Jehyun Lee Portfolio by PDF Uploads

ARC3001 PORTFOLIO Name: Jehyun Lee Student ID: 170739267 J.Lee20@newcastle.ac.uk Studio 5: Weaving in Wallsend Tutors: Sophie Baldwin, Kieran Connolly, Luke Rigg

FOR WALLSEND

ILLUSTRATED REFLECTIVE DIARY

CONTENTS

The Stage 3 was the enormously challenging part of my architecture course. In past stages, it seems that what I have studied and learned in other modules are partially connected to the designing project. However, in Stage 3, I strongly realised that the works in other modules are directly connected to the designing project because the main subjects of those modules are about interpreting the process of my design project in different categories, such as technical details, procurement strategy, complying to building regulations, and keeping the sustainability of existing space.

INTRODUCTION ...................... 4 MAIN CONTENTS FRAMING ...................... 6

The main concept of my Stage 3 design project is about creating the urban common space that will provide the change to the Wallsend. I felt that this project is an interesting subject, but it is also intriguing since it involves the designing of the urban common space for the public, which is closely related to diversity. During the design process, I have a question in my mind: “What is the commoning in architecture?” And I keep trying to find the answer, but it requires understanding the diverse issues such as history, lifestyle, environment, development, and people. And there are also various definitions of commoning. So, I tried to find the commoning for Wallsend with not only the idealisation but also social activities and history of Wallsend, which is the main function of the community centre of FRAME. Therefore, I focused on designing the space for the peoples’ activities in Wallsend community to increase social gathering and improve the social economy.

TESTING .................... 23 SYNTHESIS .................... 43 APPENDIX ARC3060 .................... 65 ARC3015 .................... 83

However, I felt that the design process in this stage was slightly different from the last two stages because there was no actual site visiting this year due to the situation of COVID-19. As such, my research had been partly limited, as I had to rely on the sources from online and the limited source with my thoughts mostly. Regardless, I found that the main frame of the designing process had remained unchanged in spite of such limitation. And I realised that as long as I keep my track on the main idea while designing, the method of research does not affect the designing process that much.

ARC3014 .................... 91 ARC3013 .................... 93 BIBLIOGRAPHY & LIST OF FIGURES .................. 103

C O M M U N I TY C E N T R E

FOR WALLSEND

INTRODUCTION

WEAVING IN WALLSEND “ ... More than a political philosophy or policy agenda, the commons is an active, living process. It is less a noun than a verb because it is primarily about the social practices of commoning—acts of mutual support, conflict, negotiation, communication and experimentation that are needed to create systems to manage shared resources. This process blends production (self provisioning), governance, culture, and personal interests into one integrated system.” - David Boiler, Commoning as a Transformative Social Paradigm

Studio theme The main theme of my studio, ‘Weaving in Wallsend’, is about creating a contemporary centre of civic life, an urban common for Forum Shopping Centre in Wallsend. And the urban common should incorporate a series of spaces for meaningful civic exchange and that prioritises inclusivity, public, and the community. About Wallsend The Roman fort, Segedunum, is placed at the eastern end of Hadrian’s Wall, a defensive line constructed to keep tribal forces from Scotland from invading Roman controlled ‘Britannia’. Around the mid-18th century, Wallsend and its commoning had been shaped by the industrial revolution. During revolution, coal mining and shipbuilding was the identity of Wallsend. Later, Wallsend had undergone a process of ‘de-industrialisation,’ enacted by free-market politics and shifting global economies. In these days, commoning in Wallsend are focused on leisure, tourism, and shopping. The Forum Shopping Centre

Shipyard of Wallsend in 1969

Development of Forum Shopping Centre

The Forum Shopping Centre had borrowed ideas from the suburban shopping malls of the US, and designed in a modernist style to reference the Brutalist movement by using a concrete frame, pre-cast concrete panels and bricks. The centre’s brand name trades off the Roman history in Wallsend. In Roman settlements, the forum (or ‘fora’) was an important public space at the heart of communal life, a common ground of shared spaces and sites of exchange, trade and commerce. Today, Wallsend’s modern day ‘fora’ channels the contemporary culture.

C O M M U N I TY C E N T R E

FOR WALLSEND

FRAMING

FRAMING : PRECEDENTS

FRAMING In this part, I had gone through the research on the precedent of urban common space and the site of Wallsend before designing FRAME. During the research, I found that those elements from the precedents are exactly what I have planned. The precedents has one thing in common: The existing space and new space had been connected to make the new type of commoning. After researching on the precedents, I analysed the site of Wallsend through different categories such as history, material, and building purposes.

C O M M U N I TY C E N T R E

FOR WALLSEND

FRAMING : PRECEDENTS

Sopoong-gil Community in Korea This urban common has multiple floors with library, galleries, and book cafe. All floors are connected with the wheelchair ramp, staircase platforms, and elevators. And the wheelchair ramp can be also used as the space where visitors can use for the galleries for the poet, local people, and extension space for performances.

Recreation Centre in Graal, France The recreation centre which had been focused on making children living in the residential area near to the site. Most of the interior space is empty and wide that people can deploy any furniture and held any types of the activities for everyone.

Brixton Windmill Education Centre in Brixton, UK The education centre near to the Windmill in the Brixton, London. It had been constructed to educate and promote all about the Brixton Windmill for school groups, community groups, childrens, and local residents, to preserve the heritage of the Windmill, and to host the festival. Also, like Graal Recreation Centre, it has the wide space that is capable of helding any type s of activities.

Employment Centre in Spain This employment centre is mostly known for its structure which consists of the glass, steel frame, and the curtain-like structre on windows and roof that lets the light in to articulate the interior space of the building.

C O M M U N I TY C E N T R E

FOR WALLSEND

FRAMING : PRECEDENTS

FRAC Dunkerque How does this building relate to other buildings of its type?

Interior: Kids Cafe Piccolo, Seoul This cafes’ space had been designed to stand off the children as the main character and its atmospheres are encouraging children to actively roam around.

Exterior: Clover House, Japan This kindergarten building has the curvature appearance which had been established by recycling the existing wood structure. And the windows are designed geometrically to attract children.

Architect

Lacaton & Vassal

Location

Dunkirk (Dunkerque), France

Date

2013 - 2015

Typology

Art Collection & Exhibition Centre

Status

Construction Completed

Thematic Case Study 10

C O M M U N I TY C E N T R E

FOR WALLSEND

FRAC is the building which is constructed near to the old boat warehouse Halle AP2, and it faces the landscape of sea. It is designed to exhibit and assemble the contemporary art as a large collection. FRAC consists of the existing space of Halle AP2, and the new space which contains the structure made of glass panel and metal frame. The exterior and function of both parts of building is either combined or separated, and they have the contrast between themselves and surrounding buildings. While the new half made of glass and metal frame are being used for the main exhibition and cafe, Halle AP2 are being used for the temporary exhibitions and public events.

21 11

FRAMING : PRECEDENTS

Dunkirk Maritime Cooperative (CMDD)

FRAMING : PRECEDENTS

Hache Marée (HM)

Regional Sailing Center (CRDV) Dunkirk Maritime Pilotage (PMDD)

SNSM station in Dunkirk (SSNSMDD)

FRAC Grand Large (FRAC)

CATEGORY

CASE

FRAC

CRDV

PMDD

SSNSMDD

CMDD

Func�on

Exhibi�on & Collec�on of Art

Sailing Club

Surf Lifesaving

Seafood Wholesaler

Logis�cs Service

Material

Glass Metal Frame Concrete

Slate Glass Metal Panel

Glass Metal Panel

Concrete Slate

Concrete Metal Panel

One of the building is surrounded with the concrete wall, while other part consists of the glass and metal frame that its interior is visible

Mostly surrounded with the metal wall; when the gates are open, certain sides of the building are open

En�re building is surrounded with the metal wall

Only the long ver�cal window on the south side of the building is opened

En�re building is surrounded with the concrete wall

Visibility of interior

Mass

Logistic Service & Seafood Service Sailing Club & Surf Living Art Centre

Conceal Reveal

Thematic Case Study: Site 12

C O M M U N I TY C E N T R E

FOR WALLSEND

FRAMING : PRECEDENTS

MILLENIUM BRIDGE SPACE 1 SPACE 2 TATE MODERN

SPACE 3

ACTIVE FRONTAGES

New Public Spaces

RESIDENTIAL OFFICES T.MODERN HOTEL PLAN SHAKESPEARE’S GLOBE

LEVEL 0 LEVEL 1

Increased Public Access

Vibrant Mixes of Uses

Tate Modern by Herzog & de Meuron Development of Switch House

It used to be the power plant building in Bankside, but it had been shut down in the year 1981. Later, in 1993, architects had found the potential of the space from old power house building, and this building had been remodelled into the art gallery throughout two phases.

Materials Tate Modern’s mateiral is the same brick used for the construction of the original power plant. For Switch House, it had a different way to stack up the bricks during its construction.

The entire space of Tate Modern is divided into Boiler House, Turbine Hall, and Switch House. While Boiler and Turbine had been renovated, the Switch had been newly constructed, and it cooperates with the existing space. Tate Modern share its similarity with the FRAC in the way of renovating the existing space and creates the new space which cooperates with the existing one.

Originally, it had been planned to use the glass as the main material of the Switch House, but it had been changed to preserve the original design made by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott.

The Siwtch House had been constructed during 2005 to 2016. It had been planned to constructed with the glass, but due to the negative critics which says that architects are damaging Scott’s building both physically and aesthetically, it had changed its material to the bricks, which had been stacked up like a Votive Pyramid in the Flemish bond, but with the headers pushed in and removed altogether as the walls leave the relative danger of the ground and the reach of even the most intrepid rock climber. The rest of spaces had been simply renovated and connected with the bridge connection.

Original Brick Pierced Brick Glass Light Beam

C O M M U N I TY C E N T R E

FOR WALLSEND

FRAMING : SITE ANALYSIS

Wallsend Leisure Centre St Peter’s Church Centurion Park Forum Shopping Centre

Segedunum Roman Fort Museum

Hadrian’s Wall Path

FRAME, the Forum Recreation of Artistic Multipurpose Education, is the community centre placed on the car park of Forum Shopping Centre, and the new landmark of Wallsend. The main purpose of FRAME is to stimulate the Wallsend and its social gathering. Once established, people in Wallsend will be able to set up the new type of commoning. Site map with the context of the other types of commonings

1:2500 Site Section

C O M M U N I TY C E N T R E

FOR WALLSEND

FRAMING : SITE ANALYSIS COMMONING THROUGH HISTORY

FRAMING : SITE ANALYSIS HERITAGE SITES OF WALLSEND

Wallsend_Building_History_1860s

1860s

1940s

100

m i ig Scale 1:10000

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000 m

Projection: British National Grid

300

500

1000m

p a Jan 31, 2021 03:55

Jehyun Lee University of Newcastle

1890s

100

300

500

1000m

1920s

1950s

100

300

500

1000m

1960s

100

300

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1000m

100

300

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1000m

Forum Shopping Centre Residential Area Industrial Area Commonings in these days Site 1980s

100

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1000m

Present day

100

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1000m

1930s

1970s

100

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1000m

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300

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1000m

Period I (1860s - 1950s) Used to be the place of farming. Later, during the industrial revolution, residential and industrial buildings started to fill the site Period II (1960s - 1980s) Forum Shopping Centre had been constructed and opened in 1966. At the same time, industiral business became declined and eventually shut down in 2007. Period III (Present day) Businesses in Wallsend focuses on the tourism, leisure, and shopping

C O M M U N I TY C E N T R E

Wallsend: Heritage Sites FOR WALLSEND

FRAMING : SITE ANALYSIS

FRAMING : ABOUT FORUM SHOPPING CENTRE

8:00 AM 19:00 PM 9:00 AM 18:00 PM

10:00 AM

17:00 PM

11:00 AM

16:00 PM 15:00 PM

12:00 AM 14:00 PM

13:00 PM

Residential Shopping Green pace

Sun path

Parking space FRAME Site Types of buildings in Wallsend

Wind path

Around the site of FRAME, the Forum Shopping Centre has multiple functions inside. And it can be accessed from the bus stops and/or car park.

Brick Concrete FRAME Site Material

Bus

Pedestrian

Vehicle

Access routes

C O M M U N I TY C E N T R E

FOR WALLSEND

FRAMING : SITE ANALYSIS

1 2

TESTING

After researching about the site and precedents, I proceeded with setting the programmes for the FRAME. While setting the programme, I considered about the circulation of those who uses the FRAME, and which exterior would give the change to the context of Wallsend. Also, I have tested draft floor plans on the site.

Site model for placement

Wallsend: Urban Common Placement 22

C O M M U N I TY C E N T R E

FOR WALLSEND

TESTING : MASS DEVELOPMENT

Mass 1 Segedunum Roman Fort & Museum

Changed the loca�on of tower mass from north to south

Mass 2 St Peters Church

Summary of mass development

Subtract part of the mass to create the open space

After researching about the site and precedents, I designed the mass of FRAME. Each mass are based on the three heritage site of Wallsend.

Mass 3 Hadrian’s Wall Path

Mass inspiration of FRAME

C O M M U N I TY C E N T R E

FOR WALLSEND

TESTING : INITIAL ITERATION OF PROGRAMME

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�on a c u Ed

n a�o e r c Re

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ent

oym mpl

Kids nt

e oym l p m

biExohni �

n ca�o Edu

e Recr

TESTING : INITIAL ITERATION OF PROGRAMME

zone

Kids

zone

Cafe

e spac ce n e Gre n spa Gree

First iteration of FRAME and its programme

Inside shopping center Inside community center Car park near shopping center From street

This iteration shows the initial placement of the programme inside the FRAME.

C O M M U N I TY C E N T R E

Second iteration of FRAME and its programme

Third iteration of FRAME and its programme

As seen in this iteration, the FRAME is supposed to be accessible through the shopping centre, and another car park is planned to be placed near to the FRAME.

This iteration shows that the FRAME is placed on the existing car park. As such, the car park became the part of the FRAME and the new passage to the FRAME had been placed next to car park.

FOR WALLSEND

TESTING : MASS DEVELOPMENT

The FRAME was supposed to be constructed after demolishing the existing car park, and the new car park is planned to be constructed next to the FRAME.

TESTING : MASS DEVELOPMENT

it is decided that the FRAME will be placed on the existing car park, and the recreation centre tower had been moved to prevent the possible risk of disrupting the people living in residential buildings.

C O M M U N I TY C E N T R E

The open space and skylight had been made in mass.

FOR WALLSEND

The voronoi canopy and facade had been placed on the FRAME.

TESTING : SUSTAINABILITY

TESTING : PHYSICAL MODEL

Phys mas

Afte mass ical m mass abou and

Physical model of FRAME’s mass Car park near to Forum Shopping Centre

After setting up the digital mass, I have made the physical model of the FRAME’s mass to understand more about the abstract structure and the space of mass.

By preserving the space of car park, for consistancy and sustainability between FRAME and the shopping centre.

Physical model of Physical Physical model model of FRAME’s FRAME’s of FRAME’s mass mass mass After setting up AfterAfter setting setting up the the up digital the digital digital mass, II have made the mass, mass, have I have made made the physthe physphysical of ical model ical model model of the the of FRAME’s the FRAME’s FRAME’s mass to more mass mass to understand understand to understand more more about the structure about about the abstract the abstract abstract structure structure and the of andand the space the space space of mass. mass. of mass.

Existing structure (columns) in car park near to Forum Shopping Centre

C O M M U N I TY C E N T R E

FOR WALLSEND

TESTING : INITIAL SHAPE ITERATION

Initial shape iteration The mass of FRAME had been changed. And the basis of the change is based on the curvature and rectangular angle.

C O M M U N I TY C E N T R E

FOR WALLSEND

TESTING : TRACING

TESTING : INITIAL ITERATION OF ACCESS ROUTE

Tracing of testing

Iteration for access route inside the FRAME

There were many testing about the floor plan of FRAME before designing.

An access route demonstrated in one of the iteration of FRAME’s floor plan.

C O M M U N I TY C E N T R E

FOR WALLSEND

TESTING : ELEVATION ITERATION

TESTING : EXTERIOR ITERATION

First iteration of FRAME’s exterior The FRAME is covered with the glass curtain wall to give the open atmosphere, and the car parking space were planned to be surrounded by the glass wall with Exterior of the FRAME the voronoi pattern. Also, the voronoi canopy had been placed on the passage This is how FRAME will be look like the roof. onceon constructed.

Second iteration of FRAME’s exterior There are solid walls on some parts of FRAME. However, another iteration had been made because this iteration looks like an office building.

ELEVATION ITERATION The elevation of FRAME had been iterated multiple times. Throughout the elevation iteration, it is shown that the FRAME had changed its appearance to give the new atmosphere for the Wallsend.

Third iteration of FRAME’s exterior The recreation centre has the voronoi facade on its exterior, and part of the FRAME had been covered with the solid wall. The lower roof of the FRAME is also covered with the voronoi canopy. This iteration is similar to the current iteration of FRAME. C O M M U N I TY C E N T R E

FOR WALLSEND

TESTING : PLAN ITERATION

TESTING

TESTING : PLAN ITERATION

DN UP UP

Vertical collage of floor plans

PLAN

ITERATION

Throughout the plan iteration, I learned that using the existing space can make the interior space of FRAME more wide, and increase the accessibility to FRAME.

Plan accumulating by development 38

C O M M U N I TY C E N T R E

FOR WALLSEND

TESTING : CONCEPT OF PROGRAMME

TESTING : USERS AND AXONOMETRIC OF PROGRAMME

Recreation (Social + Economy)

Education (Social Gathering)

• Gallery + Artwork Sale • Artwork Activity • Cooperation with NewBridge Project

• Experience of the history around Wallsend • Library + Multimedia • Kids Zone (Part of Forum Centre)

fé Ca m2) 5 (29

(Came from heritage sites in Wallsend)

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e on s Z 2) Kid 15 m (3

Employment Centre (Economy Level)

FRAME renovates the local business and provides highly active central square full of the various activities such as artwork activity. In addition, FRAME will also cooperate with the NewBridge Project. And it will be done by exchanging the artist and let children participate at their activities.

• Education of retiree for the future plan of life • Education + Support for finding job • Cooperation with NewBridge Project

y ller ) Ga 5 m2 3 (6

Main users of the community centre FRAME

Figure 2: Main users of the community centre FRAME

Concept of programme

e on s Z 2) Kid 70 m (5

C O M M U N I TY C E N T R E

p ho eS ) ycl 5 m2 c i B (17

FOR WALLSEND

Cafe (295 m2)

Programmatic Axonometric

TESTING : ITERATION OF CURTAIN WALL

Steel frame beneath ceiling SYNTHESIS

Structure precedent: Langen Foundation

Digital model of FRAME’s structure

It’s glass wall structure with the steel frame had become an inspiration for the glass wall structure of FRAME.

This digital model shows the structure of the glass wall and the ramp attached near to the wall.

