Victoria Haslam Portfolio by PDF Uploads

PORTFOLIO

VICTORIA HASLAM | STAGE 5 | SEMESTER 2 | 2020-21

ARC8052 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PRACTICE 1 PORTFOLIO THE BIG HERE AND THE LONG NOW VICTORIA HASLAM 160132737 SEMESTER 2 MARCH STAGE 5 2020-21

CONTENTS

NEW WORK AMENDED WORK WORK FROM SEMESTER 1 ARB Part II Criteria are documented throughout the portfolio.

CRITICAL INTRODUCTION

9 10 14

CONTEXT Site Location Site Analysis

21 22 26

MASTERPLAN Concept Masterplan Proposal

53 54 58 74 80

THE BLYTH BEACON Design Focus Design Development Tower Design Final Design

113

DETAILS

121

CRITICAL REFLECTION

122

ARB CRITERIA

CRITICAL INTRODUCTION Embodying the themes of The Big Here and Long Now my project considers issues which are beyond our field, issues which are not only relevant to our lives today, but which will extend into our future without action. A large issue which fits this notion is the climate crisis and how we can combat climate change. Following from my exploration of the material process of coal in semester one, my project is centred around the themes of carbon capture and reversing the effects of coal mining. Tackling the global issue of carbon dioxide pollution at a local scale, locating my project on a former coal mine in Blyth. Carbon dioxide is necessary for life of earth to thrive, however due to human activities an imbalance in natural carbon dioxide levels have occurred. Today there is too much carbon dioxide in our atmosphere, resulting in carbon dioxide being one of the main contributors to climate change. The excess in carbon dioxide arrives from burning fossil fuels such as coal. My project aims to positively juxtapose the industrial heritage of Blyth and responds directly to its site, reversing the effects of it’s previous occupant. Continuing from semester one, where I had began to develop an urban intervention in response to the themes set out, I extended these themes into a realised masterplan. The masterplan design addresses climate change with an innovative carbon capture facility, whilst remapping Blyth’s heritage, offering the town a new identity in green technologies. Further extending from themes I outlined in semester one, I aimed for the proposal to be a social space, offering areas for the community and acting as a beacon to attract more visitors to the town. The masterplan proposal continues to reflect on the studio themes from semester one, with a focus on a material process. The material flow from carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to a brick, which can be used in construction, is one which has been present through my whole design process. This process is illustrated through my masterplan, as carbon dioxide is taken in through towers which filter ambient air, processed in the carbon capture plant to create limestone, then manufactured to produce a calcium silicate brick. The circular strategies incorporated in the scheme not only close the loop on carbon but utilises the waste products, benefiting the local community.

After declaring a strategy at urban scale, my design focus shifted to developing a part of the masterplan into an architectural intervention with a complex building structure. The element of the masterplan I have been concentrating on this semester is the carbon capture plant, which includes the carbon capture towers and a visitor centre. As I aimed for the masterplan to be a social space, I didn’t want to lose this through designing an industrial building, therefore an important theme for me was integrating public and industrial spaces. Furthermore the communication of the important fundamental themes of climate change and carbon capture is paramount through the design. I aimed to achieve this through many design considerations such as allowing visitors to access the roof, look into industrial spaces, have visual experiences of climate change and be emerged in the material process. The atmospheric design of the building is carefully integrated with structural and environmental design of the building. Using the calcium silicate bricks produced through the material flow of carbon dioxide, I designed a brick vaulted structure. Through renewable and innovative materials I used a vernacular structure and transformed it. By using a vaulted structure I was able to provide the interior with a specific atmospheric quality of having both mine-like and spectacular spaces; along with providing a sound structural solution to supporting an earthen roof and allowing for large interrupted floor spans in the factory. Acting as a beacon for the town of Blyth, the project aims to illuminate the towns future in green technologies and through the monumental carbon capture towers attracts people to visit. The proposal is a space for visitors to not only learn about climate change and innovative responses to the climate crisis, but also a space which addresses the history of the site, a reminder or the past which celebrates the towns successes and creates inspiration fo the future.

CONTEXT

GC 2 | GC 4 | GC 6

SITE LOCATION

BLYTH, NORTHUMBERLAND The costal town Blyth is located 14 miles north of Newcastle. Situated by the sea, Blyth was once an industrial powerhouse, with busy ports exporting 5.5 million tonnes of coal a year. Blyth continues to keep an active port, handleing upton 2 million tonnes of cargo and focusing on the development of renewable energies. Port of Blyth is at the forefront of the offshore and renewable energy sector in partnership with offshore renewable energy company Catapult. Despite the town’s port advancing in green technologies the rest of the town remains quiet and still recovering from the decline in heavy industries. After the fall in coal mining Blyth not only fell into poverty but lost the industry which made a large part of the towns identity. The effects caused from the closure of the coal mines 60 years ago can still be seen in Blyth’s statistics today; The town is higher than average in unemployment and has lower statistics in general health. Education is also pooer than average in the area. Today Blyth describes itself as a costal market town with a bustling port, focused on renewable energies. The town hosts a regualr market, and it is obvious that the town is proud of it’s involvemnet in the devleopment of wind energy and interested in solutions to climate change. These features are important aspects of Blyth’s new identity and are future for Blyth as the community progresses from depending on coal mining.

