BonafideiDeclarationCertificate ii Acknowledgement iii Abstract iv Contents v List of figures vi List of Tables vii CHAPTER – 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 NEED FOR THE STUDY 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1.4 AIM 1.5 OBJECTIVE 1.6 METHODOLOGY 1.7 LIMITATION CHAPTER – 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 6 2.1 INTRODUCTION TO FLEXIBLE ARCHITECTURE 2.2 PORTABLE HOUSING 2.3 CRUCIAL FOR THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY 2.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF PORTABLE HOUSING 2.5 CLASSIFICATION OF PORTABLE HOUSING 2.6 ARTICLE

CHAPTER – 3: MIGRANT WORKERS OF INDIA 15 3.1. LIVING CONDITIONS 3.2. ANALYSIS CHAPTER – 4: CASE STUDY 18 4.1. NET CASE STUDY 4.1.1. PUSHBUTTON HOUSE 4.1.2. GARDEN HUT 4.1.3. BUILD COVER 4.2. LIVE CASE STUDY 4.2.1. MODULUS HOUSING CHAPTER – 5: CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 32 CHAPTER – 6: DESIGN GUIDELINES 33 CHAPTER – 7: CONCLUSION 41 CHAPTER – 8: SCOPE FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 42 CHAPTER – 9: BIBLIOGRAPHY 42 APPENDIX 43

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Scissors and bar system 11 Figure 2: Folded plate system 11 Figure 3: Share of migrant construction workers 15 Figure 4: The share of migrant workers 15 Figure 5: Share of the construction workforce 15 Figure 6: Share of workers registered under CWWB 15 Figure 7: a survey conducted on-site for migrant workers 16 Figure 8: the existing plan of the shelter 17 Figure 9: the transformation of a pushbutton house (source: archdaily) 18 Figure 10: placement of furniture inside pushbutton house 20 Figure 11: portable garden house in Spain 22 Figure 12: garden house plan 22 Figure 13: garden house adapting to the environment 22 Figure 14: Plan of build cover prototype 25 Figure 15: Build cover module and plan source:https://buildcover.com 25 Figure 16: Portable housing in IIT madras used as a medical clinic 28 Figure 17: Inside a medicab (source: www.modulushousing.com) 29 Figure 18: First medicab setup in Karnataka 29 Figure 19: Process involved in assembling a modulus house 30 Figure 20: Various types of medicab setup. 31

LIST OF TABLES Table 1: pushbutton house 19 Table 2: garden hut 21 Table 3: build cover 24 Table 4: modulus housing solution 27

ABSTRACT

The idea of portable architecture is made up of a blend of both, readily transportable buildings. (Webster’s dictionary)

A capable migrant labour force is critical in sustaining India’s construction industry. Yet, migrant construction workers are among the most economically weaker people in India (census India, 2020). The housing available to migrant workers in India is typically substandard and subject to other factors, such as local availability, social stigmas and legal status. There seem to exist no examples of portable housing that a worker can transport from job to job. This study seeks to explore the viability of portable dwellings as a housing typology for migrant construction workers and how these structures can be used in other aspects.

Portable is described as something that may be taken out or moved with ease, and architecture is defined as "the art and science of designing and building structures."

Portable housing would readily seem to be the best-suited form of housing for a demographic whose livelihood depends on being mobile. This study will summarize the current migrant workers’ living conditions using case studies done on site. This study also talks about portable housing and its feasibility in other aspects and user groups.

KEYWORDS: Flexiblearchitecture,Mobility,Adaptability,Portable,Migrants,Disaster management,andLivingconditions. 1.1INTRODUCTION: Whatisflexiblearchitecture? "Flexibilityisnottheexhaustiveanticipationofallpossiblechanges Most changesareunpredictable.Flexibilityisthecreationofmargin-anexcess capacitythatenablesdifferentandevenoppositeinterpretationsanduses Rem Koolhaas Whenlookingintothesubjectofflexible/morphingarchitecture,onemust firstaskthemselves,"Whatisflexible?"."Nothinglastsforever. Everythingisinastateoffluxandchangeatalltimes.Lifemovesina timelesscyclethroughdayandnight,summerandwinter,yearafteryear, frombirthtodeath."(Zuk & Clark, 1970).Animals havebeenthesole architectsoftheiruniqueecosystemthatcaterstotheirmostintrinsic needssincetimeimmemorial.Everybird,mammal,amphibian,andother creatureisbornknowinghowtomaketheirshelter.Anditisherethatwe, likehumans,vary.Ourunderstandingofshelterandhabitatconcepts extendsbeyondthefundamentalsandrefusestoremainstatic. Sincewehavethepropertyofmemory,everyspacewevisitstopsbeing justavolumeandbeginstotakeona'place'worth.Wecontinueto improveourlivingarrangementsandhabitattosuitourevolvinglifestyles asaresultofthisfeature Wehaveconceptionsofapermanentabode,a familyhome,orevenemotionalattachmenttoaroominahouseoratree 1

inthebackyardbecauseweareactivelyrecallingoursurroundings.Toput itanotherway,itisamemorythatmakespermanencepossible.Theword 'flexible'isbetterunderstoodwhenitisusedinconjunctionwith somethingratherthanasadefinitiononitsown.Flexibilityvs. permanenceisdifferentfromflexibilityvs.rigidity,andsoon.

largerscale.Theprimaryprinciplebehindflexiblearchitectureisthatthe builtenvironmentshouldrespondtochangesinitssurroundingsand operateinresponsetolivingbeings

Portablehousingthatcomesunderflexiblearchitectureisonesuchaspectthat istheneedofthehour.Portablestructuresareconstructionsthatcanbe erectedanddisassembled,allowingthemtobemovedtovariouslocations Themajorityofportabledwellingsareprefabricatedandcanevenstandon

Thehouseorresidenceisanimportantmodelforexperimentingwithnew ideasandputtingnewtechnologyintopractice.It'satesttube,a laboratory,andaPetridisfornewforms,technology,andlivingpatterns.A house,astheprincipallivingarea,mustalsosupportlifecyclechanges suchasgrowingfamilies,ageing,changingoccupations,andsoon.The housingunitisaccuratelyregardedasoursecondskin,'asitisthis artificialinterfacethatallowsustowithstandoursurroundingsbeyondthe humanbody'scapacity.Thisdissertationinvestigatestheuseofthese variabledimensionsinthearchitectureofhousestotackleproblemsof spaceefficiency,materialusage,andtimeconsumptioninaworldof changingfunctionsandvolumes.