In this section, I have synthesised FRAME’s space to the site. The building itself has the difference from the surrounding building, but it kept the consistancy and sustainability with the Forum Shopping Centre and vice versa. The interior space of FRAME, especially the ground floor and first floor is connected with the space of Forum Shopping Centre.

Steel frame beneath ramp

This is the draft digital model to think about how the curtain wall for recreation should be made of. After producing, the idea of making the glass curtain wall with the mullion for the recreation centre of FRAME had been set.

C O M M U N I TY C E N T R E

FOR WALLSEND

SYNTHESIS : CHANGES OF MATERIAL, SHAPE, AND FUNCTIONS IN FORUM SHOPPING CENTRE

SYNTHESIS : SITE PLAN

Past

Present

Brick + Concrete

Bright colored concrete + Glass + Steel

Add green

Rectangle + Triangle

Rectangle + Lrge window + Emphasized window frame

Free form facade + Glass wall + Roof garden

Future

Residence + Shopping mall

Renovated Shopping mall

Community Center for Wallsend

Residence

Existing buildings near shopping mall

The space of FRAME is connected with the spaces inside the Forum Shopping Centre.

Recently refurbished buildings

Site for community center

Shopping mall area

By connecting two types of spaces, those who visit the shopping centre will be able to visit the FRAME more easily.

As the time goes on, the material, shape, and function of Wallsend had been changed. The buildings and the context around Forum Shopping Centre had been changed based on the purpose of the buildings. And in the future, by placing the green, and glass wall, another change will be made on Wallsend.

C O M M U N I TY C E N T R E

0 5 10

FOR WALLSEND

50 m

SYNTHESIS : FLOOR PLANS

1 2

12 14

First floor

2 UP

1. Technical education room 2. Retiree education room 3. Computer room 4. Seminar room 5. Office 6. Faculty room 7. Library 8, 9. Classroom (For tourist) 10. Multimedia room 11, 12. Classroom (For children) 13. Exhibition space 14. Open square space with pond 15. Staircase hallway 16. Gallery space 17. Kids zone 18. Cafe 19. Green space 20. Forum Shopping Centre

Ground floor 5

1. Car park 2. Gallery space 3. Kids zone 4. Bicycle shop 5. Forum Shopping Centre 5

20 m

C O M M U N I TY C E N T R E

FOR WALLSEND

20 m

SYNTHESIS : FLOOR PLANS

Fifth floor

UP UP

2 UP

Fourth floor

8 DN

Upper floors 1 3

Second floor 1. Roof garden 2. Gallery space 3. Forum Shopping Centre 0

Sixth floor

2 UP

Third floor

10 m

1. Painting workshop 2. Outdoor painting workspace 3. Outdoor pottery workshop 4. Pottery workshop 5. Freestyle workshop 6. Outdoor freestyle workshop 7. Outdoor terrace 8. Cafe

20 m

C O M M U N I TY C E N T R E

FOR WALLSEND

SYNTHESIS : ELEVATION

SYNTHESIS : SECTION

20 m

North elevation of FRAME

Perspective section of FRAME

C O M M U N I TY C E N T R E

FOR WALLSEND

SYNTHESIS : PERSPECTIVE SECTION

SYNTHESIS : AXONOMETRIC VIEW

0 1

10 m

Perspective section of FRAME

Axonometric view of FRAME

C O M M U N I TY C E N T R E

FOR WALLSEND

SYNTHESIS : ATMOSPHERES

Open space

Recreation centre

This plaza space located between education centre and kids zone is the place where people can gather around and communicate to each other. It has the round pond with the passage and sitting place that everyone can use.

People can watch the exhibitions in gallery space and participate in the artistic workshop activities that are divided in three categories (painting, pottery, and freestyle). While this space is available for everyone, the artists from NewBridge Project will be main user of this space.

Open space of FRAME

Recreation Building

Education Building

Workshops

Classrooms

Gallery

Library

Lounge

Exhibition Space

Employment Building

Kids Zone & Cafe

Seminar room

The kids zone contains the pool of balls, plastic climber wall, trampolines, and slides.

First floor of Gallery space in recreation centre

Computer room Education rooms (for retirees and technology education)

Roof garden

Education Building

Workshops

Classrooms

Gallery Lounge

This roof garden is used as the garden space that people can take a walk around, and the space where the small exhibition will take place. People can walk through the grass field and the platform from Voronoi canopy. Like open space, the roof garden is available for everyone.

Employment centre

People who needs a job and/or had retired will participate in the education. That way, people can either get the job (mostly the technical based job), or set Employment Building the plan after their retirement. This Seminar room Computer room space is mainly available for the people Education rooms (for retir- lives in the Wallsend. who ees and technology educa-

Library Exhibition Space

Kids Zone & Cafe The kids zone contains the pool of balls, plastic climber wall, trampolines, and slides.

tion)

Roof garden

Recreation Building

Computer room in employment centre

C O M M U N I TY C E N T R E

FOR WALLSEND

SYNTHESIS : ATMOSPHERES

SYNTHESIS : PHYSICAL MODEL

Education centre In this space, people who lives in Wallsend and tourist from the heritage sites of Wallsend will learn the history about the Wallsend. When they does, they will become aware of the situations in Wallsend that they will be able to participate in the development of Wallsend.

Classroom for tourist in education centre

Recreation Building

Education Building

Workshops

Classrooms

Gallery

Library

Lounge

Exhibition Space

Employment Building

Kids Zone & Cafe

Seminar room

The kids zone contains the pool of balls, plastic climber wall, trampolines, and slides.

Computer room Education rooms (for retirees and technology educaRecreation Building tion) Workshops Gallery Lounge

Employment Building Seminar room Computer room Education rooms (for retirees and technology education)

Focusing on the voronoi of the FRAME

Education Building

Kids zone

Classrooms Library Exhibition Space

This space is available for the childrens. While their family goes out for the shopping in Forum Shopping Centre and/or using spacKidsthe Zone aforementioned & Cafe The children kids zone contains es in FRAME, willthenot only play pool of balls, plastic climbinside, but eralso communicate with the wall, trampolines, and slides. children from other families. 1:200 scale physical model of FRAME This physical model shows how the exterior and interior of FRAME looks like. Axonometric diagram of programme in FRAME

Floor plans of FRAME

Kids zone in first floor

C O M M U N I TY C E N T R E

FOR WALLSEND

SYNTHESIS : DEVELOPING THE SKIN

SYNTHESIS : SKIN STUDY

Voronoi canopy and facade The shape of canopy and facade is inspired from the abstraction of ship and sea wave.

Voronoi canopy and facade

Inspiration for the Voronoi

Grasshopper components of the Voronoi canopy and facade

C O M M U N I TY C E N T R E

FOR WALLSEND

SYNTHESIS : TECHNICAL DETAILS

SYNTHESIS : STEEL FRAME

Loca�on of technical sec�on

Steel Column

1 1 Floor Finishing (PVC) Floor Finishing (PVC) Acous�c Insula�on Acous�c Insula�on Slab Reinforcement Slab Reinforcement Concrete Slab Concrete Slab Sheer Stud Sheer Stud Composite Deck (Trapezoidal) Composite Deck (Trapezoidal) Structural Steel Beam (HEB 300, coated with intumescent Structural Steel material) Beam (HEB 300, coated with intumescent material) Filling Filling 2 2 Structural Steel Column (HEB 300, covered with Structural stone ﬁnishing) Steel Column (HEB 300, covered with stone ﬁnishing) Exterior Frame Exterior Frame Glass Panel (Double Glazed) Glass Panel (Double Glazed) Curtain Wall System (Bolted to steel construc�on) Curtain Wall System (Bolted to steel construc�on) Bolted Steel Flange Bolted Steel Flange Structural Steel Beam (HEB 280, coated with intumescent Structural Steel material) Beam (HEB 280, coated with intumescent material) Structural Steel Beam (HEB 400, coated with intumescent Structural Steel material) Beam (HEB 400, coated with intumescent material)

3 Concrete Flashing Steel Flange Slip 80 mm Glass Wool Insula�on Aluminium Mullion Proﬁles Bolted Steel Flange

4 Steel Flange Slip Glass Panel (Double Glazed) Top Pivot Glass Door Patch Floor Spring

Stone finishing 2

Overall steel structure using beams and columns

Axonometric diagram of steel frame structure

0 2

1 3m

400 mm

300 mm

Steel Frame

280 mm

The steel column and beam will be connected by bolting, because the bolting will emit less CO2 than welding. It will be coated with the intumescent material to reduce the damage caused by the fire. And the steel column will be covered with the stone finishing.

Steel column

300 mm

Bolting connection on steel beam

C O M M U N I TY C E N T R E

FOR WALLSEND

SYNTHESIS : COMPOSITE SLAB

SYNTHESIS : GLASS CURTAIN WALL

Concrete slab Slab reinforcement Shear stud

Windows frame

Steel deck Structural steel beam

①

②

③

Composite slab and steel beam structure ①

Langen Foundation

Composite slab The composite slab consists of the concrete slab, slab reinforcement, shear stud, and steel deck. The slab will be supported by the structural steel beam and column, and the concrete slab will be floored by the PVC floor finishing and the acoustic insulation.

Double glazed glass panel

Mullion

PVC floor finish ②

Structure of double glazed glass panel

Curtain Wall The curtain wall of the recreation centre of the FRAME will be developed by inserting double glazed glass panels between the mullions, and the awning windows will be installed.

Axonometric diagram of FRAME’s curtain wall Axonometric diagram of composite slab structure

Acoustic Insulation ③

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SYNTHESIS : SKYLIGHT FRAME

APPENDIX

Voronoi Mullion This triangluar Voronoi mullion supports the glass panel inside the cells of Voronoi canpoy on roof garden. Skylight frame on the roof

APPENDIX These appendix shows the essays and reports that are related to my design project. The main subject of those reports and essay is to interpret the process of my design project in different categories, such as technical details, procurement strategy, and sustainability.

Detail of skylight frame

IDEALISATION OF ARCHITECTURE

COMMONING IN WALLSEND

through memory, material and mul�sensory

prac�cing the concept of commoning

Jehyun LEE

170739267 Tutor: Ka� Blom

170739267 Studio 5

A R C H I T E C T U R A L

T E C H N O L O G Y 3

Integrated Construction

ARC3014 PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE AND MANAGEMENT Coursework Report

Name: Jehyun Lee Student ID: 170739267 Project Title: Forum Recreation of Artistic Multipurpose Education (FRAME) Site: Wallsend, North Tyneside, UK Studio 5: Weaving in Wallsend Tutors: Sophie Baldwin, Kieran Connolly, and Luke Rigg

Jehyun LEE

170739267

1 1

Grasshopper components of the Voronoi mullion

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APPENDIX : ARC3060

Contents 1. Introduction

1.1 Backgrounds

IDEALISATION OF ARCHITECTURE

1.2 Research strategies

2. Idealisation and its components

through memory, material and mul�sensory

2.1 Idealisation of architecture

2.2 Material

2.3 Memories

2.4 Multisensory

3. Ideas of architecture

3.1 Ideas

3.2 How ideas influences the idealisation of architecture? 4. Case studies

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of BA Honours Architecture Author: Student No.: Module: Year: Word count:

Jehyun Lee 170739267 ARC3060 2020 - 2021 8,788 words

Jehyun LEE

32 34

4.1 Kamppi Centre

4.2 Hunters Point Library

4.3 Therme Vals

4.4 Summary

5. Idealisation of architecture in the future

6. Conclusions

Bibliography

List of figures

170739267 Tutor: Ka� Blom

1. Introduction 1

Abstract

4. Calvino, Italo. Invisible Cities. London: Vintage Books, 1972, p. 61

Juhani Pallasmaa published the article ‘Six themes for the next millennium’, which introduces the six themes, such as slowness, plasticity, sensuousness, authenticity, idealisation, and silence. Among them, the idealisation could be the most essential concept.

Idealisation, material, memories, multisensory, permanent ideas, temporal physical objects, climate change, COVID-19, 4th industrial revolution

The author is deeply grateful to his family for their warm, endless support and inspiration given to him during this hard time.

1. Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries <https://www. oxfordlearnersdictionaries. com/definition/english/ idealization?q=idealisation>

Acknowledgement

2. Pallasmaa, Juhani. Six themes for the next millennium. The Architectural Review, EMAP Architecture, 1994, p. 6

Pallasmaa said that “only the architect, who projects his ideal client and society as he designs, can create buildings that give mankind hope and direction.”2 More specifically, he states “the authentic artist and architect must engage in an ideal world; architecture makes concrete an ideal view of life. And architecture is lost at the point that this vision and aspiration for an ideal is abandoned.”3 From these words, Pallasmaa had described the principle of reflecting imagination on architecture, and terms with ‘ideal’ are similar to the imagination.

3. Ibid

There is also another concept of idealisation which can be found in Calvino’s

It had been construed as the idealisation because the part with amusement park had been interpreted as the architecture with an imagination that lasts longer, while the city is the architecture that does not.

What is the idealisation? The Oxford dictionary defines it as “the act of considering or representing somebody/something as being perfect or better than they really are”.1 What is the idealisation in architecture then? There are several clues that indicate the concept of idealisation of architecture.

Keywords

‘Invisible Cities’ known as Sophronia City (Figure 1). It has two parts: One is a regular city, and the other is an amusement park. And it is described that “one of the half-cities is permanent, the other is temporary, and when the period of its sojourn is over, they uproot it, dismantle it, and take it off, transplanting it to the vacant lots of another half-city.”4

1.1 Backgrounds

This study aims to find out the answer of the question: What is the idealisation of architecture? This question begins from Calvino's Sophronia City. To seek the answer, four main researches are carried out as follows: 1. Review the definition and components of idealisation in architecture. 2. Explore changes of architectural ideas. 3. Proceed three case studies of buildings designed by Juhani Pallasmaa, Steven Holl, and Peter Zumthor to think about how the idealisation had been implemented in the architecture. 4. Speculate how idealisation of architecture will take form in the future. During the research, idealisation of architecture is particularly considered with three elements; material, memories, and multisensory. From the study, it is turned out to be that the idealisation of architecture is established through the process of implementing the ideal view of client and architect on the building by combining material, memories, and multisensory. In particular, memory is the permanent idea, material is the temporal physical object, and multisensory is the bridge between the memories and multisensory. The idelisation in the future take its form accordingly to the social issues with the hand from the technology of 4th industrial revolution. And most importantly, the nature of the idealisation – the cycle and compatability between the temporal and permanent – remain the same and never changes.

The author would like to express sincere gratitue to his dissertation tutor, Kati Blom, for her guidance and encouragement throughout this research.

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Figure 1: Sophronia City

APPENDIX : ARC3060

Before the time of Pallasmaa and Calvino, there are two distinct concepts of idealisation suggested by Plato and Aristotle (Figure 2). Through one of those concepts known as Platonic idealism, Plato stated that the world of material is changeable and unreliable.5 And the “world of permanence and reliability”, which Plato labeled as the world of “Forms or Ideas”,6 exists behind the material world. Intrinsically, Plato believed that idea is reflected on the reality.

Further, the concept of Platonic idealism and Metaphysics gives an alternative interpretation for Sophronia City: It is the coexistence and the cycle between the idea and reality. The amusement park represents the permanent ideas and mental space while the buildings indicate the temporal physical objects and reality. The entire cycle between park and city designates that while the idea remains the same – although there are few changes – the reality and objects changes as time goes on.

Then, Metaphysics is the concept that had been established by Aristotle after the Platonic idealism. It proposes that “form and matters are substances, but matter is potential, while form is actual.”7 Like Platonic idealism, it advocates that the idea is permanent while the physical object is temporal. However, unlike Plato, Aristotle insisted that “the two are not separate but intertwined, and actuality precedes potentiality. Although the actual is produced from the potential, it is the actual that makes the production possible.”8 He believed that when people produce the object, they put the idea inside the object to represent it. That way, idea and object are combined into one.

Going back to Pallasmaa’s article, he mentioned about two ways of establishing the architecture. “The first is based on images that are rooted in our common memory, that is, in the phenomenologically authentic ground of architecture. The second manipulates images, striking and fashionable, perhaps, but which do not incorporate our identities, memories and dreams.”9 It is inferred that Pallasmaa valued the architecture that is related to our memories, which could be considered as the component of imagination. Throughout the backgrounds from previous paragraphs, it is presumed that idealisation is focused on the relationship between architecture and people’s life. And it had been proposed by Juhani Pallasmaa, in the hope that the architecture in next millennium will be better than it did in 1994. However, it is speculated that the definition is established first by Plato and Aristotle. Each background may have different points, but they are similar and related to the imaginations, which belongs to materials and memories.

Thereby, Platonic idealism and Metaphysics are important for idealisation because they appear to be related to the process of implementing the imagination to the architectural design. Also, these concepts emphasise the importance of imagination which had been expressed as the idea, form, and actual.

Changable Unrealiable

Object

As described in the previous chapter, Juhani Pallasmaa stated that idealisation of architecture is about creating the “architectural arts that confirm human value, reveal the poetic dimensions of everyday life and, consequently, serve as cores of hope in a world that seems to loose its coherence and meaning.”10

Therefore, this dissertation aims to seek the way how the idealisation of architecture will be established through specific case studies. In addition, it will mention about how idealisation had changed throughout time and how it will take a form in the future because it is also crucial for the idealisation of architecture.

Forms Ideas Permanence Reliability

Idea

2.1 Idealisation of architecture

10. Pallasmaa, Juhani. Six themes for the next millennium. The Architectural Review, EMAP Architecture, 1994, p. 6

5. Macintosh, David. Plato: A Theory of Forms from Philosophy Now, 2012 6. Ibid 7. SparkNotes, Metaphysics <https://www.sparknotes.com/ biography/aristotle/section7/> (Accessed: 2nd October, 2020) 8. Ibid

Form Potential Temporal Physical Object

Matter

11. Pallasmaa, Juhani. The Thinking Hands. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, p. 115

Actual Produced from potential Makes the production possible Permanent idea

12. Pallasmaa, Juhani. The Thinking Hands. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, p. 114

9. Pallasmaa, Juhani. Six themes for the next millennium. The Architectural Review, EMAP Architecture, 1994, p. 6.

Figure 2: Platonic idealism (top) and Metaphysics (bottom)

Also, the new types of material emerge from reinterpretations done by the architect as time passes by. Steven Holl had created many architectural works throughout his career with the unique structure that captures the natural light properly because he valued the light as the crucial material for architecture. Holl said that “the importance of natural light for physical and psychological well-being should now be recognised in all human-inhabited environments.”17

In Chapter 5, the idealisation of architecture in the future is speculated. The speculation is carried out in the following structure: • How social issues such as climate change and COVID-19 will affect architecture • Brief description of the 4th industrial revolution • Precedents that show how the 4th industrial revolution had influenced the architecture • Relationship between the precedents and idealisation of architecture • The problem and solutions

Material is the component that is used to construct the structure, space, and exterior of architecture. This component is usually referred to as the object that can be either collected from nature or be made by a man. It had been defined as the temporal physical object because people usually demolish the existing building that is no longer required, discard the remains, and use the new materials to construct the new building. Despite this, the material serves its role to express and produce the architect’s idea into the physical space.

