Water, Senses and Architectural Design: An Exploration of Memory and Experience A Pool of Senses Benefiting Society
Bethany Meer 171131140 APL3007: Dissertation in Architecture and Urbanism “Submitted for the degree of BA Honours Architecture and Urban Planning, School of Architecture Planning and Landscape.� Newcastle University 2019-2020 Word Count: 6,683
Acknowledgements I would like to thank everyone who has helped me throughout this research project, especially my tutor Prue Chiles who has continuously guided and inspired me throughout my project. I sincerely thank the staff at the NCL Baths for providing me with necessary information, as well as the participants for their valuable responses. Finally, an enormous thank you to my family and friends for being there to listen, support and motivate me throughout the whole period of my dissertation.
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Contents Page
Acknowledgements 04
List of Figures 06
Experiencing Water 51
Exploring Materials 52
Abstract 09
Relationship with Light
Aims and Objectives 15
Movement 62
Introduction 11
Phenomenology 17 The Senses and Wellbeing
19
Understanding Materials 20 Change in Temperature 26 A Relationship with Light 29 Natural Elements 31 A Theoretical Framework
33
Phenomenological Methods 35 A Sensory Exploration of Newcastle City Baths 37
Location 38
Original Basement Plan Existing Basement Plan
40
The Sound of a Space
54
58
Temperature Change 60
Concluding Thoughts 63
Relationship with the Senses
64
Integrations of the Senses within a Pool
Environments 66
To Conclude 68 Recommendations 69 References and Appendix
71
References 72
Appendix I 76
Appendix II 78
42
Personal Experience 44
Participant Responses 49
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List of Figures
Full references can be found in the references (page 72)
Fig 01. Through the movement in water, the senses are enhanced and an experience is created (Bazyte, 2017). 12 Fig 02. key aspects of water are captured and experienced through all the senses stimulating the overall feeling of emotional wellbeing. (Author’s Own, 2020). 14 Fig 03. Hursserlian Phenomenology Diagram (Hut, 2020). 17 Fig 04. Thermal Baths, Vals, Interior View (Martin, 2014). 20 Fig 05. Thermal Baths, Vals, Interior View (Martin, 2014). 20 Fig 06. Thermal Baths, Vals, Interior View (Martin, 2014). 21 Fig 07. Thermal Baths, Vals, Interior View (Martin, 2014). 21 Fig 08. Blue Lagoon, Iceland (Griffiths, 2018). 23 Fig 09. Blue Lagoon, Iceland (Griffiths, 2018). 23 Fig 10. Active experience, idea of cleansing and connecting with water, Thermal Vals (Circle Wellness, 2020). 25 Fig 11. Spaces used for different activities, idea of relaxing, Thermal Baths, Vals (Marris, 2017). 25 Fig 12. Idea of bathing and relaxing, away from the rush of everyday life, Thermal Baths, Vals (Philippou, 2010). 25 Fig 13. Ground Floor Plan- sixteen stages of bathing pleasure, BadenBaden (Ricardo, 2008). 27 Fig 14. Change in bodily temperature depending on the seasons (Lalonde, 2012). 28 Fig 15. Slits in the roof and ceiling to allow for natural light, Thermal Baths, Vals (Stojkovic, 2019). 30 Fig 16. Slits in the roof and ceiling to allow for natural light, Thermal Baths, Vals (Stojkovic, 2019). 30 Fig 17. Natural swimming experience, Lava swimming pool, Tenerife (Imagine Tenerife, 2019). 31 Fig 18. Map of Newcastle City Centre and key buildings (Author’s own, 2020). 39 Fig 19. Original Basement Plan of Newcastle City Pool (Newcastle City Council, 2017). 40 Fig 20. Newcastle Turkish Baths (BBC, 2013). 40 Fig 21. Newcastle Turkish Baths (BBC, 2013). 40 Fig 22. Existing Basement Plan of Newcastle City Pool (Newcastle City Council, 2017). 42 Fig 23. The experience of temperature change within the body (Authors own, 2020). 43 Fig 24. Collage of the journey through Newcastle City Baths (Authors own, 2020). 44 & 45 Fig 25. Changing area (Author’s Own, 2020). 46 Fig 26. Reception Foyer (Author’s Own, 2020). 46 06 | List of Figures
Fig 27. Sauna (Author’s Own, 2020). 46 Fig 28. Pool and architectural features (Author’s Own, 2020). 46 Fig 29. Shower area (Author’s Own, 2020). 46 Fig 30. The integration of the senses when experiencing the Newcastle City Baths (Authors own, 2020). 47 Fig 31. Relationship with water, materials and skin, when the body connects with the walls of the tiled walls of the pool (Author’s Own, 2020). 52 Fig 32. Water is illuminated by the surrounding materials (Author’s Own, 2020). 53 Fig 33. Light reflecting off the water (Author’s Own, 2020). 54 Fig 34. Water droplets glistening through the light (Author’s Own, 2020). 57 Fig 35. Splashing of the water, creating a sense of connection and solidarity (Author’s Own, 2020). 58 Fig 36. Cool, fresh water that the body about to be immersed in (Author’s Own, 2020).60 Fig 37. The body and skin adapting to the temperature (Author’s Own, 2020). 61 Fig 38. Moving through the water creates a sensation of adventure (Author’s Own, 2020). 62 Fig 39. Sense of vision (Author’s Own, 2020). 64 Fig 40. Sense of touch (Author’s Own, 2020). 65 Fig 41. Pool environment and the integration of the senses (Author’s Own, 2020). 67
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08 | Abstract
Abstract Mental health and wellbeing is a major issue across the globe, affecting people either directly or indirectly and impacting all aspects of everyday life. Research has shown that sensory connections with natural elements, for instance water, can benefit the individual and society. This study aims to determine what aspects of a pool environment enhance all of the senses and create an experience for the individual with lasting memory. Based on a review of the literature of phenomenology, temperature, light and natural elements, interviews and participant observation were conducted at Newcastle City Baths which allowed for critical analysis on thoughts, feelings and behaviours when immersing in water. A phenomenological method was then adopted to understand the experience of water from a first person perspective, this was recorded through a series of images. On this basis, consideration should be given to incorporating architectural design that enhances the sounds, aesthetics and physical touch of water which will create a sensory experience that stimulates emotional wellbeing.
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01. Introduction Simply, fully, purely experiencing
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‘Swimming stretches my body beyond its
earthly limits, helping to soothe every ache and caress every muscle. But it’s also an inward journey, a time of quiet contemplation, when, encased in an element at once hostile and familiar, I find myself at peace’ (Sherr, 2012: 5). As a swimmer, my experience is the journey one embarks on from the moment you smell the chlorine and feel the humidity in the air, to the second you re-enter monotony of everyday life. An encapsulated stasis where time appears frozen and all vices and fears drift away, leaving one in a purely euphoric state. Pool environments provide societies with a lasting experience that rejuvenates and relaxes the body and mind, ultimately improving mental health and wellbeing. Water plays a fundamental role which shapes the individual and collective health in both physical and imaginative forms (Foley, 2017). 12 | Introduction
Fig 01 | Through movement in water, the senses are enhanced and an experience is created (Bazyte, 2017)
The magic of the moment: the feel of the cold jet stream rushing over my skin; the ripples surrounding my outstretched shape, the tingling down my spine as my body enters the water’s still, glassy surface. Slowly, I brace myself and move deeper into the clear yet opaque water, only to feel the depth of the pool. Crisp, clear and refreshing waves swirl around my figure as I experience this new-found weightlessness which in turn awakens my body, engaging with every element that I am experiencing. Everything that was once circling in my mind is now forgotten; it is purely a moment for reflective thinking and creativity. As I lift my hands out of the water, the sunlight glistens off my wet skin and I watch the droplets of water fall back into the silky smoothness of the pool. The all-encompassing wonder of the water overwhelms me: when in the pool, I’m in the moment. Simply, fully, purely experiencing.