References: Home - Port of Blyth | Leading UK Offshore Energy Support Base”. 2020. Port of Blyth | Leading UK Offshore Energy Support Base <http://portofblyth.co.uk> “Blyth Town Council - History”. 2020. Blythtowncouncil.org.uk <https://www.blythtowncouncil.org.uk/history.php> Kingdom, United, and North England. 2001. “Blyth - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information”, Citypopulation.de <https://www.citypopulation.de/en/uk/northeastengland/northumberland/E34002074__blyth/> “Socio-economic statistics for Blyth, Northumberland”. 2021. iLiveHere - Britain’s worst places to live <https://www.ilivehere. co.uk/statistics-blyth-northumberland-4218.html>

SITE LOCATION BATES COLLIERY SITE OF NEW TRAIN STATION

SHIPPING DOCK

SITE FOR INTERVENTION FORMER COAL MINE / BATES COLLIERY

BUS ROUTES

TOWN CENTRE

Map of Blyth 0

100

200

300

400

500

This image has been edited from origanal image from semester 1

GC 2 | GC 4 | GC 6 | GC 7

SITE ANALYSIS

SITE ANALYSIS IMMEDIATE CONTEXT

FORMER COAL MINE, BATES COLLIERY

FIRTILISER STORAGE

PORT OF BLYTH

HOUSING ESTATE

SITE MINE WASTE MATERIAL

MARINE GAS STORAGE

SCHOOL

MINE WATER TREATMENT

Areal view map from apple maps Photograph from: https://davidheyscollection.com/pages/davidheys-steam-diesel-photo-collection-83-cowpen-blyth-history-1

Today the Bates Colliery is industrial waste land. The mining equiptment has been removed and the site has been landscaped over mostly in gravel. The mine shafts still exist on the site, however are blocked at the top and filled with water, which is processed in at the mine water treatment plant next to the site.

Bates Colliery closed in 1985, during it’s operation the mine employed 1735 men. The colliery was unique because of the shipping dock on site, this made the transportation of coal very efficient. When creating the mine, the waste material, which was mostly sandstone and shields, was disposed of into the river and sea. The mine waste still exists in the river today and can be seen in photographs.

The site is situated in an indsutrial area, however a school and housing estate neighbours the site.

References:

Bell, David, and Jackson, Norman (2020) Mining Institute Interview

GC 2 | GC 4 | GC 6 | GC 7 | GC 11

SITE ANALYSIS EXISTING ENVIRONMENT & SITE OWNERSHIP

SITE ANALYSIS SEA LEVEL CHANGE

Mine Shaft

Existing Staiths (Birds nesting)

Potential Routes

0.5m SEA RISE 50 years time 60 years time with moderate carbon cuts 90 years time with extreme carbon cuts

Hodgson Road Estate

UK Coal Netto Plc

Blyth Valley Council Northumbria County Council Northumbria Water Mr Bill Towers

Coal Authority

Port of Blyth

Hewden Properties

Coal Authority

2.5m SEA RISE 100 years time 200 years time with moderate carbon cuts 200+ years time with extreme carbon cuts

Sun Path Existing Roads

5m SEA RISE

Existing Path

150 years time 200+ years time with moderate carbon cuts 200+ years time with extreme carbon cuts

SSSI Muds (rocks from mine) 16

GC 4 | GC 5 | GC 6

SITE VISIT

Photographs of the site

When visiting the site the fisrt thing I noticed was how active the waterfront was with people. The waterfront has a footpath arriving from the mine water treatment plant and finishes at the dock. There was many people making use of this footpath, walking dogs, cycling and climbing on the staiths. I also took a note of the sounds on site. The site is very noisy from nearby industry, there is also a lot of noise fromn sea birds. 18

MASTERPLAN

GC 2 | GC 3 | GC 7

CONCEPT

SATURATED FILTER HEATED

CARBON CAPTURE FACILITY

CO2 FREE AIR

AMBIENT AIR

CO2 RELEASED AND COLLECTED

CO2 CHEMICALLY BINDS TO FILTER

CARBON IN THE GROUND How direct air capture works

Image based from “Climeworks - a climate-positive world enabled by direct air capture”. 2020. Climeworks.com <https://climeworks.com/news/climeworks-raises-chf-73m-usd-75m>

CARBON DIOXIDE UTILISED AND PERMANENTLY REMOVED FROM ATMOSPHERE

CARBON IN THE FORM OF COAL MINED FROM GROUND & TRANSPORTED

DIRECT AIR CAPTURE Direct air capture is a innovative technology which has been developed by Swiss company Climeworks. Climeworks have created machines which consist of modular CO2 collectors which can be stacked to build carbon capture structures of any size. The collectors work in a two step process, firstly ambient air is drawn into the collector with a fan, the carbon dioxide is captured on a filter material. The second step happens when the filter is full, the collector closes and the system heats up to 100 degrees Celsius and the carbon dioxide is released and collected.

CARBON DIOXIDE COLLECTED FROM THE ATMOSPHERE

COAL BURNED FOR ENERGY

CARBON DIOXIDE FROM BURNING COAL IS RELEASED INTO THE ATMOSPHERE

CARBON UTILISATION MINERAL CARBONATION A company called Mineral Carbonation International (MCI) has developed a technology to lock away atmospheric carbon dioxide into a permanent solid, limestone, which can be made into a material for construction. The process of converting carbon dioxide into a solid is a natural one, however the company have developed a technology which can reduce the time of the process from millions of years to hours.

CARBON UTILISATION GREENHOUSES Carbon dioxide can be pumped into greenhouses to be used and stored by plants and increase crop yield of fruit and vegetables.

In semester 1 I outlined the concept and programme for my masterplan. As the site was formally a coal mine, which subsequently contributed to climate change when the coal was burned for energy and polluted the atmosphere with co2. I wanted my proposal to juxtapose the previous occupant of the site and reverse the effects caused by it. Aiming to close the loop on carbon, the site is to house an innovative carbon capture facility, which will remove co2 directly from ambient air. Not only will the proposal remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, but will also utilise the carbon, permanently removing it from the atmosphere and returning it to a natural harmless state.

