Letter from Suketu Mehta by Igor Mitric Lavovski by Igor Mitric Lavovski

“Sky Roller” is a Hyperbuilding. Also connected in 3D structure, it is a vertical city. “Sky Roller” is a skyscraper for Mumbai climate. Indians believe in movement, but until now, only at horizontal movement. “Sky Roller” is art of rolling vertically. This thesis deals with the implementation of the “Sky Roller” on to the Dharavi, overpopulated area in Mumbai, with extreme density, so called hyper-density. Dharavi is a slum, one of the Asia`s largest slums. Having a population more than 1 million people on a small 2.2 km2 area. “Sky roller” is “one” vertical solution for the Dharavi problems; lack of water, lack of sanitation, lack of space. “Sky roller” is more than improved architectural quality of life. “Sky roller” brings another way of living for divided India. India is a land of diversities; caste systems, religions, languages, ideas ... Trough two simple curves, Sine and Cosine, curves of life, it connects colors of India. It follows the path of the sun and the direction of the wind. It acts as water cleaner and rainwater catcher. When I got a letter from the author of the book “Maximum City, Bombay Lost and Found”, Suketu Mehta, I decided to respond to him with architectural approach. With a Skyscraper! Igor Mitrić

Letter for Suketu Mehta SKYROLLER

Igor Mitric

Letter for Suketu Mehta Sky Roller

DIPLOMARBEIT

zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades einer/s Diplom - Ingenieurin/Diplom - Ingenieurs Studienrichtung : Architektur Igor Mitrić Technische Universität Graz Erzherzog -Johann - Universität Fakultät für Architektur

Be treuer/in: Univ.-Prof. Brian Cody BSc(Hons) CEng MCIBSE Institut: Institut für Gebäude und Energie Monat/Jahr 10 / 2012

Senat

Deutsche Fassung: Beschluss der Curricula-Kommission für Bachelor-, Master- und Diplomstudien vom 10.11.2008 Genehmigung des Senates am 1.12.2008

EIDESSTATTLICHE ERKLÄRUNG

Ich erkläre an Eides statt, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbstständig verfasst, andere als die angegebenen Quellen/Hilfsmittel nicht benutzt, und die den benutzten Quellen wörtlich und inhaltlich entnommenen Stellen als solche kenntlich gemacht habe.

Graz, am ……………………………

……………………………………………….. (Unterschrift)

Englische Fassung:

STATUTORY DECLARATION

I declare that I have authored this thesis independently, that I have not used other than the declared sources / resources, and that I have explicitly marked all material which has been quoted either literally or by content from the used sources.

…………………………… date

……………………………………………….. (signature)

Thanks to, my loving parents and sister, for their patience and generous support during the study my girlfriend Maja, for constant love and inspiration my friends, Bosko, Blaz and Filip for kindly advices To the young CGI artist Dario, for the graphic touch, Prof. Brian, for the advices and the constructive discussions Mileni, for generously proofreading entire Grasshopper 3D community, for brilliant algorithms Daniel Podmirseg, for opening new architectural views I want to thank to everyone who supported me...

Zahvaljujem , Svojim dragim roditeljima i sestri, na strpljenju i velikodušnoj podršci tokom studija Svojoj djevojci Maji, na neprekidnoj ljubavi i inspiraciji Svojim prijateljima Bošku, Blažu i Filipu na savjetima Mladom CGI umjetniku Dariju na grafičkom dodiru Profesoru Cody Brian-u, na savjetima i konstruktivnim diskusijama Mileni, na znalačkom lektorisanju Cjelokupnoj Grashoper 3D zajednici, na algoritmima Daniel Podmirseg-u, na otvaranju novih arhitektonskih horizonata Zahvaljujem svima koji su me podržali posebno se zahvaljujem svojoj majci Nevenki , na borbi za svoje voljene.

Table of contents Energy Energy vs Buildings Energy vs Society

3 5

Oil Epoche of fossil fuels 7 The Growing Gap 8 Caution Peak 9 Peak Oil 10 4 Peaks 11 Population Population and sustainability Population world growth Density Chessboard Story Peak density 1 m2 Highest world density

12 13

15 16 17

India Population India Climate India

19 21

Mumbai Maximum City History Timeline Letter from Suketu Mehta Mumbai Metropolitan Map Mumbai Population Growth Slums Slums in Mumbai Location of Slums Dharavi Pictures of Dharavi History Lacks Slum or Recycler Climate Mumbai Climate Climate Data

43 44 47 51 53 56 59 61

25 27 33 37 39

Sky Roller Project Inspiration Art of vertical Rolling Metaball Wind by Prof. Cody Brian Sketches Form Generation Renderings Floorplans & Sections Wings Facade System GH Script Wind&Sun study Brise â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Soleil 2012 Section Masterplan Dharavi Population Inspiration Dharavi vs Graz Area Dharavi Population Slum Area Tower Typology Voronoi Area Area division Towers Height Wind & Sun study Masterplan Generation Masterplan Generated Rendering

67 69 72 73 75 77 81 89 95 101 103 109 117 125 127 129 131 133 135 137 139 141 146 149 155 163 169

List of Figures

173

Literaturliste

175

Quotations

176

World Wide Web

176

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another Hermann Helmholtz, First law of thermodynamics 1

Paris by night, photographed on 6 February 2012 Picture: Andre Kuipers / ESA/NASA / Rex Features

Energy vs Buildings

By 2030, urban inhabitants are estimated up to roughly 60 % of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population. In such conditions, how cities are supposed to resemble? What is the role of architecture and how important it actually is? 50 % of world energy consumption is used by occupied space...If transport and industries are added, the number is significantly larger . Great part of this energy is used for heating (space and water), cooling, and lighting. We are witnessing one architectural style that is becoming present far and wide. Independent on climate zone or local conditions, high scrapers are rising on every side of the Earth. From Dubai to Siberia, we notice people living behind glass, hundreds of meters above the ground. An outcome is architectural style strongly dependnt on energy . In the midst of unlimited sources of energy, we could build floating cities and flying cars, we could if we had it! The question is where the energy source is and how much energy is still out there...?!

Energy vs Society

100,000 90,000 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000

1561 - 70 1600 - 09 1650 - 59 1700 - 09 1750

ENGLAND and Wales 5

1860 In 1860s annual production rate has reached 138 million metrics tons per year. For the duration of the eight century period of coal mining from 1560 to 1860 the average growth rate in annual coal production was about 2,3 % per year with a doubling-up period of about 30 years. (M.King. Hubbert, Exponential growth as a transient phenomenon in human history, 1976 )

Coal Water Wind Firewood Draught animals Human The graph shows growth in the annual consumption of energy per capita in England over a period of three centuries. “The most fundamental defining feature of the industrial revolution was that it made possible exponential economic growth – growth at a speed that implied the doubling of output every half-century or less. These in turn radically transformed living standards. Each generation came to have a confident expectation that they would be substantially better off than their parents or grandparents.” Tony Wrigley

- 59 1800 - 09 1850 - 59 source > Wrigley Tony, EA (2010), Energy and the English industrial revolution, Cambridge University Press, 2012

Epoch of Fossil Fuels by M.King.Hubbert 21 century is the era of fossil fuels. 34 % of used energy is extracted from rudimentary crude oil exploitation. Epoch of fossil - fuel exploitation in human history during the period from 5,000 years ago to 5,000 years in the future (Hubbert, 1974, fig. 10).The age of fossil-fuel exploitation is ephemeral on a millennial time-scale.

300 Year Zero

2012 time after Peak

200

100

0 -5000

-4000

-3000

-2000

0 1000 PRESENT 1974. Time before and after present (103 years)

-1000

The Growing Gap Conventional Oil (Graph from ASPO)

Peak World Oil Discovery Year 1964

Past discovery

1. Oil Crisis year 1971

Future discovery Production consumption

30 20 10 0 1930

1950

We produce about 90 % of conventional Oil , just 10 % from unconventional Oil.

2000

3000

4000

1970

1990

2010

2030

2050

From 1984 we use more oil There is direct connenction between oil price and food price than we find, today is Brent, Oil prices in $ proportion ca. 1:3

5000

Caution Peak Crude oil is the most important natural resource of contemporary world economy. Peak Oil is the highest point, from where world oil production cannot rise anymore. Energy storage from one barrel of oil (159 liter) is equal to 12 years of one person’s work. -40 hours per day... We are eating fossil felucca, 1500 liter crude oil per person every year is used for food (USA 1995).David Pimentel, Cornel University “Peak oil means, that you peaked your highest sustainable supply.”

2008

Overuse of oil can cause a death of modern life 1896 Summerland Oil Field on the California Coast. 9

Peak Oil Graph

BECAUSE OF PLATEAU TIME, IT IS HARD TO TELL WHEN IT IS GOING TO FALL. HOW HARD A FALLING WILL BE, DEPENDS ON US... For the reason of huge number of worldwide factors and not backdated data, it is hard to give exactly prognoses of world’s “peak” oil storage.

Production “PEAK” OIL OFFSHORE FIELD

production rate

1. oil borehole discovery

more effort

valuation

PLATEAU

Pro

ONSHORE FIELD on land du

ctio

ecl

ine

Economic limit Oil production can not cover the cost

Time

Prudhoe bay, Alaska

Time

production rate

Slaughter, Texas

production rate

Production curve of giant oil fields Romashkino Russia

Time

4 Peaks and Future Scenarios Mankind can make an object independent of the energy gridiron. The architect can draw house to yell loudly "I am Signing Off!!!” Energy is produced every second. We also use it every second. Electricity for our computers, radios, refrigerators, air conditioning, cooling and heating facilities, and the energy needed to run our cars, clothing, appliances, toys and boats. PEAK World Oil (Production & Distribution) PEAK

PEAK

Global Warming (C02)

World economic Growth

World Population

Good Times

Oil World Discovery

TIMELINE 2007

We are in a period of high energy demand and we all want to participate. Energy is produced and it must be spent. There is no way for long-term storage of energy and it has not yet been invented. Nor it will. Energy tends to entropy. Equalization. It depends on the time like we do. Question is what brings us a future ?

Bad Times

2045

2007

2100

Sinusoid “Time Frequency” - Best Case Scenario

HUMANITY 150 Years

150 Years

Sinusoid “Time Frequency” - Worst Case Scenario

150 Years

dead end 100 Years

50 Years

25 Years

Population and Sustainability ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT Spaceship Earth has a limited carrying capacity. We can count it by ecological footprint, it is amoount of biological productive land and sea area neede to regenerate the resources a human population consumes and to absorb and render harmless the human waste. In global hectares per person in 2006 the Earths biocapacity was 1,8 , while the average footprint was 2.5. The Earth Overshoot Day, was in 2009 , September 25. The day when mankind uses biological services faster than the Earth can renew them. Our footprint will be in 2040 four times bigger than earth`s capacity. But not all passanger are same. There are in different CLASSES. One passanger from USA takes 9.0 ha of ecological footprint, 11 times higher than passanger in India. Also he consumes about 7.11 toe fo energy per year, equal with 17 Indians or 240 Ehiopians. One american needs 4,5 planets at this moment. Indian footprint is much lower than americans or europeans, and if all passanger would live like Indiens , it would be enough for us 1/2 of spaceship earth. But India tends to grow. Do Indians wish to live like Americans? If does, can Earth sustain that wishes?

FUTURE OF CITIES Every week 1.3 millions new people move to the city. 70 millions a year.By 2030, urban dwellers will make up roughly 60 % of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population. And they are going to live in buildings. All types of them. Small, large, above earth or bellow earth, dense or not so dense, cubes or fluid forms, paper houses or lyxurios concrete skyscrapers, slums or garden cities, whatever, all these kind of structure is using and will use a energy. How much of it? Thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a question for us. FRESH WATER Water is a best drink worldwide. Without water life is inpossible. There is just 0,5 % of drinking water on Earth. India use a most of them. In countries like India, water use is increasing trough car industry. Are we going to lead a wars for water?

EARTH IS SPACESHIP Only home where we can live. Spaceship that cannot land and cannot dock anywhere to be refueled or repaired. Any damage has to be fixed and any problem has to be solved by us passangers. We travel alone in the Universe, and we can only rely on the energy coming from the Sun. Number of passanger is increasing rapidly, 227 000 per day (it is one mediumsized city every day), almost 83 milion people per year. (Energy for sustainable world, Nicola Armaroli

Population World Growth

WORLD POPULATION GROWTH

200 M 1 Year

PREDICTION 9

BILLION 2045.