Theword"flexiblearchitecture"referstoarchitecturethatismoveable, multi functional,changeable,andadaptabletothesurroundingsofa particularlocation

Itcanalsobeconceivedofasamodulardesignona

Portablearchitecturerefersto

solvingapproachtodesign.Portable

architectureisafieldwithalotoflinkages.Itsimpactsandexperiencemaybe foundinmanyotherareasofarchitecture,aswellasvehicle,product,and materialdevelopment.Duringcollaborativeinvestigationbetweendesigners andmanufacturerstoresolvethedifficultiesofaspecificproject,specialist knowledgehasbeenestablishedbothinsideandoutsidethebuildingsectorin manycircumstances.Portablehousingistheneedofthehourcreatinganear sphereinthesectoroflivingonwheels

wheels.Thesemodularhousingsolutionsweremadetomeetthegrowing demandforhousinginallsectorswhetheritbeinmigrantsocietiesorluxury societies Theneedforportablehousingdiffersfrompersontopersonand accordingtotheiroccupationsandaspirations.Portablehousingnotonly servesasahousingsolutionitcanalsobeusedinthegrowingdemandfor sheltersformigrantworkersandcanbeusedindisastermanagement

Portablestructureshavealongandillustrioushistory,withconceptsthathave beenadoptedforpermanentconstruction

constructionsthataredesignedtobeeasilyerectedonasiteotherthantheone wheretheyweremanufactured.Fornearlytwocenturies,theterm"portable" hasbeenusedtodescribemobilestructures

Themostbasic‘portable' techniqueinvolvestransportingstructuresinonepieceforinstantuseonce theyreachtheirdestination.Somearebuiltonachassisorahulland incorporatetheirtransportationtechniqueintotheirpermanentconstruction. Thescaleofsuchstructuresisoftenlimitedduetotransportationconstraints, thoughthisisnotalwaysthecase.

Theycreateasenseofbelongingas theytravelalongwiththeusertoplaces,theygo.

Thoughportablestructuresshouldbeconsideredpartofeveryarchitecture, theyarenotoftenachievedintraditionalconditions.Itsshapeandfunctionare extremelydiverse,resultinginaproblem

1.2SCOPEOFSTUDY: Today,thedemandforspaceisamajorconcern.Humansliveincrowded spacesandcitieswithlittlesenseofindependenceorprivacy,leadingtoa needforthisbasicneedtomoveandexplore Revertingtoportableor transportablestructurescouldbeonepossibility.InIndia,thedemandfor housingandshelterforthehomelessandmigrantsaregrowingdaybyday leadingtoanunhygienicandunhealthylifestyle Sinceurbanizationstarted peoplefromallregionsandareasstartedtomigrateinsearchofnewjobsand opportunities,onesuchcontextistheconstructionbusiness.Indiaisa developingcountryandhasalotofconstructionprojectswhichinturn increasesthemigrantworkerspopulation.Sotheymigratefromtheirareasto thesitewiththeirfamilies,Onsite,theydon’tgetallthebasicfacilitiesand propershelter.ThecurrentstateofmigrantlabourersinIndiaisawful.Asa solutionportablehousethatcaneasilybeinstalledandcanbemovedalong withtheworkersarebeingsuggestedtomeetthedemand. 1.3RESEARCHQUESTIONS: 1. Canportablehousingsolvethegrowinghousingdemand? 2. Whatvaluedoesportablehousingaddtothequalityofliving? 3. Whetherportablehousingcanserveasasustainableandfeasiblesolutionfor varioususerrequirementsandtypologies? 4

1.4AIM: ➢ Tostudythefunctionalityofportablehousingandthefeasibilityofsuch structuresinsolvinghousingdemandformigrantsandotheraspects. 1.5OBJECTIVE: ➢ Tostudyandanalyzemethodologythroughwhichportablehousesare constructed ➢ Tostudythespatialqualitiesandapplicationofportablehousesacross varioustypologiesandusergroups ➢ Tostudywhetherportablehousingcanserveasasustainableandfeasible solutionforvarioususerrequirementsandtypologies. 1.6METHODOLOGY: 5

"Aformofarchitecturethatisflexible,lightweightinconstruction,has minimalimpactonsensitivesites,andisresponsivetonewtechnological andaestheticopportunitieshasgreatvalueinabuiltenvironmentthatis increasinglyaffectedbyrapidanddramaticchange,ecological considerations,andsocialandculturalimpacthasgreatvalueinabuilt environmentthatisnowaffectedmoreandmorebyrapidanddramatic change,ecologicalconsiderations,andsocialandculturalimpacthasgreat valueinabuiltenvironmentthatisnowaffectedmoreandmorebyrapid anddramaticchange,ecologicalconsiderations,andPortablearchitecture aroseinresponsetosocialdemands,aspreviouslystated.Oneissuewasa scarcityofspace,whichcanbeseeninmajorcities.Asecondwasa reactiontoasimple,pleasantmethodoftravellinglargedistances.This architecturalshapeismovableinsomewaysandisintendedforuseina varietyofsituationsandlocales

Therearethreedistinctformsofmobile buildings,accordingtoRobertKronenburg'sHousesinMotion(1997).

secondarysources Thisstudyspeaksabouttheconditionsofmigrant workers,andthemigrants'currentlivingconditionsandtalksaboutportable housingsolutionsusedinsuchconditions,alongwithhowthesestructures helpinotherfields 2.LITERATUREREVIEW: 2.1.INTRODUCTIONTOFLEXIBLEARCHITECTURE.

1.7LIMITATIONS:

Thisdissertationwascompiledwithinaspecifictimeframebytheacademic schedule.Thus,ithasitslimitationsinthatthestudyhasbeenconductedfrom adatabasethatmaynotbeexhaustive.Mostofthedissertationisbasedon

Technologyandarchitecturehavelonghadatangledrelationship.Ithas beenrevealedthatarchitecturehasasignificantimpactinaperson'ssense ofself identity Thisraisesthequestionofhowmuchofhumancreativity goesintothedevelopmentofarchitecture.Isitpossibletosolveproblems whendesigningarchitecture?Isitnecessarytoexpressanartisticsense? Peoplewhobuiltandusedthefirststructuresallthroughouttheworldand throughouthistory.Everystructureservedapurpose,usuallyproviding shelterorsafetywhilealsomeetinganartisticrequirement.Givingita distinctsenseofselfthatreflectscultureonasmallerscale 2.2.PORTABLEHOUSING: Aportable,demountable,ortransportablebuildingisonethatisintendedand constructedtobemovedratherthanfixedinplace. Portablehousesarethesmallerversionsofportablebuildings.Portablehouses areprefabricatedstructuresthatarespecificallymadeforarangeofuses, includingsiteoffices,securitycabins,lodging,storage,andrestrooms. Portablehousesareacost effectivealternativetotraditionalstructures,and theyalsoprovideaflexiblesolutionforthosewhoneedtostaysomewherefor anextendedamountoftime. Portablehousesarequicktoproduceanddeliver,witheverythingfromformal officespacetocomfortableeatingandrecreationrooms,toiletandshower facilities,andsitesecurityunits.Acraneisusedtotransferitfromoneto another. Amodularbuildingisafrequentmoderndesign,howeverportablebuildings aredifferentinthattheyaremoreoftenusedtemporarilyandremovedlater. 7

Theportablecabinsareextremelyadaptableandcanbeutilisedfora varietyofpurposes,includingprovidingofficespaceforsupervisorsand engineers,amongotherthings.Itcanbeusedasatemporaryhousing solutionforworkersorturnedintomodularbathroomsforbuildingsite workersandpersonnel.