References: Reverse climate change by removing CO2 from the air.”. 2020. Climeworks. com <https://www.climeworks.com/co2-removal> The Tiny Swiss Company That Thinks It Can Help Stop Climate Change (Published 2019)”. 2020. Nytimes.com <https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/12/ magazine/climeworks-business-climate-change.html>

Images:

About us - Mineral Carbonation International”. 2020. Mineral Carbonation International <https://www.mineralcarbonation.com/about-us>

New technology converts carbon emissions into building materials”. 2020. ArchitectureAU <https://architectureau.com/articles/ new-technology-converts-carbon-emissions-into-building-materials/>

Populaer AG, Winterthur. 2020. “Unternehmen”, Gebruedermeier.ch <https:// www.gebruedermeier.ch>

Populaer AG, Winterthur. 2020. “Unternehmen”, Gebruedermeier. ch <https://www.gebruedermeier.ch>

GC 1 | GC 3 | GC 5 | GC 7

MASTERPLAN INITIAL PROGRAMME REQUIREMENTS

CARBON DIOXIDE TO A BUILDING MATERIAL

CARBON CAPTURE PLANT

SATURATED FILTER HEATED

DIRECT AIR CAPTURE TOWERS CO2 FREE AIR

AMBIENT AIR

CO2 CHEMICALLY BINDS TO FILTER

CARBON CAPTURE TOWERS 7 towers represent the 7 collieries that were in Blyth. The towers will be a monumental reminder of the heritage of Byth combined with Blyth’s current involvement in renewable energy and fixing climate change. The towers will collect 1800 tons of co2 a year through direct air capture.

CO2 RELEASED AND COLLECTED

CARBON CAPTURE PLANT

CARBON MINERALISATION PLANT

Rocks from mine

GREENHOUSE STORAGE OFFICE WAREHOUSE/MATERIAL STORAGE

GREENHOUSE The greenhouse will utilise half of the co2 collected, 900 tons. For this much co2 the greenhouse will be 4000m2. The co2 will increase the crop yield by 30% A greenhouse this size could grow annually: -29992kg of tomatoes -27302kg of cucumbers PUBLIC BUILDINGS -1527 lettuces -Restaurant/ Community kitchen- Greenhouse -3628kg of peppers produce -Museum/education centre- carbon capture & History of Blyth/ Something for healthy eating/ gardening - greenhouse

Industrial waste- ash

MATERIAL MANUFACTURE Combining 900 tons of co2 with the waste material from Bates Colliery to create a building material which can only be created in this location.

Limestone Mineralisation by direct air capture

Bacterial Carbonic Anhydrase

CARBON STORAGE The plant collects 1800 tons of co2 annually, therefore each day 4.93 tons of co2 will be collected. The amount of co2 will require 2742m2 of storage.

Carbon Dioxide

BRICK FACTORY

CALCIUM SILICATE BRICK FACTORY

Mill Limestone

Semester 1 programme for masterplan

Mix Limestone with water and sand

Material process, utilising carbon dioxide

Mould mixture into bricks

Bricks react in autoclave to form crystal like compound

Calcium Silicate bricks which can be used in construction

GC 1 | GC 5 | GC 7

MASTERPLAN PROPOSAL

DOCK -calcium silicate bricks can be exported on site

Through the masterplan I not only wanted to create a space for Blyth to increase it’s involvement in reducing climate change with a carbon capture plant but also a space for the community. I set out to design a masterplan which would extend on Blyth’s existing identity of a market town, aiming to bring a sense of community and market culture to the design. I also wanted to create inviting routes along the waterfront as these do not currently exist and I could see from my site visit that this would be something people in Blyth would want. My proposal also aims to attract more visitors to Blyth and create new jobs to help correct the town’s high poverty and unemployment statistics. Another notion I wanted to carry across into the design of the masterplan was to have public spaces and industry integrated. I intended for the visitors of the site to feel involved with the industry.

VISITOR CENTRE

PUBLIC PARK - using carbon capture garden -50% rock dust & 50% greenwaste soil -traps a lot of co2 underground

CARBON CAPTURE PLANT & CARBON MINERALISATION HALL -administrative offices for carbon capture plant -fatory hall to mineralise collected co2 into limestone

Early concept collages

Masterplan programme diagram

PUBLIC BUILDINGS -resturants, bike hire, shops

MARKET SPACE -vegetables from greenhouses and allotments can be sold here

DIRECT AIR CAPTURE TOWERS

GEOTHERMIC POWER PLANT -uses mine water -energy to power fans in direct air capture towers

BRICK FACTORY -limestone from co2 can be turned into a calcium silicate brick

APPROACH TO INTERVENTION

RESIDENTS ALLOTMENTS

INDUSTRIAL GREENHOUSES -using co2 from direct air capture

GC 1 | GC 5

Stones from Mine Waste

Waterfront Walkway and Cycle Route

Public Park with Carbon Capture Garden

Shipping Dock Visitor Centre

Carbon Capture Plant

Brick Factory

Public Beach Industrial Greenhouses Carbon Capture Towers Tennis Courts Public Market Space Area for Childrens Play Park Public Park with Carbon Capture Garden

Area for Garden Residents Allotments

Public Buildings

Geothermal Power Plant

Public Carpark

Masterplan 1-1500

0 28

120

160m

GC 1 | GC 5 | GC 6

Image to show different community aspects of masterplan

GC 1 | GC4 | GC 5 | GC 6

MASTERPLAN ROUTES & CIRCULATION

Existing Cycle Route Proposed Cycle Route Existing Bus Route Proposed Bus Route Proposed Bus Stops

Diagram to show routes to Mar site07, 2021 14:52

Scale 1:10000 0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Projection: B ritish N ational Grid

700

800

900

1000 m

Victoria Haslam

University of Newcastle

Diagram to show circulation around the masterplan

Vehicle Routes Footpaths Cycle Routes

GC 1 | GC4 | GC 5 | GC 6

MASTERPLAN ZONING

CARBON CAPTURE PLANT

INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS PUBLIC CARPARK

PUBLIC BUILDINGS

PUBLIC BEACH

PUBLIC MARKET SPACE

Diagram to show building zones

GREENHOUSES

RESIDENTS ALLOTMENTS

CARBON CAPTURE TOWERS

ACTORY

BRICK F

CARBON CAPTURE GARDEN SHIPPING DOCK

PUBLIC PARK & CARBON CAPTURE GARDEN INDUSTRIAL ZONE

E R U

PUBLIC BEACH

N O B

P A C

PLAY ZONE PUBLIC MARKET ZONE

ITO

VIS

GROW ZONE PUBLIC ALLOTMENTS

Diagram to show landscaping zones

Isometric to show the masterplan zones

E R T

E C R

PUBLIC CARPARK

T N A

CARBON CAPTURE GARDEN

PLAY PARK & TENNIS COURTS

GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT

PHASE 1

GEOTHERMAL POWERPLANT

+ BUILD GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT + USE ENERGY FOR DISTRIC HEATING + USE WASTE ENERGY TO POWER CARBON CAPTURE TOWERS 36