By the end of this dissertation, the present and future definition of the idealisation in architecture are provided.

In Chapter 2, the idealisation of architecture will be reviewed. The reviews are proceeded by using reciprocal terms such as the permanent idea and temporal physical objects, in other words, memories and material. In particular, the multisensory is used as the bridge between the memories and materials. In Chapter 3, change of ideals such as Modernism, Postmodernism, and Structuralism as following contents: • Descriptions and details about the changes of ideas in chronological way (1750 - 1950) • How each idea had influenced the idealisation

14. Pallasmaa, Juhani. The eyes of the skin. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, p. 56 15. Zumthor, Peter, Thinking Architecture. Birkhauser – Publisher for architecture, p. 11

In Chapter 4, three case studies are provided to find out how the idealisation of architecture had been implemented in the architecture. For this research about construction process and elements of all three cases are througly

Likewise, Steven Holl had emphasised the importance of the architecture, which fits the demands of human and provide a better lifestyle. As Holl once said, architecture has the potential to change the people’s daily lives by providing spaces that have an “influence on behaviour”.13

the way how they used the material to make the artwork. After observation, Zumthor stated, “It seems anchored in an ancient, elemental knowledge about man’s use of materials, and at the same time to expose the very essence of these materials, which is beyond all culturally conveyed meaning.”16

• Why the buildings had been chosen as the case study? • Brief descriptions of the buildings • How does buildings represent the architects’ idealisation and which component does that? • Brief observation and suggestion through the view of metaphysics

To find out the way how the idealisation of architecture is established, the research is carried out using various sources such as books, printed journal articles, online articles, and specific case studies. This dissertation is mainly divided into four chapters. And each chapter provides the research about the idealisation.

Whenever Pallasmaa speaks about the idealisation of architecture, humanity and their world always comes as the top priority, whilst he considers the combination of space and time. “All significant architecture is the result of serious thinking – or, more precisely, of a distinct way of thinking through the medium of architecture.”12

2.2 Material

explored, Kamppi Centre, Hunters Point Library, and Therme Vals designed by Juhani Pallasmaa, Steven Holl, and Peter Zumthor had been selected as case studies because they appear to have established the idealisation of architecture with the new type of structure and spaces. The case studies are explored in the following categories:

1.2 Research strategy

13. Holl, Steven. Compression. Princeton Architectural Press, 2019, p. 33

2. Definition and components of idealisation

Pallasmaa also stated that architecture turns into “mere aesthetics when it steps away from its originary motives of domesticating space and time, an animistic understanding of the world, and the metaphoric representation of the act of construction.”11

For Juhani Pallasmaa, the material is another top priority for the idealisation of architecture because certain materials will make the senses of human – especially the one related to haptic – intrigued during the interaction with the architecture, memorising such senses vividly. As he stated about those senses, “The skin reads the texture, weight, density, and temperature of matter. The surface of an old object polished to perfection by the tool of the craftsman, and the assiduous hand of its users seduces the stroking of the hand.”14 Correspondingly, Peter Zumthor had thought material itself could express the poetic quality to architecture when the architect finds the way to generate a “meaning for materials.”15 So, when Zumthor observed the works done by Joseph Beuys and artists from the Arte Povera Group, he was impressed at

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16. Zumthor, Peter, Thinking Architecture. Birkhauser – Publisher for architecture, p. 10 17. Holl, Steven. Compression. Princeton Architectural Press, 2019, p. 19

APPENDIX : ARC3060

2.3 Memories

place and form.”20 Zumthor also describes that architecture has “its own realm” and represent the memories which is considered as a background for people's life rather than being a message.21

3.1 Ideas

Alternatively, memories of architecture can be interpreted as the metaphysical relationship and interaction with the building and the certain elements of the site. According to Steven Holl, the “simultaneous interactions” of topography, program, urban movement, materials, and light come together to “manifest the spirit of an urban place.”22 Holl also added that architecture is integrated in “deep connections to the site, culture, and climate” instead of “applied signature style.”23 Eventually, these interactions produce images of the building and space based on people’s emotion. About this, Zumthor said that “I believe that buildings only be accepted by their surroundings if they have the ability to appeal to our emotions and minds in a various way. Since our feelings and understanding are rooted in the past, our sensuous connections with a building must respect the process of remembering.”24

In architecture, memories usually involve the history, culture, and places that gives the people or architects the special experience. Memory is considered as the permanent idea because it is recorded through the structure and spaces of architecture. From the observation of the architectural design works, people will have their special memories related to location, historical moment, and cultural elements.

18. Pallasmaa, Juhani. The Thinking Hands. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, p. 116 19. Pallasmaa, Juhani. The eyes of the skin. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, p. 13 20. Zumthor, Peter, Thinking Architecture. Birkhauser – Publisher for architecture, p. 10

Pallasmaa said that artistic thought is an existential understanding based on the “synthesis of experience, not just a conceptual or logical, and perception fuses memory with the actual percept, and consequently, even ordinary sense perceptions are complex processes of comparison and evaluation”.18 Pallasmaa suggests that humans’ sense and perception can be fused with specific memory by interacting with the architecture. He also states that imagination establishes the memory of the architecture: “In our imagination, the object is simultaneously held in hand and inside the head, and the imagined physical image modelled by people’s bodies.”19 Similarly, Peter Zumthor had valued the memories of the places that the people had visited, one which gives the people a special memory, and one which is important for the people for some reason. Zumthor had thought about the way of using the memory to revive the “vibrant atmosphere pervaded by the simple presence of things, where everything had its specific

Figure 3: Cologne Cathedral

32. Collins, Peter. Changing Ideals in Modern Architecture, 17501950. McGill-Queen's University Press, Montreal, p. 243 - 244 21. Ibid, p. 13

33. Collins, Peter. Changing Ideals in Modern Architecture, 17501950. McGill-Queen's University Press, Montreal, p. 211

22. Holl, Steven. Compression. Princeton Architectural Press, 2019, p. 27

34. Ibid, p. 3

23. Ibid, p. 27 24. Zumthor, Peter, Thinking Architecture. Birkhauser – Publisher for architecture, p. 18

3. Ideas of architecture

2.4 Multisensory

35. Britannica, Cologne Cathedral <https://www.britannica.com/ topic/Cologne-Cathedral> (Accessed: 9th September, 2020)

Later, several modernist architecture movements had taken its place during and after two world wars since “the ability to criticise individual buildings according to accepted principles had been developed during the period.”38

While most people think that sense of scent has no relation with the architecture, Pallasmaa believed that “a particular smell makes us unknowingly re-enter a space completely forgotten by the retinal memory”.28 When people percept the smell, it will remind the certain memory to the brain. In architecture, some smell awakes the forgotten memories about the building’s space, structures, and details, making people imagine that they are actually inside the building.

Some senses even trigger the memories which involve the specific place and its story. Juhani Pallasmaa stated, “It is evident that the architecture of traditional cultures is also essentially connected with the tacit wisdom of the body, instead of being visually and conceptually dominated.”25 Pallasmaa insists that the body sensory of people is motivated by structure of building. Pallasmaa also said that eyes collaborate with the other senses. “All these senses, including vision, can be regarded as extensions of the sense of touch – as specialisations of the skin. They define the interface between the skin and the environment.”26 Pallasmaa knew that human senses are connected so people can interact with the architecture more vividly. 25. Pallasmaa, Juhani. The eyes of the skin. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, p. 26 26. Ibid, p. 42

For auditory sense, by precepting the sound related to the specific space through the ear, the brain generates the space’s images based on the sound and implant them into the memory. “Hearing structures and articulates the experience and understanding of space. We are not normally aware of the

38. Collins, Peter. Changing Ideals in Modern Architecture, 17501950. McGill-Queen's University Press, Montreal, p. 263 39. Glass, steel, and reinforced concrete 40. Curtis, William J. R. Modern Architecture Since 1900, PHAIDON, p.21

As for the taste, although not connected with the architecture and its material directly, the visual sensory takes its role to produce the imaginary taste of it to stimulate people’s brain. “Vision becomes transferred to taste as well; certain colours and delicate details evoke and sensations. A delicately coloured polished stone surface is subliminally sensed by the tongue.”29 Pallasmaa stated.

28. Ibid, p. 54 29. Pallasmaa, Juhani. The eyes of the skin. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, p. 59

41. HISoUR, Functionalism in architecture <https://www. hisour.com/functionalism-inarchitecture-28224/> (Accessed: 23rd August, 2020)

Figure 4: Sagrada Familia under construction

The idea is that the usage of multisensory is associated with the memories of the building and site that had been observed. Pallasmaa mentioned, “Mental images are registered in the same zones of the brains as visual perceptions, and that these images possess all the experiential authenticity of those perceived by our own eyes.”30

27. Ibid, p. 49

Romanticism is the idea of reviving the Gothic culture through painting and literature. For this case, it is about the philosophy and culture that had involved in the change of the architecture.33 It had been frequently trended during the 1880s, and it is believed that the architecture is born from the political, intellectual, and religious revolution emerged from the environment.34 This idea is shown in Cologne Cathedral (Figure 3). When the original cathedral was destroyed by fire in 1248, the reconstruction had begun, and it was designed to emulate the Gothic style of French church architecture. Later, the construction had been resumed in 1820s by Sulpiz Boisserée, who advocated the Gothic Revival movement, and the construction had finally ended in 1880.35

significance of hearing in spatial experience, although sound often provides the temporal continuum in which visual impressions are embedded.”27 Said Pallasmaa.

Human have various senses such as sight, scent, taste, auditory, haptic systems, and mental process. In architecture, it could be considered as the bridge between the material and memories because people, who visit the site with the building, percept the material that had been used, the light that is filled in, and the environment of the site.

Many ideas had influenced the architectural designs throughout history. According to Peter Collins, three sources of inspiration for architectural form had taken place during the 1750s to 1950s; “the authority of the traditional architecture of the past, the desire to escape from this authority through functional analogies, and a reliance on the selection of structural components justified by reason”.32 Therefore, in this section, the reviews are focused on this period.

42. Designing Buildings Wiki, Minimalist Architecture <https:// www.designingbuildings.co.uk/ wiki/Minimalist_architecture> (Accessed: 23rd August, 2020)

Further, multisensory has relationship with the environment of the site. “Our bodies and movements are in constant interaction with the environment; the world and the self-inform and redefine each other constantly. The percept of the body and the image of the world turn into one single continuous existential experience.” 31 Pallasmaa believes that the environment is essential to understand and percept architecture. 36. Collins, Peter. Changing Ideals in Modern Architecture, 17501950. McGill-Queen's University Press, Montreal, p. 121

30. Pallasmaa, Juhani. The Thinking Hands. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, p. 131

37. History of the Basilica <https:// sagradafamilia.org/en/historyof-the-temple> (Accessed: 9th September, 2020)

31. Pallasmaa, Juhani. The eyes of the skin. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, p. 40

Eclecticism is an architectural style in which a single piece of work incorporates a mixture of elements from previous historical styles to create something new and original. It is said that since there was no architectural form to claim, once one specific purpose for the building is chosen, then the unique structure of the time is born from the reiteration from each point of the historic idea as long as the demand on the building does not collide.36 This idea is shown in Sagrada Familia (Figure 4), which was planned to contain several neo-Gothic elements; ogival windows, buttresses, flying buttresses and a pointed bell tower. Later, Antonio Gaudi had taken charge in the construction and tried to combine the Gothic style with the oriental style.37 Typically, both Romanticism and Eclecticism had valued the memories of the specific culture and history. They are focused on applying and reviving each artistic movement on building’s structure and appearance; either focusing on the single concept or combining the elements from the multiple ones.

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43. International Style (modern Europe architecture style) <http:// www.getty.edu/vow/AATFullDisp lay?find=international+style&log ic=AND&note=&page=1&subject id=300021472> (Accessed: 23rd August, 2020) 44. Designing Buildings Wiki, Constructivist Architecture <https://www.designingbuildings. co.uk/wiki/Constructivist_ architecture> (Accessed: 8th September, 2020)

Modernism is the idea of architecture based on the new types of technologies involving the usages of the new types of material39 and the rejection of ornaments. It is said that the Modernism is connected to the development in the 18th century, which is about the “sense of history as something which moves forward through different ‘epochs’, each with a spiritual core manifesting itself directly in the facts of culture”.40 Modernism also accompanies several additional ideas. Functionalism is the idea that architecture should be developed and focused according to its functions. The idea of functionalism was conflated with a lack of ornamentation, which is a different matter, and it had been usually discussed during the 1930s as an “aesthetic approach rather than a matter of design integrity”.41 Minimalism in the architecture involves the use of simple design elements, without ornamentation or decoration. Proponents of minimalism believe that “condensing the content and form of a design to its bare essentials, reveals the true essence of architecture.”42 Internationalism focuses on its characterisation by emphasising volume over mass, using lightweight, mass-produced, industrial materials, rejection of all ornament and colour, repetitive modular forms, and the use of flat surfaces, typically alternating with areas of glass.43 Constructivism is the form of modern architecture developed in the Soviet Union, which is characterised by a combination of modern technology and engineering methods and the “socio-political ethos of Communism”.44 Rationalism is the extended concept of internationalism which believed that no matter how elaborative the structure and its ornament is, the architectural form is essentially structural.45

45. Collins, Peter. Changing Ideals in Modern Architecture, 17501950. McGill-Queen's University Press, Montreal, p. 210

APPENDIX : ARC3060

During the era of Modernism, Frank Lloyd Wright, Le Corbusier, and Mies Van Der Rohe had emphasised its main idea. Frank Lloyd Wright broke the Eclecticism and found the “new style based on the spatial concept of interpenetrating planes and abstract masses”.46 One of Wright’s work, Larkin Building (Figure 5), features new materials such as brick, stone, and glass, with many technical innovations such as air conditioning, heating systems, and toilet bowls.47

Meanwhile, Le Corbusier had expressed the imaginative world with a “vision of the ideal city, a philosophy of nature, and a strong feeling for tradition”.48 Using the steel, glass, reinforced concrete, and masonry units to design Villa Savoye (Figure 6), Le Corbusier provided the shift from what he saw as “impractical materials and methods of the time”.49 And to hide the fact that “individual prefabricated parts” were used for construction, white plaster had been used to cover the villa’s exterior.50

Figure 8: Heydar Aliyev Centre

Figure 9: Dongdaemun Design Plaza

55. Heydar Aliyev Centre / Zaha Hadid Architects (14th November, 2013) <https://www.archdaily. com/448774/heydar-aliyev-centerzaha-hadid-architects> (Accessed: 29th December, 2020)

In later 1960s, Structuralism had taken over the Postmodernism. Structuralism is about interpreting and producing the architecture through the “discipline of semiology”, which claims that the architecture can be read and decoded57, and it is based on the theory suggested by linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, which is about the distinction between the “langue and parole”.58

56. Dongdaemun Design Plaza / Zaha Hadid Architects (31st May, 2015) <https://www.archdaily. com/489604/dongdaemun-designplaza-zaha-hadid-architects> (Accessed: 29th December, 2020) 57. Leach, Neil. Rethinking Architecture: A Reader In Cultural Theory, p. 156

48. Curtis, William J. R. Modern Architecture Since 1900, PHAIDON, p. 163 46. Curtis, William J. R. Modern Architecture Since 1900, PHAIDON, p. 113 47. Larkin Company Administration Building <https://franklloydwright. org/site/larkin-companyadministration-building/> (Accessed: 9th September, 2020)

Figure 5: Digital model of Larkin Building

50. Ibid

In the late 1970s, Structuralism became criticised because its system is specifying time or place too strictly. 59 From this, Poststructuralism had taken place. It is said that Poststructuralism is about understanding the architecture as the problematisation, and it had introduced the “notions of time and difference”.60

58. Ibid, p. 156

49. The Conversation, Sublime Design Le Corbusier’s Villa Savoye (3rd June, 2014) <https:// theconversation.com/sublimedesign-le-corbusiers-villasavoye-26625#> (Accessed: 14th September, 2020)

59. Ibid, p. 156

Sagrada Familia

61. Collins, Peter. Changing Ideals in Modern Architecture, 17501950. McGill-Queen's University Press, Montreal, p. 271

Romanticism

Eclecticism

●

● ○

54. Nesbitt, Kate. Theorizing a new agenda for architecture. Princeton Architectural Press, p.76

Steven Holl Frank Gehry

Roma�cism

Modernism

Postmodernism

Structuralism

Poststructuralism

Contemporary

(1880 - 1950)

(From Early 1960s and onward)

(1960 - Early 1970s)

(From Late 1970s)

(Social < Imagina�on)

Memories

Material

Material Mul�sensory

Material Memories

Memories Mul�sensroy

Material Memories Mul�sensroy

• Focused on recording the history and history born from the environment

• New types of technology and usage of the new type of material

• Complexity correlated to building’s form and func�on

• Reac�on to the Ra�onalism

• Introduced the no�ons of �me and diﬀerence

• Once the building’s speciﬁc purpose had been chosen, its structure is being reiterated from each point

• Rejec�on of ornaments

• Accompanied with Decosntruc�vism (Building’s design and structure neglects the con�nuity with the site) in the 1980s

• All cultural forms could be analysed by analogy with language, and therefore, could be ‘read’

• Challenged the treatment of binary opposi�ons in structuralisms, and sought to expose the fact that within such opposi�on one term is invariably privileged over the other

• Sensories will contain brand new one and/or two of them will be combined (ex: Sight + Hap�c)

• Accompanied with addi�onal ideas: Fun�onalism, Minimalism, Interna�onalism, Construc�vism, and Ra�onalism

• Elements of culture must be understood in terms of their rela�onship to a larger structure • The built environment can be ‘read’ and ‘decoded’ • Sta�c and universial model

• Be understood as the problema�sa�on • Intent on augmen�ng and improving the structuralist project

Figure 10: Timeline of ideas

Structuralism

○

●

Poststructuralism

Contemporary

●

○

●

○

●

As seen in Figure 10, the architectural designs and its construction process had changed based on the dominant idea of the time. During the time of Romanticism and Eclecticism, the idealisation of architecture is mainly about the memories, which consists of the philosophy, and artistic manner. At the time of Modernism and its accessory ideas, architectures were about combining material and technology.

Main Element Additional Element

In the case of Postmodernism and its derivative concept, their architecture focuses on the multisensory and contains the functions and forms that differ from the site context, which make the architecture shift away from the concept of Modernism and Constructivism. And the idea of Postmodernism had been still partly active in these days.

Modernism are accompanied with several additional ideas: Functionalism, Minimalism, Internationalism, Constructivism, and Rationalism

Later, in the early 1960s, Modernism became criticised because it is too reductive. According to Venturi, “modern architects have exploited the conventional element only in limited ways.” 53 Venturi believed that Modernism used the less various materials and as such, features the mediocre appearance. 53. Venturi, Robert. Complexity And Contradiction In Architecture, The Museum of Modern Art Papers on Architecture, p. 43

Postmodernism

○

Multisensory

Overall, Modernism and its accessory ideas are focused on the usage of material during the construction of the building. Architects, in this period, believed that there are many new types of material is essential for the construction of the building, which fits the demands of their ideal clients.