2.4THESIGNIFICANCEOFTEMPORARYHOUSINGINTHE CONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRY: Workersafetyismoreimportant:

2.3.WHYAREPORTABLEHOUSESCRUCIALFORTHE CONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRY?

ConstructionisoneofIndia'smostimportantindustriesandcontributors toGDP(GrossDomesticProfit).Theindustryemploysover30million peopleorabout16%ofthecountry'sworkforce.Allconstruction enterprises,ontheotherhand,haveadiversifiedworkforce,rangingfrom constructionsitemanagerstoofficeworkers.Whileconstruction companiesmayhavepermanentoffices,workersmustadhereto government issuedsafetyprocedures,whichnecessitatetheuseof movablecabins.

Sinceprehistorictimes,portablestructures(suchasyurts)havebeen employed. Manymodernportablestructuresareintendedtobetransportedtoandfrom thejobsiteonahugetruckandthrownonandoffbyacrane.

Portablemodularbuildingscanbeusedforavarietyofpurposes.They're frequentlyseenonconstructionsites,eitheraloneorinclusters,astemporary siteoffices(wheretheyareoftenstackedtwohighwithmetalstairstoreach theupperlevel;seealsoConstructiontrailer).Guardshacks,in plantoffices (usuallymovablesteelbuildings),ruraloffices,on sitechangingrooms,and varioususesfortheseandothertypesofportablebuildingsarejustafew examples.Byconnectingunitsandestablishingbigofficeblocksspanning multiplestories,someportablebuildingscanbecomeextremelycomplicated. Thesearefrequentlycamouflagedasordinarystructureswithbrickcladding andaregularpitchedroof.

Designsthatcanbemodified: Portablehousingunitsarenotonlystronganddurable,buttheyalsoallow youtocustomizetheinsidetomeetyourneeds.Thetraditionalbrickand mortarofficehaslimitedcapacity,whileportablehousearemore adaptable,withthegreaterusableareaandtheabilitytomakedesign changes.

2.5CLASSIFICATIONOFPORTABLESTRUCTURES: Thereareseveralinstancesofportableconstructionswithdiverseforms, functions,structuralsystems,kinematicqualities,andmovements.

DonaldShepherdinventedthefirstmovablebuilding,knownasthe Portakabin,inYork,England,in1961

Thelaboursarethekeytoanyconstructionsite,keepingthatinmindall theconstructioncompaniesmakesurethatthelaboursgetwhattheywant. Propershelterforthemtorestandaplacetostaywithbasicnecessities

Thescissorsystemisabasicmechanismmadeupofbarpartsjoinedby hingesthatallowthemtofreelymoveagainsteachother.These interconnectedpartsexchangeenergywithoneanother.Duringthe movementprocess,energytransfercausesexpansion,contraction,and differentdimensionalvariations.Translational,polar,andangulated scissorsarethethreeprimarytypesofscissors.Fromtheirmid nodes,the translationalunitsaremadeupofstraightbarsjoinedbyrevolutejoints. Whenthebarsbegintomove,lineartranslationalmovementhappens.In thismovement,theimaginaryunitlinesconnectingtheterminalnodesof thebarsremainparallel.Thepolarunits,likethetranslationalunits,are madeupofstraightbars,butthefundamentaldistinctionisthatthebars arenotjoinedattheirmidpoints.Thescissorhingeisinsteadshiftedfrom themid points.Asaresult,duringdeployment,thesystemdevelopsa curvature.Curvilinearmovementispossiblewiththissystem.The angulatedunits,unlikethetranslationalandpolarunits,aremadeupof identicalangulatedbarsthatcanberetractedfromthecentretothe peripheryorviceversa.Barsystems,ontheotherhand,comprisehinge barsthatdonotneedtobegeneratedbythesameunitsasscissorsystems. Toconstructthegeometricalform,severalplanarorspatialstructural methodsmightbeapplied

2.5.1.SCISSORSANDBARSYSTEM:

Becauseitcontrolshowthestructureorbuildingworks,thestructural mechanismisthefoundationofthemovablestructure.Portablestructures aredividedintothreecategoriesbasedontheirstructuralsystems:scissors andbarsystems,folded-platesystems,andpneumaticsystems.These portableconstructionscanalsobeevaluatedbasedontheirfunctions.

Figure 1: Scissors and bar system. 2.5.2.FOLDED-PLATESYSTEM Afoldedplatesystemismadeupofflatplatesthatarelinkedindifferent directionsalongtheiredges.Itcantaketheformofalinear,radial,or spatialpattern.Becauseoppositesidesoffolded platesystemsmaycarry loadswithouttheneedforintermediarysupport,theycancoverhuge spans.Theyhaveahighloadbearingcapabilitythatisdeterminedbynot justthematerialandconnection,butalsothefoldingshape.Diverse instancesoffolded platesystemshavebeenbuiltforvariousfunctions, includingbothstaticandkineticones,duetothisstructuralfeature. Figure 2: Folded plate system. 11

2.5.3.PNEUMATICSYSTEMS Apneumaticsystemconsistsofairpressure,whichhasadynamic transformationnaturerelatedtoitsabilitytoalterstiffnessthrough pressure.Thesystem'sworkingprincipleistocompresstheairabsorbed bythecompressorstoacertainpressure Thetargetcontrolpointreceives thesetconditionedairpressure.Asaresult,thecompressedairentering thecontrolpointisdirectedintheappropriatedirection.Becausetheairin thislineisre mixedintheairattheendoftheoperation,itoffersmore savingsandbenefitsthanothermethods.Dependingontheusers,theair circulatingthroughthesystemisusedmorefrequentlyorlessfrequently. 2.6ARTICLE 2.6.1.ARTICLE1:SMALLHOUSE,BIGIMPACT

Theimpactoftinyhousesonthecommunityandtheenvironmentisthe subjectofthisstudy.Tomaximizespace,atypicalcompacthousehasa greatareathatintegratesthekitchenandlivingroom.Italsoentails creatingmultifunctionalroomsbyutilizingavarietyofinnovativeshelf solutionstoaddressstoragedifficulties.Becauseoffrustrationwiththe risingcostoflivingandthescarcityofhugeplaces,tinyhouseshave grownfashionabledespitetheirsmallsize.Thisarticlediscusseshowa tinyhousecanprovidesustainablelivingconditionswhilesavingmoney andtakinguplessroom Becauseitoptimisessituationssothatpeople mayeasilymakeenvironmentallyandsociallysounddecisions,thetiny 12