PHASE 2

TOWERS

+ BUILD CARBON CAPTURE TOWERS & INSTALL STORAGE + USE ENERGY FROM GEOTHERMAL POWERPLANT TO POWER FANS + COLLECT C02 FROM AMBIENT AIR 38

PHASE 3

CO2 MINERALISATION & BRICK FACTORY

+ INSTALL CO2 MINERALISATION EQUIPTMENT AND START MINERALISING COLLECTED CO2 + BUILD BRICK FACTORY + USE LIMESTONE FROM MINERALISATION TO CREATE CALCIUM SILICATE BRICKS IN THE BRICK FACTORY 40

PHASE 4

CARBON CAPTURE PLANT

+ AS BRICKS ARE BEING PRODUCED, BEGIN TO START BUILDING CARBON CAPTURE PLANT BUILDING AROUND THE EQUIPTMENT + NEW ROADS BUILT TO SHIPPING DOCK + PRODUCTS CAN BE SHIPPED FROM THE DOCK 42

PHASE 5

GREENHOUSES

+ BUILD GREENHOUSES + USE COLLECTED CO2 TO FERTILISE CROPS 44

PHASE 6

CARBON CAPTURE GARDEN

+ LANDSCAPE THE LAND TO CREATE PARKLAND WITH CARBON CAPTURE SOIL + LANDSCAPE BEACH 46

PHASE 7

VISITOR CENTRE

+BUILD VISITOR CENTRE USING CALCIUM SILICATE BRICK FROM BRICK FACTORY 48

PHASE 8

PUBLIC BUILDINGS

+ CONSTRUCT PUBLIC BUILDINGS USING CALCIUM SILICATE BRICK FROM BRICK FACTORY + LANDSCAPE AROUND PUBLIC BUILDINGS & CREATE AN AREA FOR A MARKET TO SELL PRODUCE FROM GREENHOUSES + ALLOTMENTS FOR LOCAL RESIDENTS 50

THE BLYTH BEACON

GC 2 | GC 3 | GC 7

DESIGN FOCUS

BRIEF THE DESIGN WILL INCLUDE:

BRIEF

CARBON CAPTURE

CARBON CAPTURE PLANT

CARBON MINERALISATION PLANT CARBON MINERALISATION

INTERGRATED WITH PUBLIC SPACE FOR COMMUNITY

Rocks from mine

SPACE TO LEARN ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE & CARBON CAPTURE

Industrial waste- ash Limestone Mineralisation by direct air capture

VIEWING PLATFORM

Bacterial Carbonic Anhydrase

SPACE OF SPECTICAL

Carbon Dioxide ATTRACTION TO BLYTH

The part of the masterplan which is being developed

The aspect of the masterplan which I am developing into an architectural design is the carbon capture plant which includes space for the mineralisation process, admin space, carbon capture towers and a visitor centre.

OFFERS BLYTH A NEW IDENTITY

Whilst being an industrial building the design should be integrated with the park and community aspect of the masterplan. 54

GC 1 | GC 4 | GC 5 | GC 10

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT SPACIAL REQUIREMENTS

CAFE 65sqm

SPACE

MINE WASTE FROM MUD FLATS ON SITE

SPACE

MEETING

ANCILLARY

MINERAL STORAGE

THREE

400sqm

MINE WASTE FROM MUD FLATS ON SITE

4000sqm

SHIPPING DOCK

CAFE 65sqm

THREE

400sqm

EXHIBITION 120sqm

MEETING

ANCILLARY

WATERFRONT

MINERAL STORAGE

EXHIBITION 120sqm

4000sqm ADMIN

ANCILLARY

EXHIBITION

TWO

200sqm

MINERAL STORAGE LIMESTONE

ADMIN

ANCILLARY

EXHIBITION

TWO

4000sqm

200sqm

Page from sketchbook - working out areas needed in carbon capture plant

200sqm

ADMIN

MINERAL CARBON CAPTURE & MINERALISATION PLANT STORAGE LIMESTONE

BUILDING

EXHIBITION

ONE

4000sqm

ADMIN

MINERALISATION

HALL

80sqm

ADMIN

& ANCILLARY

CARBON

1000sqm

CARBON

200sqm

ENTRANCE

65sqm

50sqm

AUDIOTORIUM

+ Warehouse/Storage for Limestone 1500sqm + Carbon Capture Towers + CO2 Storage (Underground) 30cu m + Area for Distribution 2000sqm + Bike Storage 20sqm + Reception 20sqm BUILDING + Meeting Rooms 60sqm EXHIBITION ONE + Offices 70sqm + Cafeteria 18sqm + Toilets 16sqm MINERALISATION + Plant Room 12 sqm + Changing Room 60sqm HALL 5000sqm + Shower Room 24sqm + Toilets 12sqm + Office 12sqm CAPTURE CAPTURE CAPTURE CAPTURE CAPTURE CAPTURE CAPTURE + Loading Bay/ Area to TOWER bring in material 30sqm TOWER TOWER TOWER TOWER TOWER TOWER + Mine Waste Rocks/ Ash Storage 4000sqm + Bacteria Storage 12sqm + Mineralisation by direct carbonation 5000sqm + Area for Testing 800sqm + Area for Packing 1200sqm 200sqm