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Using the architectural design of pool environments, the key aspects of water are captured and experienced through all the senses which ultimately stimulates the overall feeling of emotional wellbeing. In education, employment and social relationships, mental health and wellbeing is a major issue across the globe, affecting people either directly or indirectly and impacting all aspects of everyday life. Both the physical and sensory connection with natural elements, for instance water, can benefit and improve mental, physical and emotional wellbeing which in turn has a positive effect on the global society. Pool environments are key locations where water and sensory elements are integrated into the experience of a building to create a place of tranquillity for the body and mind.
Fig 02 | Key aspects of water are captured and experienced through all the senses stimulating the overall feeling of emotional wellbeing. (Author’s Own, 2020)
14 | Introduction
This project explores the relationship between water, the five senses and architectural design in pool environments, and how this enhances and creates a memorable experience for the individual which in turn improves emotional wellbeing. The following research question will be explored and answered: Why are pool environments important to society? In order to explore and investigate the core research question above, sub-questions will structure and form the project: 1. What senses contribute to the enhancement of pool environments? 2. How do materials and spaces of the architecture of pool environments help create an experience? The research will focus on three main themes that have emerged throughout the literature review: materials, temperature and natural light. The relationship with water and these elements will enable a critical analysis of how architectural design stimulates sensory connections.
Aims and Objectives Having identified the current issue of mental health and wellbeing, this project aims to suggest ways in which architectural design can enhance and structure the sounds, aesthetics and physical touch of water, to create sensory experiences that will stimulate emotional wellbeing. This will be conducted by critically examining one’s experience with water, using phenomenology and sensory ethnography. Following extensive research related to phenomenology, sensory connections and pool environments, the main objective of this project is to explore an individuals relationship with water that enhances all the senses which will ultimately improve mental health and emotional wellbeing to give a lasting benefit to individuals and to society.
Aims and Objectives | 15
The importance of pool environments
In our rapidly changing society and increasingly interconnected and competitive world, new challenges are being faced which are already having profound effects on our communities (Foresight Mental Capital and Wellbeing Project, 2008, p. 4). If we are to create a better community and flourish in the evolving environment, then ‘experiences that stimulate the sense, evoke emotional and intellectual response and contribute to the creation of ethical and beautiful environments’ (Peri, 2015, p. 264) are important to ensure that everyone can reach their full potential (Foresight Mental Capital and Wellbeing Project, 2008, p. 4). One study has shown that ‘pools are all about experience’ (Gendall and Amelar, 2007) and that they were once used for bathing and immersion. It is identified that pool environments are currently used for leisure, consequently remaining unsympathetic environments (Gendall and Amelar, 2007). Therefore, the goal of this literature review is to address the three main themes that have emerged throughout the research in order to understand how these elements create sensory connections with water and emotional wellbeing.
16 | Introduction
Phenomenology
Phenomenology forms a theoretical framework and underlying concept of this research project and helps to understand how such experiences are interpreted. Founded by the German philosopher Edmund Husserl, phenomenology ‘is the study of essences’ (Merleau-Ponty, 1962, p. vii). Essences are considered to be essential elements in the perception and sensory connection of direct experiences that enable humans to understand place and space (MerleauPonty, 1962, p.vii). Sokolowski (1999, p. 2) then defines phenomenology as ‘the study of human experience and of the ways things present themselves to us in and through such experiences’. However, Kearnery (1994, p. 13) then built on this definition by stating that perception, imagination and signification are key aspects that enhance the users experience. It can be seen that across the literature, perception is the fundamental act that enables human beings to inhabit, understand and experience a space (Yorgancoilu, 2004, p. 43). Using a narrower concept, the French philosopher Maurice Merleau-Ponty continues this argument by stating that ‘the world is not what I think, but what I live through’ (1962, p. 75). Implying that the interplay between senses and first person perception leads to an integrated sense experience. (Kearney, 1994).
Prizm
Experience
Husserl Fig 3 | Hursserlian Phenomenology Diagram (Hut, 2020)
Phenomenology | 17
02. The Senses and Wellbeing Understanding Materials Change in Temperature A Relationship with Light Natural Aspects
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Understanding Materials Thermal Baths
One key theme that has emerged throughout the
literature is the connection between architectural design, water and materials and how this enhances and stimulates all the senses to improve emotional wellbeing. Given that experiences are carved out by perception as well as physical elements, it is important to understand how architectural design connects with the building and the individual (Merleau-Ponty, 1962, p. xiv). This area of literature has been surprisingly neglected given that the majority of literature focuses on materials rather than the sensory connections that are created through the use of different types of materials. Fig 04 and 05 | Relationship with water and stone, Thermal Baths, Vals (Martin, 2014)
20 | The Senses and Wellbeing
Peter Zumthor is known for his sensory materials and immersive experiences, highlighting the importance of architectural building materials to create an atmosphere and sensory experience (Lalonde, 2012). The Thermal baths, located in Vals, Switzerland, explore the idea of cleansing, bathing and the use of natural materials to create a place of memory and relaxation. Although water is not considered as a building material, here it is integral to the architectural design, creating significant connections throughout the building. This can be identified when Hauser, Zumthor and Binet states that ‘stone forms a room; the room of stone contains water; light filters through in chosen places and the stone lights up; the water begins to shine, sometimes like a mirror, sometimes like a solid mass – and there it is, this ambience, this special atmosphere’ (Hauser et al. 2007, p. 145). In this comment, it is clear that the relationship between materials and water is a significant factor that influences the connection between architectural design, water and the individual. In this way valuable knowledge is obtained of how each pool environment is unique in order to create memorable experiences that stimulates freedom and wellbeing. However, one key limitation is that Zumthor does not address the sensory connection that materials have on the individual from a first person perspective Fig 06 and 07 | Relationship with water and stone, Thermal Baths, Vals (Martin, 2014)
Materials | 21
Understanding Materials Mineral Pools
Similarly, it has been identified that water, with its many attributes, is the key material that creates an experience and stimulates the senses when immersing in mineral pool environments. The Blue Lagoon retreat, Grindavik, located in Iceland focuses and celebrates the warm turquoise water that pooled on the lava rocks and silica-heavy soil in the 1970’s (Beautyman, 2018). Constructed from natural building materials, such as wood, lava and mineral water, the Blue Lagoon sits in harmony with the surroundings, connecting with all elements to sooth the body and to create an inviting experience (Gunnarsdóttir, 2018). When Basalt Architects stated that ‘we knew the biggest draw is really the water’ (Beautyman, 2018), this highlights the success of how the architecture connects with natural elements, which ultimately improves the overall experience. It can also be seen that the vapour created by the water within the mineral pool brings many benefits for the skin due to its natural healing effect, connecting with the individual as well improving emotional wellbeing (Beautyman, 2018). This supports Zumthor’s intent of connecting the water with the architectural design.
22 | The Senses and Wellbeing
Fig 08 and 09 | Natural mineral water connecting with architectural design and natural elements, Blue Lagoon, Iceland (Griffiths, 2018)
‘Experience the wonder’ (Blue Lagoon, 2020)
Materials | 23
Active Experience However, to appreciate the effects of the architectural design of the pool environment to the fullest, and to design a sensory experience that is both inventive and appropriate, it can be seen that the experience must be active. Peri (2015, p. 254) states that ‘the interplay between the perceiver and the surrounding is active’. This is emphasised through the Thermal Baths, Vals. Made up of fifteen rectangular stone blocks, each space is used to represent a different activity for instance, cleansing, relaxing and bathing (Hauser et all, 2007, p. 87). ‘Each is a different world that holds its own surprise’ (Hauser et all, 2007, p. 87). Through the idea of perception, it can be concluded that the moment of discovery and physical change plays an important role when creating an experience.