Author:CharlieKilman SmallHouse,BigImpact

2.6.2.ARTICLE2:GROWINGTINYHOMES

Author:AmeliaMutter Growingtinyhouses

homehasthepotentialtochangeprevalentnarratives.InMichaelBell's IntroductiontoEnvironmentalSociology,hewrites:"Whatisrequiredis thecreationofsocialsettingsinwhichpeopletakeenvironmentally appropriateactivity,eveniftheyarenotconsciouslyconsideringthe environmentaleffectsoftheiractivitiesatthetime.Itisvitaltorestructure oursurroundingssuchthatwhatwedoonadailybasisdoesnotjeopardise oursocietyorourenvironment."Theauthorendsbydetailinghowliving insmallquartersaltersone'slifestyleandhowithasaidedownersin reducingconsumptionandwasteofitemswhilealsosavingmoney It fostersastrongerecologicalethicaswellascommunityvalues,allowing theownertoplaceahighervalueonphysicalproducts,personal relationships,andtheenvironment,allwhileincreasingeconomic independence.Livinginatinyhousemightbedifficult;but,forsome,itis aperfectfitandarealistichousingchoice.

Thegrowthinpopulationandurbanizationhassparkedconsiderable anxietyaboutthevolumeofconsumptionthatmayoccur.Toprosper, morepeoplerequiremorefood,products,andspace.Thepopulation explosion,pairedwithongoingprogress,hasresultedinunsustainable consumptionlevels.Accordingtostatistics,mobility,food,housing construction,anddemolitionaccountforasignificantamountofthis consumption,accountingforupto80%oftheenvironmentaleffectacross thelifecycle.Thisisparticularlyproblematicinthepropertymarket,as

homesizesaresteadilyincreasing.Since1950,theaveragesizeofa single familyhomeintheUnitedStateshasdoubled,resultingina significantenvironmentalimpact Largerhousesusemorerawmaterials, demandmoreenergyforheatingandcooling,andresultinmore storm waterrunoffbyreducingimpervioussurfacearea. Toaddresstherisingtrendofresourceconsumption,thefocushas switchedtopoliciesthatpromoteSustainableConsumptionand Production(SCP).OnetrendthathasemergedalongthelinesofSCPisa movetowardminimalistichousing Althoughmanypeoplehavetolivein crampedspaces,thistrendgoesbeyondthat.Individualswhochooseto decreasetheirlivingspacesareatthecentreofthetinyhousecraze.These individualsareattemptingtoaltertheirperceptionsofwhatis"essential" fortheirhappinessandwell being.ThistrendwascementedintheUnited Statesin2002whentheTumbleweedTinyHouseCompanyandtheSmall HouseSocietywerefoundedthesameyear.Tinyhousesnotonlyuse fewerresources,buttheyarealsomorecost effectiveandwell designed. They'reidealforemptynesters,students,orelderlyparents,andtheycan doubleashomeofficesorguesthouses(Foreman, 2005). 14

3.1.LIFESTYLEANDCURRENTLIVINGCONDITIONOF MIGRANTWORKERS Duringthesurvey,byinteractingwithmigrantworkersIgottoknow abouttheirdailyroutine,wayofliving,andhousingconditions.These workersareprovidedwithtemporarystayclosetositeoron sitewhichis usuallymadeupoftinsheets,clothes,wasteplywood,scaffoldingand otherlocallyavailablematerials.Thedailyspend8-10hoursonthefield andrest12 14hoursintheircottages.Theyusuallyvisittheirhometown, onceortwiceayear 3.2.ACTIVITYMAPPINGANDHOUSINGTYPOLOGY: Figure 7: survey conducted on site for migrant workers 16

3.3.ANALYSISOFCURRENTHOUSINGPROTOTYPE: Area:9Sqm.,3mx3mrooms(Figure) Height:25m 3m No.ofworkersinaroom:5 Material:corrugatedaluminiumsheet. Durability:maximum2 3years g g p f Techniqueandmethodofbuilding:byoverlappingandinterlocking corrugatedsheetsandtighteningwithbindingwire. Cost:250 300Rs/sqm.ThereforeoneprototypecostaroundRs.12,000. Planning:Negligiblelightandventilationandhabitablespacewithintheunit, with45degreesCelsiusinsummer,cannotwithstandharshclimates. Strengthofunittofacenaturalcalamities:Theunitisafailuretofacenatural calamitieswithimproperdrainage,roofsystem,andfootingandwall elements. 17

4.CASESTUDY 4.1NETCASESTUDY: 4.1.1.PUSHBUTTONHOUSE: Place:USA. Project:Pushbuttonhouse. Architect:AdamKalkin Figure 9:transformation of a pushbutton house (source: archdaily) Pushbuttonhouseisahousingsolutionmadeusingcontainersthatcanbe foldedandunfoldedinthesitedarea.Alltheinteriorfurniturewerefixed onthefourwalls,whichinturnmoveaccordingtotheusers’needs This structureissuccessfulonlyasasinglemoduleratherthanahousing solution. 18

Kalkincomparesthehousetoablossomingflower, turningspaceinsideout.Inhiswords,"ThePushbutton Housebecomesanactorintherelationshipbetweenthe viewerandtheviewedtothepointthatitcanswallowthe visitorinitshydraulicjaws(thusdisturbingthesuperior positionthatpeopleusuallyenjoyovertheirliving

rooms"(Slavid, 2007) Table 1: pushbutton house 19

ThePushbuttonhouseisdynamicre-useofashipping container.Theordinarylookingcompletelyclosed container,atthepushofabutton,opensuphydraulically torevealtheinterior.Theclientforsuchahouseis currentlyacompanythatisdevelopingaresortinthe Caribbean.Asasalesoffice,itisequaltonone.The companywilltakethecontainer,putitonadeserted island,takepotentialclientsbyboat,openthehouse,talk overcoffeeaboutthedevelopmentandthencloseupthe houseandleave.