Modernism

●

Material

Figure 7: Digital model of Barcelona Pavilion

Juhani Pallasmaa

3.2 How ideas influences the idealisation of architecture?

Memories

52. The Pavilion <https:// miesbcn.com/the-pavilion/> (9th September, 2020)

Zaha Hadid

Le Corbusier

(1750 - 1880)

As for Mies Van Der Rohe, he used the glass, steel, and the four types of stone – Roman travertine, green Alpine marble, ancient green marble and golden onyx – during the reconstruction of Barcelona Pavilion51 (Figure 7). His originality in the use of materials lays few in novelty as in the ideal of modernity they expressed through the rigour of their geometry, the precision of the pieces and the clarity of their assembly.52

51. It is said that the material that had been used for the original construction is similar to the current one

Frank Lloyd Wright

Mies Van Der Rohe

Those changes in architectural ideas are mostly based on an artistic manner. As Peter Collins states, “The dominant influence on architectural design during the second quarter of the twentieth century has undoubtedly been that of painting and sculpture.”61 To clarify, idealisations with these changing ideas features the different component for each.

60. Ibid, p. 268

Figure 6: Digital model of Villa Savoye

Cologne Cathedral

Zaha Hadid had actively expressed this concept. Her works, Heydar Aliyev Centre (Figure 8) and Dongdaemun Design Plaza (Figure 9) contain the design with the free-form structure55, and parametric modelling56. Those curvature design demonstrated the idea of Deconstructivism and Venturi’s complexity by intertwining the building’s programme and being less contextual to the landscape.

Figure 11: Table of comparison between the ideas

Later, Structuralism had aimed to reinterpret the modern architecture by establishing structure through memories, materials, and language, while Poststructuralism focuses on developing the structure of the architecture through the memories, multisensory, and time.

So, the Postmodernism had been emerged to solve the issues of modernism architecture. As Venturi had once mentioned, it is basically about the complexity correlated to form and function: “Complexity must be the result of the program at least rather than the will of the author. The complex building creates a vivid whole despite its variety.”54 It also accompanies the idea of Deconstructivism, which is about making the building’s design and structure that is less contextual with its site.

The architecture in Romanticism to Modernism had a slightly unbalanced composition between material, multisensory, and memories which featured one of the element at a time. During the period of Postmodernism to Postructuralism, two of the components had been featured. And the contemporary architecture features the balanced amount of material, multisensory, and memories (Figure 11).

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In detail, the Kamppi Centre consists of the main building and the three blocks of the office facility. The main building of centre is the combination of the dwelling spaces, restaurant, café, shopping malls, museum, cinema, and public transportation terminal, as seen in Figures 13.

In short, the idealisation of architecture had been influenced by the ideas of each time period, which also influenced the appearance, materials, and designing process of the buildings.

The entire structure of the complex is bounded to its site – both physically and functionally, and Kamppi Centre’s Interiors on the street level are mostly the public spaces with restaurants, shops and terminals which overlaps each other.62 The facades are characterised with the steel structure of the whole balcony system as well as the steel and glass canopies of the shopping mall wall and the orangery projections of the restaurants together with zones made of timber and stone.63 Next, the three office facilities are followed by a block of flats on the side of the Tennispalatsinaukio square. Between these different spaces – on the shopping mall roof – are the courtyards of the flats, where views are open from the offices. The courtyards between them create a rhythm for the entity, and they make the daylight flow through them in different angles along the course of the day.64 And below the main building and office blocks is the basement which has a large complex integrated with the pedestrian passage, shopping store, and public transportation terminal – bus terminal and metro station.

62. Kamppi Shopping Centre and Public Transport Terminal <http:// navi.finnisharchitecture.fi/kamppishopping-centre-and-publictransport-terminal/> (16th August, 2020)

Overall, Kamppi Centre is Pallasmaa’s attempt to represent the lifestyle of residents of Helsinki in these days65 and provide the space for them by combining the multiple spaces with different functions inside the whole volume of the building. For this case, Pallasmaa states “architectural experience arises ontologically from the act of inhabiting, and consequently, the primal architectural images can be most clearly identified in the context of the house, the human dwelling.”66

63. Ibid 64. Ibid

Figure 14: Site and light diagram of the Kamppi Centre

65. Staying at home, Going out for shopping, Eating, Working 66. Pallasmaa, Juhani. The Embodied Image. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, p. 129

4. Case studies 33

4.2 Hunters Point Library in Long Island City (2011 - 2019)

4.1 Kamppi Centre in Finland (1999 -2005)

Figure 16: Hunters Point Library and its site plan

Figure 12: Kamppi Centre and its Interior space

Figure 15: Light diagram of Kamppi Centre

Juhani Pallasmaa, Steven Holl, and Peter Zumthor had designed the new type of buildings that contains the concept of Metaphysics and expresses the balance between material, memories, and multisensory. And all those buildings shows the cycle between ideas and materials.

When designing the building, Pallasmaa had used the different materials and deployed the different landscape through the opening for each volume of complex and the office block depending on the categories and desires of users. And Pallasmaa had tried to produce the accessibility to the building from anywhere – usually through public transportation.

Shopping Mall Apartment Flat

As previously described, Juhani Pallasmaa had valued the human and their lifestyles when designing the architecture. Pallasmaa insists that to do so, it is essential to use the material to stimulate the human’s senses and to fuse them to the memories and imagination of the site that are generated in human’s mind.

Open Square Space Small Courtyard Oﬃce Flat Skylight

During his time as the architect, Pallasmaa had constructed the Kamppi Centre (Figure 12) with the collaboration of Helin & Co Architects. Kamppi Centre is the complex of shopping mall and the public transport station located in the Helsinki, Finland. And it had been mainly constructed by using the glass, steel, stone, timber, and brick.

67. Juhani Pallasmaa: “Architecture Is a Mediation Between the World and Our Minds” (31st May, 2018) <https://www.archdaily. com/895039/juhani-pallasmaaarchitecture-is-a-mediationbetween-the-world-and-ourminds> (Accessed: 4th January, 2021)

Figure 13: Functions of the Kamppi Centre

It is said that the first idea of the complex had been established in the year 1999, and after establishing the idea, the construction of the building had been accomplished in 2005.

Pallasmaa also had produced the building’s openings on almost every side of building’s exterior and covered them with the glass, so that the natural light flow and diffuse smoothly inside the mall in various directions (Figure 14 and 15). That way, Pallasmaa had illuminated the mall’s indoor space and presented the different atmosphere for each space.

68. Archdaily, Hunters Point Library / Steven Holl Architects (25th September, 2019) <https:// www.archdaily.com/925389/ hunters-point-library-steven-hollarchitects> (Accessed: 4th August, 2020)

During his career as architect, Pallasmaa once said, “Good architecture tells us something about the world. It tells us something about history, about culture, about how the society works and finally, it tells us who we are.”67 This means that good architecture should record the memories about the specific moment, culture, and people. That is, Kamppi Centre tells stuff about the lifestyle of people in Helsinki.

69. DesignWanted, A block full of books surrounded by skyscrapers – Hunters Point Library (28th October, 2019) <https:// designwanted.com/architecture/ hunters-point-library-2/> (Accessed: 22nd August, 2020)

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While searching about the idealisation of architecture, there was the information about Hunters Point Library designed by Steven Holl. It drew the attention because of its exterior space with unique curvature openings , which had made the building look unique compared to the surrounding building. Hence, this library had been explored to figure out about Steven Holl’s idealisation. Hunters Point Library (Figure 16) is located along the East River in Long Island City, New York. It is enveloped with the façade wall made of aluminium coated concrete68 which load-bears the vertical interior space without using any columns or curtain wall. During the daytime, the exterior concrete facade sparkles with aluminium paint to draw the attention toward a distinctive library inside the repeating rectangular buildings. And the interior structure is shown clearly in night when it is illuminated on the waterfront.69 Glass on the openings creates a clear refuge for not only the visitors but also the porosity and permeability for natural light.

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As demonstrated in Figure 20, most of the light that had entered through the exterior’s opening illuminates through space near to each window and the void on the first and third floors. After that, some portion of the light moves toward the adjacent space, which eventually illuminates the library’s whole interior space and creates some shadows on the corners of the reading area.

4.3 Therme Vals in Vals, Switzerland (1990 -1996)

Overall, Hunters Point Library demonstrates the idealisation through materials and multisensory. Steven Holl had produced the new connection between the building and its site by using concrete, aluminium, bamboo, and light. Hence, it had developed the library building with the sparkling and illuminating surface among the rectangular concrete buildings of Long Island City. And the irregular curvature opening on the wall had determined the new type of exterior and provides the natural light, landscape view of Manhattan, and meditation for the mental health of visitors.

Figure 21: Therme Vals

In addition, those openings on the library’s exterior wall had broke the boundary between the indoor and outdoor by making the lights illuminate inside the building in the almost same quantities. This can be interpreted that the indoor can be the room of idea, while the outdoor is the world of material, and vice versa.

During the research for the Steven Holl and Juhani Pallasmaa, the thought that their buildings represent the idealisation with the partial balance of components had come up.73 As such, Therme Vals designed by Peter Zumthor had been explored in detail because it is believed that Zumthor’s idealisation is the one which has the evenest balance between components of the idealisation.

In the case of the multisensory, it had been represented through the indoor space indirectly. The light and bamboo used for the library’s interior space provided the warm, comfortable, and welcoming haptic experience indirectly to whoever studies inside the library. This phenomenon especially fits what Pallasmaa said about how visual and haptic sensory collaborates with other sensory.

Therme Vals (Figure 21), now known as 7132 Therme Bath, is the spa inside the hotel in Vals, the mountain village located in Graubünden Canton, Switzerland. The construction of this building had begun when the original developer became bankrupt before he could construct the hot spring inside the hotel and villagers of Vals had bought the remains of the construction and requested Peter Zumthor to design the hot spring for a hotel.

While studying the Hunters Point Library, it is assumed that the concept presented by Juhani Pallasmaa had influenced Steven holl, because the flow of light is similar to one in Kamppi Centre.

Figure 17: Development of curvature openings on library's exterior

73. Pallasmaa focused on the memories of lifestyle, and Holl focused on the materials and multisensory.

Figure 18: Openings and passages diagram of Hunters Point Library

The building’s exterior and interior spaces are mostly constructed with the stone slab made of Valser Quartzite, which can be easily found on the Vals, and they are laid below a grass roof buried under the hill, making the building looks like the part of mountain plain. That way, Zumthor had produced the connection between the building with the surrounding materials and environments.

Further, the indoor space (Figure 22) contains the stone walls used for the bathing space, massage room, and orthopaedic beds. Most of the space is covered except for the south side, where it is partly opened for the mountain’s landscape. Fi�h Floor

Roof

The ceiling has multiple linear and small square skylights that make the light enter and smoothly illuminates indoor spaces of the spa, and there are rectangular openings in the various sizes that are carved on the wall to provide the outdoor landscape for the users. And each opening provides the different amounts of lightings to indoor spaces. In some part, light illuminates on the pool of the building, while only a small amount of light peaks through the narrow skylight above the hallway.

Restroom Cafe

Figure 19: Hunters Point Library’s interior space

Terrace

Urban Space Building

Teen Reading Area

Manha�an & River

Fourth Floor

Figure 23: Passages and walls of Therme Vals

Restroom

70. Apertures in the wall, Amorphous Windows of Steven Holl’s Queens Library (1st July, 2015) <https://aperturesinthewall. org/amorphous-windows-stevenholl-queens-library/> (Accessed: 22nd August, 2020) 71. Holl, Steven. Compression. Princeton Architectural Press, 2019, p. 19 72. Archdaily, Hunters Point Library / Steven Holl Architects (25th September, 2019) <https:// www.archdaily.com/925389/ hunters-point-library-steven-hollarchitects> (Accessed: 4th August, 2020)

And they determine the direction of light and shadow that enters and emerges inside the library. Ultimately, each opening provides the various views for those who study inside the library depending on the location. For instance, the west side of the building has the largest size and variation of the opening, and it is facing the landscape of Manhattan, providing the views of the city. Correspondingly, the library’s interior space (Figure 19) is the vertical maze of the light formed by the openings portioned in the golden ratio. There are many staircases, slopes, passages, reading areas that are connected and intertwined relatively complicated. And these spaces are categorised based on the ages of users – kids, teens, and adults. Bamboos used for the indoor texture give the warm haptic sense and the chances of stable physical and psychological condition for those who study in the library by being illuminated by natural light.

MEP

Cyber Centre

Oﬃces

The exterior wall has several curvature openings (Figures 17 and 18) which are carved according to the circulation inside the library and portioned with the golden ratio (1:1.618). These openings meditate through the repeating row of concrete buildings70 and took a significant role to shape the permeability for natural light, and building’s appearance.71 They balance the amount of natural light and create a warm, open, inviting space72 for visitors by being illuminated on walls and furniture.

Figure 24: Section of Therme Vals

Lounge

Third Floor

Third Floor Mezzanine

Queit Room Adult Reading Collec�on

Opening

Light

Large Staircase

Slope

Small Staircase

Void

Second Floor

Children’s Reading Area

Adult Reading Collec�on

First Floor

Work Room

Stage

Auditorium

Ground Floor

Book Return & Informa�on

Restroom

MEP

Adult Reading Collec�on

Ground Floor Mezzanine

Children’s Ac�vity Area

Figure 20: Plan exploration and light diagram of Hunters Point Library

Figure 22: Indoor space of the Therme Vals

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4.4 Summary

Moreover, the passages and walls of indoor space (Figures 23 to 24) are intertwined to redirect the light and reshape the shadow. When designing the space, Zumthor made sure that the combination of the light, shadow, stone, and water provide a positive experience for the skin and senses of those who are using the spa. By combining those elements in one place, Zumthor had architecturally interpreted their “implications and the sensuality”.74

Climate change is related to the increase of carbon emission from the material production and construction process. Hence, the architects need to find the solution and new construction method that minimise the use of energy and “carbon intensive technologies”80, and produce the new type of material that emits the lesser carbon and consumes fewer resources on the earth.

Also, visitors take a walk through passages that are connected to predetermined destinations.75 Zumthor state this building as the space that connects everything inside the building and creates a “peacefully pulsating rhythm”.76 He also describes moving around the building’s space as making discoveries.77 For him, people are walking as if they are in the woods, and “everyone there is looking for a path of their own.”78 Additionally, from what Zumthor said about the physical relationship with life and architecture, taking a walk around the interior space of Therme Vals is the moment of life in which people explore through their mind and the cave located in Vals while taking a break from the daily routine from the home place.

Juhani Pallasmaa, Steven Holl, and Peter Zumthor had all established and represented the idealisation of architecture with space and structure which fulfill the desire of human and provide them with the special experience. Hence, they had tried to do so in different categories.

It can be concluded that Peter Zumthor had recorded the memories of Vals village and the construction history of the hotel and the therme spring that naturally occurs on the mountain. By using the materials from the Vals, not only Zumthor had produced the connection with Vals – which had been expressed through the half-buried roof structure under the grass, but also stimulated all of the human senses, through the touch on the water and the stone. And he made the visitors get their mind stimulated by establishing the intertwined space for people to explore – each passage leads to their destinations, but they let people move around freely to anywhere. 74. Archdaily, The Therme Vals / Peter Zumthor (11th February, 2009) <https://www.archdaily. com/13358/the-therme-vals> (Accessed: 14th August, 2020)

Overall, the Therme Vals reflects the memories of Vals. And the stone, water, and light that had been used to construct the building stimulate the human’s multisensory.

75. Ibid

Through the studies in previous chapters, it is found that idealisation of architecture had been influenced by the artistic ideas and the ideas of architect. It is speculated that social issues such as climate change and COVID-19 could affect the idealisation of architecture in the future.

80. The Climate Is Changing. So Must Architecture <https:// www.architectmagazine.com/ design/editorial/the-climate-ischanging-so-must-architecture_o> (Accessed: 22nd November, 2020)

In background section of Chapter 1, it is mentioned that Metaphysics is basically about expressing the imagination through the idea and material. For the case of buildings designed by Pallasmaa, Holl, and Zumthor, they express the concept similar to the Metaphysics through the selection of material, stimulation of the human sense, and the connection established between the building and its site based on its memories of histories, culture, and lifestyle.

81. The New Yorker, How the coronavirus will reshape architecture <https://www. newyorker.com/culture/dept-ofdesign/how-the-coronavirus-willreshape-architecture> (Accessed: 22nd November, 2020)

Multisensory Architect

Material

Juhani Pallasmaa

Steel and Glass canopies, Timber, Stone

Lifestyle of people in Helsinki

○

Steven Holl

Light, Bamboo, Concrete, Aluminium

Development of Long Island City

○

Vals Village, Hotel Construction, Therme Spring

○

Peter Zumthor Valser Quartzite, Light, Water

Multisensory

Sight

Scent

Haptic

Taste

Hearing

82. TechRadar, What is Industry 4.0? Everything you need to know (5th November, 2019) <https:// www.techradar.com/news/what-isindustry-40-everything-you-needto-know> (Accessed: 25th August, 2020)

Mental

○ ● ○

●

○

●

○

●

83. Uraiquat Architecture, HOW THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AFFECTED ARCHITECTURE <https://uraiqat. com/fourth-industrial-revolutionand-architecture/> (Accessed: 25th August, 2020)

76. Ibid 77. Ibid 78. Ibid

○

Partly consider while designing

●

Mainly considers while designing

Figure 25: Table of comparison between three architect’s design processes

In the case of COVID-19, it could affect the architecture design and its circulation to reduce the risk of infection. For this issue, the prophylactic design81 is the key to the architecture that is being applied to the domestic, office, and urban space. Since the pandemic of COVID-19 made most of the building facilities shut down due to its risk, the architects are working on reshaping and designing the building with a high defense against the pandemic. Even if COVID-19 passes, similar cases will happen, and the same method will be applied. Both issues, related to the human’s life, shows how these changes can affect the architecture, along with its designing process, and gives the task which the architects need to solve to produce the building that can deal with similar situations. To do so, the definition of materials will change mostly, multisensory will partly change, and the role of memories remain almost the same as the past. However, the memories itself could change due to the impact of issues. Hence, the architecture and its dealisation will take a new form. The new form of idealisation will mostly involve the 4th industrial revolution. Generally, the 4th industrial revolution is the digitisation of the product manufacturing process. It uses the Internet of Things and cyber-physical systems, such as sensors, to collect and analyse huge amounts of data to improve the manufacturing process.82 BIM and 3D printing show this idea clearly, as both contain the “marginalisation of the individual architects” and offers a “new kind of collective ones characterised” by the “autonomy of the individual” within self-organising systems.83

The architectural works done by Pallasmaa, Holl, and Zumthor demonstrate that they recorded the different memories and focused on their choices of human senses (as summarised in Figure 25).

Figure 26: Apis Cor's Dubai Porject

The BIM stands for Building Information Modelling, and it is an 3D modelbased process that gives architecture and engineering.84 Some designer had used the BIM software to make the digital model of the Larkins Building. Though the building’s physical form no longer exists, the history and the moment of building’s construction remains in the digital space.