24 | The Senses and Wellbeing
Fig 10 | Active experience, idea of cleansing and connecting with water, Thermal Baths, Vals (Circle Wellness, 2020)
Fig 11 | Spaces used for different activities, idea of relaxing, Thermal Baths, Vals (Marris, 2017)
Fig 12 | Idea of bathing and relaxing, away from the rush of everyday life, Thermal Baths, Vals (Philippou, 2010)
Materials | 25
The Change in Temperature Roman Baths
Another key theme that has emerged through analysis of the literature is the change in the temperature of water as well as the temperature change in the surrounding environment which is seen to be a significant factor that contributes to the sensory connection and emotional wellbeing. According to Peri (2015, p. 254) ‘experience is based on the perception of depth through embodied changes within the environment’. Research has shown that the transition between inside and outside, the idea of experiencing ‘the edge’ and change from hot to cold is a fundamental architectural aspect which creates immersion and a space for tranquillity for the body and mind (Peri, 2015, p. 254). The Friedrichbad Roman Baths in Baden-Baden explore the change in temperature and sensory experience through the sixteen stages of bathing pleasure. (Figure 13) The naked experience involves the journey through a variety of sensory pools with varying temperatures.
26 | The Senses and Wellbeing
Beginning with heat and steam, the body feels cleansed and relaxed, to which cold plunge pools await to maximise the experience (BadenBaden, 2019). This implies that the act of travelling and moving from one place to another builds up the experience of being on ‘the edge’ through the use of temperature. The architectural design stimulates each of the senses as well as creating the feeling of total rejuvenation and improving the wellbeing of the body. Sight is enhanced by each of the sensory pools having a different architectural design and pool environment. According to BadenBaden, 2019 ‘the changing temperatures and varying baths, with their precious thermal waters, guarantee a feeling of total relaxation’ emphasising the positive effects that sensory connections with water can create as well as stimulating the sense of touch and feeling. The relationship between temperature and architecture is successful in creating an impressive and memorable experience.
Fig 13 | Ground Floor Plan- sixteen stages of bathing pleasure, BadenBaden (Ricardo, 2008)
The Change in Temperature| 27
The Change in Temperature Thermal Baths
Peter Zumthor further supports this theme through the architectural design of the Thermal Baths, Vals. ‘Soft water envelops and stimulates as one moves from the main pool set at 32 degrees Celsius, to the fire pool set at 42 degrees Celsius, to the ice pool set at 14 degrees Celsius, and back again’ (Lalonde, 2012). The change in water temperature in each of the individual pools, provides an experience where the ‘wet skin becomes exposed to cool, crisp alpine air’ (Murray, 2007 p. 364) but at the same time still enabling connections with the warm water, creating a playground for the senses. This emphasises the importance of the role of change within the environment which enhances the true relaxation experience in order to create a sensory connection with a unique memorable experience.
Fig 14 | Change in bodily temperature depending on the seasons (Lalonde, 2012)
28 | The Senses and Wellbeing
A Relationship with Light Thermal Baths
The relationship of light with the architectural design of pool environments is a further theme that has been identified by different practices within the literature. The manipulation of natural light is used to create atmospheres that stimulates insightful thinking and creativity. However, it has been identified that each environment responds differently to the location and setting, to ensure maximum comfort but also to enhance views and connect with nature. Peri (2015, p. 259) states that changes in lighting have a subconscious impact on the individual as well as the relationship between components, light, shadow, materials, emotions and recollections which are all part of creating atmospheres that improve emotional wellbeing.
Throughout the literature, it has been identified that light is used to connect materials and physical elements together. For instance, Zumthor uses ‘slits in the roof and ceiling, like an endoscope. Light streams along the walls, emphasising the corners of the room, tracing bright stripes down to the floor and glinting off the stimulated water surface’ (Hauser et all, 2007, p. 27). The use of daylight directs the user through the building, enhancing different features, creating a unique and memorable experience. However, a key problem of his findings is that it is unclear how the use of light stimulates the senses as Zumthor tends to focus on the relationship between light, shadow and materials rather than the connection with the individual.
A Relationship with Light | 29
A Relationship with Light Thermal Baths
Fig 15 and 16 | Slits in the roof and ceiling to allow for natural light, Thermal Baths, Vals (Stojkovic, 2019)
30 | The Senses and Wellbeing
The Natural Elements Natural Pools
The connection that natural pool environments have with nature and enhancing existing views is a significant factor that creates a total experience. As stated by White et al. (2010), cited in Finlay et al. (2015) ‘both the sounds of water and immersing oneself into water are often considered calming and restorative’. The feeling of connecting with natural elements such as water, natural surroundings and materials stimulate the visual, smell and touch senses, allowing the body to seek tranquillity and healing, promoting health and wellbeing. This can be seen at the natural lava swimming pool experience in Tenerife. The experience enables the individual to swim in crystal clear waters with beautiful landscapes, ensuring that there is an unforgettable experience. It can be concluded that there is some small but growing evidence in literature on the experience of natural pool environments in relation to health and wellbeing. However, natural elements do enhance and stimulate the senses fully. Fig 17 | Natural swimming experience, Lava swimming pool, Tenerife (Imagine Tenerife, 2019)
Natural Elements | 31
The Senses and Wellbeing
Wellbeing is an important issue which has increased with current world challenges. The purpose of this literature review was to review the key themes that create sensory experiences in pool environments. The three themes that have been addressed are: • Water and materials • Temperature • Natural light and natural connections. The reviewed literature and practice reviews explore how the themes connect with the architectural design to create sensory connections which ultimately improve wellbeing. Current research supports the significance of the sensory experience within pool environments; however, further investigation of how to incorporate all the of the senses into pool environments will help justify how emotional wellbeing can be improved further and create a lasting memory.
32 | The Senses and Wellbeing
03. A Theoretical Framework Phenomenological Methods
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A Theoretical Framework Introduction
Following a review of the literature relating
to water, senses and architectural design and in order to answer the following research questions : 1. What senses contribute to the enhancement of pool environments? 2. How do materials and spaces of the architecture of pool environments help create an experience?
A qualitative research methodology was adopted to further explore the research questions. ‘Qualitative research is concerned with developing explanations of social phenomena’ (Hancock et al, 2007, p7). This approach has enabled the exploration of sensory connections that individuals experienced in a pool environment (NCL Baths) through participant observation, informal interviews as well as a personal experience of being immersed in water which has allowed for the collection of data about the feelings, thoughts and behaviours of individuals.
34 | A Theoretical Framework
Research has been conducted into the refurbishment of Newcastle City and Turkish Baths given that this is local as well as a new and exciting project for the city. The existing and current layout of the building has been explored through the architectural plans which has enabled the formulation of ideas about how the architectural design can create an experience and how the relationship with water connects with the users and enhances their sensory response. Given that a qualitative methodology is more interpretive and subjective, the research has taken into account how my participation and perception could influence the results. A phenomenological research method has been adopted in order to explore the research topic further.