CRITERIA FEATURES Uses& Function

Eachwallweighsaton.Fourelectricmotorsareusedfor openingandclosingandthevalvesarecontrolledbya computer

Materials 6msteelcontainer Climate areNotsignificant Symbolic connotations

Systemof flexibility

Figure 10: placement of furniture inside pushbutton house INFERENCE: Thistypeofportablehouseisusedbyonlytheresidentialsector,and cannotbemobilizedeasilysinceithasallthefixturesbeingattachedtothe wallshowninfigure10.Thisstructureisnotadaptabletothe surroundingsanddoesn’tchangeaccordingly. 4.1.2.GARDENHUT: Place:Spain. Project:GardenHut. Architect:Eighty sevenarchitects. GardenHutisatypeofhouseadaptedbytheresidentialsector.Theyare usedasagetawayhousesinSpain.Theyaredesignedinsuchawayto withholdthewildnatureofthesurrounding 20

Thebuildingchangesitsfunctionwiththeseasonsandits

Symbolic connotations

CRITERIA FEATURES Uses& Function

dialoguewiththeenvirons.Inthedampwintermonths,itsuse asastoreisfacilitatedbythehardwoodinteriorsandits

Thebuildinghasanidentityofitsown.Itsfragmented geometrylendsamysticcharmtoitgivingitthecharacterof

asculptureorpieceoffurniture.(Slavid, 2007) Table 2: garden hut 21

Materials Cortensteelwaschosenfortheexterior.Itisknownas weatheringsteelandbeginsrustingthemomentitisexposed toairforminganairprooflayerthatpreventsfurther corrosion.Withtimeitturnstoabrightorangecolourwhich blendswiththeripeningwheatinthesurroundings.The interiorsareofdurableBrazilianIpetimber

closed boxlikestructure Insummer,thespacechanges

Abuildingofamodestbudget;theGardenHutservesasa storageshedinthewinterandanextraopen-airroominthe

Thebuilding'swallsslideandfoldbacktoopenitcompletely totheimmediategardenanddistantviews.Theroofismulti pitchedwithtriangularlaminatedglassskylights.

Systemof flexibility

summerfortheowner'sadjacenthouse.

Climate& environment

dynamicallyallowingthegardentoflowfreelyintothehut.

Figure 11: portable garden house in spain Figure 12: garden house plan Figure 13: garden house adapting to the environment. INFERENCE: Gardenhutisfarmoreadaptablethanthepreviouscasestudy(pushbutton house).Theyaredesignedfortheresidentialusergroup.Theycannotbe multi functionalastheyhaveacompactinternalareawhichcannotbe adjusted Thisstructurecanbemadeintomoremobilizablethanbeing fixedatoneplace. 22

Cover'spatent-pendingbuildingsystemconnectslikelife-sizeLEGO blocks. Wecancreateinfinitelymanyuniquefloorplanstosuityourpropertyand needsoutofthesamepre-engineeredsetofparts.Thesepartscomefrom Cover'sfactorywithinsulation,structure,waterproofing,electrical,and

Thenwetruckthemtoyourpropertyand rapidlyassembletheminyourbackyard,withoutcranesorheavy machinery.Finiteparts,infinitepossibilitiesEachdesignistailoredto yourneedsanddesignedtotakeadvantageofthenaturallight,views,and functionalityofyourpropertyforyourwayofliving.Theydothisusing ourcomponent-basedsystemthatallowsforaninfinitenumberofdesign possibilities,andoursoftwarewhichcreatestherightoneforyou.A perfectfit,everywhere,everytimeThewalls,ceilings,floors,and everythinginbetweenaredesignedandmanufacturedtoworkwithone anotherfrombeginningtoend.Whatyougetisacohesiveaestheticand perfectlineseverywhereyoulook.

connectorsalreadyinstalled

4.1.3.BUILDCOVER: Place:USA Project:BuildCover. Architect:CSLBcontractor

CRITERIA FEATURES Uses&Function Thismoduleisusedasahousingsolutionandcanbe redesignedinmultipleways.Interiorwallscanbemoved accordingtotheuser'sneedsandwishes. Systemof flexibility Cover’spatent pendingbuildingsystemconnectslike life-sizeLEGOblocks.Wecancreateinfinitelymany uniquefloorplanstosuityourpropertyandneedsoutof thesamepre engineeredsetofparts Materials Steelstructures,hardwoods,bamboo,andothermaterials aredesignedandbuilttostandthetestoftime.Insideand outside,everyCoverisdesignedwitheaseofmaintenance inmind Climate& environment Notspecified Symbolic connotations Sustainableineverysense.Modulesare3Dprinted. Table 3: build cover 24

INFERENCE: Buildcoverisonecasestudywheretheprojectismulti functionalandit canuseaccordingtotheuser’sneeds.Thistypologycanalsobeformedas housingbutstackingupmodulesoneonanothercreatingacommunity. Thismodulecanbetransformedintovariousformsastheirinternal planningisdonetoadapttothenewenvironmentandtheusers’mindset. Buildcovercanbeawidesolutiontotheoutgrownmigrantissueaswell ascanfulfilalltheneedsofthefuture Buildcoverismadeupof aluminiumwithfoamingdoneinbetweentwopanelsforinsulation. Figure 14: Plan of build cover prototype Figure 15: Build cover module and plan source:3https://buildcover.com 25

4.2.LIVECASESTUDY: 4.2.1.MODULUSHOUSINGSOLUTION: Place:IITMadras,Chennai. Project:ModulusHousing Architect:MHsolution. ModulusHousingisastartupbaseonportablehousingsolution,incubated inIITMadrastheyareknownfortheirtelescopicmoduleofportable housingwhichcanbetransportedtoaplaceofinterest.theyhavedifferent typologiesbasedonthefieldtheyservein,Mainly,Medical,housing, agriculture,andindustrialetc.,Eachmoduleisofsize5mx2mwhen unfoldandcanextendupto20m.Thesemodulescanevenadduptoform onelonghosingsolutionneeds.Theservicelikeplumbingandother permanentservicesarekeptinthestablepartofthemodulesothatthe servicedoesnotgetaffected,evenwhentheyaretransportedtonew places.ModulusHousinghasthreedifferentfunctionalmodels MediCab, AgriCab,andHomestays. 4.2.1.1.HOWARETHEYCONSTRUCTEDONSITE? Themodulegetstransportedtotheparticularsitethroughpossiblevehicle, thenthemoduleisplacedonaraisedplatformwiththeplumbinglines underneaththem,afterplacingthemoduletheygetextendedtothe appropriatelengthandfixedtoproportion.thesemodulesthenget attachedtothegroundbysuitableboltandnutandthencoveredby cementblocks Interiorwallscanbereassembledtotheuserswish, 26

flooringismadeupofvinylsheetstoensurethatthetelescopicmovement isnotdisturbed. Theentiremoduleisconstructedusingsandwichpanelsmadeupofmild steelandinsulatedusingfoam.Someplacewherethemodulegetsaffected bymoisture,theyuseGalvanizedIron(GI)andtheinteriorpanelsorthe interiorwallsaremadeupofpuffboard.Theseinteriorwallscanbe movedandrestructuredaccordingtotheclientsneedsandrequirements. Function

CRITERIA FEATURES Uses&

Thewallsmoveinatelescopingpatternandtheymovein onedirection,thewallscanbere-addedinfuturetoexpand thecurrentspace. Materials TheyuseMildsteelandGalvanisedIronastheirmain structuralelement,andpuffboardastheirinternalwall panels.