84. Autodesk, Design & Build with BIM Building Modelling Information <https://www.autodesk.com/ solutions/bim> (Accessed: 15th September, 2020) 85. Apis Cor, Collaborative Project With Dubai Multiplicity (25th October, 2019) <https://www.apiscor.com/dubai-project> (Accessed: 15th September, 2020)

3D printing of architecture is about inputting digital data of building’s design, that the people want to produce, into the machine. In 2016, Apis Cor had digitally printed out the two-storey building in Dubai (Figure 26). During the printing, they tested the equipment under harsh climate and developed the 3D printing material.85 This case shows the development of new material. These precedents represent how the 4th industrial revolution had automated the manufacturing process of architecture and changed the definition of the material mostly and multisensory partly. It also shows the communication and negotiation between the architects and their ideas, similar to the Eclecticism. These processes can be the key to the production of architectural design, which could solve the social issues.

On the other hand, some concerns that humanity may lose their senses and individuality as the technologies develop.86 They are also concerned that all the architects might produce the architectures that look the same,87 thus, going opposite from the concepts suggested by Pallasmaa, Holl, and Zumthor. However, there should be a way to interact with the architecture and express their materiality with the technologies. The individuality issues could be solved by making architects share their ideas of the design and include them while working.

Among the three architects, Peter Zumthor had presented the most balanced idealisation between material, memories, and multisensory. He recorded the memories of the site, reflected the lifestyle of people, produced the metaphysical connection between building and site, and stimulated all types of sensory, directly or not, by using and combining the materials from the site.

Overall, the idealisation in the future will take form as the buildings that adapt and changes accordingly to the multiple social issues. That way, the cycle between their designs and events will be established, the way Sophronia City does. It can also take form as the archive of the previous memories of the history of architecture and the digital version of previous architectural design work processes.

Similarly, Steven Holl had stimulated the mental space and sensory of people who visit the library by using the new type of materials that had never been used for the buildings in the Long Island City which are usually constructed with the regular concrete: Bamboo and natural light. It is also implied that he made a new type of connection between the library and the site based on people’s movement around the city through the exterior of building with the irregular curvature openings. Though not as much as Zumthor, Holl had presented the balanced idealisation which is focused on the materials and multisensory. Juhani Pallasmaa had worked on the architecture that are based on the articles and theories about the “cultural philosophy, environmental psychology, and arts”.79 As such, most of his works features the memories of culture, environment, art, and people. During construction of the Kamppi Centre, Pallasmaa recorded people’s lifestyle into the Centre by combining the office, residential space, shopping area, and public terminal. Its idealisation is focused on the memories of people’s lifestyle. Overall, Pallasmaa, Holl, and Zumthor had managed to represent their own idealisation by producing the architectural design work.

79. Juhani Pallasmaa <https://iaango.com/portfolio-posts/juhanipalasmaa/> (Accessed: 4th January, 2020)

87. Uraiquat Architecture, HOW THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AFFECTED ARCHITECTURE <https://uraiqat. com/fourth-industrial-revolutionand-architecture/> (Accessed: 15th May, 2020)

5. Idealisation of architecture in the future 51

86. The Archiologist, Architecture & FUTURE <https://thearchiologist. com/article/the-fourth-revolutionthe-digital-era> (Accessed: 15th May, 2020)

6. Conclusions 55

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The aim of this dissertation is to provide an answer of what is the idealisation in architecture. To provide an answer, this study had gone through the past, present, and future of architecture by revisiting certain philosphies and concepts chronologically with three case studies.

by using the chosen material, recording the memories, and stimulating the multisensory. In the future, the idelaisation will take its form accordingly to the social issues with the hand from the technology of 4th industrial revolution.

Archdaily, The Therme Vals / Peter Zumthor (11th February, 2009) <https://www.archdaily.com/13358/the-thermevals> (Accessed: 14th August, 2020)

From the study in Chapter 2, it is found that material, memories, and multisensory has its own role for idealisation of architecture. In specific, memories are the permanent component which is related to the people's life, materials are the temporal component that materialises the memories into the physical world, and multisensory is the connection between the two. And idealisation of architecture is about combining those components in one place to develop the architecture which presents the ideal view of people's life.

And even if the production process of architectural design works changes as the time goes on, the nature of the idealisation – the cycle and compatability between the temporal and permanent – will remain the same and never changes.

The Climate Is Changing. So Must Architecture <https://www.architectmagazine.com/design/editorial/the-climateis-changing-so-must-architecture_o> (Accessed: 22nd November, 2020)

Juhani Pallasmaa <https://iaa-ngo.com/portfolio-posts/juhani-palasmaa/> (Accessed: 4th January, 2020)

The New Yorker, How the coronavirus will reshape architecture <https://www.newyorker.com/culture/dept-ofdesign/how-the-coronavirus-will-reshape-architecture> (Accessed: 22nd November, 2020) TechRadar, What is Industry 4.0? Everything you need to know (5th November, 2019) <https://www.techradar.com/ news/what-is-industry-40-everything-you-need-to-know> (Accessed: 25th August, 2020) Uraiquat Architecture, HOW THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AFFECTED ARCHITECTURE <https://uraiqat. com/fourth-industrial-revolution-and-architecture/> (Accessed: 25th August, 2020)

Through the chronological study in Chapter 3, it is clarified that the idealisation, buildings, and its construction process had been influenced by the ideas of each era. Most of the ideas in past are related to the artistic and cultural concepts. So, idealisation of architecture in past is basically the emulation of the cultural idea. Later, the idealisation had been changed into the process of implementing the function on the building by using the material and technology.

Autodesk, Design & Build with BIM Building Modelling Information <https://www.autodesk.com/solutions/bim> (Accessed: 15th September, 2020) Apis Cor, Collaborative Project With Dubai Multiplicity (25th October, 2019) <https://www.apis-cor.com/dubaiproject> (Accessed: 15th September, 2020)

While proceeding the case studies in Chapter 4, it is turned out to be that idealisation in the present day is about reflecting the relationship between the architecture and human's life on buildings. The process of reflection is about using the material to record the memories of site's history and people's life. Stimulation of the multisensory is also important to bridge between the material and memories.

The Archiologist, Architecture & FUTURE <https://thearchiologist.com/article/the-fourth-revolution-the-digital-era> (Accessed: 15th May, 2020)

Pallasmaa, Juhani. Six themes for the next millennium. The Architectural Review, EMAP Architecture, 1994

Macintosh, David. Plato: A Theory of Forms from Philosophy Now, 2012 SparkNotes, Metaphysics <https://www.sparknotes.com/biography/aristotle/section7/> (Accessed: 2nd October, 2020) Tamari, Tomoko. The Phenomenology of Architecture: A Short Introduction to Juhani Pallasmaa. SAGE, 2017

Pallasmaa, Juhani. Design for sensory reality – From visuality to existential Experience. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2019 Holl, Steven. Compression. Princeton Architectural Press, 2019

Figure 6: Digital model of Villa Savoye Digital model generated by author Figure 7: Digital model of Barcelona Pavilion Digital model generated by author

Figure 21: Therme Vals Images from <https://www.archdaily.com/13358/the-therme-vals> (Accessed: 14th August, 2020)

Designing Buildings Wiki, Constructivist Architecture <https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Constructivist_ architecture> (Accessed: 8th September, 2020)

Figure 12: Kamppi Centre and its Interior space Image from <http://navi.finnisharchitecture.fi/kamppi-shopping-centre-and-public-transport-terminal/> (16th August, 2020)

Figure 22: Indoor space of the Therme Vals Images from <https://www.archdaily.com/13358/the-therme-vals> (Accessed: 14th August, 2020)

Figure 13: Functions of the Kamppi Centre Diagram produced by author based on the image from <http://navi.finnisharchitecture.fi/kamppi-shopping-centreand-public-transport-terminal/> (16th August, 2020)

The Conversation, Sublime Design Le Corbusier’s Villa Savoye (3rd June, 2014) <https://theconversation.com/ sublime-design-le-corbusiers-villa-savoye-26625#> (Accessed: 14th September, 2020)

Figure 14: Site and light diagram of the Kamppi Centre Diagram produced by author based on the image from <http://navi.finnisharchitecture.fi/kamppi-shopping-centreand-public-transport-terminal/> (16th August, 2020)

The Pavilion <https://miesbcn.com/the-pavilion/> (9th September, 2020) Venturi, Robert. Complexity And Contradiction In Architecture, The Museum of Modern Art Papers on Architecture

Figure 15: Light diagram of Kamppi Centre Diagram produced by author based on the image from <http://navi.finnisharchitecture.fi/kamppi-shopping-centreand-public-transport-terminal/> (16th August, 2020)

Heydar Aliyev Centre / Zaha Hadid Architects (14th November, 2013) <https://www.archdaily.com/448774/heydaraliyev-center-zaha-hadid-architects> (Accessed: 29th December, 2020)

Kamppi Shopping Centre and Public Transport Terminal <http://navi.finnisharchitecture.fi/kamppi-shopping-centreand-public-transport-terminal/> (16th August, 2020)

Collins, Peter. Changing Ideals in Modern Architecture, 1750-1950. McGill-Queen’s University Press, Montreal

Pallasmaa, Juhani. The Embodied Image. John Wiley & Sons Ltd

Britannica, Cologne Cathedral <https://www.britannica.com/topic/Cologne-Cathedral> (Accessed: 9th September, 2020)

Juhani Pallasmaa: “Architecture Is a Mediation Between the World and Our Minds” (31st May, 2018) <https:// www.archdaily.com/895039/juhani-pallasmaa-architecture-is-a-mediation-between-the-world-and-our-minds> (Accessed: 4th January, 2021)

Curtis, William J. R. Modern Architecture Since 1900, PHAIDON

Archdaily, Hunters Point Library / Steven Holl Architects (25th September, 2019) <https://www.archdaily. com/925389/hunters-point-library-steven-holl-architects> (Accessed: 4th August, 2020)

HISoUR, Functionalism in architecture <https://www.hisour.com/functionalism-in-architecture-28224/> (Accessed: 23rd August, 2020)

DesignWanted, A block full of books surrounded by skyscrapers – Hunters Point Library (28th October, 2019) <https://designwanted.com/architecture/hunters-point-library-2/> (Accessed: 22nd August, 2020)

Designing Buildings Wiki, Minimalist Architecture <https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Minimalist_ architecture> (Accessed: 23rd August, 2020)

Apertures in the wall, Amorphous Windows of Steven Holl’s Queens Library (1st July, 2015) <https:// aperturesinthewall.org/amorphous-windows-steven-holl-queens-library/> (Accessed: 22nd August, 2020)

Figure 5: Digital model of Larkin Building Picture produced by author based on the digital model downloaded from <https://3dwarehouse.sketchup.com/ model/3cbc7d4f56fcc8aa6366215928686242/Frank-Lloyd-Wright-The-Larkin-Administration-Building?hl=en> (Accessed: 18th January, 2021)

Figure 11: Table of comparison between the ideas Table produced by author

Zumthor, Peter, Thinking Architecture. Birkhauser – Publisher for architecture

History of the Basilica <https://sagradafamilia.org/en/history-of-the-temple> (Accessed: 9th September, 2020)

Figure 4: Sagrada Familia under construction Image from <https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/sagrada-familia-antoni-gaudi-2026> (Accessed: 12th January, 2021)

International Style (modern Europe architecture style) <http://www.getty.edu/vow/AATFullDisplay?find=internatio nal+style&logic=AND&note=&page=1&subjectid=300021472> (Accessed: 23rd August, 2020)

Figure 16: Hunters Point Library and its site plan Author's drawing based on images from <https://www.archdaily.com/925389/hunters-point-library-steven-hollarchitects> (Accessed: 4th August, 2020)

Dongdaemun Design Plaza / Zaha Hadid Architects (31st May, 2015) <https://www.archdaily.com/489604/ dongdaemun-design-plaza-zaha-hadid-architects> (Accessed: 29th December, 2020)

Pallasmaa, Juhani. The eyes of the skin. John Wiley & Sons Ltd

Nesbitt, Kate. Theorising a new agenda for architecture. Princeton Architectural Press

Pallasmaa, Juhani. The Thinking Hands. John Wiley & Sons Ltd

Figure 3: Cologne Cathedral Image from <https://structurae.net/en/structures/cologne-cathedral> (Accessed: 12th January, 2021)

Figure 10: Timeline of ideas Diagram produced by author

Larkin Company Administration Building <https://franklloydwright.org/site/larkin-company-administrationbuilding/> (Accessed: 9th September, 2020)

Calvino, Italo. Invisible Cities. London: Vintage Books, 1972

Figure 2: Platonic idealism and Metaphysics Diagram produced by author

Figure 9: Dongdaemun Design Plaza Image from <https://www.archdaily.com/489604/dongdaemun-design-plaza-zaha-hadid-architects> (Accessed: 12th January, 2021)

In conclusion, the idealisation of architecture is established through the process of implementing the ideal view of client and architect on the building

Bibliography

Figure 1: Sophronia City Picture drawn by author

Figure 8: Heydar Aliyev Centre Image from <https://www.archdaily.com/448774/heydar-aliyev-center-zaha-hadid-architects> (Accessed: 12th January, 2021)

After the case studies, it had been speculated that social issues such as climate change and COVID-19 will influence the idealisation of architecture by giving the task for all the architect who had to think about how to design the building with those issues. To resolve the social issues, the 4th industrial revolution and its technologies will take its role by digitalising the construction process of building. Note that the speculation about climate change and COVID-19 had to go through future uncertainty in Chapter 5. And therefore, there is still to have much consideration on that subject in future.

List of figures

Figure 23: Passages and walls of Therme Vals Diagram produced by author based on images from <https://www.archdaily.com/13358/the-therme-vals> (Accessed: 14th August, 2020) Figure 24: Section of Therme Vals Diagram produced by author based on the image from <https://www.archdaily.com/13358/the-therme-vals> (Accessed: 14th August, 2020) Figure 25: Table of comparison between three architect’s design processes Table produced by author Figure 26: Apis Cor's Dubai Porject Image from <https://www.apis-cor.com/dubai-project> (Accessed: 15th September, 2020)

Figure 17: Development of curvature openings on library's exterior Author's drawing based on the image from <https://www.archdaily.com/925389/hunters-point-library-steven-hollarchitects> (Accessed: 4th August, 2020) Figure 18: Openings and passages diagram of Hunters Point Library Author's drawing based on the image from <https://www.archdaily.com/925389/hunters-point-library-steven-hollarchitects> (Accessed: 4th August, 2020) Figure 19: Hunters Point Library’s interior space Images from <https://www.archdaily.com/925389/hunters-point-library-steven-holl-architects> (Accessed: 4th August, 2020) Figure 20: Plan exploration and light diagram of Hunters Point Library Diagram produced by author based on images from <https://www.archdaily.com/925389/hunters-point-librarysteven-holl-architects> (Accessed: 4th August, 2020)

C O M M U N I TY C E N T R E

FOR WALLSEND

APPENDIX : ARC3060

APPENDIX : ARC3015

COMMONING IN WALLSEND prac�cing the concept of commoning

Shipyard of Wallsend in 1969 ⓿

Jehyun LEE

170739267 Studio 5

Contents My studio project : Weaving in Wallsend

Theory reflected on my design project

Commoning in Wallsend

Conclusions

Key Terms

Bibliography

List of Figures

28 Development of Forum Shopping Centre ❶

My studio project : Weaving in Wallsend 3

C O M M U N I TY C E N T R E

FOR WALLSEND

APPENDIX : ARC3015

My project aims to design the community centre (Figure 1) which provides the activities of recreation, education, and employment. And the community centre will named as FRAME, which stands for Forum Recreation of Artistic Multipurpose Education. In this chapter, the designing process of my project and its relationship with commoning and common space is described.

“Urban commons are resources in the city which are managed by the users in a non-profit-oriented and prosocial way.”1 - The Urban Commons Cookbook: Strategies and Insights for Creating and Maintaining Urban Commons

Community Centre FRAME ❸

Recently I and my group members have been working on the studio project called ‘Weaving in Wallsend’. The project aims to design the urban common near the Forum Shopping Centre in Wallsend and produce the programmes for this urban common.

“Worlds of commonings are not simply worlds of shared beliefs and habits but are strongly connected to ways of sharing that open the circle of belonging and develop forms of active participation in the shaping of the rules that sustain them.“2

He also said that common spaces should be studied as “necessarily hybrid collective works-in-progress, in which glimpses of a different future emerge”, not just as a “pure expression of a different culture”.7 And those kinds of common spaces might enclose itself or “may strive to go beyond capitalist capture”8. Commoning, thus, is not “anti-capitalist by essence but may activate and express attempts to go beyond capitalism.”9 Throughout his thought, Stavrides described the general phenomenon of common space and commoning, and emphasised its features about the different future. He also stated that commoning goes along with, against, and beyond capitalism.

- Stavros Stavrides

Wallsend_Building_History_1860s

Period I (19th Century) Industrial Revolu�on

5. Stavrides, Stavros. Common Space : The city as commons, Zed Books London, 2016, p. 31 6. Ibid, p. 31

In there, Stavrides describes the relationship between the commoning, common space, and capitalism. According to Stavrides, people participates in common world by sharing their activities, favourites, interests, and values “within the boundaries of a common world”5. And these participations are described as the “practices of securing the limits of the world” and the reproduction of separation from “a hostile or simply alien outside.”6

Expansion of commoning with tourism and leisure

Industrial business such as shipbuilding (1877), coal mining and welding had been emerged and took place Those who established the business had monopolised all the proﬁts

Forum Shopping Centre had been constructed (1966)

Business had been expanded with the tourism and leisure

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Commoning in Wallsend had been developed gradually and it goes along with capitalism

Forum Shopping Centre seems to develop the commoning

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Figure 2: Timeline of the commoning in Wallsend

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7. Stavrides, Stavros. Common Space : The city as commons, Zed Books London, 2016, p. 61 11. Wallsend <https://co-curate. ncl.ac.uk/wallsend/> (Accessed: 28th January, 2021)

8. Ibid, p. 61 9. Ibid, p. 61

12. A golf club in Wallsend

10. It is usually described as preventing the establishment of commoning because those who prevent think that commoning does not make huge profits

13. Wallsend <https://co-curate. ncl.ac.uk/wallsend/> (Accessed: 28th January, 2021)

For my deisgn, I carried out a literature reivew on the history of the Wallsend, which are divided into the four parts; the time during the Roman stayed in the Wallsend, the industrial revolution, the construction of the Forum Shopping Centre, and the establishment of the new businesses. As shown in Figure 2, literature review focuses on the three periods: In Period I, industrial businesses such as shipbuilding, coal mining, and welding had took place11, and people began to construct the residential buildings on the empty sites near to the industrial site for a living. Later, in Period II, the Forum Shopping Centre had been constructed and opened. At the same time, the industrial business became gradually declined and eventually, shut down. In Period III, new places and tourism businesses such as Segedunum Roman Fort Museum, Hadrian Wall’s Path, Centurion Park12, and Hadrian Leisure Centre had been established as the new social communities in Wallsend.13

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C O M M U N I TY C E N T R E

FOR WALLSEND

Jehyun Lee University of Newcastle

Forum Shopping Centre

Period I (1860s - 1950s)

Residential Area

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Industrial Area

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Commonings in these days

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People may have diﬃculty with developing the commoning at that moment

The commoning faces the capitalism in three ways; going along with capitalism by producing the profits for community, going against the hostile of capitalism10, and going beyond the capitalism by establishing the new type of assets. These ideas of commoning and common space are related to my project in a way of establishing them along with, and beyond the capitalism by making the residents of Wallsend share their interests and activities through the new type of the business, and also producing profit and new future for the Wallsend and its residents. The details of this reflection will be explored further in the next chapter.