BILLION 2024.

BILLION 2011.

BILLION 1999.

BILLION 1987.

BILLION 1974.

BILLION 1960.

BILLION 1930.

BILLION 1800.

MILLIONS r

Population Growth Chessboard Story If a single couple is considered, for example Adam and Eve, present human population is created after 31, 5 doubling times. At 46 doubling times it would make a population density as high as of one person on 1m2 over all earth land areas. Biologist discovered centuries ago that population of any species, plant or animal, if given a favorable environment, will increase exponentially with time. The period required for the population to double is diverse for variety of different species.

For elephants and humans doubling period is a few decades, but for some bacteria is as short as 20 minutes. â&#x20AC;&#x153;It is not the strongest of the species that survive, nor the most intelligent, but the one most responsive to change â&#x20AC;&#x153; Charles Darwin -Question is how many of us can sustain one planet earth?

Human population limit 46 16 billion people 2074. ? 33 1 billion people 1800. 29

2 billion people 1930. 30

4 billion people 1974.

8 billion people 2024. 31

Peak Density 1P/1m2 - 46 doubling times would yield a population density as high as of one person on 1m2 over all earth land areas. - Is there on Earth such a density?

1 m2 16

Highest World Density Dharavi, Mumbai,Maharashtra,India

India

State of Maharashtra

DHARAVI AREA ---- 2, 15 km 1 2 POPULATION DHARAVI ----- 1,000,000 DENSITY ---- 465.000 per km2 AREA PER PERSON ---- 4,4 m2 3

m2 4,4 17

Mumbai bai Metropolitan M Re Region e Greater Mumbai

1. Dharavi working area measured by autho hor or 2. Highest supossed population number tak aken ake ken 3. Area per person counted by author, as popu pul ulation number divided with whole land area multip tiplied with 2 ( as average tipl 2 floors building height) Person per m2 = Population / land area x 2 18

Population Growth India

1.46 B ILLION

364 M

2030

POPULATION G ROWTH PREDICTION

FOR

1.42 BILLION

2030 ( INDIA, USA, CHINA ) , GAPMINDER TOOL FROM HANS R OSLIN G

ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT 0,9 haG (Global hektar) per person

GREENHOUSE EMISSIONS India was the third largest emitter of carbon dioxide in 2009 at 1.65 AIR POLLUTION Gt per year, after China (6.9 Gt per fuel wood and biomass burning is the primary year) and the United States (5.2 Gt reason air pollution is very high in rural and per year). urban India. Traffic congestion In cities like Bangalore, around 50% of children suffer from asthma. SOLID WASTE POLLUTION Trash and garbage is a common sight in urban and rural areas of India.Indian cities single-handedly generate more than 100 million tons of solid waste per year.

1.2 19

In 1971 there were around half of billion IndiFRESH WATER ans (554 000 000 exactly according to UN StatisIndia will face water supply tics). Nowadays there are about 1.2 billion of Indishortages by 2025.India has 20 ans, composing over 15 percent of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s popupercent of the Earth's population, lation. According to UN stats and annual growth perbut only four per cent of its water. centage, in 2030 there will be about 1.42 billion Fresh water use per head per day of Indians and about 50 % of them will be living in India is 25 liter. Austria 145 liter in cities. and USA 295 liter of fresh water. We can say that in a future every 6th inhabitsource> Energie Atlas ant of the In that case, by all means, it can be stated that in future every 6th inhabitant of the world will FOOD In 2007 , India was using 61 % of be Indian. Moreover, it can be said that Indian life pattern is affecting contemporary population world total land area for agriculture. widely. India is a major consumer of energy Population of India at 2007 was resources. 1.11 Billion people. How will In 2009, India was the fourth largest oil India feed its growing populaconsumer in the world, after the United States, tion? China, and Japan. However, with growth of population India demands on energy will continuously SANITATION increase. But, the question obtrudes: will there be Out of 2.5 billion people in the enough energy for everyone? Michael Simmons said world that defecate openly, a that if citizens of India and China would be living like number of 665 million live in Americans now, our nonrenewable energy resources India.31% of all Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population will be out in couple of years. has access to improved sanitation How is population growth The require of adequate sanitaaffecting Indian cities? tion and safe water has signifiWATER POLLUTION cantly negative health impacts Today no river in India is clean to drink. including diarrhea. The World Currently, not even one river in India is clean to Health Organization estimated drink. Open defecation is widespread even in urban that around 700,000 Indians die areas of India. According to World Health Organizaeach year from diarrhea. In tion 2005 report, sewage discharged from cities urban areas, 96% had access to and towns is the predominant cause of water polluan improved water source and tion in India. In most of the cities in India there are 54% to improved sanitation. no sewage treatment facilities. The untreated water is used for drinking, bathing, and washing. The Mithi River, which flows through the city of Mumbai, is heavily polluted. Flooding during monsoons worsens India's water pollution problem, as it washes and moves all sorts of solid garbage and contaminated soils into its rivers and wetlands. None of the 35 Indian cities with a population of more than one million distribute water for more than a few hours per day.

Billions

Climate India by Energie Atlas (german) KLIMAZONE TROPEN Feucht - Warm KLIMAELEMENTE

BAULICHE GRUNDANFORDERUNGEN

• bei wolkenlosem Himmel hohe, ansonsten meist durch Bewölkung gemässigte, direkte Sonnenstrahlung • hohe relative Luftfeuchte ( 60 % - 100 % ) • Hohe Niederschlagsmenge ( 1200 - 2000 mm/a , im Extremfall bis 5000 mm/a) • geringere tägliche und jährliche Temperaturunterschiede ( Tagesmittel : ca. 7 K, Jahresmittel : ca. 5 K ) • höchste Tages- Lufttemperaturen im Jahresdurcschnitt ca. 30 °C • niedrigste Nacht - Lufttemperaturen im Jahresdurchschnitt ca. 25 °C • Hohe Bewölkungshäufi gkeit, d .h. hoher Anteil an diffuser Strahlung • niedriger Luftdruck • oft nur geringe Luftbewegung, bei Regenfällen jedoch z. T. Sturmböen • regionales Vorkommen tropischer Wirbelstürme (Zyklone, Taifune, Hurrikans)

• Entlastung vom ungünstigen Einfl uss aus Wärme und Luftfeuchte (Schwüle) durch Nutzung von Luftbewegungen zur Unterstützung der Wärmeabgabe über Hautverdunstung • Schutz von Gebäuden und Bauteilen vor direkter Sonnenstrahlung und unerwünschter Wärmespeicherung durch Beschattung, Baukörperform und - orientierung • Schutz von Bauteilen vor Dauerdurchfeuchtung durch gute kontrollierte Regenwasserableitung und gute Belüftung

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India Anual Average Rainfall Map

Under 20 cm 20 - 40 cm 40 - 50 cm 60 - 100 cm 100 - 150 cm 150 - 250 cm Over 250 cm

The annual rainfall in Mumbai is around 2,200 mm. Mumbai weather experiences the maximum rainfall in the month of July, which results in ďŹ&#x201A;ood.

Mi Km

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MUMBAI

India Seizmic Zone Zone Zone Zone Zone Zone

Mumbai sits on a seismically active zone. The area is classified as a Seismic Zone III region, which means an earthquake of up to magnitude 6.5 on the Richter-scale may be expected

100

1 2 3 4 5

200

300

Km 100 200 300 400

MUMBAI

Solar Radiation India

Solar thermal technologies have a special relevance in India due to the high temperatures and the number of clear, blue-sky days: Average radiation is 4.5-6 kwh/m2/day (radiation on a given surface in kilowatthours per square meter per day) with an average of 280 clear days. The equivalent energy potential is about 6,000 million GWh (gig watt hours) of energy per year. India itself has different zones. Mumbai is in hot and humid zone, with average annual solar radiation 5.90 kWh/m2/a.

MUMBAI 5.9 - 5.4 kWh/m2

India Southwest Summer Monsoon The southwestern summer monsoons occur from June through September. The Thar Desert and neighboring areas of the northern and central Indian subcontinent heats up considerably during the hot summers, which causes a low pressure area over the northern and central Indian subcontinent. To fill this void, the moisture-laden winds from the Indian Ocean rush in to the subcontinent. These winds, rich in moisture, are drawn towards the Himalayas, creating winds blowing storm clouds towards the subcontinent. The Himalayas act like a high wall, blocking the winds from passing into Central Asia, thus forcing them to rise. With the gain in altitude of the clouds, the temperature drops and precipitation occurs. Some areas of the subcontinent receive up to 10,000 mm (390 in) of rain annually.

68 º

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Arrival dates

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Components

June 1st June 5th June 10th June 15th July 1st July 15th August 1st

Northeast (winter) Southwest (summer) Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) in June/July

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HARYA

Mi Km

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RAJASTHAN A AN AG GALAND A 24 º

23.5 º

MIZOR IZORAM

Gulf of Kutch

Gulf of Khambhat

20 º

Mouths of the Ganges

MAHARASHTRA M MA RA A

Dadra & Nagar Hav aveli

Bay

16 º

Pondicherry c (Yanam)

G Arabian GOA

12 º

Sea

Andam man m an n & Nicob bar b a ar Islands d

Bengal

Laksh hadweep

Pondicherry ry (Ka (Karaikal))

Isla ands

Palk Bay

8º

Andaman Sea

Gulf of Mannar

Great Channel

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Climatic zones (Köppen classification) Montane Humid subtropical Tropical wet and dry Tropical wet Semi-arid Arid

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India Climatic Zone Map Mountain climate Humid Subtropical Tropical wet and dry Tropical wet Semi-arid Arid

Srinagar 32 º

Chandigarh

NATIONAL CAPITAL State Capital Union Territory Capital

Shimla Mi Km

Dehradun

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NEW DELHI

RAJASTHAN A

Itanagar

Gangtok

Jaipur Lucknow

Guwahati Shillong

AGA GA ALAND

Kohima Imphal

Patna

24 º

23.5 º

MA MADHYA ADH A DHYA DH HYA PRADESH PRAD DESH D

Gandhinagar

Aizwal Agartala

Bhopal

Ranchi

MIZ MIZORAM MI

KOLKATA 20 º

Diu Daman & Diu Dama u Dadra & Nagar Haveli v li

Raipur

Silvasaa

Bhubaneshwar

MUMBAI Hyderabad 16 º

Pondicherry c (Yanam) Panaji

GOA

Bangalore

12 º

Laksh hadweep Kavarati

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CHENNAI Pondicherry (Puducherry) Pondicherry (Karaikal) ka

Andam man m an & Port Blair Nicob bar b a Islands d

8º

Thiruvananthapuram

Mumbai MAXIMUM CITY

History Timeline 200 B.C. - 1554 A.D

British archaeologist Todd found in northern Mumbai Pleistocene sediments wich indicates habitation on these region since the Stone Age. The Kolis (fisherfolk) were the earliest known inhabitants of Mumbai

Stone age until 2000 BC

From Stone Age to Portuguese

The Chalukya Dynasty established their capita at elephanta island. This glorius cave temple from that period is still preserved.

200 B.C

550 A.D.

BUDDHISTS CONSTRUCTED KANHERI CAVES COMPLEX

British archaeologist Todd found in northern Mumbai Pleistocene sediments which indicate habitation in this region since the Stone Age. According to the Greek geographer Ptolemy in AD 150 it was called Heptanesia – the cluster of seven Islands, now known as places of Mumbai, Colaba, Old Woman’s Island (Little Colaba), Isle of Bombay, Mazagaon, Worli, Parel, Mahim. These islands were separated by swamps and grew together into a single landmass trough out engineering project by the Hornby Vellard in 1784. It took 60 years to complete the project. Thousands of years ago, Islands of Mumbai were part of Magadha Empire. King Raja Bhimdev, found his kingdom in the Maharashtra region in the late 13th century after Silhara Dynasty and established his capital in “Mahikawati” (now it is a Mahim).

1050 A.D.

From 900 to 1300 City was part of Hindu Silhara dynasty. Silharas constructed the walkeshwar temple on malabar Hill, dedicated to the Hindu god “Shiva”.

Part of Gujarat sultanate Death of Bahadur Shah of Gujarat an Ottoman ally at Diu, in front of the Portuguese, in 1537; (Illustration from the Akbarnameh, end of 16th century).

c. 1100 A.D.

c. 1343 A.D.