Climate& environment ApprovedinIndianconditions. Table 4: Modulus housing solution. 27

Thismoduleisusedasahousingsolutionandcanbe redesignedinmultipleways.Modulushousinghaslaidits solutiononalltheaspects,likeMedical,Leisure, Residential,Commercial,Agriculturaletc Systemof flexibility

4.2.1.2.WHATEXACTLYISMILDSTEEL? Mildsteelisaferrousmetalthatcontainsbothironandcarbon Itisa low-costmaterialwithqualitiesthatareappropriateforawiderangeof engineeringapplications.Becauseofitshighironconcentration,low carbonmildsteelisreferredtoasferromagnetic 4.2.1.3.STEP-BY-STEPPROCESSOFASSEMBLINGMODULUS HOUSING Explainedinfigure19. Figure 16: Portable housing in IIT madras used as a medical clinic ThismodulushousingisusedasamedicalfacilityinIITmadras.This prototypewasonceusedasportablehousesformigrantsbefore pandemics.Afterthepandemic,whenIndiawasinneedofextraventilated bedstomeetthedailyneedstocurecovid 19,theseprototypeswere changedintoMedicabs(figure16).Medicabsisnothingbutportable clinicswithallthefacilitiesincludingventilators,propertoilets,etc.They evenhavetheprototypeoftheintensivecareunit(ICU)withinthesetup. Accordingtothecasestudy,Takingtothepeoplewhowerealreadystayed 28

inModulusHousingwhosayboththecasesstatedthattheseprototypes werewellusedformigrants.

MEDICAB: Medicabisaportablehousingmanufacturedmainlyformedicalpurposes. Duringpandemicsituation,thesehousingsweremadeintohospitalswith ventilatedbedsandservedasemergencyisolationwards.

Figure 17: Inside a medicab (source: www.modulushousing.com)

Figure 18: First medicab setup in Karnataka (source: www.modulushousing.com)

Figure 19: Process involved in assembling a modulus house. 30

Figure 20: Various types of medicab setup. (source: www.modulushousing.com) INFERENCE: Modulushousingsolutionisthecasestudythispaperisbasedon This casestudyisonesuchexamplewhereportablehousingisusedproperly eitherinmigrantworkingconditionsaswellasinthemedicalsector.They dohaveanaffordablewayofportablehousingsolution Modulushousing iswelladaptedforIndianconditions.Thisportablehousingistheneedof thehourandabridgetothefuture. 31

● Shelterthatcanwithstandnaturaldisasters.

Conductingthesurveywith120people,thefinaloutputsstatedbythe migrantswere:

Thematerialusedinthistypologyisvariedfromthe

● IwantthesamesheltertorelocatetoplacesIwork.

others.Theyusegalvanizedironsheetswithaluminiummixedintoitforming analloy.Thesestructuresarethencarriedawaybyvariousprocessestomake thefinaloutputtowithstandnaturaldisaster,climaticchangesaswellas makingitlivableforthepeople.Thesestructurescanbere-constructedto whateverwaywewanttheinteriortobe.Thencomesthelivecasestudythe ModulusHousinginIITmadras,Thisportablehouseisdesignedforthe Indiancontext,keepingalltheaspectsandfactorsinmind.Modulushousing ismoreusablethanothercasestudies.Theyuseatelescopingpatternto un foldtheportablehousecreatingmorespacetoincreaseinthefuture. MaterialwisetheyuseGI(galvanizediron)andinsomecases,theyusemild steel.Thesestructureswereusedbymigrantsbeforethepandemicandfurther, itchangedintoamedicalfacilitypostcovid,nowtheycreateportable hospitalsandtheyhelpindisastermanagement.

● Needaproperplacetostay,withatleastminimumbasicrequirements toliveahealthylife.

4.CASESTUDYANALYSIS:

Thecasestudiestalkaboutalotofspatialqualitiesofportablehousingandits feasibilityinvariousaspects.TheBuildCoverintheUSisusedsolelybythe housingsector,theyusethesestructuresashomestays,guesthousesandeven permanenthouses

● Ineedproperplacetosleep,andwaterfacilityandaplacethatcomes alongwithmewhenIkeepshiftingplaces.

Theseportablehousesnotonlyserveasahousingsolutionformigrants,but theydoalsohappenedtobeinuseinvarioususeraspects.Onesuchaspect mycasestudytalksaboutisdisastermanagement

1.ApprovalConditional

Temporarymodularhousingdevelopmentsaredemountableconstructionsthat aresetuponalocationforaspecificlengthoftimeandthenremoved.aswell associalhousingBecausethesestructuresmaybetransportedtodifferent locationsovertime,theyaresubjecttochange.shouldbelong-lastingenough tobereused

Fromtheseanswers,Wecansaythatportablehousingisasolutiontothe housingdemandoutbreakintheconstructionindustry.

Theseguidelinesprovideurbandesignprinciplesfortemporarymodular housing,whichcanbefoundonsitesacrossthecityinavarietyofzones.

6.DESIGNGUIDELINES:

ModulusHousingsolutions

Bythese casestudies,Portablehousingistheneedofthehour.Theydocreateagreat impactinallaspectsofarchitecture.

Temporarymodularhousingisaconditionalapprovedusethatisdefinedas "demountablestructuresthatarenotpermanentlyfastenedtolandand comprisethreeormoreresidentialunitsandauxiliaryuses,butdonotinclude amultipleconversiondwelling,communitycarefacility,orgroupresidence." Furthermore,socialhousingmustbeprovidedbytemporarymodularhousing

wereapartofNGOsthatwerehelpingthegovernmentinthepandemic situation.WhenTamilNadubedcountreducedMHsolutioncameupwiththe ideaofMedicab,whichismedicalfacilityinaportablehousing

b)Commonoutdoorspace:Themassingandlocationofthebuildingshould providesufficientcommonoutdoorspaceforoccupants.Outdooramenity spaceshouldbepositionedasfarawayfrommajorstreetsaspossible, shieldedbyplantingand/orwell designedfencing,andexposedtothesunas muchaspossible.

d)SlopeAlteration:Temporarymodularhousingshould,involveminorgrade changes.Some"low-impact"foundationscancausethemainfloortobe raised.However,inordertoeliminateexteriorrampsandrailings,themain floorelevationshouldbelocatedasclosetogradeaspracticable.Shallow excavationand/orre-gradingshouldbeconsideredtoaccomplishthis.

a)BuildingSiting:Whereverpossible,developmentsshouldadheretothe prevailingfrontyardandstreetscapepattern.Tominimiseoverlookand shadowingforneighbouringproperties,buildingmassingandpositionshould becarefullyexamined.

2.SitePreparation

c)TreeRetention:Buildingsshouldbecarefullysitedtoensurethatmature treesareretained. Anarboristreportmayberequiredifthereareconsiderable treesontheproperty.