Phenomenological Methods Phenomenological methods ‘aim to describe, understand and interpret the meanings of experiences of human life’ (Blur and Wood, 2011, pg.2) with focus on what it is like to experience a particular situation (Blur and Wood, 2011). For instance, in this case the relationship between body and water and how the senses are enhanced. Edmund Husserl, who is a key philosopher in phenomenology, developed the theory of ‘lifeworld which refers to the ‘everyday experiences that we live and which we reflect upon’ (Blur and Wood, 2011, pg. 4). Through exploring, studying and reflecting upon experiences from a first person perspective (Lester, 1999), phenomenological research methods considered the individual’s perception, imagination and behaviours throughout the experience (Post, 2015). This allowed for a critical understanding of an individual’s experience within a pool environment as well as ‘emphasising the importance of personal perspective and interpretation’ (Lester, 1999) therefore, allowing for a valuable insight into one’s relationship with water and how this creates an experience with lasting benefits to health and wellbeing.
This research methodology consisted of collecting data through informal interviews and narratives. These methods ‘are the key to producing a description of the experiences that were lived through’ (Blur and Wood, 2011, pg. 3). In addition, diaries and visual methods were also adopted as this enabled thoughts and experiences to be noted down and recorded at the time, therefore, enabling the research to be critically analysed and compared. On Monday 17th February 2020 at 9:15am I observed participants and users of Newcastle City Baths from the foyer of the building. I noted down site observations, personal thoughts and experiences and as well as the use of photographs which enhanced the observation and considerations of how experiences are created within pool environments. However, like other qualitative research methods, it has been suggested that phenomenological methods generalise the research collected given that researcher can interpret the results in different ways (Blur and Wood, 2011).
Phenomenological Methods| 35
Methodology Interviews
In order to gain a better insight into the enhancement of the senses and how materials create an experience, informal interviews were conducted at Newcastle City Baths on Monday 17th February, once I had completed the participant observation. I was interested in how individuals feel moving through water and what elements enhance this, therefore I chose to adopt an informal oral approach. Creating a relaxed, informal environment resulted in the responses emerging out of conversations. Three individuals were interviewed, once they had used the pool and baths, about how the water made them feel and how it affected their health and wellbeing. Their age ranges from 19 to 58, with the 2/3 being female. Interviews were conducted in the cafÊ/foyer of Newcastle City Baths, and lasted approximately five minutes. The answers were recorded by note taking in a sketchbook. Open questions were asked, to allow for the categorisation of key themes and identify patterns. Each theme was then analysed to gain a deeper understanding of participants’ perceptions and feelings. The informal interviews provided an in-depth understanding of the participants’ perceptions, motivation and emotions.
36 | A Theoretical Framework
04. A Sensory Exploration of Newcastle City Baths
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A Sensory Exploration of Newcastle City Baths Introduction
‘Wellness is an active process of becoming aware of and making choices towards a healthy and fulfilling life’ (Swinton Estate, 2020, pg. 10). Aiming to improve health and wellbeing across the city, the refurbishment of Newcastle’s City Baths aims to ‘become a new, iconic destination for health, vitality and wellbeing’ (RIBA, 2019). This chapter explores how the regeneration of Newcastle City Baths has created a new exciting experience for the city and how the enhancement of each sense has been incorporated into the architectural design. The regeneration of the Grade II listed building, built in Neo-Georgian style, includes an impressive Turkish baths, 25m pool and sauna as well as fitness and wellbeing facilities. The relationship between the water and architectural design are key elements to ensure that a sensory and memorable experience is created.
38 | A Sensory Exploration of Newcastle City Baths
Built in 1928, the baths were designed by the architects Nicholas and DixonSpace, ensuring that existing features are retained. The facility provided an experience for the community and its users until the closure by Newcastle City Council in 2013 (Historic Pool, 2020). Fusion Lifestyle, who have invested over £6m into the refurbishment, have now taken over the baths in order to bring Newcastle a new immersive space that rejuvenates and relaxes the body and mind which ultimately improves mental health and wellbeing. Neighbouring the City Hall, Newcastle City Baths is located on Northumberland Road and has a prime location within the city with easy transport and access links. Surrounded by a variety of public buildings, for example, churches, sport centre, cinemas, the City Baths is one of few buildings in the city which creates an experience for its users through the use of water and the senses, ultimately benefiting health and wellbeing across the city.
Fig 18 | Map of Newcastle City Centre and key buildings (Author’s own, 2020)
Church of St Thomas the Martyr
City Pool
Newcastle Unitarian Church
Sport Central Newcastle City Hall
St James’s United Reformed Church
Location | 39
Original Basement Plan
Northumbria Baths City Pool Turkish Baths Sauna Steam Corridor Showers Steam Room
Fig 19 | Original Basement Plan of Newcastle City Pool (Newcastle City Council, 2017)
Fig 20 | Newcastle Turkish Baths (BBC, 2013)
40 | A Sensory Exploration of Newcastle City Baths
Fig 21 | Newcastle Turkish Baths (BBC, 2013)
Before the regeneration took place, the original building consisted of three main elements: the city pool, Northumbria Baths and the Turkish Baths. It can be identified from the original floor plans that Turkish Baths are located in the basement of the building. Perhaps this is due to the immersive experience being hidden away from the hive of activity of the city so that the water and architectural design can interact with the senses with no distraction which allows the body to feel refreshed, calm and full-filled, away from the rush of the city. In addition, through the different elements within the basement, as can been seen from both the literature and figure 19, the change in temperature and space plays a major role when the body moves through the experience, rejuvenating the individual.
When moving from the sauna to the steam corridor, to the steam room and showers, the body and skin will undergo a series of sensations and temperature changes. The change in the environment allows for insightful thinking and relaxation. The diverse temperature change enhances the sense of touch, which is experienced through the skin, where as the change in spaces magnifies the sense of vision, exciting the body and mind. This can be identified in figure 22. As it can be seen in figure 20 and 21, the baths were used a social gathering. ‘This group of old soldiers come down from Cramlington every month to relax together’ (BBC, 2013). This implies that the baths are a key community space but they also bring benefits to health and keep elderly people fit. ‘I feel 10 times younger leaving this place’ (BBC, 2013).
Original Basement Plan | 41
Existing Basement Plan
Ice Baths Plunge Pool Turkish Baths Sauna Hot Room Showers Relaxation
Fig 22 | Current Basement Plan of Newcastle City Pool (Newcastle City Council, 2017)
42 | A Sensory Exploration of Newcastle City Baths
Fig 23 | The experience of temperature change within the body (Author’s own, 2020)
Sauna
Plunge Pool
Relaxation
Steam Room
Journey
Ice Bath
Hot Bath
The new refurbished pool and spa incorporates the feeling of being ‘on the edge’ and further supports the theory of a how a change in temperature enhances the senses. The warmth from the sauna will ‘allow for muscles to relax and toxins to be flushed out’ (Swinton Estate, 2020, pg. 10). This creates a space where the brain and mind can slow down. As the body moves into the ice baths (20 degrees) the significant loss of heat obtains a feeling of sensation and rejuvenation which eliminates toxins and relieves stress.
Turkish Baths
Continuing through the experience and being on ‘the edge’, the skin will feel revived and refreshed when enduring in the hot bath. The Turkish bath ‘helps to aid true relaxation and stimulate your immune system, increase your circulation and aid lymphatic drainage’ (Turkish Baths, 2020). Through the steam, water and architectural design, the Turkish bath has the power to alleviate body temperature and remove toxins which produces positive effects on the body and mind, both physically and psychologically.