RAJA BHIMDEV FOUNDED A HINDU KINGDOM ON MAHIM ISLAND CONSTRUCTED VARIOUS TEMPLES IN HE AREA

The Portuguese first invade Bombay in 1508, when Dom Francisco Almeida, sailed whit his ship into harbour of Mahim Creek. he called it Bom Bahia (Good Bay)

1508 A.D.

1554 A.D.

Garcia Da Orta Leased Bombay Island for sum of 85 pounds of gold a year. Island was known as â&#x20AC;&#x153;A ilha da boa vidaâ&#x20AC;? - The Island of good life.

Islamic Period The Muslims ruled islands from 1348 to 1391. Sultan Kutb-ud-din, Mubarak Shah I, who ruled in this period, demolished temples and he became a demon: Mumba Rakshasa. Mosque Haji Ali Darghah in Mahim dates from period of this Sultan.

Poruguese Period Hindu named islands with many names Manbai, Mambai, Mambe, Mumbadevi, Bambai. City got his name in 1508 from Portuguese explorer and trader Francisco de Almeida. He sailed with his ship into the deep natural harbor of the island and impressed by its position, he called it Bom Bahia (Good Bay). In 1534, the Portuguese ruled over the islands and established a trading center. Main trading products at that time were silk, muslin, chintz, rice, cotton and tobacco.

History Timeline 1661 - 1888 The Englishman in Bombay Bombay was a gift to British Empire. King Charles II of England married in May 1662 Catherine of Braganza, whose family offered a Portuguese territory of Bombay as dowry. Charles rented Bombay to East India Company for just 10 pounds of gold per year. Gerald Aungier, governing the East India Company from 1672 to 1675, city gets his freedom of religion and of movement. It was a huge step away from Portuguese feudal and religious policies. From that period Bombay bloomed as a free port. Company supported G. Aungier to build a new City of Bombay – they sent him a plan to reconstruct and rebuild London after the Great Fire in 1666. People started to buy land and build their houses. Company built a castle and forts around it (with 1,500 soldiers for protection), a church, a hospital and a mint for making coins. Present for king charles II King Charles II of England married in May 1662 Catherine of Braganza, whose family offered a Portuguese territory of Bombay as dowry.

1661 A.D Population 10,000

The East India Company moved its headquarters from Surat to Bombay

1665 A.D

1687 A.D.

1715 A.D.

Population 15,000

Population 60,000

Population 16,000

BRITISH OCCUPIED BOMBAY

The British occupied Worli, Mazgaon, Old Woman's Island, Colaba, and the sourthern portion of Parel on February 8, 1665. Bombay was the first crown colony in India.

By year 1675, the population was around 60,000. There are records from that period, which describe unhealthy climate for the Englishman: “two monsoons” is the longest period one could survive. In the same conditions, every 20st child would survive infant days. The British disfigured the Portuguese name “Bom Baia” to “Bombay”.

Cotton time American Civil War contributed economically to Bombay. The Americans stopped completely supply of cotton to England, and Bombay stepped into a cotton trade. In first half of the 20th century, almost all cotton production in India was made between Ahmedabad and Bombay. Opening the Suez Canal in 1869, reduced the travelling time to the Empire and Bombay became the gateway to India. People from all over the India and the world came: Portuguese, Mughal, British, Gujarati, Parsi, Marathi, Sindhi, Punjabi, Bihari, American.

Opening the Suez Canal in 1869 The first railway built in India in 1852 covered a distance of 34kms between Bombay and Thane. train started to run between these two stations, on April 16, 1853.

1845

1853

1864 Population 816,562

Population 450,000

reduced the travelling time to the Empire in half, Bombay became the gateway to India

1869 Population 644,605[

1888 Population 821,764

THE FORT WALLS WERE DEMOLISHED

the cluster of seven Islands is finished bandra

sion

Riwa

bandra

Dharavi

dharavi

n Prabhadevi

Worli

VICTORIA TERMINUS WAS BUILT

mahim

Matunga

worli

parel

Mazagaon

n Bombay

Girgaon

Castle colaba

Little Colaba

arabian sea

Colaba

1843

arabian sea

2012

Bombay was a secure place, with plenty of jobs, people with all sort of skills came to start a new life in this gateway to money, jobs and dreams. Cotton from Gujarat, was shipped trough Bombay port to England, came back manufactured into cloth prior and sold again in Indian market. 30

History Timeline 1900 >>>

QUIT INDIA CAMPAIGN Mahmatma Ganhi launched the â&#x20AC;&#x153;Quit India Movementâ&#x20AC;? in Bombay. The whole Nation was united in driving the British out of India.

By this year, 45 trains of Western Railway in each direction were carrying over one million passengers annually.

1900

Population 812,912 (Greater Bombay)

1924

1940

Population 1,244,934 Population 1,686,127

1942 Population 1,821,000

Nariman Point reclamation of land that will become Nariman Point begins

GATEWAY OF INDIA WAS BUILT Designed by George Wittet, thiis arc of victory was built by british, to commemorate the visit of King George V to india in 1911

Post-Independence Period In 1947, the British left their Empire under the Gateway of India, domed arch of yellow basalt surrounded by four turrets. At this period economy was mostly directed by Indians, mostly by the Parsis and Gujarati, so these transfers of the government occurred in Bombay in good conditions. Food industry, pharmacy, medicine discovery of offshore oil, growth of the port was new industrial production and accelerators of City fast development.

CITY OF NEW BOMBAY PROPOSED Bombay's overcrowding and planning problems, the architect Charles Correa and two associates proposed the satellite city of New Bombay on the mainland shore of Bombay Harbour.

Independence Day 15. august 1947

the British left their Empire under the Gateway of India

1947 Population 2,966,902

1965

1960 Population 4,152,056

Population 5,970,575

BOMBAY STATE WAS DIVIDED Bombay becomes the capital of newly formed Marathi-state Maharashtra

1996 Population 9,900,000 + 2,600,000 (Thané) = 12,500,000 (Greater Bombay)

SHIV SENA (nationalist party) CHANGES CITY NAME TO MUMBAI The name "Mumbai" is derived from Mumba or Maha-Amba – the name of the Hindu goddess Mumbadevi – and Aai, "mother" in Marathi.

Letter From Suketu Mehta Couple of months ago I received a letter from a guy called Suketu Mehta. First I thought it is a spam, so I automatically wanted to delete it. But for some reason I opened it. The letter goes like this: â&#x20AC;&#x153;Dear Architect, My name is Suketu Mehta and I am 29 years old. At the moment I live in 13 Compound, one of 10 Nagars (neighborhood) of Dharavi, one of the biggest slums in Asia. According to the list from Mike Davis, Dharavi is proudly holding sixteenth place in the world. But the population of Dharavi can no longer be counted, only assumed trough satellite images. So that makes me a slumer, but I prefer term squeezer. We are really squeezing here. If you are still reading my letter, I will try to explain you my situation...

Dear Igor, I am writing you ...

mumbai

Village Story So, I am born in the village named Shani Shingnapur. It is a village in state of Maharashtra in West India. Maharashtra means Great Land. My village is famous for the fact that not a single house here has doors. Not even locks or keys. Villagers strongly believe in power of their God Shani. It is a Hindu God of the planet Saturn. That is all nice and sweet but I left my village couple of years ago because of one simple reason. I could not find a job. I mean you could work for some 300 rupees a month, on the field. It is a misery, not enough for decent food on the table, not to mention some perspective on future. The primary occupation of the people living in the Indian villages is agriculture. My village, as every other in India, is comprised of settlements which are strictly caste-based.

There are four castes in India, Brahmin (Priests), Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers), Vaisyas (skilled traders, merchants and minor officials), Sudras (Unskilled workers). There is also fifth caste known as Dalits (Harijans). Untouchables â&#x20AC;&#x201C;do all the lowerâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;ordered work, subordinate to all. This is the lowest caste, and unfortunately I myself belong to the Dalits. I say unfortunately because the upper castes, namely Thakurs of the Kshatriya (warriors) and Brahmins (priests) caste, they hold ownership of land, orchards and ponds. They are also educated and dominant in Indian villages as in Indian whole society. None of us, Sheduled Caste (SC), owns any part of that land. During harvesting time, Kshatriyas compete with each other to have their crops harvested as early as possible, and the entire harvesting is done by SC. They beat us sometimes and rape our women.

So I am born in this village...

Maharashtra

Mumbai

Shani Shingnapur

Village formation

Economy

Take a closer look at my village. The layout of a village is, as everything else, based on caste system. Brahmins settlement is strategically located at the main entrance in a village on every side. Close to them is school. Area bordering with Brahmins is occupied by Kshatriyas followed by agricultural fields. We, Dalits and others from working - class find our places around these fields, on periphery of village, and with no access to public wells.

The economy of our villages is completely based on agricultural production. In time of great Indian leader M.K.Gandhi villages were also economic leaders. Milestone of Gandhi’s philosophy was the principle of “swadeshi”, which means local in self-sufficiency. Core of Indian self-sufficiency is to manufacture primarily for use, not selling or distributing. Gandhi claimed: “The true India is to be found not in its few cities, but in its seven hundred thousand villages. If the villages perish, India will perish too.” Gandhi was killed on a 30th of January 1948 from Hindu nationalist Brahman called Godse. My close friend Kiran Nagarkar once said:” The only good thing was, that the killer was not a Muslim. Hard to imagine what kind of blood bat the cities and the country would have otherwise drowned.”

Funeral I am Hindu also, and in our tradition is to cremate our deceased near the bank of the river. But, since SC lives mostly in edge of poverty, or better saying, already crossed the edge of poverty, and with no access to village commons, no graveyard, sometimes we are forced to leave mortal remains in the river.

Caste CAste ...

Brahmin

How to leave village

Bombay

There are few possible options to leave a vil-

As my friend Kiran Nagarkar (writer) once said: “Bombay is the richest, most brutal, most beautiful and the worst city in India. He is India’s most populated city and also the financial and commercial capital of the country as it generates 6.16 % of the total GDP. You can find in Bombay more than 250 diet clinics, but also you can find 10 million of people without drinking-water connection. In Graz lives 3600 people on a squared kilometer and in some slums of Bombay you can find more than 400 000 people in the same space. According to protocol of WHO (World health Organization), air pollution in Bombay is so high, as person can consume daily two packages of cigarettes. Bombay is a modern Babylon, a mirrored mosaic of whole India. On the streets people talk to each other in crazy mix of Hindu, English, Gujarati Marathi and Urdu. There is also so called Bombayrotwelsh, slang for a gangster, in which word kaam means sex, work and death. If one is going to Bombay, indicates going to the City, but if going out of Bombay, to Europe or Dubai, it can be compared as going to an ordinary village. If you know Bombay, rest of the world is a village.

lage. First one is very simple one, pack your things and catch the train. Second option happens in case one has a relative already settled in the city. Third one is not legal and involves becoming a member of the gang. Some of my friends as part of D-Company gang went to city 6 months ago, and they are coming back now with good clothes driving a expensive cars and taking girls in beer-bars. They are members of one out of so many gangs in Mumbai. I preferred second option and called my cousin. So I moved. I left my mother and my father, and two sisters in hope to find some money for their future weddings to be. One wish > “Go west” After Gandhi, impoverishment of villages, influenced mainly trough mechanization of agriculture, leads to lack of jobs and deruralization . Also, American pioneering spirit “Go West”, still works in India. People are moving from all regions of the country into megacities in order to find better opportunities and happiness. Well known megacities are Mumbai, Delhi, and Kolkata. For us Maharastrians, Mumbai is the Golden City, which never sleeps. He is known as Eldorado Indian, nickname originated in struggle for independence.