Sleepingunits,housekeepingunits,andhabitationunitsmayallbefoundina temporarymodularhousingdevelopment.Thesehousingunitsaredetailedin detailin

3ExternalDesign

iv.Exteriorcoloursshouldbecarefullyusedtoanimatebuildingelevations andgivevisual"coding"andwayfinding.

a)Innovation:Temporarymodularhousingconstructionsshouldbemodel projectsthatshowcostandconstructionefficiencywithoutsacrificing architecturalandurbandesign Withoutaddingunwarrantedcoststothe project,innovativedesignideasshouldstresshigh-quality,habitable structuresandastronginterfacewiththepublicsphere.Successfuldesigns canusetheinherentcharacteristicsofmodularconstructiontocreatenotonly constructionefficiencybutalsoadistinctvisualexpression. Buildingelevationsshouldbecreatedtohaveastrongvisualimpactanda clear,consistentdesignlanguage.

Variationsinwindowopeningsizeorplacement,theuseofprojecting balconiesorJulietguardrails,andmodificationsinmaterial,colour,and/or planeshouldallbeconsidered.

Buildingsshouldbelocatedneartothegroundleveltoreducetheneedfor rampsandrailings ii.Torespondtoourspecificclimaticzone,largeroofoverhangsarestrongly advised. iii.Wheretheoutsidecladdingsystemallows,windowanddoortrimmings shouldbeprovided.Trimless"punched"windows,ontheotherhand,maybe appropriateinamodernistarchitecturalstatementprovidedtheyarefinely designedtocreatedepthandvisualappeal.

e)Courtyard:Ifacourtyardisprovided,itshould:i.befreeofmajorbarriers, suchasexits;andii belargeenoughtoaccommodatealargenumberof people.

Streetfrontagesthataremonotonousorunduly"flat"shouldbeavoided.

b)Bikes:Whileconventionalbikeparkingregulationsmaybeeasedfor temporarymodularhousing,itisexpectedthatbicycleswillbeaprimary sourceoftransportationforcertainoccupants.Thesiteplanningprocess shouldaccountforample,securebikeparkingforworkersandresidents,and earlydesignstagesshouldbediscussedwithPlanningandEngineering Servicesstaff.

stairs.Climbingexternalisedstairsisnotrecommended, morethan1.5m(5ft),soasnottorestrictthecommonspaceexcessively. ii.haveaminimumclearwidthof7.3m(24ft)forthefirsttwostories, measuredfromthebuildingface;andiii haveaminimumclearwidthof98m (32ft)abovethethirdfloor.

lastingand

4EngineeringPointstoThinkAbout

f)CladdingontheoutsideExteriormaterialsshouldbelong high quality Woodhorizontalsidingorshingles;Hardiepanel,shingle,or horizontalsiding(smoothfinish);brickveneer;metalpanelareallacceptable materials.Corrugatedorpressedmetalshouldonlybeusedinspecific situations Vinyl,aswellas"fake"finishesthatresemblenaturalmaterials,are notacceptable.

Oneregularspotandoneaccessibleareashouldbesuppliedattheveryleast. EngineeringServicesandPlanningprofessionalswillexamineloadingneeds onacase by casebasis.

a)Parkingandloading:Fortemporarymodularhousing,theconventional parkingandloadingstandardsformultipleunitsdonotapply;instead,the needsofaproposeddevelopmentwillbeassessedonacase by casebasis.

b)CommonAmenityRoom:Ahigh qualitycommonareaisessentialfor livabilityinbuildingswithmodestindividualapartments.

5)InternalDesign

ii.Fordevelopmentswithmorethan90units,considerprovidingtwoamenity spacestoaccommodateawiderrangeofactivities;iii.Inaddition,the commonamenityspaceshouldhavea.Accessfromacommoncorridoror mainlobby;b.Substantialwindowsandgoodaccesstonaturallightand ventilation;c.Akitchenetteforbasicfoodpreparation(largecounter,upper andlowercabinets,sharedfridge(s),microwave,sink);d.Aloungearea;iv. c)Laundry:Laundryfacilitiesshouldbeprovided,accordingtotheHousing DesignandTechnicalGuidelines

c)GarbageandRecycling:Garbageandrecyclingshallbestoredinasecure enclosureatthelaneorinaroom/enclosurewithinthemainstructure.The rubbishenclosureshouldbewell secured,neatandordered,withsufficient lightingandsightlines,andeasilyaccessiblebyworkersfromwithinthesite.

d)PMT:Earlyinthesitedesignphase,requirementsforanon site pad mountedtransformershouldbedefinedinconsultationwithEngineering ServicesemployeesandBCHydro.

i.Forbuildingswithfewerthan25units,amenityspaceshallbeatleast37 squaremetres(398squarefeet);ii.Forbiggerdevelopments,amenityspace shouldbeatleast1.4squaremetres(15squarefeet)perunit.

a)Lobbyandcirculation:Ingeneral,thebuilding'smajorcirculationshould beinternalised.Theremustbeaninternalreceptionlobby.Exitstaircasescan beunheated,buttheyshouldbescreenedandweatherproofattheveryleast Open aircorridorsmayberegardediftheyarenotonanexteriorbuilding elevation(e.g.,astreetorlane)andareincludedinfloorspaceestimates.

iv Todemonstrateeffectivelivingareas,unitdesignswithfurniture arrangementsshouldbesupplied.

iii One andtwo bedroomflatsshallbeatleast325squaremetresand465 squaremetres,respectively.Internalizedbedrooms(thosewithoutawindow ontheoutside)willnotbepermitted.

d)Bathroom:Acompletebathroom,includingawashbasin,toilet,andshower and/orbath,mustbesupplied.Additionally: i.Theoverallunitlayoutshouldbeconsideredintermsofprivacyand visibility. lines,aswellasthedirectioninwhichthedoorswings

6UnitDesigna)UnitSize:Theminimumunitsizeisdeterminedbythetype ofunitwhetheritcanberesidential,commercial,medicalandthelayoutof theunit: ii.Dwellingunits:Adwellingunitmustbeatleast37squaremetresinsize.If ahighqualityoflivabilityisproven,theDirectorofPlanningmayrelax dwellingunitsizetonotlessthan23.2squaremetresfortemporarymodular housing.

c)Living/SleepingSpace:Sincetheunitswillbesmall,carefulplanningis essentialtoensurethatthemainlivingspacecansuccessfullysupportmany tasks(cooking,eating,socialising,work/study,andsleeping): i.Instudios,thesleepingareamaybepositionedinarecessbutmuststay contiguoustothemainlivingareaandnotbesurroundedbypartitions;ii.In studios,thesleepingareamaybelocatedinarecessbutmustremain contiguoustothemainlivingareaandnotbeenclosedbypartitions.

ii.Dwellingunitsshouldhaveakitchenwithasink,adequatecounterspace forfoodpreparation,upperandlowercabinets,astoveandoven,anda modestly sizedrefrigeratorandfreezerthatisappropriatelyventilated.(Some housekeepingunitsfeatureastovetopbutnotanoven.)Twoadultsshouldbe abletostandandsitsidebysideinthekitchenanddiningspaces.