Existing Basement Plan | 43
Experience of Newcastle City Baths On Monday 17th February 2020 at 9.10am, I visited the newly refurbished Newcastle City Baths. The experience involved moving from one key element to the next as well as interacting with the water which refreshed and rejuvenated both the body and mind. Through this study the exploration of how the senses are enhanced and how materials can create experiences have been investigated, from a first person perspective. Existing architectural features have been incorporated to enhance the design
Large prominent building that is easily recognisable in the city
44 | A Sensory Exploration of Newcastle City Baths
Existing window frames retained
Fig 24 | Collage of the journey through Newcastle City Baths (Authors own, 2020)
Both natural and artificial lighting have been used to light the environment
Experiencing the Baths | 45
The Journey
Admission Machine Barriers Changing Rooms
Fig 25 | Changing area (Author’s Own, 2020)
Showers
Fig 26 | Reception Foyer (Author’s Own, 2020)
Getting into the pool Experience with water Getting out Sauna
Fig 27 | Sauna (Author’s Own, 2020)
Through the senses, the temperature change throughout the journey from the cool water to hot, creates a series of sensations and relaxation moments, improving wellbeing. 46 | A Sensory Exploration of Newcastle City Baths
Fig 28 | Pool and architectural features (Author’s Own, 2020)
Showers Changing Rooms Admission Barriers
Fig 29 | Shower area (Author’s Own, 2020)
Smell Touch Sight Sound Taste
Barriers
Showers
Changing Rooms
Sauna
Experience
Admission Machine
Changing Rooms
Pool
Showers
Barriers
Fig 30 | The integration of the senses when experiencing the Newcastle City Baths (Authors own, 2020)
Experiencing the Baths | 47
Experience of Newcastle City Baths
The smell of chlorine permeates my nose and the air feels moist against my skin as I enter the foyer of the newly refurbished Newcastle’s City Baths. Existing large windows in the entrance foyer frame the view of the pool enhancing the original architectural features as well as the vibrant colour of the water. Through the barriers, I make my way down the contemporary corridor; glimpses of the water make me feel ready and excited about experiencing the refreshing pool for the first time. The combination of chlorine and fruity shampoo from the showers fill my nose as I change into my swimming costume. It’s cold and draughty. I tiptoe through the shower area and I can feel the warmth and humidity from the pool hall enveloping my body, the sound of water splashing against the wall as other individuals are already experiencing and in the moment.
48 | A Sensory Exploration of Newcastle City Baths
The tiles beneath my feet, I embrace myself as I slowly but carefully lower myself into the cool rippling water which wraps around me. In those perfect moments, I forget the past. Simply, fully, purely experiencing. Through the skylights above, natural daylight floods the pool hall enhancing the experience further. When the sun comes out the whole pool illuminates and glows, making the water shimmer with excitement as well as forming a connection with the outside and natural elements.
Participant Responses After my own experience of Newcastle City Baths, informal interviews (conversations) took place in the cafe/foyer space of the baths. This enabled conversations to start when people were purchasing snacks and drinks when leaving the facilities. Open questions were asked about how the water benefited them, how does it made them feel being in water and what aspects of the pool created a lasting environment. Clear themes were then identified as a result of the conversations which are key to exploring the research topic further. When asked about how being in water benefited them, the respondents all touched upon the idea of the benefits water had on their health, both mentally and physically. For instance, illnesses, conditions and injuries. It was clear that the only negative of being in water was that it could be exhausting, however it was concluded that the positives clearly outweighed the negatives. One respondent noted the effect that water had on his arthritic condition. Respondent C:
‘The water allows me to feel like I’m as light as a feather which takes all of the pressure off my joints, it’s truly amazing how it does it. I feel like a new person when I leave the pool’
It is identified from all the responses that being immersed in water does have numerous and diverse health benefits with lasting affects. The water has a clear impact on individuals everyday life, affecting people positively in different ways Experiencing the Baths | 49
Participant Responses Another key theme that emerged throughout the conversations was the overall sensation and stimulation of being in water that had a positive effect on both the body and mind. Respondent A mentioned the peace and tranquillity that being in water provided her with.
‘It allows me to forget about everything that is going on and lets me focus on stretching and relaxing every element in my body’
All respondents highlight the incredible power that water has on the brain and mind.
Respondent A:
When respondents were asked about what key aspects create an experience, there were mixed responses. One respondent noted the architectural features of the skylights within the roof which created a magical environment whereas others highlighted the ability to be able to see underwater into a new world of people enjoying themselves. Respondent B: ‘I love how the light shines into the pool and makes the water sparkle and glisten during my early morning swim sessions. It’s an amazing way to start the day.’
It has been highlighted from the respondents that different elements of a pool environment make a different experience for each individual. 50 | A Sensory Exploration of Newcastle City Baths
05. Experiencing Water
Exploring Materials A Relationship with Light The Sound of a Space Temperature Change Movement
| 51
Exploring Materials
Fig 31 | Relationship with water, materials and skin, when the body connects with the walls of the tiled walls of the pool (Author’s Own, 2020)
‘There are a thousand different possibilities in one material alone’ (Zumthor, 2006, pg. 45) 52 | Experiencing Water
As can be seen from figure 33 and 34, the relationship between water, tiles and skin ‘is strengthened and articulated by this constant interaction’ (Pallasma, 2012, pg.44). When the body connects with the white glossy tiles of the walls, the water interacts with the body and materials, providing a soft gentle surface that enhances the sense of touch. This results in the smooth materiality creating a calming environment that can ultimately improve health and wellbeing. Literature relating to experiences has suggested that ‘architecture involves several realms of sensory experience which interact and fuse into each other’ (Pallasma, 2012, pg. 45). The fusion of touch and sight enhances the experience of a pool environment. Through phenomenology and the experience of being immersed in water, it is evident that the relationship between water, materials and skin within a pool environments creates a playground for the senses where memories and moments are created.
In addition, the colour of the water is illuminated by the surrounding materials. The white soft tiles make the crystal clear yet opaque water glow which creates a sense of welcoming and tranquillity. Whilst the materials surrounding the pool are cool and hard, this perhaps forces the individual to enter the water and prepares them for the experience. The sense of depth and built design of the pool allows for the individual to feel enveloped by the water and somewhere one can experience how the water holds and supports the body, reinforcing respondent C’s experiences of being in water and how this has benefited his personal health conditions.
Fig 32 | Water is illuminated by the surrounding materials (Author’s Own, 2020)
‘Material is endless’ (Zumthor, 2006, pg. 25) Exploring Materials | 53
Relationship with Light Fig 33 | Light reflecting off the water (Author’s Own, 2020)
54 | Experiencing Water
As can be seen from figure 33, natural lighting is a significant characteristic within a pool environment that contributes to the perception of space and atmosphere as well as having the ability to connect with nature and outside. Supporting the values of personal experience and respondent C, who states that they ‘love how the light shines into the pool and makes the water sparkle and glisten’, it can be identified that natural lighting has the ability to light ‘materials and surfaces systematically’ (Zumthor, 2006, pg. 59). The pool of water catches the light which is reflected throughout the space highlighting features and creating a soothing atmosphere. It can also be seen that through the research, the morning sun has the power to cast shadows in and through the water which in turn creates bright and warm zones but also cold and dark spaces which can be uninviting, further adding to the experience of being in water, as can been seen in figure 35. Relationship with Light | 55
Relationship with Light
Light is viewed through the sense of sight. Within architecture, all five of the senses are considered to be significant, however the sense of sight is particularly dominant. According to MerleauPonty’s philosophy, it is the relationship between vision and touch that provides a sensation of spatial depth and experience. (Pallasmaa, 2012) ‘The hands want to see, the eyes want to caress’ (Pallasmaa, 2012, pg. …..)In this case, light shines through the water droplets which fall off the palm of the hand. The droplets return into the silky-smoothness of the water, creating a mixture of sensations for the mind and skin. The overwhelming sensation of feeling, touching and seeing the incredible volume of liquid, ultimately improves health and wellbeing.