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4. The title of Chapter 2 is Expanding Commoning: in, against, and beyond capitalism?

Period III (Present Day)

Construc�on of Forum Shopping Centre

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3. Common Space: The City as Commons written by Stavros Stavrides, Art and Architecture: a Place between written by Jane Rendell, and The Ecological Thought written by Timothy Morton

While working on the studio project, I have discussed with my group members about three theories3. Among those theories, I decided to reflect the theory of commoning into my project. When I saw the title of the book, the word “common space” appear to be related with my urban common project. I thought that my design with programme of urban common could be naturally developed via this theory. During our group meeting, we had explored and discussed on the theory provided in the Chapter 2 of the book4 written by Stavros Stavrides.

Period II (20th Century)

After reading, I thought that the common space is related to the public space and community, in a way of making people gather to participate in specific activity. In my interpretation, commoning is the act of participating in common world and creating the assets through the shared activities, favourites, interests, and values of individual. Common space is where the commoning take place and it is equivalent to the common world mentioned in the book of Stavrides.

2. Stavrides, Stavros. Common Space : The city as commons, Zed Books London, 2016, p. 32

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Figure 1: Placement of the community centre FRAME in Wallsend (top) and mass development of community centre FRAME (bottom)

Commoning in Wallsend

Theory reflected on my design project

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Therefore, this project involves the space design with programmes and activities which improve the people’s life in Wallsend site. From the next chapters, this essay mainly focus on the theory and its reflection on this project.

The cover of The Magna Carta Manifesto ❷

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1. Dellenbaugh-Losse, Mary., Zimmermann, Nils-Eyk., & Nicole de Vries. The Urban Commons Cookbook: Strategies and Insights for Creating and Maintaining Urban Commons, 2020, p. 7

Our urban common design has the following initial conditions: First, the urban common space should have relationship with the Forum Shopping Centre. Second, activities in the urban common should provide satisfactory spatial experience. And lastly, there should be a good programme which engages the community and their own space for ‘futuring’ the Wallsend.

APPENDIX : ARC3015

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When the community centre is placed near to the Forum Shopping Centre, it will establish the new type of commoning which cooperate with the shopping business and encourage the economic activity which mostly involves the art. And it will somehow go along with capitalism by making profits from activities and participation in community centre FRAME.

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Forum Shopping Centre had been constructed and opened in 1966. At the same time, industiral business became declined and eventually shut down in 2007.

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From the literature review, I found that the Wallsend and its commoning had been developed over time (Figure 3). During the industrial period, those who established the industrial business had monopolised all the profits from the work. It is presumed that it was difficult for people to develop the commoning under this situation. In 1966, the Forum Shopping Centre had been constructed, and the commoning as common space appeared in shopping centre as shown in Figure 3 (From 1960s). In present day, by expanding the businesses with the tourism and leisure (Figure 4), the commoning and common space in Wallsend had become more important issues.

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APPENDIX : ARC3015

Figure 7: Analysis diagram of the Wallsend site with the community centre FRAME

Figure 6: Programme of community centre FRAME

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Jehyun Lee University of Newcastle

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After setting programme for the community centre FRAME, I have designed the space of the FRAME. As shown in Figure 8, the FRAME is connected to the car parking building with the bridge and it consists of three parts made of reinforced concrete, steel, and glass. It has a slightly different context from the surrounding buildings. However, it will be a landmark in Wallsend site that has repeating residential building made of brick, which is the legacy of the industrial period and its businesses (Figure 9).

Ar�sts (NewBridge Project)

Tourists

Library

After research on the change of Wallsend, I did make the programme of community centre (as shown in Figures 5 to 7) for residents in Wallsend, artists from the NewBridge Project, and the tourists from other regions. The programmes are divided into three categories; recreation, education, and employment.

Community Centre FRAME ● Recrea�on ● Educa�on

Forum Shopping Centre

The education will focus on teaching the children and visitors about the history of the Wallsend and its Heritage sites. And the activities of employment centre are for improving the economy level of Wallsend. That is, education could improve the understanding of Wallsend and the level of commmoning, and the employment centre can provide new job information along with the knowledge and technology related to job.

Figure 4: Commoning of Wallsend in present day Resident in Wallsend (Shoppers, Kids, Re�rees)

Figure 5: Main users of the community centre FRAME 14. An artist community located in Gateshead that had been established in 2010 to support artists

Figure 8: Digital model of community centre FRAME

The recreation is planned to focus on the art production, and these activities will be the part of NewBridge project. Through the recreation activity, the community centre will exchange the funding, equipment, and artist with NewBridge Project14.

● Employment

In addition, there will be the kids zone that the children can use while their families stay at the Shopping Centre. When the children visit the kids’ zone, they spend times to play with each other, forming a community of the children. This community can also participate in either the recreation, or the education.

C O M M U N I TY C E N T R E

FOR WALLSEND

Figure 9: Placement of community centre FRAME on Wallsend

APPENDIX : ARC3015

Key terms

Bibliography

Commoning: A practice of collaborating and sharing to meet everyday needs and achieve well-being, of individuals, communities and lived-in environments15

Dellenbaugh-Losse, Mary., Zimmermann, Nils-Eyk., & Nicole de Vries. The Urban Commons Cookbook: Strategies and Insights for Creating and Maintaining Urban Commons, 2020 Stavrides, Stavros. Common Space : The city as commons, Zed Books London, 2016

Common space: The place where commoning takes place

Wallsend <https://co-curate.ncl.ac.uk/wallsend/> (Accessed: 28th January, 2021)

Figure 10 shows the section diagram of Wallsend without and with the community centre. Currently, the commoning of Wallsend is focused on the leisure, tourism and shopping. When the FRAME is constructed in Wallsend, the commoning will be expanded to their community in way of recreation, education, and employment – which was not the type of commoning existed in the past.

Urban Common: Resources in the city which are managed by the users in a non-profit-oriented and prosocial way17

Capitalism <https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/capitalism> (Accessed: 31st January, 2021)

16. Capitalism <https://www. oxfordlearnersdictionaries. com/definition/english/ capitalism> (Accessed: 31st January, 2021)

The more people participates in the commoning, the more profits the community centre will be able to make. And people in Wallsend can use those profits to fund the Newbridge Project, Library, and cooperate with Shopping Centre. That way, Wallsend along with its social gathering and level of economy will be developed further. This is how the community centre and its commoning goes along with the capitalism.

Commoning: introduction <https://www.lowimpact.org/lowimpact-topic/commoning/> (Accessed: 31st January, 2021)

15. Commoning: introduction <https://www.lowimpact. org/lowimpact-topic/commoning/> (Accessed: 31st January, 2021)

As described earlier, it is said that the community centre in Wallsend will go along with, and beyond the capitalism. People who are interested in art will visit the FRAME to participate in the regular activities and the NewBridge Project programme that are held inside the FRAME. Therefore, their visiting will stimulate the level of commoning. And obviously, the programmes will stimulate the education, employment, kids zone, and the level of commoning.

Figure 10: Wallsend without (top) and with (bottom) community centre FRAME

Capitalism: An economic system in which a country’s businesses and industry are controlled and run for profit by private owners rather than by the government16

17. Dellenbaugh-Losse, Mary., Zimmermann, NilsEyk., & Nicole de Vries. The Urban Commons Cookbook: Strategies and Insights for Creating and Maintaining Urban Commons, 2020, p. 7

List of Figures

Figures in the interleaf

Figures in the main content

⓿ Shipyard of Wallsend in 1969 Image from <https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/history/swan-hunter-shipyard-wallsend-history-19586275> (Accessed: 14th February, 2021)

Figure 1: Placement of the community centre FRAME in Wallsend (top) and mass development of community centre FRAME (bottom) Top: Axonometric diagram produced by author using the images captured from Google Earth Bottom: Diagram produced by author

❶ Development of Forum Shopping Centre Image from <https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/history/wallsend-forum-shopping-centre-fifty-12246780> (Accessed: 14th February, 2021)

Figure 2: Timeline of the commoning in Wallsend TImeline produced by author

❷ The cover of The Magna Carta Manifesto Image from <https://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520260009> (Accessed: 15th February, 2021) ❸ Community Centre FRAME Image of digital model created by author

Figure 3: Expanding process of the Wallsend Diagram produced by author using the maps captured from Digimap

❹ People thinking the commoning Image from <https://www.dianova.org/projects/listen-first-campaign-the-duran-family-in-boi-taull/attachment/ big-family-2/> (Accessed: 16th February, 2021)

Figure 4: Commoning of Wallsend in present day Map produced by author Figure 5: Main users of the community centre FRAME Plan diagram produced by author Throughout the designing process, I found out that establishing new urban common in Wallsend is basically expanding the commoning of Wallsend. Upon construction, the community centre FRAME will become the new landmark of Wallsend, and its activities will inspire the sense of community, and change the paradigm of people so that the true commoning will come into reality.

People thinking the commoning ❹

Figure 6: Programme of community centre FRAME Diagram produced by author Figure 7: Analysis diagram of the Wallsend site with the community centre FRAME Analysis diagram produced by author Figure 8: Digital model of community centre FRAME Digital model produced by author

The FRAME will also provide the social impact, and become the centre of changing Wallsend with another type of commoning. In addition, each activity held in the FRAME will be the new commoning and influence the development of Wallsend by using the profits that are made from those participation. For the true new commoning and common space of Wallsend, people obviously need their love and humanism inside their heart. And with the love and humanism, people will be able to find the hope of going beyond the capitalism one way or another.

Conclusions 23

Figure 9: Placement of community centre FRAME on Wallsend Digital drawing produced by author using the images captured from Google Earth Figure 10: Wallsend without and with community centre FRAME Section diagram produced by author

C O M M U N I TY C E N T R E

FOR WALLSEND

APPENDIX : ARC3015

APPENDIX : ARC3014

Part 1: Project Details

The main purpose of this project is to establish the urban commoning space in the Wallsend, particularly near to the Forum Shopping Centre. The client for this project will be the North Tyneside Council, who wants the new type of commoning that influences the social gathering and the commoning of Wallsend. The urban commoning space aims to provide the recreation activities, education, employment, and activities in kids zone for those who visit the Wallsend, and makes people in Wallsend experience the new social impact.

ARC3014 PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE AND MANAGEMENT

As the urban commoning space, the new-build community centre is designed and constructed on the existing car park building near to the Forum Shopping Centre, and it will be named as ‘FRAME’1 (Figure 1). The main users of the FRAME are the residents of Wallsend2, artists from the NewBridge Project3, and tourists (Figure 2).

Coursework Report

1. It stands for Forum Recreation of Artistic Multipurpose Education 2. Shoppers, Children, and Retirees 3. An artist community located in Gateshead that had been established in 2010 to support artists

The FRAME includes the spaces for recreation centre, employment centre, education centre, kids zone, and cafe. The size of recreation centre is 2820 m2, the size of employment centre is 390 m2, the size of education centre is 515 m2, and the size of the other spaces of FRAME is 1190 m2. In total, the size of whole space of FRAME is 4915 m2 (Figure 3).

Figure 2: Main users of the community centre FRAME

Cafe (295 m2)

In addition, the ground floor of the car park and part of the shops in the Forum Shopping Centre will be included in the space programme of the FRAME. That way, direct connection will be made between the space of FRAME and the shopping centre. So, it will make the FRAME as part of the Forum Shopping Centre, and vice versa.

Gallery (295 m2 each)

Education Centre (515 m2) Employment Centre (390 m2)

Cafe (130 m2)

Kids Zone (315 m2)

Gallery (415 m2)

Entrance passage to shopping centre

Former car park space

Jehyun LEE

Kids Zone (570 m2)

170739267

Bicycle Shop (175 m2)

Gallery (635 m2)

Recreation Centre Total:

2820 m2

Employment Centre:

390 m2

Education Centre:

515 m2

Other Spaces Total:

1190 m2

Overall FRAME Space Total:

4915 m2

Figure 3: Diagram of size for each space of community centre FRAME

Figure 1: Location of the community centre FRAME

2.2 Involvement of other consultant

Part 2: Key actions of project

The consultants who will participate in the construction process of FRAME will be structural engineer and fire engineer. The role of the structural engineer is to design and inspect the structures of building to make sure that they are stable and efficient10. To establish the stable structure for the FRAME, they will work with the architects on surveying the site, investigating the material for structural integrity, and risk assessment for human safety. The structure engineer will consider the FRAME as special load to existing car park building.

4. Two-stage tender <https:// www.designingbuildings.co.uk/ wiki/Two-stage_tender> (Accessed: 7th March, 2021) 5. Procurement strategy <https:// www.designingbuildings.co.uk/ wiki/Procurement_strategy> (Accessed: 7th March, 2021) 6. Two-stage tender <https://www. designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/ Two-stage_tender> (Accessed: 7th March, 2021) 7. Tendering to the two stage p r o c e s s < h t t p s : / / w w w. m a c farlanes.com/what-we-think/indepth/2015/tendering-to-the-twostage-process/> (Accessed: 18 th March, 2021)

The role of fire engineer is to develop the building’s design and layout that reduces the possible damage caused by fire11 and setting up the maintenance of fire detection, fire suppression and fire control systems 12 for human safety. During construction of FRAME, the fire engineers are required to ensure the safety and protection from the risk caused by the fire, especially for the recreation centre because it is planned to be designed as the sevenstorey tower that is 25.5m in height. It is important to establish the adequate structure and escape route for this tower in case of the fire.

2.1 Procurement strategy The construction of FRAME will go through the two-stage tender procurement (Figure 4), which permits the appointment before completing all necessary information for construction "to offer a fixed price" 4. To proceed, the contractor sets the tendering process for getting into a building contract5, while the client make an appointment with contractor along with the design and cost consultant under "pre-construction service agreement (PCSA)"6. During the first stage, contractor sets appointment of construction programme, fees for design, After the set-up, contractor can participate in the construction by presenting "buildability and value engineering advice"7 to architects. And the contractor can either help the consultant team to develop the design and construction processes8 of FRAME, or undertake those processes by themselves.

8. Ibid

The second stage of procurement is simple compared to the first stage. In second stage, the contractor negotiates the fixed price and construction contract based on the pricing criteria that is set from the first stage9.

9. Two-stage tender <https://www. designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/ Two-stage_tender> (Accessed: 7th March, 2021)

Throughout the two-stage tender procurement, the contractor and consultant team will be able to proceed with the construction of FRAME more quickly and efficiently.

FRAME

2.3 Keeping to budget

10. Structural engineer <https:// www.designingbuildings.co.uk/ wiki/Structural_engineer> (Accessed: 7th March, 2021) 11. Fire engineer <https://www. designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/ Fire_protection_engineering#Fire_ engineers> (Accessed: 7th March, 2021) 12. Ibid 13. RIBA Plan of Work 2020 Overview, p. 46

Client

14. Ibid, p. 50 15. Ibid, p. 54 16. Ibid, p. 58 1st Contractor

Design Consultant

Structural Engineer

Fire Engineer

1st stage of tendering ● Client make a contract with the contractor, consultant team, and engineer under pre-construction services agreement (PCSA) ● Contractor sets appointments of pre-construction services, construction programme, and fees for design ● Contractor either helps the consultant team to develop the design and construction process, or undertake them by themselves ● Contractor set the pricing criteria

2nd Contractor 2nd stage of tendering ● Contractor negotiates on the fixed price and construction contract based on the pricing criteria set from the first stage of procurement

Figure 4: Diagram of Two-stage tender procurement for FRAME

C O M M U N I TY C E N T R E

FOR WALLSEND

Cost Consultant

17. Tendering strategies <https:// w w w. r i c s . o r g / g l o b a l a s s e t s / rics-website/media/upholdi n g - p r o fe s s i o n a l - s t a n d a r d s / sector-standards/construction/ black-book/tendering-strategies-1st-edition-rics.pdf> (Accessed: 18th March, 2021) 18. Budget for building design and construction project <https:// www.designingbuildings.co.uk/ wiki/Budget_for_building_design_ and_construction_projects> (Accessed: 12th March, 2021) 19. Segedunum Roman Fort & Museum, Hadrian’s Wall Path, St Peters Church

Residential Area

The client should select and hire the cost consultant during RIBA stage 1. After that, they estimates the cost for testing the feasibilty of the "emerging project brief"13. During stage 2 the cost consultant set up an initial cost plan based on the architectural concept and "strategic engineering requirements"14. In stage 3, they update the cost plan with the developed design and initiate cost exercises to permit "more detailed aspects of the design"15. And in stage 4, the cost plan will be finalised to a "level of detail defined by the procurement strategy"16. During the construction of FRAME, the contractor will present the target cost in the first part of two-stage procurement, and when they beat the target cost, they will be rewarded by "way of a percentage share"17. Clients need to choose which cost will be monitored by cost consultant and which will be handled by themselves18.

Shopping Centre Building Library Building Potential Pedestrians Potential Vehicle Route Potential Bus Route

0 10

100 m

Figure 5: Location of the community centre FRAME

2.4 Planning consideration

2.5 CDM regulations

The key planning priority for the FRAME is the commoning of the Wallsend. In these days, commoning of Wallsend is focused on shopping, leisure, and tourism. Upon the establishment of the FRAME, it will provide the artistic activities, employment, and education to people in Wallsend. The more people participates in the programme that are held in FRAME, the more Wallsend will be developed. The North Tyneside Council will use the profit earned from the programmes to develop the Wallsend, and cooperate with the shopping centre. The council will also be able to develop the education programmes that are mostly related to the heritage sites in Wallsend, and cooperate with NewBridge Project to encourage the people to participate in the artistic activities. The site of FRAME can be accessed by walking, vehicles, and buses (Figure 5). Currently these accesses are focused on the Forum Shopping Centre. When the FRAME is established, people will frequently visit both shopping centre and FRAME than in the past. Therefore, commoning of Wallsend will become accelerated. The mass design of FRAME had been inspired from three heritage sites19 in Wallsend. So, people could understand more about heritage site during education and it will be more meaningful for them.