SHIPPING DOCK

WATERFRONT

5000sqm

1000sqm CARBON

CAPTURE

TOWER

CARBON

CAPTURE

TOWER

CARBON

CAPTURE

TOWER

CARBON

CAPTURE

TOWER

CARBON

CAPTURE

TOWER

CARBON

CAPTURE

TOWER

CARBON

CAPTURE

TOWER

80sqm

CARBON

50sqm

CARBON

AUDIOTORIUM

ADMIN

& ANCILLARY

ENTRANCE

65sqm

CARBON

VISUAL CONNECTION PHYSICAL CONNECTION

Programme with spacial relationships diagram

GC 1 | GC 4 | GC 5

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT INITIAL IDEAS

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT FORM

Initial concept sketch

Section showing form at mid term review

A core concept in my design was to integrate industry with the public and the park land of the masterplan. The first design decision i made was to allow visitors to access the roof of the carbon capture plant using a form which would allow people to walk up onto it as if an extension of the park. Concept sketch for a vaulted structure & form

I also wanted the carbon capture plant to not disrupt the routes through the masterplan, especially the cycle route and foot path along the water front, therefore the roof of the carbon capture plant could act as a bridge connecting the public to different areas of the masterplan. 58

GC 7

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT FORM PRECEDENTS WATER TREATMENT PLANT, DENMARK

MACALLAN DISTILLERY, ABERLOUR

The water treatment park in Denmark is by Henning Larsen Architects. The plant has a pathed green roof which disguises the single story water treatment plant. The green roof also encourages people to visit which puts them “face to face with their use of resources”, allowing for conversation about climate change and water scarcity.

The Macallan Distillery is a distillery and a visitor experience by Architects Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners. The undulating roof takes influence from ancient scottish earthworks, and rises and falls in uniform to show the location of the production cells within the plant. The roof is planted with Scottish wildflower meadow and the interiors offer a spectacular atmosphere for visitors to experience.

REFERENCES: Crook, Lizzie, “Henning Larsen Tops Danish Sewage Works With Park”, Dezeen, 2019 <https:// www.dezeen.com/2019/08/27/ henning-larsen-solrodgard-sewage-works-architecture/>

REFERENCES: redbox, Rogers, “The Macallan Distillery And Visitor Experience Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners”, Rsh-P.Com, 2018 <https://www. rsh-p.com/projects/the-macallandistillery/>

OPERA HOUSE, OSLO By architects Snøhetta, the Opera House offres a space for the everyday, a threshold which allows public and art to meet. I was interested in the roof of this building and how the public are gathering and utilising the space. This is a concept which I hope to achieve in my design. REFERENCES: Oslo Opera House / Snøhetta”, Archdaily, 2007 <https://www.archdaily.com/440/oslo-opera-house-snohetta>

GC 1 | GC 4 | GC 5 | GC 6

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT MASSING

Early Massing sketch

Drawing showing massing and form concept in arieal view

After making a decicion on form I began to look at the location on the site for the proposal. I wanted the proposal for the carbon capture plant to have access to the water front for harvesting the mine waste rocks from the water. I also wanted the visitor centre to sit against the waterfront, with a glazed facade to illustrate the effects of climate change through the risng water. The proposal also needed to be situated against the existing dock, to be used for material export and import. Massing sketch

After outining the principles I maseed the design, proposing the carbon capture plant and visitor centre as two seperate masses which ran paralell to one another, facing the waterfront. The concept behind this is that each mass of the visitor centre exhibits a process of the carbon capture plant, explaining the journy of carbon dioxide to a calcium silicate brick for the visitor. 62

GC 1 | GC 4 | GC 8 | GC 10

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT STRUCTURE

ITERATION 1 - CONCRETE VAULT

ITERATION 2 - BRICK VAULT NO CENTRAL COLUMN

Initially I was proposing the structure to be made up of concrete modules which would connect together to form a concrete vault. After consideration i changed the materiality of my design to use the calcium silicate bricks, which are manufactured in the brick factory within the masterplan. The bricks would be constructed in a vaulted structure and provide a structural grid. I iterated the design of the vault, however came to a design which includes a central column, to help support the load of the earthen roof and to be used for services such as drainage.

ITERATION 3 - BRICK VAULT WITH SERVICES COLUMN 64

Diagram to show vault iterations

Early iteration showing how vaulted structure connects together to form a grid.

GC 1 | GC 4 | GC 6

MINERAL COLLECTION

STORAGE

CARBON MINERALISATION HALL

EXHIBITION

ENTRANCE LOBBY

OFFICES ADMIN ANCILLARY

OFFICES MEETING ROOM

CHANGING ROOM SHOWERS TOILETS

STAFF CAFETERIA

STAFF ROOM TOILETS

ADMIN

ENTRANCE

CAFE ENTRANCE MEZZANINE

ENTRANCE MEZZANINE

ADMIN

WATERFRONT

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT SPACIAL ARRANGEMENT

EXHIBITION

AUDIOTORIUM

Diagram of early iteration of spacial arrangement

I used the grid to divide the floor plan into smaller rooms and spaces. As the design is partially underground and covered by an earthen roof I needed to integrate courtyards to get daylight to the basement floor. I used the structural grid and the function of the floor plan to influence the arrangement and shape of the courtyards. 66

Sketches to show the workings out of the courtyards

GC 1 | GC 4 | GC 6

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT PLANS

Sketches to show the workings out of the floor plans

GC 7 | GC 8 | GC 9

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT MATERIALS

CALCIUM SILICATE BRICK

Photographs from: Guide, Building, and Brick Masonry, “Calcium Silicate Bricks Or Sand Lime Bricks For Masonry Construction”, The Constructor, 2021 <https://theconstructor.org/building/calcium-silicate-bricks-masonry-construction/17256/>

MATERIALS NEEDED TO PRODUCE CALCIUM SILICATE BRICK: + LIMESTONE - From mineralised carbon dioxide +SAND - Found along waterfront and Blyth coast + WATER - Clean water not sea water + PIGMENT - To create a yellow brick ochre from the mine water treatment pools (next to site) can be used.