Mumbai Metropolitan Map

Mumbai Population growth

COLONIAL CITY Strategic base 1800s

BOMB 1870

DENCE INDUSTRIAL CITY 1920s

1950 39

BAY PORT 0s

FINANCIAL CULTURAL CITY

City as ADMINISTRATIVE CENTER 1900s

ALPHA CITY 1990s >>>>> 40

Mumbai Suburban District

Sanjay Gandhi N.Park Thulsi Lake

Vinar Lake Powai Lake

Thane Creek

Navi Mumbai Dharavi Mahim Bay

Eastern harbour waterfront

Elephanta Caves

N Mi 2 Km 2 4

Arabian Sea

4 6

Railways National Highways Arterial Roads Other Roads

source: author, 2012 -- Hema P. Kabali , Revisit Mumbai

Greater Mumbai Vinar Lake Thane Bhandup Creek

Water Supply Powai Lake

Western Railway

Sion

Central Railway

Elephanta Caves Eastern harbour Victoria TermiCurchgate

Arabian Sea Mi Km

SLUMs in Mumbai In Greater Mumbai 1,959 slum settlements have been identified with a total population of 6.25 million, which holds 54 per cent of the total population of the city (Census of India, 2001). Dharavi is not the largest slum in Asia. Not anymore. Also in Mumbai there are now certain slums that can compare with Dharavi. There is 2000 Slums in Mumbai. Like a cancer or more like a cure they are spreading within the city.

Streets are narrow and atypical. Houses are built from metal, brick, wood, nylon and sometimes from concrete. Houses are built in a very speedy process. One slum is cleaned violent 2 times in a day, but he appears again and again in the same day. Architecture of the slum is temporary, built out from local materials and handmade. Yet, there is no clear approach to situation with Dharavi- whether to clean it (redevelopment projects) or to built something in between (upgrade projects).

While spreading, more additional territory of the city is being created. Slum is not a territory, slum is people. That is, mosaic of whole India is a slum. At the same time, India is mirrored in her slums. Rate of unemployment is almost beyond minimal. Ironically, there are jobs for everybody: women, children, men. Re-cycling is the most common. Mumbai would choke itself in waste, if there were no Dharavi. USING A POOR FOR GROWING A CITY OF MUMBAI Jockin, the leader of NSDF, notes that â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;the poor are used as bulldozers to fill swamps, even out the land, make it habitable and just after this happens the city moves in and they are moved out to another uninhabitable plot of landâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

% Slum dwellers 50 - 100 15 - 50 5 - 15 0-5 Water 43

Location of SLUMs

SLUMS POCKETS

N 44

Slums (Zopadpattis) Slums in Mumbai have been there, per say, since always. Even back in the time when the fort was developed, the native villages have always been close to slums. They never underwent any planning, infrastructure construction or implementation of facilities such as water, sewage or drainage. Slums have risen dramatically since 1950. Most of this is due to the fact that Mumbai’s tripled since India’s independence in 1947. Today slum dwellers make up 60% of Mumbai’s population that is approximately 7 million people.

Peak Density in Dharavi

Dharavi

Dharavis Main Market Street

DHARAVI “I have understood the population explosion intellectually for a long time. I came to understand it emotionally one stinking hot night in Delhi a couple of years ago… The temperature was well over 100, and the air was a haze of dust and smoke. The streets seemed alive with people. People eating, people washing, people sleeping. People visiting, arguing, and screaming. People thrusting their hands through the taxi window, begging. People defecating and urinating. People clinging to buses. People herding animals. People, people, people, people.” Paul Ehrlich

A Snapshot of Dharavi - Geographic area: 215 hectares

- Number of nagars (neighbourhoods): over 80 - Population size: Between 700,000 and 1 million people - Institutions: 27 temples, 11 mosques, 6 churches, 3 primary/secondary schools - Economic activity: Annual turnover of business is estimated at ÂŁ350 million - 23% of the population is employed in small scale industries - 70-80% of Dharaviâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s workforce also reside there

History of Dharavi Until the late 19th century, this area of Mumbai was mangrove swamp inhabited by Koli fishermen. When the swamp filled in (with coconut leaves, rotten fish, and human waste), the Kolis were deprived of their fishing grounds—they would soon shift to bootlegging liquor— but that space became available for others. The Kumbhars came from Gujarat to establish a potter’s colony. Tamils arrived from the south and opened tanneries. Thousands traveled from Uttar Pradesh to work in the booming textile industry. The result is the most diversed slums, arguably the most diverse neighborhood in Mumbai, India’s most varied city.

Mahim River

Dharav ravi ra Ma ahim him i

Lokmanya L Lo okkm o kkmanya kma man a ya a Tilak Ti Tillakk Hos H osspit o sp pita tal

Map of Dharavi 1933

Hinduja Hospita H it

Bahadur B Bah Ba aha hadur had dur d ur N

Map of Dharavi 1964

Mat atu tung unga nga ga We W West est

480 People is coming every day to Mumbai One part of these 480 People will go to the Dharavi. Is there any empty space left? How they are going to live? Where, on what territory? What will they drink? What about electricity, sewage drainage, defecation? Most of the people coming in to the slum are without place to live.

So the Slums are growing further, under the same conditions. At same time air and water pollution is growing, deficiency in open and green space is increasing, energy demand is on the rise, number of unprocessed waste as well and the simple question remains on hold: What to do and where to locate or preferably relocate all the people? WHERE TO, WITH ALL THIS PEOPLE?

Lack of Water Water is not sufficiently supplied, and it has to collect from distribution points. It is not unusual that distribution points for water collection collapse, leading to flooding, what more causes infection and diseases. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Throughout the slum filthy chicken and mutton stalls dispose bloody viscera into open drains thick with untreated human and industrial waste - cholera, typhoid and malaria is common. Taps run dry most of the time and tankers bring in potable water once in a fortnight.â&#x20AC;? Dan McDougall ,Journalist, Dharavi Out of the rubbish, for Observer

There are some open water flowing systems and they are highly polluted. Furthermore, Mihti river bordering with Dharavi is highly polluted. There is water distribution throughout Dharavi which supplies Mumbai with fresh water. Illegally water supply is provided from local Goons, mostly during the night. During monsoon time, it is habitual to collect rain water in rural zones. Women and children daily spend a lot of time and have to make several trips to collect water.

Lack of Sanitation Sanitation in slums is very poor as 73 per cent of slums depend on community toilets provided by the government. 28 per cent defecate in the open, 0.7 per cent slums have to pay to use toilets managed by NGOs and only 1 per cent of slums have individual toilets. Others have mixed provisions or use toilets in other slums or mobile toilets. Inadequate numbers of toilets lead to long waiting lines. Overuse and poor maintenance makes them unhygienic especially in areas where the user group is undefined. Inadequate water supply and the absence of electricity connections further limit the use of public toilets.

A survey of toilet facilities in Dharavi in 1997 revealed that there was one toilet for every 1488 people. However, 80 per cent of these, mainly public toilets, were not viable because of blockages, filth and disrepair. While some homes have their own facilities, these are only few. Lavatory blocks do exist but ratio is approximately 1 lavatory to 1500 people, so body washing is done outside of homes. Out of 2.5 billion people in the world that defecate openly, some 665 million live in India.

Women and small children face great difficulties due to inadequate and poorly maintained toilets. This is in spite of the fact that 59 per cent of toilet blocks were constructed after 1995.

Lack of Space Most of the households in Dharavi are around 125 square feet (11. 6 m2). Living and working spaces are usually not very far from each other, often in the same street. There is no additional infrastructure, as roads which would lead from homes to working places. The buildings are mostly two floored. The ground floor area is used for various industrial and manufacturing usages. In that regard, ground floors are usually constructed with greater height than ones above.

“Once you get accustomed to sharing 300 square feet (28 square meters) of floor with 15 humans and an uncounted number of mice, a strange sense of relaxation sets in—ah, at last a moment to think straight.” Mark Jacobson, National Geographic , Mumbai’s Shadow City

the density of the area with a floor space index (FSI) of about 2.0 to 2.5 is relatively high. “The building and entirely built area appears to human needs and pleasing proportions.” Georg Jahnsen

Living Space

Drying & Kiln

Workshop space

Storefront Graph : Georg Jahnsen, Mumbai

Dharavi Slum or Recycler Dharavi is becoming the green lung stopping Mumbai choking to death on its own waste. While retaining the role of the savior daily reality of Dharavi are hundreds of barefoot children, which are the actual recycling machineshuman machines in this specific case. “From every alley come the sounds of hammering, drilling and soldering. In every shack, dark figures sit waist-deep in piles of car batteries, computer parts, fluorescent lights, ballpoint pens, plastic bags, paper and cardboard boxes and wire hangers, sorting each item for recycling. Workshops reveal everything from aluminum smelters recycling drink cans to perspiring bare-chested men stirring huge vats of waste soap retrieved from rubbish tips and local hotels.“ Mark Jacobson, National Geographic , Mumbai’s Shadow City

Walking all the way through Dharavi- home to an estimated 15,000 single-room factories, it becomes difficult to conceive of anything that is not made or recycled here. 5000 one - room factories with 800 $ A chaotic system of wires carries electricity to slum residents. 70 % of electricity is stolen from main power lines. Labor worker is paid about 30 Rupees (1.80 $) for 12-14 working hours. Most of them do not have privately owned place, they share with other workers floor of the room where they work. The average household in Dharavi now earns between 3,000 and 15,000 rupees a month (£40-£200), well above agricultural wage levels.

Human Recycling Machines

glass

paper

aluminium paints

Sorted waste

1. STEP

Recyclers send collectors to purchase waste materials from “suppliers”. Suppliers are offices, malls, homes, and industrial sites throughout the city. Collectors sift through City and collect 8.5 million metric tons of garbage and trash everyday for recycling and repurposing.

2. STEP

Transport the waste material Transportation expenses are barred by the recyclers and represent the largest component of costs in many cases. The smaller operations are completely dependent on the rail system. Dharavi’s central location reduces travel time and expenses during the collection phase.

3. STEP

Sorting Sorting is done by hands by assembly line workers

4. STEP

Reprocessed and used for new products Example Plastic : With 80 % of all Mumbai’s plastic waste, Dharavi is center of Mumbais recycling industry. Plastic is sorted by colour, than ground up in to small pieces and dyed. It is than melted and moulded in to plastic sheets ready to be sold.

plastics

Product

COLLECTORS Everyday a thousand of people are spreading trough different parts of Mumbai, collecting waste and bringing it back to Dharavis recycling industries. Dharavi is so becoming certainly a kind of green lung stopping Mumbai choking to death on its own waste. Slum dwellers use their imagination and work hard to make something out of the day-to-day objects others leave behind. Its recycling industry employs over 250,000 people. Because of its position in the hearth of Mumbai, Dharavis collectors can cover large part of city.

SCAVENGER MENTALITY

P.1 Collectors collect 8.5 million metric tons of garbage per day http://greenwabii.com/?p=459

P.2 The Collectors bring all the scrap they have collected to the Dharavi and sell it by the kilo.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;In a city that wastes nothing, everything has a market as long as you are willing to pay something for it. Junk is a word that does not exist. If it has a use it will be used to its maximum.â&#x20AC;? P.3 Sorting of collected waste http://www.noquarterusa.net/

P.4 reprocessed and used for new products http://trivialmatters.blogspot.com/2006/03/shadow-city-lookat-dharavi.html#!/2006/03/shadow-city-look-at-dharavi.html 58

THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN ARHITECTURE

LONGITUDE E +72.85°

LATITUDE N +19.04°

Mi Km

2 2

Climate Mumbai Seasons

Mumbai Weather

Climate of Mumbai is ﬂuctuating one as it is a coastal area and the weather is highly inﬂuenced by the presence of Arabian Sea. Generally May is the hottest month of the year and the average temperature remains between 32C and 40C. January is the coldest month in Mumbai and the average temperature remains about 18C. The distance to the sea lends humidly effect to the weather in Mumbai throughout the year. Summers season in Mumbai is from April to middle June followed by monsoon from middle June to middle September. The rain in Mumbai is extremely heavy and the annual rainfall in Mumbai is around 200cm. Winter in Mumbai lasts from November to February and during this season the weather in Mumbai is quite pleasant. During the winters the temperature varies in between 15-25 C.

Mumbai weather can be categorized into four seasons of summer, winter, monsoon and the withdrawal season. December to February is the winter season, March to May is summer, June to September experiences monsoon climate while October to December is the withdrawal season. The annual rainfall in Mumbai is around 2,200 mm. Mumbai weather experiences the maximum rainfall in the month of July, which results in ﬂood. The rainfall continues till the third week of September. By October the humidity starts decreasing. As November arrives, Mumbai goes through literally hot days and warm nights. During December time the nights are very cold and the temperature may turn to 13C at night.