According to the CDM Regulation 2015, the designer is supposed to do these following duties20: - Do not commence the design work unless they notify the client and be sure that the clients are aware of their duties, which can be fulfilled as part of routine business - Take account of the general principles of prevention, along with the preconstruction information provided to clients - Consider the health and safety risk with the stuff that influence the design, such as cost, fitness for purpose, aesthetics, and environmental impact - Consider the risk people might be exposed to through the course of both constructing a building and using it once it is constructed

20. Health and Safety Executive, Managing health and safety in construction: Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015, HSE Books, 2015, p. 26 - 29

For this project, it means that the contractor have to let the North Tyneside Council aware about the FRAME’s construction, make sure the workers participates in the work safely by supervising the construction site, providing the education about safety procedure and health insurance to workers, and think about the solutions for the possible risks during construction of, and while using the FRAME.

APPENDIX : ARC3014

APPENDIX : ARC3013

Part 3: Implications of proposal

SECTION 1:PROJECT DECLARATION

List of Figures Figure 1: Location of the community centre FRAME Diagram produced by author

1.1 Description of Project

Figure 2: Main users of the community centre FRAME Diagram produced by author

A R C H I T E C T U R A L

Figure 3: Diagram of size for each space of community centre FRAME Diagram produced by author Figure 4: Diagram of Two-stage tender procurement Diagram produced by author 2.6 Office procedures

21. Office manual <https://www. designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/ Office_manual> (Accessed: 7 th March, 2021) 22. Ibid 23. Human resource management in construction <https://www. designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/ Human_resource_management_ in_construction> (Accessed: 15 th March, 2021)

3.1 To client and wider society By undergoing through the two-stage tender procurement, the client will have a benefit from the construction of FRAME that had been progressed far enough to prevent the renegotiation on the "programme and preliminaries"24 and from tendering the construction of the FRAME based on the "outline design only"25. Clients can also make an early appointment with the contractor, choose the type of cost that they want to handle, and shift the risks of design to contractor.

The office manual that had been printed in digital and physical format will be also provided to all construction staffs. Those manuals will contain the information about the brief of construction, and emergency procedure22.

With the FRAME, the new type of commoning will be established in Wallsend, and people will be able to develop the Wallsend. For example, they can fund the profits to improve the existing buildings in Wallsend such as Library, and cooperate with the Forum Shopping Centre. Furthermore, the second branch of NewBridge Project will be available in Wallsend. This is how the FRAME will benefit the wider society. The FRAME could also become the landmark in future with the success of not only its programme, but also the effort of architects.

Lastly, the human resource will take place inside the office and they will work on compiling the manual and recruiting and training the construction staffs23.

3.2 To reputation of architects, sustainability, and climate change of Wallsend The architects who had participated in the construction of FRAME will be able to prove that they can improve the social gathering and setting up the new type of commoning in Wallsend. They will be also appreciated by the artists of NewBridge Project for providing them an opportunity to expand their workplaces. 24. Two-stage tendering process <https://www.danielconnal.co.uk/ two-stage-tendering-process/> (Accessed: 8th March, 2021) 25. Tendering to the two stage p r o c e s s < h t t p s : / / w w w. m a c farlanes.com/what-we-think/indepth/2015/tendering-to-the-twostage-process/> (Accessed: 18 th March, 2021) 26. The spaces of car park building, shopping centre, and passage represent the past of Wallsend, while FRAME represent the present of Wallsend.

Wallsend Leisure Centre

Figure 6: Diagram about site office near FRAME construction site Diagram produced by author

Inside the office, the site managers, workers, and people from North Tyneside Council will participate in the discussion to share their opinions about the construction process of FRAME. And site managers will provide the education about the construction process that is based on the RIBA Plan of Work and safety procedures in construction site to the workers.

Figure 6: Diagram about site office near FRAME construction site

Integrated Construction

Figure 5: Location of the community centre FRAME Diagram produced by author

In general, it is required to set up the office facilities that provide accommodation for site managers, space for meeting, and storage for site documentation21. As such, everyone who participates in the construction of FRAME will work at the site office established on the open space near to the construction site (Figure 6).

The FRAME will also represent the sustainability of Wallsend. Since the architect had re-used the spaces of shops in Forum Shopping Centre, the car park building, and the entrance passage connected to shopping centre that had been existed in the site before the construction, the FRAME could be represented as the sustainability of connection between the past and present of Wallsend26.

T E C H N O L O G Y 3 St Peter’s Church

Centurion Park Forum Shopping Centre

Bibliography Two-stage tender <https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Two-stage_tender> (Accessed: 7th March, 2021) Procurement strategy <https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Procurement_strategy> (Accessed: 7th March, 2021)

Segedunum Roman Fort Museum

Structural engineer <https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Structural_engineer> (Accessed: 7th March, 2021) Fire engineer <https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Fire_protection_engineering#Fire_engineers> (Accessed: 7th March, 2021) RIBA Plan of Work 2020 Overview

Hadrian’s Wall Path

Tendering strategies <https://www.rics.org/globalassets/rics-website/media/upholding-professional-standards/sector-standards/construction/black-book/tendering-strategies-1st-edition-rics.pdf> (Accessed: 18th March, 2021) Budget for building design and construction project <https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Budget_for_ building_design_and_construction_projects> (Accessed: 12th March, 2021) Health and Safety Executive, Managing health and safety in construction: Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015, HSE Books, 2015 Office manual <https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Office_manual> (Accessed: 7th March, 2021)

Figure 1: Site Map with the context of the other types of commonings

Human resource management in construction <https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Human_resource_ management_in_construction> (Accessed: 15th March, 2021) Two-stage tendering process <https://www.danielconnal.co.uk/two-stage-tendering-process/> (Accessed: 8th March, 2021)

Tendering to the two stage process <https://www.macfarlanes.com/what-we-think/in-depth/2015/tendering-tothe-two-stage-process/> (Accessed: 18th March, 2021)

As for the climate change of Wallsend, it can be resolved by structural engineers and architects. During construction, they will work on developing the structure of FRAME by reusing the space and structure that already exists in the Forum Shopping Centre instead of demolishing them, and using recyclable materials such as steel to reduce the emission of the carbon during construction of FRAME.

Figure 2: 1:2500 Site Section

SECTION 1:PROJECT DECLARATION

SECTION 1:PROJECT DECLARATION BB’

Segedunum Roman Fort & Museum

Recrea�on

Figure 5: Symmetry and Balance

1 10

5 10 UP

1, 5

AA’

10 UP

Educa�on & Employment

St Peters Church

Figure 6: Additive and Subtractive

6 8 10 m

10 m

Figure 8: Ground floor plan Hadrian’s Wall Path

Figure 9: First floor plan

10 m

Figure 10: Second to sixth floor plan

Kids Zone & Cafe

Figure 3: Mass inspiration of FRAME

1 Recreation Centre 2 Education Centre 3 Employment Centre 4 Kids Zone 5 Café 6 Bicycle Store 7 Square plaza in first floor 8 Green Space 9 Square plaza in ground floor 10 Fire staircase, Elevator, and Restroom

Figure 7: Plan to Section

4 1.2 Spatial Design Summary The mass of FRAME is based on three heritage sites of Wallsend – St Peter’s Church, Hadrian’s Wall Path, and Segedunum Roman Fort Museum. The glass, steel, and reinforced concrete will be used for the construction to give the different context from the buildings in Wallsend, which are mostly made of red brick.

Figure 11: Section AA’

Figure 12: Section BB’

Figure 4: Developement of mass

C O M M U N I TY C E N T R E

FOR WALLSEND

APPENDIX : ARC3013

SECTION 1:PROJECT DECLARATION

S E C T I O N 2 : 1:20 T E C H N I C A L S E C T I O N A N D P A R T E L E V A T I O N S T U D Y

Café (295 m2)

S E C T I O N 2 : 1:20 T E C H N I C A L S E C T I O N A N D P A R T E L E V A T I O N S T U D Y

1. Concrete 2. Flashing 3. Steel Flange Slip 4. 80mm Glass Wool Insulation 5. Aluminium Mullion Profiles 6. Bolted Steel Flange

1. Steel Flange Slip 2. Glass Panel (Double Glazed) 3. Top Pivot 4. Glass Door Patch (Upper Corner) 5. Glass Panel 6. Glass Door Patch (Lower Corner) 7. Floor Spring

Gallery (295 m2 each)

Figure 13: Circulation to use

Figure 14: Hierarchy

Education Centre (515 m2)

1.3 Programmatic Summary Employment Centre (390 m2)

The main programme of the FRAME will involve the artistic recreation, education, employment, and kids zone. There will be also the café and green space that people can sit down and relax. In addition, some of the programmes will be extended to the space of car park beneath the FRAME and the shops in shopping centre that are near to the car park. That way, the space of shopping centre and car park will become the part of FRAME.

Café (130 m2)

Figure 17: Location of technical section 4.

Kids Zone (315 m2)

Gallery (415 m2)

Function

Floor Area

Description

Gallery (Ground Floor)

635 m2

Use the space of shops in Forum Shopping Centre, contains the shops, and gallery space

Gallery (First Floor)

415 m2

Connected to the green space

Workshops (Second to Fifth Floor)

295 m2

Contains messy white space, cooperative workshop

Café (Sixth Floor)

295 m2

People can have a cup of coffee, and watch the landscape of the Wallsend

Education Centre

515 m2

Contains Faculty Room, Exhibition Space, Classrooms, and Library

Employment Centre

390 m2

Contains Seminar Room, Computer Room, Technology Education Room, and Retiree Education Room

Kids Zone (Ground Floor)

570 m2

This area of kids zone use the space of shops in Forum Shopping Centre

Kids Zone (First Floor)

315 m2

Connected with the kids zone in ground floor, contains the ball pool, trampolines, plastic climber, etc.

Café (First Floor)

130 m2

Similar to the café on the top of recreation centre

Bicycle Shop

175 m2

Use the space of shops in Forum Shopping Centre,

Green Space

625 m

Kids Zone (570 m2)

Bicycle Shop (175 m2)

Figure 15: Programme Summary

The key structures of FRAME, especially the one in recreation centre, is the composite construction. the curtain wall which is made by inserting glass panels between mullions, and the voronoi facade.

Gallery (635 m2)

Figure 18: 1:20 part elevation and section

People can sit down and relax

Roof Detail

Figure 16: Programmatic Axonometric

S E C T I O N 2 : 1:20 T E C H N I C A L S E C T I O N A N D P A R T E L E V A T I O N S T U D Y

1. Structural Steel Coulmn (HEB 300) 2. Exterior Frame 3. Glass Panel (Double Glazed) 4. Curtain Wall System (Bolted to steel construction) 5. Bolted Steel Flange 6. Structural Steel Beam (HEB 280) 7. Structural Steel Beam (HEB 400)

1. 2.

SECTION 3:ADDITIONAL TECHNICAL COMPONENTS

In Wallsend, the sunlight shines mostly on the south and southwest side. Therefore, the recreation centre had been placed on the southwest side to let the sunlight shines into the indoor space to give its space warm atmosphere. The wind is dominant at the west and southwest side. It will make the fresh air will flow into the west side of passage of the FRAME.

Figure 19: Wind rose of Wallsend

3.1 Sustainability Strategy + Environmental Design Energy producing: The energy for FRAME will be produced by the solar panel, and the solar energy will be used for producing the electricity for FRAME.

5. Pr

e out ss R

cce

le A

Mechanical Ventilation

Heating: It will be powered by the air source heat pump, which generates the heat by moving air to another place. It is the heating system with low carbon emission and it has the lowest cost for operation. Vents and windows incorporated into facade (Natural Ventilation) Solar Panels

Service locations: The plant room will house the air source heat pump, boiler, and water tank.

Figure 20: Diagram of sun path in Wallsend

ip inc

Curtain wall: The double glazed glass curtain wall will increase the energy efficiency and maintain the proper tempeature inside because the agron gas in the glass prevents the heat from escaping due to its inability to transfer the heat. It will also gather the sunlight into the interior space of FRAME.

Wallsend Library

Air Source Heat Pump

Plant room

Green Space (On the roof of Forum Shopping Centre and FRAME)

Figure 22: Axonometric diagram about environmental strategies of FRAME N

6. 6.

Indoor Unit

Inverter

7. Forum Shopping Centre (Part of its space is also being used as the programme of FRAME)

Floor Detail

Solar Panels

19:00 PM

Compressor 18:00 PM

Sun Path

17:00 PM

50 cm 0

50 cm

Curtain Wall Detail

50 cm

e out ss R

cce

le A

cip

Prin

Wind

9:00 AM

15:00 PM 14:00 PM

Principle Access Route Figure 21: Sustainability Strategy of FRAME in Wallsend

C O M M U N I TY C E N T R E

10:00 AM 13:00 PM 12:00 AM 11:00 AM

Internal wiring for electricity Power box

Expansion Valve

Externel meter

FOR WALLSEND

Outdoor Unit

8:00 AM 16:00 PM

Green Space

Figure 23: Solar panel roof plan of FRAME

50 cm

Door Detail

Ventilation: For recreation centre, the natural ventilation system will be set by placing the ventilation openings and windows on it. For the rest of FRAME, the mechanical ventilation with the balanced system (inlet and extract fan) will be installed.

SECTION 3:ADDITIONAL TECHNICAL COMPONENTS

50 cm

3.1 Sustainability Strategy + Environmental Design 1. Floor finishing (PVC) 2. Acoustic Insulation 3. Slab Reinforcement 4. Concrete Slab 5. Shear Stud 6. Steel Deck (Trapezoidal) 7. Structural Steel Beam (HEB 300) 8. Filling

Figure 24: Sectional axonometric diagram of solar panel

Figure 25: Air source heat pump diagram

APPENDIX : ARC3013

SECTION 3:ADDITIONAL TECHNICAL COMPONENTS

Vents and windows on facade

SECTION 3:ADDITIONAL TECHNICAL COMPONENTS

SECTION 3:ADDITIONAL TECHNICAL COMPONENTS 3.1 Sustainability Strategy + Environmental Design

3.1 Sustainability Strategy + Environmental Design

Glass: The glass is used to make the curtain wall of FRAME. To reduce the CO2 emission, when it is required to change the wall’s glass panel, it will be reused after refilling the argon gas instead of producing the new one.

Steel: The steel is used for structural frame, parts of composite slab, and the building’s exterior facade. Since the steel has a very long duration, the steel frame from the demolished building will be reused for construction.

Vents and windows on facade

Figure 35: Glass curtain wall

Figure 38: Steel Frame

Figure 36: Production process of glass panel

Fresh outdoor air is cooled and pumped inside while the stale air is pumped outside

Stale Air

Warm Air

Fresh outdoor air is heated and pumped inside while the stale air is pumped outside

Figure 27: Ventilation and lighting during summer day (top) and night (bottom)

Sunlight

Figure 28: Ventilation and lighting during winter (Axonometric) Stale Air

Cool Air

Manufacture and cut out the glass panel (Either using 6 mm monolithic glass panel, or the 25 mm insulating glass)

Figure 29: Ventilation and lighting during winter day (top) and night (bottom)

Two panels of glass separated by a spacer and a airtight gap is created during spacing

The gap created is filled under vacuum conditions with an inert gas such as argon gas

Figure 39: Production process of steel frame

* For Basic Oxygen Steelmaking (BOS), Hot metal from the blast furnace and steel scrap are used to make a steel. For Electric Arc Furnace, Cold Scrap Metal are used for making steel. In my case, the steel frame will be made with Electric Arc Furnace.

The argon gas will be refilled into the used glass panel (Another way to reuse the glass panel)

Figure 26: Ventilation and lighting during summer (Axonometric)

And the electric arc furnace will be used for production, as it emits less CO2 by not using the coal for operation and reusing the scrap metal instead of using iron ores.

Packed and transported to construction site: Used for producing the curtain wall made by inserting the panels into the frame (made of mullion and transom)

Putting the materials into the furnace (The materials differs depending on the type of furnaces*)

Glass panels are recycled and reused at the end of buildings life

Giving one or more extra treatment for the molten metal after being put out from furnace

Steel beams are recycled and reused at the end of buildings life

Sunlight

Melting the used glass at the furnace to reuse it

Figure 37: Life cycle of glass curtain wall

SECTION 3:ADDITIONAL TECHNICAL COMPONENTS

Steel frames are being used for the construction of building

Casting the steel

SECTION 3:ADDITIONAL TECHNICAL COMPONENTS

Used steel frame is used as the material for production of steel frame

Figure 40: Life cycle of steel frame

SECTION 3:ADDITIONAL TECHNICAL COMPONENTS Primary structure

3.1 Sustainability Strategy + Environmental Design

SECTION 3:ADDITIONAL TECHNICAL COMPONENTS

Secondary structure

Tertiary structure 7

Concrete: The concrete is used to manufacture the floor slab, roof, solid wall and canopy of FRAME. During production, it will use recycled construction and demolition waste and waste glass instead of the cement for aggregates.

Figure 32: Concrete Slab

Figure 33: Production process of concrete (mixed) 4

Use construction and demolition waste and waste glass for aggregate instead of cement during the production

2 Figure 30: Car park near to Forum Shopping Centre 3.1 Sustainability Strategy + Environmental Design

Existing space: I have planned to use the space of car park to produce the consistancy and sustainability between FRAME and the shopping centre. I also realised that if I use the existing structure, there will be less CO2 emitted during construction.

8 Storing, dosing and mixing raw materials

Dosing the mixed material and either press or leave the material

Take off the slab from the chamfer, storaging and packaging them

Concrete slabs are used for the construction

3.2 Structural Strategy + Construction Sequencing

Concrete slabs are recycled and reused at the end of buildings life

Primary structure: The steel frame, concrete wall, and concrete column, serve as primary structure of FRAME. Without them, the FRAME will not be able to stand up.

Figure 31: Existing structure (columns) in car park near to Forum Shopping Centre

Secondary structure: The mullion, concrete voronoi canopy and concrete slab serve as the secondary sturcture of FRAME. They hold the FRAME up by providing the structure. But unlike primary structure, it is not crucial to structural integrity of FRAME.

Use the grinded concrete slab as the aggregate

1. Steel Frame

6. Mullion

2. Concrete Wall

7. Voronoi Facade

3. Concrete Colum

8. Skylight glass

1) - 3) During the construction, the space and structure from car park will be reused. And the regular concrete walls will be placed.

4. Concrete Slab for Floor

9. Glass Curtain Wall

4) - 5) After the construction of education centre and employment centre, steel columns will be established on ground floor, and it is connected with the steel beams. 6) - 14) The slab will be placed on the steel frame structure to construct recreation centre.

3.2 Structural Strategy + Construction Sequencing

5. Concrete Voronoi Canopy

15) The building construction had been completed. So, the voronoi canopy and facade will be placed on the building.

Tertiary structure: The glass curtain wall, skylight glass, and voronoi facade serve as tertiary structure.

Figure 34: Life cycle of concrete slab

C O M M U N I TY C E N T R E

FOR WALLSEND

APPENDIX : ARC3013

SECTION 3:ADDITIONAL TECHNICAL COMPONENTS

SECTION 4:STUDIO SPECIFIC RESEARCH

3.3 FIre strategy

According to Approved Document B, the building for assembly and recreation requires more than 3 escape routes, and its distance should be within 45m. So, FRAME has one protected core staircase and 16 fire exits.