56 | Experiencing Water
Fig 34 | Water droplets glistening through the light (Author’s Own, 2020)
Relationship with Light | 57
The Sound of a Space Fig 35 | Splashing of the water, creating a sense of connection and solidarity (Author’s Own, 2020)
58 | Experiencing Water
In order to understand the way that our bodies relate to space and experiences, the sense of sound plays a fundamental role. According to Pallasmaa, (2012, pg. 55) ‘a powerful architectural experience silences all external noise; it focuses our attention on our very own existence.’ From the research it can be identified that all exterior sounds are muted and the only noise that is heard is that of when an individual moves within the volume of water which echoes around the environment. The body causes splashes and ripples resulting in the water enveloping the body. This ‘creates a sense of connection and solidarity’ (Pallasmaa, 2012, pg.54) with the water as well as the surrounding environment and allows for a moment of purely focusing and relaxing, therefore, adding to the experience and improving the health and wellbeing of the individual. In addition, it can be identified that ‘interiors are like large instruments, collecting sound, amplifying it, transmitting it elsewhere’ allowing for the body interpret and perceive the space’ (Zumthor, 2006, pg. 29). Within a pool environment, sounds are carried throughout, allowing for the body to associate with the tranquillity of the water, relaxing both the mind throughout the experience (Zumthor, 2006).
The Sound of a Space | 59
Temperature Change
Fig 36 | Cool, fresh water that the body is about to be immersed in (Author’s Own, 2020)
It has been identified through personal experience as well as throughout the literature that the change in temperature which the body and skin experience during the journey of a pool environment engages fully with the individual and their senses in order to improve health and wellbeing. From the moment you enter the changing rooms and put on a swimming costume, to setting foot into the humid, stuffy pool side, the senses are engaged. With the feeling of cool, fresh water rushing over the body, the human skin experiences significant changes in bodily temperature. As can be seen from figure 36, the water that the body is about to be immersed in sends mixed emotions to the mind and brain. However, it can be identified that the most significant aspect that the body experiences is the feeling of adapting to the new environment and the overwhelming feeling of being immersed in water. The refreshing yet sudden chill of the water hits the body instantly creating a new world where everything is now forgotten. ‘The immersion of the human body in water causes reactions in bodily functions’ (Alexiou, 2014, pg. 10) which is then conveyed through all aspects of the skin, affecting behaviours and mind positively.
60 | Experiencing Water
Fig 37 | The body and skin adapting to the temperature (Author’s Own, 2020)
The feeling of the water surrounding the skin enhances the sense of touch and temperature. ‘Temperature affects your mood more strongly than other senses’ (Gelder, 2020). This is due to large areas of skin perceiving and being exposed to temperature change which can make your body feel comfortable (Gelder, 2020). Therefore, it can be concluded that the change in temperature can have a significant impact on the individual’s mood, health and wellbeing.
‘It’s in what I see, what I feel, what I touch, even with my feet’ (Zumthor, 2006) Temperature Change | 61
Movement One key theme that has occurred throughout the research is the concept of movement and ‘the moment of active encounter’ (Pallasmaa, 2012, pg. 67). It can be seen that the journey throughout a pool environment incorporates a series of active elements that enhances each of the senses: for example, changing, entering the water and moving through the water which creates a sensation of adventure and eagerness. ‘An architectural experience is one that ‘encounters, confronters and interacts with memory’ (Pallasmaa, 2012, pg. 68). This highlights the fact that moving from one space to the next, builds up the experience of being on ‘the edge’, interacting with memory and further supporting the theories stated in related literature.
Fig 38 | Moving through the water creates a sensation of adventure (Author’s Own, 2020)
62 | Experiencing Water
06. Concluding Thoughts Relationship with the Senses Integration of the Senses within a Pool Environment To Conclude Recommendations
| 63
Relationship with the Senses
‘Architecture is the art of reconciliation between ourselves and the world, and this mediation takes place through the senses’ (Pallasmaa, 2012, pg. 48). Humans engage with architectural environments differently as different senses are experienced in different ways by each individual. Architecture has the power to bring back strong memories and emotions (Marinova, 2019) as well as stimulating the senses, especially within pool environments. It has been highlighted throughout the research that the relationship between water and the individual is fundamental in order to create a sensory experience. Pool environments engage and interact with all the senses, creating a multi-sensory experience, but in particular the sense of sight. The primary sense ‘collaborates with the body and the other senses’ (Pallasmaa, 2012, pg .44) implying that what we see and perceive plays a fundamental role that then interacts with the other senses which creates a unique and full experience. ‘Sight is what allows us to perceive light, form and colour’ (Marinova, 2019). The research conducted (Fig 31-38) highlights how the visual qualities, such as light within a pool, can create an atmosphere, both in the water and out, enhancing the sense of sight and therefore creating an experience.
64 | Concluding Thoughts
Fig 39 | The primary sense of sight ‘collaborates with the body and other senses’ (Pallasmaa, 2012, pg. 44) (Author’s Own, 2020)
The sensation of touch and feeling of movement is another key aspect that has been recognised throughout the research. ‘This stimulation is life-enhancing’ (Pallasmaa, 2012, pg. 48). When being immersed in water, we can sense the cool, fresh water against the skin which allows for a moment of memory as well as a place of tranquillity for the body and mind. In addition, through the use of materials, the architecture connects with the individual physically. For example, soft stone and surfaces are used to highlight the sense of touch.
Fig 40 | The sensation of touch. ‘This stimulation is life-enhancing’ (Pallasmaa, 2012, pg. 48) (Author’s Own, 2020)
However, it is the integration between these senses that creates a unique and pure sensory experience. ‘The hands want to see, the eyes want to caress’ (Goeth, cited in Pallasmaa, 2012, pg. 17). The integration of senses throughout the journey of a pool environment enhances the experience which ‘ignites the imagination’ (Pallasmaa, 2012) and makes the body want to explore further. In addition, it can be seen that the ‘shapes and surfaces are moulded for the pleasurable touch of the eye (Pallasmaa, 2012, pg 49) further supporting the integration and engagement between the senses.
Relationship with the Senses | 65
Integration of the Senses within Pool Environments
Having explored the literature and conducted research into water, architectural design and the senses, it can be concluded that pool environments are sensory experiences that improve and relax both the body and the mind. As the research has shown, the combination of the sense of sight and touch are key in order to create a memorable experience with lasting effects. Figure 41 shows how the relationship between different pool environments could interact and fuse together each of the senses which would create the sensation of ultimate rejuvenation and relaxation. The journey of moving through the varying temperature and experiences, for instance, the ice pool to the fire pool, makes the body want to explore further into a world of reflective thinking and creativity. Each pool enhances the senses. Fire Pool - Touch Outdoor Pool - Sight Scented Pool - Smell Indoor Pool - Sound Ice Pool - Touch
66 | Concluding Thoughts
Fig 41 | Pool environment and the integration of the senses (Author’s Own, 2020)
Ideal Pool environment | 67
To Conclude
By critically analysing the experience of a journey taken through a pool environment, conducted through phenomenology, this research aimed to identify how pool environments create an experience that tranquillises the body with a lasting memory. It provides a method of exploring architectural design and the interactions and engagement this has with the senses – how this contributes to the enhancement of the senses and how materials and spaces of the architecture of pool environments help to create an experience. In the development of the research, it became apparent that throughout the literature about pool environments (thermal baths, mineral pools, Roman baths and natural pools), the enhancement of the senses is unique to each experience and three key themes emerged: • Temperature • Light • Natural Elements The emergent elements highlighted the significant relationship that the body and skin had with water as well as architectural design.