LONGITUDE 68 º 6

72 º 7

76 º 7

80 º 8

84 º 8

88 º 8

92 º 9

96 º 9

36 º 3

32 º 3

Mi Km

100 10 100

200

200 300

300 400

28 º 2

24 º 23 5 º 23.5

20 º 2 MUMBAI AI

16 6º

12 º 1

8º

Climate Data Mumbai Unit location Latitude °N +19.04 Longitude °E +72.85 Elevation m 7 Time Zone UTC + 5:30 hours Country: India Continent: Asia Sub-region: Southern Asia Distance: ~6200 km (from your IP) Altitude: ~40 m

1,500 1,400

LONGITUDE E +72.85°

LATITUDE N +19.04°

1000 800

600

400

-10

200

Rainfall (mm)

temperatur (°C)

1,200

daily mean maximum temperature daily mean minimum temperature sun hours per month Precipitation

JAN 30.8 16.9 80.3 0.3

in °C in °C in % in mm

SUMMER MONSOON (South-west Monsoon)

PRE - MONSOON (Hot weather season)

WINTER

FEB 31.6 17.8 82.2 0.6

MAR 33.6 21 76.4 0.5

APR 34.8 24 77.9 2.2

MAI 35.2 26.2 76.3 20.6

JUN 32.9 25.9 42.4 637

JUL 30.4 25 23.1 1

AUG 29.9 24.6 23 1

POST MONSOON

SEP OKT NOV 30.9 33.5 33.2 24.2 23.4 20.9 47.6 68.2 75.6 457.9 103.5 14.1

DEZ ANNUAL 31.7 in °C 18.4 in °C 77.8 56.08 % 3.3 in mm

SOURCE > http://www.geo-reisecommunity.de/reisen/bombay/klima

Solar radiation Earth temperature

Temperatue in °C

30 25 20 15 10

Shrs

JAN Clearness * in 0-1 0.63 Daily solar radiation (Horizontal* ) in kWh/m2/day 5.32 Sun duration ** in hours 9 Earth temperature* 25.4 in °C SOURCE >

FEB 0.64 6.25 9 25.2

MAR APR 0.65 0.65 7.05 7.38 9 9 26.0 27.6

MAY 0.61 7.33 9 29.0

Shrs

SUMMER MONSOON (South-west Monsoon)

PRE - MONSOON (Hot weather season)

JUN 0.44 5.64 5 29.5

Shrs

WINTER

Shrs

Solar radiation in kWh/m2/day

JUL 0.34 5.00 3 28.8

AUG 0.34 5.12 2 28.0

POST MONSOON

SEP 0.45 5.65 5 28.4

OKT 0.58 5.72 8 28.8

NOV 0.62 5.38 10 28.0

DEC 0.62 5.00 10 26.5

ANNUAL 0.54 5.90 kWh/m2/a

27.6 °C

* Data from NASA Langley Research Center Atmospheric Science Data ** Data from http://www.iten-online.ch/klima/asien/indien/bombay.htm Center; New et al. 2002

10 9 8

Relatve Humidity %

5 days in m onth

Wind speer in m/s

4 3

Rain

2 1 0

Wind speed* Relative humidity Raint days Frost days

JAN 3.0 54.7 0 0

in m/s in % in day in day

SUMMER MONSOON (South-west Monsoon)

PRE - MONSOON (Hot weather season)

WINTER

FEB 3.7 58.0 0 0

MAR 4.0 65.0 0 0

APR 4.4 70.9 0 0

MAY 4.5 75.3 0.7 0

JUN 4.5 79.2 14.2 0

JUL 5.1 81.4 22.5 0

AUG 4.6 81.8 21.4 0

POST MONSOON

SEP 3.2 77.9 12.9 0

SOURCE > http://www.geo-reisecommunity.de/reisen/bombay/klima

OKT 2.8 66.5 3.3 0

NOV 2.7 55.3 1.1 0

DEC 2.7 53.3 0.2 0

ANNUAL 3.8 m/s 68.3 % 82.6 days 0 days

DEC 26.6 30 21 26

ANNUAL 26.7 °C 30.4 °C 23.25 °C 26.9 °C

* Data from NASA Langley Research Center Atmospheric Science Data Center; New et al. 2002

40 35

Temperatue in °C

Water temperature Air temperature

25 20 15 10 5 0

Air temperature * Day temperature ** Night temperature ** Water temperature**

in °C in °C in °C in °C

SOURCE >

JAN 25.1 28 19 25

FEB 24.7 28 20 26

SUMMER MONSOON (South-west Monsoon)

PRE - MONSOON (Hot weather season)

WINTER

MAR 25.5 30 22 26

APR 26.2 32 24 27

MAY 27.2 33 27 28

JUN 27.8 31 26 29

JUL 27.3 30 25 28

AUG 26.7 29 24 27

POST MONSOON

SEP 26.6 30 24 27

OKT 28.1 32 24 27

NOV 28.0 32 23 27

* Data from NASA Langley Research Center Atmospheric Science Data ** Data from http://www.iten-online.ch/klima/asien/indien/bombay.htm Center; New et al. 2002

Water Supply Mumbai depended on wells and ponds/lakes for its water supply. The water Supply kept rising with newer Shemes, trying to meet the demand for the growing population.

Sanjay Gandhi N.Park

Thulsi Lake

The reasons of constant water shortages are distribution losses, pilferage, wasteful use etc. wich causes about 40%-60% loss of water. Tulsi, Vihar, POwai lakes supply the southern region of Mumbai, while the other lakes supply the suburbs. Rain Water Harvesting & Ground Water use, were earlier the main sources of water supply and it was collected in tanks. People measured the height of water level in tanks and accordingly decide how much to draw from it to make it last over the year. Such tanks were placed over the mumbai area. For Example one is still there Banganga Tank. Tank was built in the 1127 AD.

ViHar Lake Powai Lake Navi Mumbai

Banganga Tank

Mi Km

2 2

R N A O

4 4

Restoring, building new tanks will help in achieving growing water demand, also with rainwater harvesting the groundwater table will rise, water quality will improve, salinity in water will reduce, cracks in building will be minimised, etc. Trough capturing rainwater from the rooftops, terraces, in the tanks will also help solving mumbai`s monsoon floods problem. (Mumbai`s water supply, BCPT)

Stereographic Diagram L o c a tio n (Mumbai) : 1 9 .1 °, 7 2 .8 ° S u n P o sitio n : 1 2 6 .4 °, 2 1 .9 °

Azimuth Angles

Hour Lines

Altitude Lines N

345°

Date Lines 1 5°

330°

30° 1 0°

31 5°

45°

20° 30°

300°

60° 40°

1 st Ju l

285°

60°

80° 12 13

7 5M° a y 1 st

70°

1 st S e p

1 st Ju n

50°

1 st Au g

9 11

1 st Ap r

270°

90°

1 st O c t 1 st M a r 1 st N o v 255°

1 05° 1 st Fe b

1 st D e c

1 st Ja n

240°

1 20°

225°

1 35°

21 0°

1 50° 1 95°

1 80°

1 65°

Wind Rose Dharavi WINTER SEASON During winter season the prevailing wind direction during day and night time were found to be from west south west with a calm percentage of 14% POST MONSOON During post monsoon season the prevailing wind direction during day and night time were found to be from east and north east with a calm percentage of 19%. SUMMER SEASON The prominent directions during summer season are west North West and North West with a calm percentage of 26%. MINIMUM SPEED FOR WINDTURBINE The latest models evidently can start at about 5 miles (8 km) per hour of wind speed, but most start at around 8 miles (12 km) per hour. Though it is questionable whether useful amount of energy can be generated at these low speeds. The turbines also need a very large electrical 'kick-start' from the National Grid to get them into action, but as the first wind turbine starts generating power, that power is available to other wind turbines. A wind farm will have the later starting wind turbines starting with the energy from the earlier wind turbines. Large amount of power is also required to break them when the wind speed hits around 50-55 miles per hour, which is their upper safety limit.

DARRIEUS WIND TURBINE Vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs) In a VAWT, the shaft are mounted on a vertical axis, perpendicular to the ground. VAWTs are always aligned with the wind, unlike their horizontalaxis counterparts, so there's no adjustment necessary when the wind direction changes; but a VAWT can't start moving all by itself -- it needs a boost from its electrical system to get started. Instead of a tower, it typically uses guy wires for support, so the rotor elevation is lower.

It is evident that, typically, wind turbine require an average "least windy month" wind speed of about 2.5m/s to begin to be economically competitive, (e.g. Fraenkel). Fig. 125 rather crudely indicates the world's wind speed distribution pattern. This is considerably simplified and much more detailed treatment of this topic is available from the World Meteorological Organization. It can be seen that majority of the world, with the exception of the centers of the major land-masses and the equatorial forested regions, is suitable for deploying wind-pumps. Graph 1 above >Natural Resources and Environment WIND POWER

Graph 2,3 above > proff. Cody Brian, Architektur und Energie 66

PROJECT

SKY ROLLER

6 67

68 68

Inspiration

Elephant Foot

Herd of green Elephants

Stepweells Temples

Roll with your

Individuality

Group

laws of Dharma Gods

Caste

Courage Job

Peace

Relligion Prosperity

Wor

Art of vertical Rolling Truth Ashoka Chakra is a depiction of the Buddhist Dharmachakra, placed in a center of national flag of India, represents Indian need for horizontal rolling.

Familly

Purity

Gandhi first proposed a flag to the Indian National Congress in 1921.The original design presented to Gandhi included two colors, red for the Hindus and green for the Muslims. In the centre was a traditional spinning wheel, symbolizing Gandhi's goal of making Indians selfreliance by fabricating its own clothing. The design was then modified to include a white stripe in the centre for other religious communities, and provide a background for the spinning wheel.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Again, the wheel denotes motion. There is death in stagnation. There is life in movement. India should no more resist change, it must move and go forward. The wheel represents the dynamism of a peaceful changeâ&#x20AC;? Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan,India's first Vice President

Desires

rkshop

Roll vertically 72

Metaball

united trough form A formal definition of a meta object can be given as a directing structure which can be seen as the source of a static field. The field can be either positive or negative and hence the field generated by neighbouring directing structures can attract or repel. The implicit surface is defined as the surface where the 3D field generated by all the directing structures assume a given value. For example a meta ball, whose directing Step 1 structure is a point, differentiation enabled generates an isotropic trough form (i.e. identical in all direcindividuality tions) field around it and the surfaces at constant differentiation field value are spheres religion centered at the directing caste point.

ideology nationality background ..

Meta objects are nothing more than mathematical formulae that perform logical operations on one another (AND, OR), and that can be added and subtracted from each other. 2

Step 2 Grouping trough form same religion same nationality same job the same sense of humor

http://wiki.blender.org/index.php/Doc:2.4/Manual/Modeling/Metas

Step 3 Grouping

“any number of entities (members) considered as a unit” 1

Step 4 Indian collage “An artistic composition of materials and objects pasted over a surface, often with unifying lines and color.” 1

http://www.thefreedictionary.com

Wind by Prof. Cody Brian -With increase of height above the ground, wind speeds also increase, which helps in integrating natural ventilation in high rise building structure. -it continues the direction of flow when passing an obstacle. (Berhard Sommer Introduction Lectures)

Sketches

Earthquake resistant form -rectangular shape with height makes building unstable -Pressure on a windward face and suction on the leeward face creates drag forces -unsymmetrical air flow around the structure can create lift forces. - with height comes to oscillation - Can cause water condensation on opposite side of the building -this pushing back wind forces can cause that building starts to sway -Swaying can cause hard oscillation in a direction transverse to the direction of the wind. - form creates whirlwinds - to be Earthquake resistant, one approach is to make a form porous.

max. 1/500 of building height

Aerodynamic form Cylinder - reduces the wind loads on the faรงade and also reduces the pedestrian level winds as compared to a rectangular shape - building more stable - wind flows around the building - less building swaying - how the wind comes relatively from all sides in Mumbai (except during the monsoons), the circular form is optimal, since there are no corners so that makes it independent of wind direction. - minimization of wind turbulence - cylindrical shape responds better to air currents than a square one and reduces whirlwinds (Freiberger,Marianne Perfect buildings: the maths of modern architecture.) - air flowing around the building creates positive pressure on the windward side and negative pressure on the leeward side creating a driving force for cross flow ventilation (Mumovic and Santamouris, 2009).