Since the FRAME is the building for assembly and recreation, the minimum periods of fire resistance should be at least 60 minutes. By coating the intumescent steel paint on steel frame, the FRAME will be able to resist the fire for 60 minutes.

SECTION 4:STUDIO SPECIFIC RESEARCH

4.2 Composite slab 4.3 Steel Frame

The composite slab consists of the concrete slab, slab reinforcement, shear stud, and steel deck. The slab will be supported by the structural steel beam and column, and the concrete slab will be floored by the PVC floor finishing and the acoustic insulation.

However, the distance of escape route in kids zone and bicycle shop on ground floor exceeds 45m. So, I’ll have to place the extra door to reduce the distance.

②

①

③ Concrete slab Slab reinforcement Shear stud Steel deck

Figure 59: Overall steel structure using beams and columns

Structural steel beam

Figure 41: Limitation on travel distance

Figure 42: Minimum number of escape routes and exits from a room, tier or storey Steel Column

Figure 55: Composite slab and steel beam structure

33 m

11 m

①

400 mm

38 m 16 m

16 m

Stone finishing

34 m

65 m

Protected Staircase UP

300 mm

47 m

Protected Staircase UP

Figure 43: Fire escape route in second to sixth floor of FRAME

280 mm

16 m

23 m

21 m

Protected Staircase DN

300 mm 38 m

Figure 58: Axonometric diagram of steel frame structure

Figure 60: Steel column

Figure 61: Bolting connection on steel beam

22 m

14 m

Figure 44: Fire escape route in first floor of FRAME

Figure 46: Minimum periods of fire resistance

Figure 45: Fire escape route in ground floor of FRAME

SECTION 3:ADDITIONAL TECHNICAL COMPONENTS

Figure 54: Axonometric diagram of composite slab structure

Figure 47: How intumescent coating can make steel structure withstand the fire

Figure 56: PVC floor finish ②

Figure 57: Acoustic Insulation ③

SECTION 4:STUDIO SPECIFIC RESEARCH

3.3 FIre strategy The minimum width of staircase in assembly and recreation building should be 1100 mm. So, I have made the width of my staircase as 1500 mm. Also, there are the refuge space for the wheelchair at the corner of the staircase.

4.1 Overall Brief

Wheelchair Refuge

3.2 m

1.75 m

This section shows researches about the precedents of structures for the FRAME that had took place during my designing project.

1.5 m

Voronoi

Composite Concrete Slab Figure 50: Protective core with the emergency staircase and the firefighting lift (located in first floor)

Windows frame

Steel Frame

1.5 m 1m

Voronoi frame

0.1 m

Voronoi Ceiling

Figure 63: Langen Foundation

Figure 64: Structure of double glazed glass panel

Figure 48: Regulation for refuge

Figure 65: Interior view of the recreation centre of FRAME with voronoi ceiling False Ceiling

Lighting

Blur Glass

50 cm

Figure 66: Section of the voronoi ceiling

Double glazed glass panel

Curtain Wall Mullion

False Ceiling

Figure 49: Minimum widths of escape stairs

Figure 52: Parti diagram of the key structures in FRAME

Figure 51: Location of fire escape surrounded by protective core

Voronoi Ceiling

Staircase

Steel Beam Figure 53: Axonometric diagram of the key structures of FRAME

4.4 Curtain Wall

4.5 Voronoi Ceiling

The curtain wall of the recreation centre of the FRAME will be developed by inserting double glazed glass panels between the mullions, and the awning windows will be installed.

The voronoi ceiling in the recreation building of FRAME cover the steel beam structure on the ceiling and gives the artistic atmosphere. Figure 67: Beijing National Aquatics Centre

Figure 62: Axonometric diagram of FRAME’s curtain wall

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FOR WALLSEND

APPENDIX : ARC3013

SECTION 4:STUDIO SPECIFIC RESEARCH

CRITICAL REFLECTION

BIBLIOGRAPHY Mechanical ventilation of buildings <https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Mechanical_ventilation_ of_buildings> (Accessed: 10th April, 2021) Natural ventilation of buildings <https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Natural_ventilation_of_buildings> (Accessed: 10th April, 2021) GreenMatch, Air source heat pump <https://www.greenmatch.co.uk/heat-pump/air-source-heat-pump> (Accessed: 10th April, 2021) Reducing home hear loss - Windows and doors <https://energysavingtrust.org.uk/advice/windows-anddoors/> (Accessed: 10th April, 2021) How double glazed windows are made <https://www.britelitewindows.co.uk/news/how-double-glazedwindows-are-made/> (Accessed: Accessed: 1st April, 2021)

My stage 3 design project is about creating the urban common space where the activities such as art, education, and employment are available for the people who lives in, and who visits the Wallsend. To provide the urban common space, I decided to design the community centre FRAME near to Forum Shopping Centre. The FRAME will become the home of the new type of commoning in Wallsend. It will be connected with the commoning in past and present of Wallsend.

Steel manufacture <https://www.steelconstruction.info/Steel_manufacture> (Accessed: 1st April, 2021) Recycling and reuse <https://www.steelconstruction.info/Recycling_and_reuse> (Accessed: 1st April, 2021) Primary vs Secondary Structure <https://archinect.com/forum/thread/149971695/primary-vs-secondary-structure#:~:text=Primary%20%2D%20everything%20without%20which%20the,add%20shear%20 walls%20and%20slabs.> (Accessed: 10th April, 2021)

During the preperation of this report, I realised that the sustainability, environmental design, and building regulations are crucial to design the space of FRAME. Ceiling Frame 0

Figure 68: Interior view of the employment centre of FRAME with false ceiling

Ceiling Panels

Lighting

In case of sustainability, after realising that the materials that I have planned to use emits the large amount of the CO2, I deeply considered about either changing the material, or removing some part of FRAME. But then I found the way to reduce the CO2 in construction, such as substituting the material, reusing the structure, and choosing the eco-friendly material production method.

50 cm

Figure 69: Section of the false ceiling

Figure 71: Sopoong-gil community centre

Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government. Fire Safety: Approved Document B, 2020 Composite Construction <https://www.steelconstruction.info/Composite_construction> (Accessed: Accessed: 1st April, 2021)

I also realised that the environmental designs (including ventilation systems) and its mechanism needs to be fully understood before designing the space of FRAME. And I found that the fire regulation (especially the escape route distance and minimum periods of fire resistance) is also important for my design and it had been an opportunity to think about designing the safe building for people.

Figure 72: The interior view of recreation centre’s gallery with the staircase

Overall, I realised that those considerations such as sustainability will be the crucial for my future design process of architecture.

4.6 False Ceiling This ceiling in the education centre, employment centre, cafe, and kids zone is made by inserting ceiling panels inside the frame. Figure 70: Luc Spits Bureau d’Architectes, Belgium

Wallsend: Case Study

4.7 Large staircase on recreation centre The staircase is the vertical passage between ground to second floor and the public sitting area.

15 29

SECTION 4:STUDIO SPECIFIC RESEARCH

Figure 73: Voronoi canopy and facade

SECTION 4:STUDIO SPECIFIC RESEARCH

Figure 76: Exterior atmosphere of FRAME

The shape of canopy and facade is inspired from the Leonardo Glass Cube, and the abstraction of ship and sea wave. Figure 75: Grasshopper components of the voronoi canopy and facade

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Figure 1: Site Map with the context of the other types of commonings Site map diagram produced by author

Figure 18: 1:20 part elevation and section Diagram produced by author

Figure 34: Life cycle of concrete slab Diagram produced by author

Figure 2: 1:2500 Site Section Section diagram produced by author

Figure 19: Wind rose of Wallsend Diagram digitally produced by author

Figure 35: Glass curtain wall Image from <https://www.stylepark.com/en/news/energy-saving-ccf-facades> (Accessed: 10th April, 2021)

Figure 3: Mass inspiration of FRAME Diagram produced by author

Figure 20: Diagram of sun path in Wallsend Diagram digitally produced by author

Figure 4: Developement of mass Images produced by author

Figure 21: Sustainability Strategy of FRAME in Wallsend Axonometric dagram produced by author

Figure 36: Production process of glass panel Diagram image from <https://www.glassonweb.com/news/hot-hold-operations-flat-glass-sector> (Accessed: 1st April, 2021)

Figure 5: Symmetry and Balance Diagram produced by author

Figure 22: Axonometric diagram about environmental strategies of FRAME Axonometric dagram produced by author

Figure 6: Additive and Subtractive Diagram produced by author

Figure 23: Solar panel roof plan of FRAME Diagram produced by author

Figure 7: Plan to Section Diagram produced by author

Figure 24: Sectional axonometric diagram of solar panel Axonometric dagram produced by author

Figure 39: Production process of steel frame Diagram image from <https://tech-in-our-lives.blogspot.com/2020/09/iron-and-steel-recycling.html> (Accessed: 10th April, 2021)

Figure 8: Ground floor plan Diagram produced by author

Figure 25: Air source heat pump diagram Diagram produced by author

Figure 40: Life cycle of steel frame Diagram produced by author

Figure 9: First floor plan Diagram produced by author

Figure 26: Ventilation and lighting during summer (Axonometric) Axonometric dagram produced by author

Figure 10: Second to sixth floor plan Diagram produced by author

Figure 27: Ventilation and lighting during summer day (top) and night (bottom) Section diagram produced by author

Figure 41: Limitation on travel distance Table from Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government. Fire Safety: Approved Document B, 2020

Figure 11: Section AA’ Diagram produced by author

Figure 28: Ventilation and lighting during winter (Axonometric) Axonometric dagram produced by author

Figure 12: Section BB’ Diagram produced by author

Figure 29: Ventilation and lighting during winter day (top) and night (bottom) Section diagram produced by author

Figure 13: Circulation to Use Diagram produced by author

Figure 30: Car park near to Forum Shopping Centre Images captured from Google Earth

Figure 14: Hierarchy Diagram produced by author

Figure 31: Existing structure (columns) in car park near to Forum Shopping Centre Axonometric dagram produced by author

Figure 15: Programme Summary Diagram produced by author

Figure 32: Concrete slab Image from <https://ekcontractors.com/concrete-slabs/> (Accessed: 10th April, 2021)

Figure 16: Programmatic Axonometric Diagram produced by author

Figure 33: Production process of concrete Diagram image from <https://www.google.co.kr/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fres.mdpi.com%2Fd_attachment%2Fbuildings%2Fbuildings-08-00070%2Farticle_deploy%2Fbuildings-08-00070-v2.pdf&psig=AOvVaw3HyljVd0O0vPtSYm203RQ-&ust=1619083476225000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAMQjB1qFwoTCMCR-4yCj_ACFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD> (Accessed: 1st April, 2021)

Figure 17: Location of technical section Diagram produced by author

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 74: Plan of Leonardo Glass Cube

4.8 Voronoi canopy and facade

C O M M U N I TY C E N T R E

Figure 37: Life cycle of glass curtain wall Diagram produced by author Figure 38: Steel Frame Image from <http://www.understandconstruction.com/steel-frame-structures.html> (Accessed: 1st April, 2021)

Figure 42: Minimum number of escape routes and exits from a room, tier or storey Table from Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government. Fire Safety: Approved Document B, 2020 Figure 43: Fire escape route in second to sixth floor of FRAME Diagram produced by author Figure 44: Fire escape route in first floor of FRAME Diagram produced by author Figure 45: Fire escape route in ground floor of FRAME Diagram produced by author Figure 46: Minimum periods of fire resistance Table from Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government. Fire Safety: Approved Document B, 2020

FOR WALLSEND

Figure 47: How intumescent coating can make steel structure withstand the fire Image from <https://www.clariant.com/zh-CN/Corporate/Case-Studies/Flame-Retardants/Fire-protection> (Accessed: 15th April, 2021)

Figure 48: Regulation for refuge Table from Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government. Fire Safety: Approved Document B, 2020 Figure 49: Minimum widths of escape stairs Table from Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government. Fire Safety: Approved Document B, 2020 Figure 50: Protective core with the emergency staircase and the firefighting lift (located in first floor) Diagram produced by author Figure 51: Location of fire escape surrounded by protective core Diagram produced by author Figure 52: Parti diagram of the key structures of recreation centre in FRAME Diagram produced by author Figure 53: Axonometric diagram of the key structures of FRAME Diagram produced by author Figure 54: Axonometric diagram of composite concrete structure Diagram produced by author Figure 55: Composite conrete slab structure Image from <https://dudleyengineering.com/composite-structural-steel-beams-and-deck/> (Accessed: 1st March, 2021 ) Figure 56: PVC floor finish Image from <https://www.easypharma.com/en/clean-room-flooring/> (Accessed: 20th April, 2021) Figure 57: Acoustic Insulation Image from <https://www.insulationsuperstore.co.uk/product/jcw-impactalay-plus-acoustic-floor-insulation-12m-x-600mm-x-15mm.html> (Accessed: 20th April, 2021) Figure 58: Axonometric diagram of steel beam structure Diagram produced by author Figure 59: Overall steel beam and column structure Diagram produced by author Figure 60: Steel column Diagram produced by author Figure 61: Bolting on steel beams Diagram produced by author Figure 62: Axonometric diagram of FRAME’s curtain wall Diagram produced by author

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APPENDIX : ARC3013 BIBLIOGRAPHY Figure 63: Langen Foundation Image from <https://www.archilovers.com/projects/239240/langen-foundation.html> (Accessed: 2nd April, 2021)

David Bollier, Commoning as a Transformative Social Paradigm <https://thenextsystem.org/sites/default/ files/2017-08/DavidBollier.pdf> (Accessed: 25th May, 2021)

Figure 64: Structure of double glazed glass panel for curtain wall Image from <https://www.cambridgeglassandglazing.co.uk/sealed-unit-replacement/> (Accessed: 2nd April, 2021) Figure 65: Interior view of the recreation centre of FRAME with voronoi ceiling Image produced by author Figure 66: Section of the voronoi ceiling Section diagram produced by author Figure 67: Beijing National Aquatics Centre Image from <https://www.filmapia.com/scout/places/beijing-national-aquatics-center-water-cube> (Accessed: 19th April, 2021) Figure 68: Interior view of the employment centre of FRAME with false ceiling Image produced by author

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 69: Section of the false ceiling Section diagram produced by author Figure 70: Luc Spits Bureau d’Architectes, Belgium Image from <https://www.kreon.com/en/international/showcase/luc-spits-bureau-darchitectes?f%5B0%5D=field_category%3A1666> (Accessed: 19th April, 2021)

Figure 1: Shipyard of Wallsend in 1969 Image from <https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/history/swan-hunter-shipyard-wallsend-history-19586275> (Accessed: 20th May, 2021)

Figure 71: Sopoong-gil community centre Image produced by author Figure 72: The interior view of recreation centre’s gallery with the staircase Image produced by author Figure 73: Voronoi canopy and facade Image produced by author

Figure 2-5: Development of Forum Shopping Centre Image from <https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/whats-on/shopping/gallery/wallsend-forum-shopping-centre-celebrates-12246821> (Accessed: 20th May, 2021)

Figure 74: Plan of Leonardo Glass Cube Image from <https://utkarshnitish.wordpress.com/2011/05/09/use-of-molecular-linking-in-cellular-architecture/> (Accessed: 1st April, 2021) Figure 75: Grasshopper components of the voronoi canopy and facade Image by author Figure 76: Exterior atmosphere of FRAME Image produced by author

Figure 6: Sopoong-gil Community in Korea Image from <https://www.archdaily.com/910628/sopoong-gil-community-unsangdong-architects?ad_ source=search&ad_medium=search_result_projects> (Accessed: 20th May, 2021)

Figure 7: Employment Centre in Spain Image from <https://www.archdaily.com/317339/employment-centre-servef-in-onda-orts-trullenque?ad_ source=search&ad_medium=search_result_projects> (Accessed: 20th May, 2021) Figure 8: Recreation Centre in Graal, France Image from <https://www.archdaily.com/935145/recreation-center-graal?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_projects> (Accessed: 20th May, 2021) Figure 9: Brixton Windmill Education Centre in Brixton, UK Image from <https://www.archdaily.com/947518/brixton-windmill-education-and-community-center-squire-and-partners?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_projects> (Accessed: 20th May, 2021) Figure 10: FRAC Dunkerque Image from <https://www.archdaily.com/475507/frac-of-the-north-region-lacaton-and-vassal> (Accessed: 20th May, 2021) Figure 11: FRAC Grand Large Image from <https://www.archdaily.com/475507/frac-of-the-north-region-lacaton-and-vassal> (Accessed: 20th May, 2021) Figure 12: Map of FRAC Image captured from Google Map

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FOR WALLSEND

Figure 13: Tate Modern Image from <http://artgalleriesphotosdesigns.blogspot.com/2013/09/tate-modern-art-gallery.html> (Accessed: 20th May, 2021) Figure 14: Tate Modern with brick Image from <http://idaaf.com/tate-modern-switch-house-by-herzog-de-meuron/> (Accessed: 20th May, 2021) Figure 15: Tate Modern with glass Image from <https://www.designbuild-network.com/projects/tate-modern/> (Accessed: 20th May, 2021) Figure 16: Centurion Park Image from <https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g2199526-d6901819-Reviews-Centurion_ Park_Golf_Course-Wallsend_Tyne_and_Wear_England.html> (Accessed: 20th May, 2021) Figure 17: Forum Shopping Centre Image from <https://www.realla.co.uk/details/4293082/gallery> (Accessed: 20th May, 2021) Figure 18: Wallsend Leisure Centre Image from <https://my.northtyneside.gov.uk/category/258/hadrian-leisure-centre> (Accessed: 20th May, 2021) Figure 19: Hadrian’s Wall Path Image from <https://www.nationaltrail.co.uk/en_GB/trails/hadrians-wall-path/> (Accessed: 20th May, 2021) Figure 20: Segedunum Roman Fort Museum Image from <https://dragonsandfairydust.co.uk/segedunum-roman-fort/> (Accessed: 20th May, 2021) Figure 21: St Peter’s Church Image from <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Church,_Wallsend> (Accessed: 20th May, 2021) Figure 22: Elton Street Image captured from Google Earth Figure 23: Wallsend Customer First Centre Image captured from Google Earth Figure 24: Ground Plan Neat Forum Image captured from Google Earth Figure 25: North Entrance Image captured from Google Earth Figure 26: South Entrance Image captured from Google Earth 103

Figure 27: High Street Image captured from Google Earth Figure 28: East Entrance and Library Image captured from Google Earth Figure 29: Forum Square Image captured from Google Earth Figure 30: Car Park and West Entrance Image captured from Google Earth Figure 31: The Ritz Image captured from Google Earth Figure 32: ALDI Store Image captured from Google Earth Figure 33: Burger King Image captured from Google Earth Figure 34: Map of Wallsend in 1860s Map captured from Digimap Figure 35 - 36: First iteration of FRAME and its programme Image captured from Google Map Figure 37-38: Car park near to Forum Shopping Centre Image captured from Google Earth Figure 39: Structure Precedent: Langen Foundation Image from <https://www.archilovers.com/projects/239240/langen-foundation.html> (Accessed: 20th May, 2021)

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