68 | Concluding Thoughts
The research explored the experience of water, through phenomenological methods, and recognise how the natural liquid could engage with body and senses, in all aspects, to stimulate a sensation of relaxation and wellbeing. It can be concluded that engagement and interaction that the body has with water causes the senses to fuse together to release an out of this world sensation of rejuvenation and relaxation that refocuses the brain and mind. My recommendation, having critiqued the Newcastle Baths and from my personal experience of being immersed in water, is that city planners should ensure that pool environments are readily available to all communities given the lasting benefits to health and wellbeing. The creation of experiences with water enhances each of the senses which ultimately has a lasting benefit on the body and mind, increasing the positivity, health and wellbeing within a community collectively. In addition, consideration should be given to incorporating architectural design that enhances the sounds, aesthetics and physical touch of water, to create sensory experiences that will stimulate emotional wellbeing. When immersing in water, the senses and the architectural design are the fundamental factors that create the moment and the experience becomes memorable. Simply, fully, purely experiencing. Recommendations | 69
07. References and Appendix
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References
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Finlay, J., Franke, T., McKay H. and Sim-Gould J. (2015) Therapeutic landscapes and wellbeing in later life: Impacts of blue and green spaces for older adults, Department of Geography, Environment and Society, University of Minnesota, 414 Social Sciences, 267 19th Ave S, Minneapolis, 55455 MN, USA Foley, R. (2016) Swimming as an accretive practice in healthy blue space, Emotion, Space and Society 22 43-5. Available from: https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S1755458615300591?token=1037A9BE72CC509F078D5CE5E490826B91A0ED371A3DB94B54107F59B66BA064AA1A7C3389C4A1BBFE6DF6004EAC74DF [Accessed 28th February 2020] Foresight Mental Capital and Wellbeing Project, (2008) Final Project report – Executive summary. The Government Office for Science, London. Available from: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_ data/file/292453/mental-capital-wellbeing-summary.pdf [Accessed 23rd November 2019] Gelder, T. (2020) Phenomenology, The 12 Senses. Available from: http://tomvangelder.antrovista.com/sense-of-temperature-131m50.html [Accessed 24th February 2020] Gendall, J. and Amelar, S. (2007) Just add water Architectural record, Vol. 195, Issue 2 Griffiths, A. (2018) Basalt Architects completes hotel at Iceland’s Blue Lagoon resort. Available from: https://www.dezeen. com/2018/07/15/retreat-at-blue-lagoon-iceland-basalt-architects-architecture/ [Accessed 10th November 2019] Hancock B., Windridge K., and Ockleford E. (2007) An Introduction to Qualitative Research. The NIHR RDS EM / YH Hauser S., Zumthor P., & Binet, H. (2007). Peter Zumthor--Therme Vals. Zürich: Scheidegger & Spiess. HCMA Architecture and Design, (2016) Natural Swimming Pool, The Future of Public Swimming without Chlorine. Available from: https://hcma.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Natural-Swimming-Pools-Report_HCMA.pdf [Accessed 13th November 2019] Historic Pools, (2020) Newcastle City Pool. Available from: https://historicpools.org.uk/member_pools/newcastle-city-pool-newcastle/ [Accessed 24th February 2020] Howes, D. (ed.) (1991) The Varieties of Sensory Experiences: A Sourcebook in the Anthropology of the Senses. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Hut, P. (2020) Exploring Actuality through Experiment and Experience, Hursserlian Phenomenology Diagram. Available from: https://www.ids.ias.edu/~piet/publ/TucsonIII/tucsonIII [Accessed 3rd March 2020] Imagine Tenerife, (2019) Natural Lava Swimming Pools & Tapas Full-Day Experience. Available from: https://www.expedia.co.uk/ things-to-do/natural-lava-swimming-pools-tapas-full-day-experience.a270091.activity-details [Accessed 10th November 2019] Kearney, R. (1994) Modern Movements in European Philosophy, Manchester: Manchester University Press
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Lalonde, D. (2012) Peter Zumthor Case Study. Thermal Baths. Available from: https://danilalonde.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/ danifinalcasestudy.pdf [Accessed 5th November 2019] Lester, S. (1999) An introduction to phenomenological research. Available from: https://www.rgs.org/CMSPages/GetFile.aspx?nodeguid=7ad9b8d4-6a93-4269-94d2-585983364b51&lang=en-GB [Accessed 28th February 2020] Marinova, E. (2019) Multi-sensory design – building for all the senses. Available from: http://www.re-publicspace.com/multi-sensory-design-building-for-all-senses/ [Accessed 25th February 2019] Marris, J. (2017 Thermal spa has been destroyed says Peter Zumthor. Available from: https://www.dezeen. com/2017/05/11/peter-zumthor-vals-therme-spa-switzerland-destroyed-news/ [Accessed 3rd March 2020] Martin P. (2014) Vals Thermal Baths, Interior View. Available from: https://arcspace.com/feature/vals-thermal-baths/ [Accessed 13th November 2019] Merleau-Ponty, M. (1962) Phenomenology of Perception. (C. Smith, Trans.) London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Murray, S. (2007) Material Experience: Peter Zumthor’s Thermal Bath at Vals. The Senses and Society, 2(3), 363-369. Neubaur, B., Witkop, C. and Varpio, L. (2019) How Phenomenology can help us learn from the experiences of others, Perspectives Med Educ 8, 90-97 DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/s40037-019-0509-2 Newcastle City Council (2017) Planning Application Documents. Available from: https://publicaccessapplications.newcastle.gov. uk/online-applications/applicationDetails.do?activeTab=documents&keyVal=OLB1M9BS0GP00 [Accessed 15th February 2020] O’Dell, T. (2010) Spas, The Cultural Economy of Hospitality, Magic and the Senses, Sweeden: Nordic Academic Press Ord, M. (2016) Plans in for Newcastle city pool and Turkish baths scheme. Available from: https://www.insidermedia.com/news/ north-east/plans-in-for-newcastle-city-pool-and-turkizsh-baths-scheme [Accessed 6th February 2020] Pallasmaa, J. (2012) The Eyes of the Skin, Architecture and the Senses, West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons Ltd Peri, A. (2015) A model for everyday experience of the built environment: the embodied perception of architecture, The Journal of Architecture, 20:2, 244-267, DOI Philippou, S. (2010) Made of Stone and Water, for the Human Body, Thermal Vals. Available from: https://www.greekarchitects. gr/en/degrees/made-of-stone-and-water-for-the-human-body-id2843 [Accessed 3rd March 2020] Pink, S. (2009) Doing Sensory Ethnography, London; Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Post, G. (2015) More than numbers: Ethnography or phenomenology? Available from: https://blogs.bmj.com/adc/2015/02/20/ more-than-numbers-ethnography-or-phenomenology/ [Accessed 24th January 2020] 74 |
Public Health England, (2018) State of the North East 2018: Public Mental Health and Wellbeing. Available from: https://assets. publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/779473/state_of_the_north_east_2018_ public_mental_health_and_wellbeing.pdf [Accessed 7th February 2020} RIBA, (2019) YAPG: Newcastle City Baths Revisit Building Tour. Available from: https://www.architecture.com/whats-on/yapfnewcastle-city-baths-revisit-tour [Accessed 28th February 2020] Ricardo, (2008) Friedrichsbad Spa. Available from: https://www.flickr.com/photos/ricardo/2710148041 [Accessed 2nd November 2019] Sherr, L. (2012) Why We Love the Water, United States: Public Affairs Sokolowski, R. (1999) Introduction. In Introduction to Phenomenology (pp.1-7) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Spa Experience, (2017) Five Ways that Thermal Spas can Benefit your wellbeing. Available from: https://www.spaexperience. org.uk/about/blog/detail/our-blog/2017/01/26/five-ways-that-thermal-spas-can-benefit-your-wellbeing [Accessed 2nd March 2020] Spier, S. (2001) Place, authorship and the concrete: Three conversations with Peter Zumthors. Architectural Research Quartley, 5(1) Stojkvic, S. (2019) Architectural Retreat: Thermal Vals: Peter Zumthor: Switzerland. Available from: https://www.pinterest.co.uk/ pin/362539838722955820/?lp=true [Accessed 11 November 2019] Swinton Estate, (2020) Swinton Estate, Autumn / Winter Guide, Issue 4 Tanizaki, J., Harper, T., & Seidensticker, E. (2001). In praise of shadows (Vintage classics). London: Vintage Tracey, S. (2013) Qualitative Research Methods, Collecting evidence, crafting analysis, communicating impact, Sussex: Blackwell Turkish Baths, (2020) Turkish Baths Benefits. Available from: https://www.turkishbaths.org/turkish-bath-benefits/ [Accessed 14th February 2020] Wohnlich, S. (1996) The spa of Baden-Baden, Germany, Environmental Geology, Volume 27, pg. 108 Yorgancoiglu, D. (2004) Steven Holl: A translation of phenomenological philosophy into the realm of architecture, Middle East Technical University Zumthor, P. (2006) Atmospheres: Architectural environments; surrounding objects. Basel Boston Berlin:
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Appendix I
Participant Observation
76 | Appendix
Appendix II Ethics Form
APPENDIX II Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences
YES
NO
Checklist for Undergraduate/Taught Postgraduate Research Projects
4.