Porosity Natural Ventilation - No wind blocking, flows trough structure - holes acts as pressure relief - reducing strength of wind reduces costs - less steel - less concrete - building is sustainable through reducing amount of material - low-tech passive environmental principals achieved through a porous building mass - Natural cross ventilation. Trough porosity efficient ventilation is accomplished in both the horizontal and the vertical direction. - this type of structure is very appropriate for hot and humid regions, where it is necessary to blow moist air without using extra energy. - wind speed through the gap may be 1.3 to 1.6 times higher than the average wind speed (depending on the height and the environment). ( Cody, Brian 2005)

Daylight - with porosity tower gets smooth sun penetration into every part. - atrium oriented housing allows internal communication with elevators, office space and stairs. - Large voids allows natural ventilation and huge amount of natural light. - increasing the percentage of daylight reduces the cost of electricity needed for artificial lighting. - This structure, which is in fact, the vertical growth of the sine and cosine functions, is in some way representative of sunrays falling on the surface of our planet. -The building is bathed in sunlight.

Working 6000 m2 4 OG Area = 2298 m2

+400

Story 4b = 328 m2 Living 60 % Agriculture 40 %

4 OG Area = 2298 m2

+223 Story 1a = 255 m2 Living 50 % Agriculture 50 %

EG Area = 1782 m2

+39

16 OG Area = 2347 m2

+804 +8 +1200 +1 9 OG Area = 2076 m2

+503 +5 +800 +8

United Colors of India india is a land of diversities

Stories

1 OG

Story = 255 m2 Total Area = 1782 m2 Living = 918 m2 Green = 864 m2

Story = 262 m2 Total Area = 1835 m2 Living = 961m2 Green = 873 m2

3 OG

4 OG

Story = 304 m2 Total Area = 2133 m2 Living = 1130 m2 Green = 1003 m2

Story = 328 m2 Total Area = 2298 m2 Living = 1241 m2 Green = 1057 m2

6 OG Story = m2 Total Area = 2526 m2 Living = 1292 m2 Green = 1234 m2

9 OG Story = 296 m2 Total Area = 2076 m2 Living = 1058 m2 Green = 1017 m2

2 OG Story = 281m2 Total Area = 1967 m2 Living = 1047 m2 Green = 920 m2

5 OG Story = 349 m2 Total Area = 2437 m2 Living = 971 m2 Green = 1465 m2

7 OG

8 OG

Story = 341m2 Total Area = 2392 m2 Living = 1254 m2 Green = 1137 m2

Story = 320m2 Total Area = 2244 m2 Living = 1148 m2 Green = 1096 m2

10 OG

11 OG

Story = 296 m2 Total Area = 2076 m2 Living = 943 m2 Green = 973m2

Story = 257 m2 Total Area = 1805 m2 Living = 907 m2 Green = 898 m2

Renderings

EG M 1 - 500

m2 5000

254.56 m2

40 m

132.35 m2

Kokos Square

Charsu - Kha - Hauz

Der Brunnen der vier Richtungen

14 m

0m 615.8

Rain & Ground Water Harvest Basen = 44 000 000 liter Person water usage per day = 145 liter Water usage person per year (AU) = 52.925 P/a Water Storage for 831 P/a usage

16th Floor M 1 - 500

Check here...On this Area, including space for garden and living, water harvesting , whole floor space, 330 m2, live 80 people. They do not even produce their food. Nothing. Problem is that this woman have 8 sons. And most of them , are junkies. And there is at their floor party every day. I sawed one day, one gay is stealling a water from central area. you know, water is free...If you respect some rules. Minimum you need some wings. But one of youngest son, sell their wings to someone...To buy a drugs. Poor mother. Poor...

to the Sky Roller II It is big fest in SR II. Citizens succedes for a first time in history of vertical Rolling in April, water overshoot day. They have more than is needed, so plan is to cook some wine and share it with other towers. We hear grumbling in pipes, bellow us, walking acros the bridge... We are there for maybe 10 minutes, 2 towers away. We have exactly 120 m to the next tower. I know , I counted. Fresh, water from tower SR II

Sewage and waste disposal system.

Appartments Area > 193 m2 This number is shared, you could say always sligtly different. Inside flower construction and sinus facade letting us a free space for all kind of deals. For example, there is this guy Rahul Mehrotra, retired arhitect, unbalivable man, he is earning fo living, like real roller. Buying a litle parts of area,started from bellow (price are lower), very litle appartments like 12 m2 or less. And than, check this, he makes such noise, every day, every hour of day, screaming, hitting of walls, watching tv loud, singing... After some time, one of neiberghoods make a geschaeft with him. One time he selled his part for triple price, screaming just like tow weeks. Green area Area > 140 m2 Planting a plants, like Banana, Kokoos, tomaten, Paprika, Chilli, Orangen, Zwiebel... It is left to appartment, space to decide about function of his green spot.

Open Air Cinema

Recreation Education

Public

Police Station 32

Workshop

Workshop Office Restaurant

Hair Studio

Office

Workshop

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Ha.. This part of our tower is completly filled with Gujaratanas. Part of India , bordering west from north with Maharashtra. We on our ring call it Small Gujarat. Hard working people. Strangly but one part of them are Muslims. One son from Gurish, Oldest one, called Chotta, falled in love very young, with sixteen i think, with Muslim girl Monalisa... Yes. And now she s mother and non married brother is living with Chotta and his mother and father in one appartment, with maximum 54 m2. work harder Chotta, work harder, he is telling him self, saving a money for buying one more ring. It will be now, installed on 56 floor.

Water Harvest Volumen 14 485 liter 1 Person in India (E. Atlas) use 25 l per day 1 P/a = 9.125 liter

N 98

Section A-A M 1 - 750

100

Wings Facade System As a second layer, terrace vegetation produces water vapor, increasing humidity. Third layer as facade skin, serves as dehumidification of outside air (now cleaned), through its non porosity. Textile skin catches evaporated water on its surface and collects it on ground for later use. Facade is moveable by hand.

101

Opening System

102

Logic behind GH Script

STEP 1

Step 1 Surface Subdivision (ISOTRIM) and explode Brep Define a surface that the wings be aplied on to it. Surface can be closed as open. Direction of sine and cosine will follow U and V division of surface. In case of Author, Facade will be implemented on cilindrical shape. Defininng number of U and V subdivision. This defines also height and breit for wings. For better preview (of this study) we choose 4 for U (horizontal) division and 10 for V (vertical) division. Trough Brep Explode GH node we can extract Vertices, Edges and Faces from Brep components. As we can see from Graph 1 , every Brep component has a 4 point 0,1,2,3. STEP 2

Step 2 Evaluate Surface ( EVAL) and move points These step is made with evaluate Surface node. Input Faces of Brep from step 2 and evaluate it in UV direction for given point. This point has a normal on to surface, so we can draw a vector that has a direction normal to surface and random vector lenght. Now we move evaluated point for vector lenght, normal to surface. Moving a point normal to surface for vector length in my case for 13 ( better preview) in a project for 0.5 m is that structure itself can give a some procent of shading even when completly open.

Step 3

STEP 3

Evaluate 4 Points We will use same method as in Step 3 for 4 points. Point 1 x = 0.5 , y = 0.0 Point 2 x = 0.0 , y = 0.5 Point 3 x = 1.0 , y = 0.5 Point 4 x = 0.5 , y = 1.0 On this way we get a 4 points for nonmoveable facade parts. 103

Step 4 Sublist of Length GH node ( monkey drawn) make sublist of given list length. In our case we have 4x4 points list with all points numered from 0 to 39. List length is 40. 1 Branch with 40 N. We need to interconnect them but in a another logic. For that we sublist a length of 40 with 4 (lenght of U direction of Brep) and new list is made with 10 Branches in every 4 N. Now we can connect 0-0 1-1 2-2 3-3 to get our nonmoveable facade parts.

Step 5 Connecting lines trough new sublist of points Now we can connect line trough list of points and get a nonmoveable facade structure.

Step 6 Evaluating point on line Now we go one step back and draw a lines betwen points explained in Step 4. In Line node we connect A and B with ; A Point 1 x = 0.5 , y = 0.0 B Point 4 x = 0.5 , y = 1.0 With Evaluate Curve we move point along a line with simple number slider ( later it will be replaced trough sun Atracttor. We evaluate one more Line with same inputs just flipped A and B.

104

Step 7 Moveable Structure 2 Lines. First time is A ( Evaluated point 1) and B (Point 2). Second one is A ( Evaluated point 1) and B ( Point 3) . Now we have one side of moveable structure. For another just use another evaluated Point and connect with same logic.

105

Application on to Sky Roller

Inside View

106

Application on to Sky Roller II

107

The opening

108

Air Flow wind studie

WINDROSE ,Mumbai ,Winter 21. December - 21. March

109

Flow Lines (Vasari software)

110

Shadow Range TIME 09:00 7th April Mumbai Lat 19.1 Lng 72.8 Brightest sunny day TIME 09:00

111

SHADOW RANGE Graph 2 TIME 11:45 14th December Mumbai Lat 19.1 Lng 72.8

SHADOW OW RANGE Graph 3 TIME 11:45 1:45 une 14th June Mumbai ai Lat 19.1 1 Lng 72.8

112

Sun Study Fire is a key provider of HEAT, LIGHT and ENERGY. Peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s FIRE is SUN. The Sun is a complete thing. Sun is food that we eat, sun is oxygen that we breathe, and sun is fuel that we use. Also the water that we drink is produced trough atmospheric distillation process. It is a heat that came from sun that purifies our drinking water. Our bodies are warmed trough sun and our buildings as well. Collaborating with sun might turn out friendly for human race. But if we design against it, it will be the enemy. We need to understand sun and its relation to the earth in order to build our environment properly. Sun is FIRE; one of four elements which makes our life. My location is at hot and wet climate zone, which is highly, influenced by sun. Sun is always there: at winter, summer, spring or fall. Always!!! In order to play with fire, we need to understand it.

ORBIT The Earth loops around the Sun, once a year in a slightly elliptical orbit (it is a shape of an oval), at average distance of 149.5 million kilometers.

113

EARTH AXIS Earth rotates about its own axis once each day, which we encounter as rising and setting of the sun. That means that one half of globe (which is oriented away from sun) is in darkness, and the other half is in sunlit. Earth completes its orbit every 365 1/4 days. The earth’s orbit is out of round by approximately 3 percent. Which means that distance between Sun and Earth change itself, what causes a variation of about 7 percent in an intensity of solar radiation on an Earth’s surface over a six-month period. But this is not a reason for an earth’s seasons.

TILT The Earth axis is tilted for 23°27’ from the plane of its solar orbit, which is a reason why (for the Northern Hemisphere) the sun appears lower in the sky in the winter and higher in the summer. In fact, the earth is closest to the sun in winter.

M B

-W

-D , 47 °,

M B

-S

-J

M 94 °,

, ,

47°

21 - A

21 - A M

, ,

94°

114

ALTITUDE If we imagine, or draw imaginable horizon plane of earth on our location, angle between these plane and height of sun for desired day is called altitude. If we take winter and summer altitude for 21st December and 21st June, the difference within is 47°. If we implement this angle on presented project, it is a possible in pre design stage to see what parts of building will be infected during a year from direct solar radiation.

DHARAVI, MUMBAI, INDIA

LATITUDE °N + 19°04’ LONGITUDE °E + 72°85’

SHADING In Mumbai, or anywhere at about 19° North latitude, the sun is at a 47° altitude at noon of winter solstice, day of lowest sun position. In addition, at a 94° altitude at noon of summer solstice, a day with highest sun position in during the year. Rest of the year sun changes his angles between these two angles in the scope of 47 °. For these area is very important thermal priority complete shading of facade from direct solar radiation, all year long. *not in case of darkly painted stack with thermal mass; See Earth ship Vol 1. How to build your own Better formulation is”No solar gain is wanted in a hot & humid climate”

115

Two options for natural shading OPTION 1 Example for this approach is Sunbelt Management Building, San Diego, Schneider + Schumacher, Cody Brian. The mentioned project is taken into account summer altitude of 60 °, which means letting winter sun in a building for heating. But in author’s case, of complete shading, it would need to make angles higher than 45 °, which could lead us into construction problems.

OPTION 2 ...after his trips to Algeria, Argentina and Brazil he had the final answer to the actual problem: an external sun screen to control solar radiation, or ‘brise-soleil’ was added outside the glass layer. This concept, a passive measure unlike the other two, would become an integral part of Le Corbu’s architecture until the end of his career.