MANUFACTURING CALCIUM SILICATE BRICKS: + Suitable proportions of sand, limestone and pigment are mixed with water to create a paste. + The mixture is moulded into bricks using a rotary table press. + Bricks are placed in an autoclave which will steam the bricks, the temperature will rise which will cause a reaction to form a crystallike compound. SUSTAINABILITY + Traps removed carbon dioxide permanently + Has less wastage than regular clay brick + Does not need to be fired at high temperatures unlike a regular clay brick. Instead is steamed using autoclave which uses much less energy. + The process can be powered using renewable wind energy from local wind farm. + Materials are sourced on site so does not require transporting materials using vehicles which reduces the embodied carbon. Diagram to show material process of calcium silicate bricks to the construction of vaults

REFERENCES Guide, Building, and Brick Masonry, “Calcium Silicate Bricks Or Sand Lime Bricks For Masonry Construction”, The Constructor, 2021 <https://theconstructor. org/building/calcium-silicate-bricks-masonry-construction/17256/>

GC 1 | GC 3

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT MATERIALS

Photographs of material experiments

As a material experiment I created a lamp from used coal and resin. This obstructed glass is to provide privacy and also to communicate the effects of climate change and a polluted atmosphere. In my design I will use stained sheets of glass to achieve the same effect. 72

GC 1 | GC 2 | GC 7

TOWER DESIGN DESIGN CONCEPT

BATES COLLIERY (1735) COWPEN COLLIERY (432)

BEBSIDE PIT (645)

ISABELLA PIT (675) MILL PIT (787) NEW DELEVAL COLLIERY (1002)

NEWSHAM COLLIERY (216)

Concept image - form of towers influenced by Blyth power station

The design of the carbon capture plant includes 7 towers which remove carbon dioxide from ambient air. The design of the towers continue from my work in semester one where I outlined 7 towers which represented the 7 former collieries in Blyth. Each tower has a different height which is representative of the size of the coal mine. The form of the towers is influenced by the chimneys of Blyth Power station which once stood opposite the site. The chimneys of Blyth power station stood 175m tall as icons of Blyth. However the chimneys polluted the atmosphere with co2 and the towers in my design remove co2 from the atmosphere, therefore I have reversed the shape of the chimneys to create a funnel-like form for the design of the towers. Image to show location of 7 collieries in Blyth

GC 1 | GC 2 | GC 7 | GC 8

TOWER DEVELOPMENT STRUCTURE

Photograph of cooling towers. Image from: Cooling-Towers - Energynest”, Energynest, 2021 <https://energy-nest.com/cooling-towers/>

After declaring the form of the towers I then explored a structural strategy to support this form. I took inspiration from the cooling towers of coal fire power stations, to influence my structure. I altered the form of the towers to be a hyperbolic shape with a wider base to support the height. following this I designed steel modules which would would connect together to construct the towers. The towers would therefore be steel skeletons which hold the direct air capture fans within the design of the steel module.

Image of coal molecule. Image from: The Rockfeller University“Decarbonization: The Next 100 Years – The Rockefeller University – Program For The Human Environment”, Phe.Rockefeller.Edu, 2021 <https://phe.rockefeller.edu/talks/2003/04/25/decarbonization-the-next-100-years/>

The steel modules take inspiration from the coal molecule to create a shape which is not only conceptually aesthetic but structurally sound. 76

Diagram to show steel modules

GC 1 | GC 5 | GC 6 | GC 8

The tower situated at the end of the walkway between the Carbon Capture Plant and the Visitor Centre has a twisting ramp to a viewing platform, to allow visitors to feel immersed in the process and have spectacular views over Blyth.

0 Tower Elevation 1-500

Tower Section 1-500

40m

0 Tower Section Showing Ramp to Viewing Platform 1-50

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FINAL DESIGN

THE BLYTH BEACON SITE PLAN

THE BLYTH BEACON

0 The Blyth Beacon Isometric Programme Diagram

Site Plan 1-1500

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160m

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THE BLYTH BEACON FLOOR PLAN -1

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4 5

6 14

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11 1 Mineral harvesting zone 2 Staff Toilets & Staff Kitchen 3 Staff Room 4 Plant Room 5 Office 6 Office 7 Imported material storage 8 Courtyard 9 Mineralisation Hall 10 Checking, Packaging and Export Storage 11 CO2 Storage 12 CO2 Storage Public Viewing zone 13 Audiotorium 14 Gallery - Exhibition on Carbon Capture 15 Gallery - Exhibition on Carbon Utilisation 16 Gallery - Exhibition on Climate Change 82

Basement Floor Plan 1-1000

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80m

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THE BLYTH BEACON FLOOR PLAN 0

17 18 19 20 21 22

24 23

17 Changing Rooms 18 Offices 19 Communal Office Space 20 Meeting Room 21 Reception Office & Toilets 22 Mineralisation Plant Entrance Lobby 23 Visitor Centre Entrance Lobby 24 Offices & Toilets 25 Public Cafe with Kitchen & Toilets 84

Ground Floor Plan 1-1000

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THE THE BLYTH BLYTH BEACON BEACON ROOF ROOF PLAN PLAN

Structural Roof Plan 1-1000

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THE BLYTH BEACON STRUCTURE

PRIMARY STRUCTURE Form structural grid SERVICES COLLUMNS Some for drainage and lighting and some for lift shafts and access.

HUMAN SCALE VAULTS Half the size of the industrial scale vaults and fit within the larger vault structural grid.

INDUSTRIAL SCALE VAULTS Large vaults spanning 27m to allow for factory processes within the floorplan.

EXCAVATION Vaults are situated partially underground to allow waterlevel access to the building. The ground will be excavated and the removed earth will be used in stone gabions in other areas of the masterplan.