Is the research going to be conducted in a clinical setting?
X
(to be completed by the student)
5
Will the study involve:
X
Name of student: Bethany Meer
(a) patients or users of the NHS;
Student Number: 17013114
(b) users in a social care setting (or social care research projects funded by the Department of Health);
Project title: Water, Senses and Architectural Design: An Exploration of Memory and Experience
(c) children;
Project description (100 words max.):
(d) participants who lack the capacity to consent;
Mental health and wellbeing is a major issue across the globe, affecting people either directly or indirectly and impacting all aspects of everyday life. Research has shown that sensory connections with natural elements, for instance water, can benefit the individual and society. This study aims to determine what aspects of a pool environment enhance all of the senses and create an experience for the individual with lasting memory. Based on a review of the literature on phenomenology, temperature, light and natural aspects, interviews and participant observation were conducted at Newcastle City Baths which allowed for critical analysis on thoughts, feelings and behaviours when being immersed in water. A phenomenological method was then adopted to understand the experience of water from a first person perspective, this was recorded through a series of images. On this basis, consideration should be given to incorporating architectural design that enhances the sounds, aesthetics and physical touch of water, to create sensory experiences that will stimulate emotional wellbeing. YES
(e) participants who are in unequal relationships (e.g. participants who are subordinate to the researcher(s) in a context outside the research)? 6.
Does the project require the co-operation of a gatekeeper for initial access to the subjects (e.g. students at school; members of a self-help group, residents of a nursing home, prisoners)?
X
7.
Will participants in the study be taking part in a study without their knowledge and consent?
X
8.
Will the study involve deliberately misleading participants in any way?
X
9.
Will the study involve discussion of sensitive topics (e.g. sexual activity; drug use; pornography)?
X
10.
Will participants be offered financial inducements (other than reasonable expenses and compensation for time)?
X
11.
Will the study involve prolonged and repetitive testing of subjects (i.e. more than 4 hours commitment or attendance on more than two occasions)?
X
12.
Will the study induce psychological stress or anxiety or cause harm or negative consequences beyond the risks encountered in normal life, or induce pain or more than mild discomfort?
X
13.
Are any substances (e.g. food; vitamins) likely to be administered to the participants or will the study involve invasive, intrusive or potentially harmful procedures of any
X
NO X
1.
Does the project involve human participants?
2.
Is there any risk of damage to the University’s reputation because of the sensitivity of the chosen topic?
X
3.
Does the project involve more than minimal risks to the researcher?
X
If the answers to all THREE questions above is NO, then there is no need to proceed any further. The supervisor needs to consider whether the answers are reasonable given the chosen topic.
If the answer to any of the questions above is yes, please answer the remaining questions:
Ethics Form | 77
Appendix II
Ethics Form 14.
15.
Will the study involve the collection or analysis of sensitive data which will be identifiable within the project outputs and could potentially cause harm?
X
Will the study cause damage to the environment, the landscape or cultural heritage, or involve any other action which might (otherwise) be regarded dangerous or illegal?
X
If your answer to any of the questions 4-15 above is YES, then you need to discuss the proposal with your tutor/supervisor, who needs to write a comment in the box below and determine whether any safeguards are needed and whether the proposal needs to be referred to the School’s Ethics Co-ordinator.
The nature of the problems raised:
APL Dissertation Research Risk Assessment
This form must be approved and signed by the appropriate responsible person, usually the Dissertation Supervisor. One copy of the form should be taken by the student on the research trip; another copy should be retained by the responsible person (Dissertation Supervisor). Persons Involved Student(s) Bethany Meer
Dissertation Supervisor Prue Chiles
Brief Description of Research Proposal (include details of course)
Project Title: Water, Senses and Architectural Design: An Exploration of Memory and Experience Course: Architecture and Urban Planning (K190) I will explore the relationship of water and architectural design. I am interested in how individuals feel moving through water and what elements enhance this. I will create a relaxed, informal environment resulting in the responses emerging out of conversations.
Dates of Proposed Research February 2020 Location(s) of Research Trip
If more than one location provide breakdown of locations and dates
February 2020 - Newcastle City Baths Contact Arrangements
In addition to University emergency contact number (detailed below) provide contact details of student and at least one emergency contact, along with relationship to that contact (e.g. parent, spouse, friend)
University Emergency Number +44 (0)191 208 7634 (Jill Mawson APL School Manager) or +44 (0191) 208 6817 University security 24 hour number Student Contact Details: Bethany Meer - 07867646188 Emergency Contact Details: Jeremy Meer (Father) - 07585509003 Detail insurance cover including policy number and emergency contact number
78 | Appendix
Emergency procedures including check in system
Hazards, Risks and Controls
Emergency Procedures
Activities with Hazardous Potential and Significant Risks
Hazard Risks Control Measures
Hazard Risks Control Measures
Indicate procedures to follow in an emergency
Dealing with people
Controls Implemented
Conducting interviews, talking to members of the public etc.
Privacy, shared personal information, photographs No names or personal information will be recorded. Photographs will only be taken with consent from each individual participant. Any transcripts, recordings, drawings or information gathered during the study will only be kept for the period of organising the results for the written essay.
Dealing with people
Conducting interviews, talking to members of the public etc.
Behaviour or violence Be polite when engaging with people, stay calm and ensure that I do not create social discomfort or invade a participant’s privacy.
Travel Safety Checklist
Where appropriate provide further explanation
Have you checked Foreign and Commonwealth Office travel advice for destination(s)? http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travelling-and-living-overseas/travel-advice-bycountry/ Have you obtained a European Health Card? http://www.travel-insurance.net/info/european-health-insurance-card.php Do you have suitable Travel Insurance Cover?
Yes
Call the contact numbers provided
Yes
Delete as appropriate
Controls Implemented
Yes
Delete as appropriate
Assessor Name
Signature
Student Name Bethany Meer
Signature
Date
20/12/19
Students are responsible for carrying out research according to the approved risk assessment. If any significant part of the proposal changes the form must be updated and approved again before the research can be undertaken.
No
X
X
X
If your trip is not solely for University business you may need to arrange separate cover
Do you have a disability?
X
If yes, where additional assistance may be required advice can be sought from the Disability support Service
Do you need to seek immunisation advice?
X
Advice can be sought from GP or a travel clinic, the nearest is the MASTA Travel Clinic on Claremont Road.
Ethics Form | 79
170131140 Bethany Meer