116

BRISE - SOLEIL 2012 Form follows Energy, interaction with Sunpath Sun moves through the sky in 3-dimesional Arc, following both, azimuth and altitude changes, taking a specific path for each day. If we want to design properly our brise-soleil, natural shading system, we need to follow this path of sun. My ground floors are changing slightly, and they have less elliptical form, so in this case it is preferable to follow different sun altitudes for different period of day in order to get the exact necessary amount of “Overhang”. For that the author uses winter & summer solstice, as maximal values. What’s more, the author used just sun altitudes in specific period of day for each of days: 10:00, 11:00, 12:00, 13:00,14:00,15:00

117

* for hours and their angles I will use next data, taken from Autodesk software EcoTect analysis. LATITUDE: 19.1° LONGITUDE: 72.8° TIMEZONE: +5.5HRS

Local -----06:30 07:00 07:30 08:00 08:30 09:00 09:30 10:00 10:30 11:00 11:30 12:00 12:30 13:00 13:30 14:00 14:30 15:00 15:30 16:00 16:30 17:00 17:30 18:00 18:30 19:00

LOCAL CORRECTION: -40.4 MINS EQUATION OF TIME: -1.6 MINS DECLINATION: 23.4° ORIENTATION: 0.0°

(Solar) Azimuth Altitude ----------------------(05:49) 67.0° 5.2° (06:19) 69.0° 11.8° (06:49) 70.8° 18.4° (07:19) 72.4° 25.2° (07:49) 73.7° 32.0° (08:19) 74.8° 38.8° (08:49) 75.6° 45.6° (09:19) 76.1° 52.5° (09:49) 76.0° 59.4° (10:19) 75.0° 66.2° (10:49) 72.1° 73.1° (11:19) 63.5° 79.6° (11:49) 28.7° 85.0° (12:19) -45.7° 83.7° (12:49) -67.3° 77.7° (13:19) -73.3° 71.0° (13:49) -75.5° 64.1° (14:19) -76.1° 57.3° (14:49) -76.0° 50.4° (15:19) -75.4° 43.5° (15:49) -74.5° 36.7° 29.9° (16:19) -73.4° (16:49) -71.9° 23.1° (17:19) -70.3° 16.4° (17:49) -68.4° 9.8° (18:19) -66.3° 3.2°

LATITUDE: 19.1° LONGITUDE: 72.8° TIMEZONE: +5.5HRS Local -----07:30 08:00 08:30 09:00 09:30 10:00 10:30 11:00 11:30 12:00 12:30 13:00 13:30 14:00 14:30 15:00 15:30 16:00 16:30 17:00 17:30 18:00

DATE: 21ST JUNE JULIAN DATE: 172 SUNRISE: 06:05 SUNSET: 19:14

(Solar) -------(06:53) (07:23) (07:53) (08:23) (08:53) (09:23) (09:53) (10:23) (10:53) (11:23) (11:53) (12:23) (12:53) (13:23) (13:53) (14:23) (14:53) (15:23) (15:53) (16:23) (16:53) (17:23)

DATE: 21ST DECEMBER JULIAN DATE: 355 SUNRISE: 07:11 SUNSET: 18:02

LOCAL CORRECTION: -36.7 MINS EQUATION OF TIME: 2.1 MINS DECLINATION: -23.5° ORIENTATION: 0.0°

Azimuth Altitude ---------------116.5° 4.0° 119.4° 10.2° 122.7° 16.3° 126.6° 22.1° 131.1° 27.7° 136.4° 32.8° 142.7° 37.4° 150.0° 41.3° 158.4° 44.4° 167.7° 46.5° 177.7° 47.4° -172.1° 47.0° -162.4° 45.5° -153.6° 42.8° -145.8° 39.2° -139.1° 34.9° -133.4° 30.0° -128.5° 24.7° -124.4° 19.0° -120.8° 13.0° -117.8° 6.8° -115.1° 0.4°

118

GRASSHOPPER3D SCRIPT After drawing a sun vector trough center point, it is required to find intersection point between projected normal from Sv’ and edges of our surface A. This intersection point (A) will be our sun vector drawing point. Next step is to find an intersection between Sun vector Sv’ and floor bellow. This point is first position for our Ground Floor Curve. After implementing script on next hours for June and December, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, we can draw our outline curve for ground floor. Next step was sending this file to EcoTect to test my script. EcoTect is showing that my floor is shaded about 82 % during a whole year.

en te rO

tro ug hp oin t

For receiving exact form, it is required to write a small script using excellent Plug In for Rhino 3D, open source soft. Grasshopper 3D. Script is effective as follows: We operate with two surfaces: Surface A: floor above which serves as shading; Surface B: floor bellow where form will be drawn; first is to find a center point of surface A. From this midpoint point, we draw a sun vector (for Lat. + 19.04) for specific period of time. The start will be at 21st June, 10 Hr in the morning. Hours before 10 the author will not take into consideration, because the angle is to low (see table on previous page), which could impact function of floor area.

th sa m ea ng le

Sv’

to r

Su nV ec

to r

aS un Ve c

Srf I Center 1400 1300

1200

Surface b

Dr aw

Fir st dr aw

1100

Surface a

52°5’

Sv’’

Sv’ ’ wi

Sv’

tro

How is GH Script working This Graph is explaning basic script algorithm . “ Brise - Solei” script is defining shape of floors taking in a count , sun radiation interaction with building. My purpose is to get a natural shaded building, using a sun vector* for specific time of day. So form will follow sunpath and shade a habitant for every part of day.

A 1000

1200 1000

52°5’

2. Project vector v on Srf a and find intersection po int with edge (A)

S’

4. Define intersection point (B) between Vector Sv’’ and Srf b. This is one of point for floor edge Curves.

*Algorith is writen thanks to Sun Vector script from Andrew Heumann ** Now do this for every 490 Floors, using a same script :) Unfortanely this has to be done mannualy, why computer can`t calculate which angle are to be used and wich not!!!

119

SUNPATH ALTITUDES MUMBAI 2012 LATITUDE: 19.1° LONGITUDE: 72.8° TIMEZONE: +5.5HRS

DATE: 21ST JUNE JULIAN DATE: 172 SUNRISE: 06:05 SUNSET: 19:14

LOCAL CORRECTION: -40.4 MINS EQUATION OF TIME: -1.6 MINS DECLINATION: 23.4° ORIENTATION: 0.0°

94°23’

52°5’

08 : 00

66°2’

25°2’ 07 : 00

06 : 01 (Sunrise) 14 : 00

83 ° 7`

10 : 00

71°

38°8’

11 : 00

57°3 ` 15 : 00

16 : 00

43°5 `

12 : 00

29°9 `

90°

09 : 00

32°8’ 10 : 00

41°3’ 11 : 00

47°69’ 12 : 00

47°0’ 13 : 00

42°8’ 14 : 00

34°9’ 15 : 00

16 : 00

17 : 00

22°1’

24°7’

08 : 00

10°2’ 13°0’

07 : 15 (Sunrise)

GROUND FLOOR 18 : 02 (Sunset)

270°

SUMMER SOLSTICE 21 JUNE ALTITUDE

09 : 00

16°4 `

13 : 00

19 : 15 (Sunset) 18 : 00 17 : 00

WINTER SOLSTICE 21 JUNE ALTITUDE

S 180°

120

FORM FOLLOWS ENERGY Sections and Groundfloor

N Section A/3 13 : 00

+3.20

Section A/2 11 : 00

±0.00

83 ° 7`

Section A/4 14 : 00

66°2’ ±0.00

71° A/

Section A/1 10 : 00

Section A/5 15 : 00 A/4

A/2

52°5’

A/1

A/5

57°3 `

A/4

A/5

A/1

A/2

B/ B/4

B/3

2 B/ 1

Section B/1 10 : 00

15 : 00

Section B/6

B/4

34°9’

Section B/5

B/3

32°8’ Section B/2

14 : 00

11 : 00

41°3’ Section B/4 13 : 00 Section B/3 12 : 00

42°8’ 47°0’

47°69’

121

SOLAR ACCESS CALCULATION 21. JUNE

Furthermore, I sent my 3D file to EcoTect for testing my script. ript. With EcoTect it is possible to analyze yze solar radiation or surface during solstices lstices or even during a whole year. EcoTect Tect graph is showing that my floor is shaded aded approximately 82 % during a whole year.

09:00 Hr Summer

ABSORBED/TRANSMITTED SOLAR RADIATION Calculate the total incident, total absorbed and total transmitted radiation.

16:00 Hr Summer

CULMULATIVE VALUES Calculate the total sum of all values in each metric over the chosen calculation period

VALUE RANGE 200.0 - 2000.0 Wh/m2

122

SOLAR ACCESS CALCULATION 21. DECEMBER SHADING These two charts show monthly incident solar radiation and percentage shading for the form. Conclusion is that object is naturally shaded about 82 % over a whole year. Typically is not shaded before 10h and after 16h, when the sun radiation is not so high, but again there is enough of it to radiate heat on our facade in early morning and late afternoon. This can, off course, be solved with AC or some other cooling solutions, but the authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s main purpose is to get natural shading as much as possible. Consequently, there is a need for another facade element to protect the building for these 18 % percentage during one year. MONTH Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

12:00 Hr Winter

SHADE 80% 81% 80% 82% 83% 83% 84% 83% 82% 80% 78% 80%

FACADE II The simplest layer two is to plant vegetation. They protect a facade and cools air for couple of degrees. It is too possible to grow editable plants as fruits and nuts. It means that some percentage of necessary food can be produced on Sky Roller. For that we need height and soiled areas such as terraces. This sky gardens can provide us with food, oxygen and second shading layer.

16:00 Hr Winter

123

SHADING 21. DECEMBER 09:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

16:00

17:00

124

Schnitt

125

3D Schnitt

126

POPULATION Dharavi

127

100

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Inspiration

Communication (Metropolis, 1927)

Vertical City (Le Courbusier, plan voisin 1925)

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Dencity (Manhattan)

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Dharavi vs Graz

Area 2.15 km2

City ---- Graz Area ---- Old City part 2,15 km2, UNESCO World Heritage Site Population ---- 6750 People Density ---- 3.056 People per kmÂ˛ Built - up procent ---- 53,16 %2 Source > http://www.graz.at

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Area 2.15 km2

City ---- Mumbai Area ---- 2,15 km2 Dharavi, Slum (zopadpattis) 215 ha Population ---- between 600,000 and 1,000,000 ** Density -- -- 363,636 People per kmÂ˛

* People

(taken 800.000 Population) 3,636 People per hektar ***

Built - up procent ----

80 %

very large number of author worked with 223 hectares, or 2,23 km2. I work with self bourdered and counted area of 2,15 km2 region. Region defined> Along Mahim river on Nord (along Mahim Sion Link road) but not including Maharashtra Nature park. On East bourders with LBS Road and Central Railway. On West with Western Railway.

** Davis, Mike (2006). Planet of Slums, Paris *** Chamra Bazaar, has a density of 18,000 person per acre (4046 m2) accorgding to Kamla Raheja Vidyanidhi Institute of Architecture (KRVIA), and Sharma, Rediscoveling Dharmi, pp. xx, xxvii, 1 8.

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Masterplan Dharavi Dharavi Area -- 2,15 km2 Population Dharavi -- 1,000,000 Density -- 465.000 per km2 Area per Person -- 4,4 m2 NAGAR 7

NAGAR 6

Existed building (4 and more stories) Slum

NAGAR 5

2.2 2k m

NAGAR 4

NAGAR 1

NAGAR 2

NAGAR 3

N 58 1.