MIN

MAT ERI A

ENT ER

GC 1 | GC 7 | GC 9 | GC 11

ERA

LH ARV EST ING

MIN

ZON

Mineral Harvesting

ERA

LS TOR AGE

Storage

MIN

ERA

LIS

ATI O

NH ALL

CHE PAC CKING KAG & ING

MA TER

IAL

MAT

ERI

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SE NTE R

LEA VE

Checking Zone

CO2

ENT

ERS

Mineralisation Hall

Diagram to show arrangement of mineralisation plant & process

CO2

STO

RAG

Carbon Dioxide Storage

Image to Illustrate Roof as a Social Space for Public Use

GC 1 | GC 5 | GC 6 | GC 8 | GC 10

Staff Changing Room 1 Communal Office 2 Meeting Room 3 Mineralisation Plant Entrance Lobby 4 Staff Toilets & Kitchen 5 Staff Room 6 Plant Room 7 Office 8 Office 9 Mineralisation Hall 10 CO2 Storage 11

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2 6

3 7

4 9

Section Through Carbon Capture Plant & Admin Areas 1-500

50m

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Public Cafe 12 Gallery 13 Gallery 14 Gallery 15 Visitor Centre Entrance Lobby 16 Auditorium 17 CO2 Storage Public Viewing Zone 18 CO2 Storage 19

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Section Through Visitor Centre 1-500

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Perspective Section through carbon Capture Plant 1-500

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The Blyth Beacon Perspective Elevation 1-500

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Perspective of walkway between Carbon Capture Plant & Visitor Centre

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Perspective of inside Carbon Capture Plant

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Perspective of inside Visitor Centre

GC 1 | GC 7 | GC 9 | GC 11

THE BLYTH BEACON ENVIRONMENT

Diagram to show district heating system

Image from: Excell, Jon, Generating Clean Energy From The Coal Mines | The Engineer”, The Engineer, 2021 <https://www.theengineer.co.uk/generating-clean-energy-from-thecoal-mines/>

The geothermal powerplant from the masterplan provides the building with heating using a district heating system. The site for my project was formally a coal mine and has a water filled mine shaft still existing on the site today. Through my masterplan I have proposed a geothermal power plant to be located by the shaft and use the mine water for district heating. To achieve district heating a borehole is sunk to the workings of the mine where the water is located. The water is then pumped to the surface and fed into a heat exchanger where it is used to heat water which is circulated around the district heating system. Cooled water can then be returned back to the mine and heated again. My district heating system will heat all thermal areas of the masterplan along with the residential estate which sits opposite my site and the school which sits beside my site.

Diagram to show the heating strategy and the thermally insulated areas of carbon capture plant

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GC 1 | GC 7 | GC 9 | GC 11

Diagram to show daylighting in Carbon Capture Plant

Diagram to show ventillation & air flow through Carbon Capture Plant

Diagram to show drainage through Carbon Capture Plant

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DEATIALS

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GC 1 | GC 8 | GC 9 | GC 11

THE BLYTH BEACON CENTRAL COLUMN : ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING

THE BLYTH BEACON CENTRAL COLUMN : DRAINAGE

Section to show artificial lighting strategy

The carbon capture plant has artificial lighting designed into the brickwork to project light upwards to illuminate the vaults.

An integrated drainage system will be implemented into the design where the brick vaults meet and come to a column. This allows rain water collected in the earthen roof to be drained down under the building and fed back to the estuary using drainage pipes.

There will be a reveal in the brick work where the light fixture will sit. The light will be tilted upwards to up light the vaults. 114

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Diagrams to show drainage strategy

GC 1 | GC 8 | GC 9 | GC 11

VISITOR CENTRE 1/50 SECTION

VISITOR CENTRE 1/20 SECTION

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1-50 Section Through The Visitor Centre Glass Facade 0 116

1 Top Soil 250mm 2 Gravel 250mm 3 Filter Fleece 5mm 4 Drainage, Root Barrier & Water Reservoir 25mm 5 Waterproof Membrane 2mm 6 Insulation 150mm 7 Calcium Silicate Brick 8 Calcium Silicate Brick Sleeper Wall 9 Vapour Control Layer 2mm 10 I Beam to support sleeper wall 11 Thin Kooltherm Cavity Wall Insulation 45mm 12 250mm Acrylic Glass Pane, glued together in 4 elements withwith waterproof sealant around fixtures 13 Glass Fin 16 14 Calcium Silicate Brick Flooring 15 100mm Screed with underfloor heating pipes 19 16 Insulating Concrete Block 17 Insulation 150mm 18 Waterproof Membrane 2mm 19 Concrete Slab 200mm 20 Sand 100mm 22 21 Hardcore 200mm 22 Concrete Pile Head 23 Concrete Pile Foundation

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1-20 Section Through The Visitor Centre Glass Facade

GC 1 | GC 8 | GC 9 | GC 11

CARBON CAPTURE PLANT DETAIL LOCATION

CARBON CAPTURE PLANT 1/20 SECTION 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Top Soil 250mm Gravel Filter Fleece 5mm Drainage, Root Barrier & Water Resivoir 25mm Waterproof Membrane 2mm Insulation 150mm Calcium Silicate Brick Metal Drainage Cap Drainage Pipe Void in Brickwork for artificial light strategy Calcium Silicate Brick Flooring 100mm Screed with underfloor heating pipes Insulation 150mm Waterproof Membrane 2mm 200mm Concrete Slab with Drainage Pipe Sand 100mm Hardcore 200mm Concrete Pile Head Concrete Pile Foundation

3 4 5 6 7 8

11 12 13 14 15 16 17

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1600mm

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1-20 Section Through Brick Vault

CRITICAL REFLECTION Following semester one, I felt I had a strong foundation to build my semester two project from. With many ideas on where to take my project I started the semester on a good foot, enthusiastic to further develop my project.

this project and I think I have succeeded with the strongest elements of my work being completing a large project to the level of detail I have achieved. I also think my integration of structure and technology is strong and I am proud of the graphics and drawings I have produced this semester.

Despite my initial confidence, semester two has come with many challenges. The fisrt challenge being the noval nauture of my programme. The function of the building is for a process which is very new and innovative, therfore I was designing a building which had little to no precedents for the function. The largest challenge I faced this semester was working remotely during the third national lockdown.

Areas I could improve on if I had more time would be illustrating how the projects responds to the community and more on the human scale elements of my design. Last semester I had hoped to get more hands on in this semester by creating material experiments and models in the workshop. This is something I have not achieved, granted we have been in a national lockdown with difficulty accessing the workshop or materials to experiment with from home. I aim to create more opportunities in my work for physical outputs next year.