e)Storage:Forseveralresidences,theconventionalbulkstoragerequirements donotapply. insteadoftemporarymodularhomes,aprospectivedevelopment'sdemands

iii.Toaccommodatetheprojectednumberofresidents,thekitchenanddining areainoneandtwo bedroomunitsmaybeexpanded

willbeexamined. onanindividualbasisEachunit,ontheotherhand,shouldhaveatleastone built in. closetforcoatsAnadditionalbuilt inclosetshouldbeprovidedineach bedroom.

ii.Bathroomsandtherestoftheroommustbephysicallydividedbywalls andadoor. acloseddoortoprotectseclusion

f)FoodStorageandPreparation:i.Cookingfacilitiesarenotpermittedin sleepingunits.However,somebasicfoodstorageandpreparationfacilities, suchasacounter(max.1.8m,6ftlong)withloweranduppercabinets,asink, andanunder counterfridge,shouldbeprovided.

g)Mechanicalequipment:Mechanicalequipmentinthesuiteshallnothinder theunit'sneededlivingandamenityspaces.Ifthecoatclosetisoccupiedbya hotwaterheater,asecondclosetmustbeinstalled

8TypicalOutdoorAreas

growing,hardy,and suitedforthedevelopment'stransientcharacter

9.Landscape a)Publicrealm/frontyard:Asastreetscapeamenity,frontyardsshouldhave extensivelandscaping.Colourful,welcoming,layeredplantmaterialshould beusedinthelandscape,whichshouldbeorientedtothestreetandpickedfor year roundstructureandinterest.Plantsshouldbefast

Outdoorspaceandfreshairarebeneficialtoone'shealthandwell being.In theformofcourtyardsorroofdecks,usablesharedoutdoorspaceshouldbe given.Arangeofoutdooractivitiesshouldbepossibleinthecommunal outdoorspace.Considerareasforsocialising(smokingshelters,picnictables), relaxing(benches),recreation(basketballhoop,urbanagriculture),and children'splay(smokingshelters,picnictables)(iffamilyhousingis provided).Itshouldhaveadequatesolarexposure,soundprotectionfrom majorroadways,unobstructedsightlinesforpersonnel,andadequatelighting.

7Disturbance Afundamentalpartoflivabilityissoundseparationbetweenunits.Toreduce noise,balconies,windows,andtheirmovableventsshouldbestrategically placed Ventsshouldopeninopposingdirectionstoeachotherwhencasement windowsareutilisedtoreducesoundtransferbetweenunits.

Thespaceusedby mechanicalequipmentwillbeeliminatedfromtheunitsizecalculation.

b)CommonOutdoorSpace:commonoutdoorareasshouldprovidelandscape bufferingfromandtoneighbouringproperties.Thelandscapeshouldbe chosentoavoidoverlookingprivateadjacentspaceswhilealsoimprovingthe development'squalityofspace.

Thispaperdrewontheunderstandingoftemporaryandportablestructures thathavebeendesignedforvarioustypologiesofspatialrequirements

rangingfromthemedicalfield,toagriculturalandco-livingaspects.The casestudyandliteraturestudyaidedinunderstandingthestructuraland materialaspectsofportablehousing.usingtheparametersextractedfrom theliteraturereview,theanalysisistakenforwardasacomparativestudy betweenBuildcoverlocatedintheUSA,andModulushousingsolution locatedinChennai.

7.CONCLUSION:

Thefindingsprocuredfromtheanalysisactasathresholdtodevelop possibledesignguidelinesforthefabricationofportablehousingmodules thatwouldcatertomigrantworkersoveraperiodoftimeandespeciallyas arefugeforthemduringdisastermanagementandmitigation wherethis studyfocusedprimarilyonfunctioningashousingunitsduring post-pandemicsituations.

d)Sideyard:Toofferbufferingtoadjacentproperties,sideyardsshould consistofplantingbedsifpossible.A"green"steppingstonepathwith groundcoverinbetweenisrecommendedifpedestrianaccessisnecessary Exceptwherenecessaryforfireaccess,solidpavingisdiscouraged.

c)Lane:Whereverpracticable,thelaneinterfaceshouldhaveagreenedge andeffectiveilluminationforsafety

8.Scopeofthisstudyinfutureresearch:

Thisdissertationhelpsdesignersandarchitectstodesignportablehousing inallaspects.Thiscreatesadesignguidelineforportablehousinginthe Indiancontext.Further,thesehelpedinsolvingtheoutgrownmigrant constructionworkerdemandinhousingandincreatingaplatformwhere medicalfacilitiescanmovetoplaceswhereinneed.Portablehousing beingafeasiblestructureinsolvingfuturedemands.

9.BIBLIOGRAPHY: ▪ https://wwwnestincoin/nest in blog/portable rest shelters for constructio n workers ▪ www.modulushousing.com ▪ wwwbuildcovercom ▪ https://thewire.in/economy/housing for all migrant workers ▪ https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/solving migrant worker s housing crisis 7715129/ ▪ https://issuucom/mohamedosama6/docs/robert kronenburg auth portabl e ar ▪ https://issuu.com/aishwaryapandit0/docs/dissertation the tiny house mov emen ▪ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317693593 A study on the co ndition of temporary housing following disasters Focus on container housing ▪ https://d31kydh6n6r5j5.cloudfront.net/uploads/sites/111/2019/07/charlie k ilman tinyhouses 4 .pdf 44

10.APPENDIX: QUESTIONNAIRE: 1. Name: 2. Age: ● <18 ● 18 25 ● 25 40 ● >40 3. Workexperience. ● 1 2yrs ● 2 5yrs ● 5-10yrs ● 10yrs&above. 4. Experienceincurrentlivingconditions. ● Satisfactory. ● Average. ● Notuptothemark 5. whetherthepropersanitaryrequirementismaintained. ● Yes, ● No 6. whethertheavailablelightandventilationareadequate. ● Yes, 45

● No 7 Describethelevelofcomfortintheshelter ● Satisfactory. ● Average. ● Notuptothemark. 8. whethercleanandsufficientwaterisavailable. ● Yes, ● No 9. whetherthereisenoughspaceforeachperson ● Yes ● No 10. whethertheelectricsupplyisconstant. ● Yes, ● No 11. whatiswrongwiththeircurrentcondition 12. howoftendoyoushiftfromoneplacetoanother? ● fromthestarttotheendoftheparticularproject. ● specificwork(masonry,plumbing,carpenter). ● keepshiftingfromonesitetoanother 46

13. Doyouhaveyourfamilystayingwithyou?. ● Yes, ● No 14. Doesyourfamilygetthebasicneeds?. ● Yes, ● No 15. whatisyourbasicneed?andwhatdoyouwanttoliveahealthy life? 47