500

M 1 - 10.000

100

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3D View NAGAR 1 Area -- 59.727 m2 Population -- 13.574

Area View NAGAR 1

m 329

226 m

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M 1 - 2.500 134

Population Slum Area 4.4 m2 per Person Nagar Area divided with 4.4 Population Slum Area (not included buildings) -- 466.661

NAGAR 4 Area -- 790.711 m2 Population -- 179.707

NAGAR 1 Area -- 59.727 m2 Population -- 13.574

NAGAR 2 Area -- 353.492 m2 Population -- 80.339

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NAGAR 6 Area -- 49.254 m2 Population -11.192 NAGAR 6 Area -- 325.951 m2 Population -74.079

NAGAR 5 Area -- 383.918 m2 Population -87.254

NAGAR 3 Area -- 90.273 m2 Population -20.516

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Tower Typology Sky Roller Plot II

Sky Roller Plot I Total Area = 52,080 m2 ≈ 5,2 ha

Total Area = 104,160 m2 ≈ 10,4 ha

Radius = 40 m Height = 72 m Stories = 24 Story Height = 2.75 m

Radius = 40 m Height = 144 m Stories = 48 Story Height = 2.75 m

Appartments Area = 24.000 m2 Agriculture = 18.480 m2 Core = 9.600 m2

Appartments Area = 24.000 m2 Agriculture = 18.480 m2 Core = 9.600 m2 Office Area = 42.480 m2

Energy optimised density 250 People per hektar (Austria)

Energy optimised density 15 m2 per Person Office Area (Austria)

Population ≈ 1,000

Living ≈ 2,000

AREA per Story Appartments Area = 1000 m2 (140 m2 x 7) Agriculture = 770 m2 ( 110 m2 x 7) Working Area Central = 400 m2 rea) Aprox. 26 m2 per Person (Living Area)

Working ≈ 2,832

m 40

40 m

72 m

Appartments, Theater, Parks Recreation, Entertainment Health Care, Education

144 m

Industry,, Offices, Res R search Tehnology, g Administra s ation

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Sky Roller III

Sky Roller Plot IV

Total Area = 156.240 m2 ≈ 15, 6 ha

Population ≈ Infinite

Radius = 40 m Height = 216 m Stories = 72 Story Height = 2.75 5 Appartments Area = 72.000 m2 Agriculture = 55.440 40 m2 Core = 28.800 m2 Energy optimised density ensity 250 People per hektar ktar (Austria)

40 m

216 m

Population ≈ 4000

10 25

M 1 - 2000 100

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VORONOI RONO RON OI OI

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Area Division 1000 people per square

This is a surface point division. Around each point is quadratic area, representing 1000 people living on each. There is exactly 457 squares, wich is equally a population of

457.000

1000 People

N 100

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141

Tower as Attractor Tower starts attracting process. If implemented as one, will attract all half a million people.He would grow to infinite height. Lines showing attraction direction and circle representing tower.

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Tower as Attractor

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Tower as Attractor

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Tower as Attractor

x 99 Placing Towers in to the Dharavi area. From this plane, we can read height of toowers. 1 red line represent 1000 people, wich is 24 stories and 72 m height. 2 are 48 stories and 144 m height, 3 are 216 m, etc...

3 3

4 2

3 2

4 3

2 4

5 5 5 3 5

3 3

4 4

3 4

6 2.5

3 5

4 6

5.5

4.5

3 5

4 5

6 4

3 4

3.5

4 6

6 6

4 11

9 8

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View Axo

Industry, Offices, Research Tehnology, Administration

View East

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Voronoi V oro rono noi oi function f ion

Voronoi rono oi func function ction n showing sh a towers tower wer attracting dom domain. main. n.

100

10 50

M 1 - 10 0 000 00 0 500

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In mathematics, a Voronoi diagram is a special kind of decomposition of a metric space, determined by distances to a specified family of objects (subsets) in the space. These objects are usually called the sites or the generators (but other names are used, such as "seeds") and to each such object one associates a corresponding Voronoi cell, namely the set of all points in the given space whose distance to the given object is not greater than their distance to the other objects. It is named after Georgy Voronoi, Russian mathematician . Informal use of Voronoi diagrams can be traced back to Descartes in 1644. Dirichlet used 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional Voronoi diagrams in his study of quadratic forms in 1850. British physician John Snow used a Voronoi diagram in 1854 to illustrate how the majority of people who died in the Soho cholera epidemic lived closer to the infected Broad Street pump than to any other water pump.

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FLOW O

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Shadow range

Summer Solstice 21 June

Afternoon Sun

Morning Sun

Shadow range

Winter Solstice 21 December

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Shadow range Equinox

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Wind W Wi in nd from fro fr rom om NW NW

prevailing p re eva ev aiiliin ng g wind w wind nd during durin du ng g a year yea ye earr

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;Clean, oxygen - rich air for breathing is the most pressing environmental requirement for human life.â&#x20AC;? Edward Allen , How Buildings Work In our buildings, occupied space, we need continuosly moving air for thermal comfort, to convect away body heat and evaporate perspiration. Quality of air movement inside, when naturaly ventilated, depends strongly on air movement outside. If one hot day is followed with litle or no wind, we felt sweltering and claustrofobic. Increasing wind velocity brings inside of building pleasant, cooling effect. In Mumbai there is no fear of very or to high wind velocity that brings a extreme chiling of body, because of low ( lower than 10 Knots) all year long, wind velocity. See wind study chapter.

In cities, like Mumbai, air pollution is very high ( breathing the air in Mumbai is like smoking 2 packages of cigarettes every day , Suhetu Mekhta, Bombay Lost and Found),and pollutants as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, sulfur dioxide, soot, ash, dust ect. entrance a building, impacting a health od habitants. Most of these pollutants, are produced trough manufacturies and chaotic traffic. In india it`s very hard, when not possible to make a speed more than 40 Km/hr. Not because of slow cars, thus because of constant traffic stack. ( Suhetu Mekhta). In the buildings, air loses part of its oxygen and gain carbon dioxide trough human lungs respiration. If no air movement inside of inhabited spaces, air becomes contamineted in such a niveau that is no habitable anynmore.

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MASTERPLAN MAS M MAST ASTERPLAN A AS STERPLAN STE S ERP E RP PLAN LAN LA N Dharavi D Dh Dha hara harav a vi ara

155

156

No o to be ot b ttouche tou ouc che e ed existin in ing ng build building ding domain d dom main n

Domain around preserved objects

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158 8

Masterplan I

defining a space attracted by tower

Domain around preserved objects also cleaned from slum Dharavi Recycling Industry Core of Towers

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Masterplan I Detail

defining a space attracted by tower

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Masterplan II Streets open spaces communication implementation of existing facilities in the new plan trough landscape design and streets network. Digging taps for open water harvesting Positioning of the Sky Rollers

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Masterplan II Detail 100

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Masterplan Dharavi Recycling Industry Green Zone Water Sky Rollers Streets, Open spaces Existing objects

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Masterplan Dharavi Detail 100

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Masterplan er Skylines Sky conn connection nnection ion 2.4 m for pedestrians pe ans One O ne w way Roller ller - bus

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168

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List of Figures ALL FIGURES IN A BOOK, done by Author except these:

S. 10 picture Earth Lights, NASA S. 13 Graph Author, Wrigley Tony, EA (2010), Energy and the English industrial revolution, Cambridge University Press, o. J. S. 14 Graph Author, M. King. Hubbert, Exponential growth as a transient phenomenon in human history, 1976 S. 15 Graph Author, ASPO, o.O. , o.J. , S. 26 Graph Author, Roslin Hans, Gapminder, 2009 S. 34 www.nmni.com/um/Collections/Archaeology/Stone-Age S.34 http://www.mumbaibest.com/discovermumbai/sightseeing/history/timeline/img/tl_elephanta. jpg S.34 http://www.sacred-destinations.com/india/images/mumbai/walkeshwar/walkeshwar-templeand-tank-oil-EdwinLordWeeks1884.jpg S.35 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Death_of_Sultan_Bahadur_in_ front_of_Diu_against_the_Portuguese_1537jpg S.35 http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/catalog.html S.36 http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Y9-xi5n9m3E/TQ8xeUXUlGI/AAAAAAAAHqc/HBcJXQxgRzQ/s1600/ Charles_II_of_England.jpg S.36 http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-meDXtV0mNeI/T0Zz9js3IHI/AAAAAAAAQqQ/gM7Y2EggdCc/s320/cro wn+wide+vintage+printable+GraphicsFairysm.jpg S.37 http://www.harappa.com/post4/gifs/bombay05.jpg S. 37 http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-kIFzwmRdhnc/T7jP2jCLRKI/AAAAAAAALII/xcOzZO5ClGs/s320/ steam+train.jpg S.37 http://www.iln.org.uk/iln_years/year/images/1869/1869%20suez%20canal%20procession.jpg S.38 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/471px-IGI1908IsleBombay2.jpg S.38 http://cdn1.wn.com/pd/8b/b3/e34d518420b896a327dea718c436_grande.jpg

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S.38 http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ZKIFGTggFGI/T7VoXYZH9rI/AAAAAAAADPk/7gXHAbokBr8/s1600/ Bombay.jpg S.38 http://www.harappa.com/post4/gifs/bombay05.jpg S.38 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/800px-Flag_of_India.svg.png S.38 http://www.iln.org.uk/iln_years/year/images/1869/1869%20suez%20canal%20procession.jpg S.48 Hema P. Kabali , Revisit Mumbai 2011 S.53 http://www.informalcities.org/ S. 53 DAN MCDOUGALL ,JOURNASLIST, DHARAVI S.65 http://greenwabii.com/?p=459 S.65 Http://www.noquarterusa.net/ S.65 http://trivialmatters.blogspot.com/2006/03/shadow-city-lookatdharavi.html#!/2006/03/shadow-city-look-at-dharavi.html http://www.mid-day.com/imagedata/2010/apr/mumbai5.jpg S.73 Cody Brian, Architektur und Energie, 2005 S.77 http://asiatranspacifi c.fi les.wordpress.com/2010/06/47232204 77_936ee95f67_o.jpg S.77 http://americanepali.fi les.wordpress.com/2010/02/indiantemples. Jpg S. 82 Cody Brian, Architektur und Energie, 2005

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Literaturliste Hegger, Fuchs, Stark, Zeumer (Hg.): Energie Atlas, Nachhaltige Architektur, München 2008 Cody, Brian : Architektur und Energie, Graz 2005 Fischer, Jansen, Pieper (Hg.): Architektur des Indischen Subkontinents, Darmstadt 1987 Rohsmann, Robert : Slumupgrading und Redevelopment, Dharavi, Bombay, Dipl. , Graz 1997 Armaroli, Balzani (Hg.): Energy for a Sustainable World, Weinheim 2011 Davis, Mike : Planet of Slums, London 2006 Sanchez, Sergio : Un de Mil, Exploring the Slum redevelopment in Mumbai, India, Dipl., Graz 2009 Rühle, Alex (Hg.): Megacitys, die Zukunft der Städte, München 2008 Mehta, Suketu : Maximum City, Bombay lost and found, 2004 India Tolstoy, Leo : How much Land does a Man need, Shortstory, Russia 1886 Alen, Edward : How Buildings work, The natural order of Arhitecture, Oxford 2005 Reynolds, Michael : Eartship Vol.1, o.O , o. J. M. King. Hubbert : Exponential growth as a transient phenomenon in human history, 1974 USA Greater Mumbai District Gazetteer 1986, Geology “Mumbai: History of a City”. British Library. Retrieved 11 September 2012 Glossary of Meteorology , “Monsoon”. American Meteorological Society 2000 Climate Data, NASA Langley Research Center Atmospheric Science Data, New et al. 2002 Mumbai`s water supply, BCPT Sharma, Rediscoveling Dharmi, pp. xx, xxvii, 1 8

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Quotations 1 M. King. Hubbert, Exponential growth as a transient phenomenon in human history, 1976 2 Wrigley Tony, EA (2010), Energy and the English industrial revolution, Cambridge University Press, o.J., 3 M. King. Hubbert, Exponential growth as a transient phenomenon in human history, 1976 4 Pimentel, David, Cornel University , USA 1995 5 Simons, Matthew, o.O., o.J. 6 Hegger, Fuchs, Stark, Zeumer 2008 7 Census of India, 2001 8 Dan McDougall ,Journaslist, Dharavi Out of the rubbish, for Observer 2008 9 Georg Jahnsen, Dharavi, Mumbai 2009 10 Dan McDougall ,Journaslist, Dharavi Out of the rubbish, for Observer 2008 11 akshay mahajan, trivialmatters.blogspot.co.at, rettrived 2012-8-16 12 Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan,Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s first Vice President, o.O, o.J.w

World Wide Web www.humanright.asia www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/trading/bombay/history.html http://www.mumbaibest.com/discovermumbai/sightseeing/history/timeline http://www.mumbaibest.com/discovermumbai/sightseeing/history/timeline/prehistory.asp http://www.mapsofindia.com http://www.geo-reisecommunity.de/reisen/bombay/klima http://www.iten-online.ch/klima/asien/indien/bombay.htm http://wiki.blender.org/index.php/Doc:2.4/Manual/Modeling/Metas http://www.thefreedictionary.com http://www.graz.at

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