Working remotely this semester has been much harder than last semester as I have struggled more with separating work and life. I also experienced a drop motivation as I felt a disconnection to the course and my colleagues when we lost access to the studio for half the semester. On top of this, I have had a technical set back, although I felt I had dealt with my set back the best I could it did cause added stress not having access to the university computers during this time. Notwithstanding these set backs I began to feel an improvement in my work and mentality during the Easter break, when the world began to open up again. As I was able to see my friends and course mates socially and in the studio, I felt I could balance my time better, separate work and life and felt more creative and more motivated towards my project.

Overall this year has been a very enjoyable and rewarding year. I am really happy with the outcome of my project especially during this unpredictable time. Despite working remotely I have learned so much in one year of masters, and I think I have developed massively as an architectural designer. I think I am in a good position heading into my final year and have developed new skills that I can take to practice. Finally, I achieved a provisional grade of an A- in the final review. I am hoping that as I have developed aspects of my design further and I have added new work that I have solidified this mark or improved upon it.

Although I struggled with working from home at the beginning of this semester, I am happy with where my project has arrived at, I feel as though the challenges I have faced have only added to the sense of reward as I have reached the end of this year. At the beginning of the semester I had set myself an optimistic goal for what I wanted to achieve through

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ARB CRITERIA GC1 Ability to create architectural designs that satisfy both aesthetic and technical requirements. GC1 The graduate will have the ability to: .1 prepare and present building design projects of diverse scale, complexity, and type in a variety of contexts, using a range of media, and in response to a brief; .2 understand the constructional and structural systems, the environmental strategies and the regulatory requirements that apply to the design and construction of a comprehensive design project;

GC5 Understanding of the relationship between people and buildings, and between buildings and their environment, and the need to relate buildings and the spaces between them to human needs and scale.

GC9 Adequate knowledge of physical problems and technologies and the function of buildings so as to provide them with internal conditions of comfort and protection against the climate.

GC5 The graduate will have an understanding of: .1 the needs and aspirations of building users;

GC9 The graduate will have knowledge of: .1 principles associated with designing optimum visual, thermal and acoustic environments;

.2 the impact of buildings on the environment, and the precepts of sustainable design;

.2 systems for environmental comfort realised within relevant precepts of sustainable design;

.3 the way in which buildings fit in to their local context.

.3 strategies for building services, and ability to integrate these in a design project.

.3 develop a conceptual and critical approach to architectural design that integrates and satisfies the aesthetic aspects of a building and the technical requirements of its construction and the needs of the user.

GC6 Understanding of the architecture and the role of in society, in particular briefs that take account of

profession of the architect in preparing social factors.

GC10 The necessary design skills to meet building users’ requirements within the constraints imposed by cost factors and building regulations.

GC2 Adequate knowledge of the histories and theories of architecture and the related arts, technologies and human sciences.

GC6 The graduate will have an understanding of: .1 the nature of professionalism and the duties and responsibilities of architects to clients,building users, constructors, co-professionals and the wider society;

GC2 The graduate will have knowledge of: .1 the cultural, social and intellectual histories, theories and technologies that influence the design of buildings;

GC10 The graduate will have the skills to: .1 critically examine the financial factors implied in varying building types, constructional systems, and specification choices, and the impact of these on architectural design;

.2 the role of the architect within the design team and construction industry, recognising the importance of current methods and trends in the construction of the built environment;

.2 understand the cost control mechanisms which operate during the development of a project;

.2 the influence of history and theory on the spatial, social, and technological aspects of architecture;

.3 the potential impact of building projects on existing and proposed communities.

.3 the application of appropriate theoretical concepts to studio design projects, demonstrating a reflective and critical approach.

GC7 Understanding of the methods of investigation and preparation of the brief for a design project.

GC3 Knowledge of the fine arts as an influence on the quality of architectural design.

GC7 The graduate will have an understanding of: .1 the need to critically review precedents relevant to the function, organisation and technological strategy of design proposals;

GC3 The graduate will have knowledge of: .1 how the theories, practices and technologies of the arts influence architectural design; .2 the creative application of the fine arts and their relevance and impact on architecture; .3 the creative application of such work to studio design projects, interms of their conceptualisation and representation. GC4 Adequate knowledge of urban design, planning and the skills involved in the planning process. GC4 The graduate will have knowledge of: .1 theories of urban design and the planning of communities; .2 the influence of development of cities, on the contemporary

the past built

design and and present environment;

.3 current planning policy and development control legislation, including social, environmental and economic aspects, and the relevance of these to design development.

.2 the need to appraise and prepare building briefs of diverse scales and types, to define client and user requirements and their appropriateness to site and context; .3 the contributions of architects and coprofessionals to the formulation of the brief, and the methods of investigation used in its preparation. GC8 Understanding of the structural design, constructional and engineering problems associated with building design. GC8 The graduate will have an understanding of: .1 the investigation, critical appraisal and selection of alternative structural, constructional and material systems relevant to architectural design;

.3 prepare designs that will meet building users’ requirements and comply with UK legislation, appropriate performance standards and health and safety requirements. GC11 Adequate knowledge of the industries, organisations, regulations and procedures involved in translating design concepts into buildings and integrating plans into overall planning. GC11 The graduate will have knowledge of: .1 the fundamental legal, professional and statutory responsibilities of the architect, and the organisations, regulations and procedures involved in the negotiation and approval of architectural designs, including land law, development control, building regulations and health and safety legislation; .2 the professional inter-relationships of individuals and organisations involved in procuring and delivering architectural projects, and how these are defined through contractual and organisational structures; .3 the basic management theories and business principles related to running both an architect’s practice and architectural projects, recognising current and emerging trends in the construction industry.

.2 strategies for building construction, and ability to integrate knowledge of structural principles and construction techniques; .3 the physical properties and characteristics of building materials, components and systems, and the environmental impact of specification choices. 122

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