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E. Kandinsky 180421451

Architectural Design ARC8060

2019-2020

E. Kandinsky

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ARC8060 Architectural Design

Contents

Introduction

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Context: The problem The Site: The charming town of Hexham Case Study: Feeding a building Materials: A greener alternative The System: How it would work

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The The The The

Concept General arrangement Residential nodes The Incubator

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Oikos furniture Precedents Development Calculations

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Proposal: Proposal: Proposal: Proposal:

Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix

01: 02: 03: 04:

E. Kandinsky

Introduction

The project outlined in the following document is an innovative attempt at changing the way we think about building. It is a call for exploring and implementing new building materials that originate from renewable and green sources, as well as an overhaul of our mentality when it comes to construction, living and waste. The project will attempt to create a residential environment capable of reproducing the materials needed for its own maintenance. These materials will be grown, manufactured and installed on site, forming more intimate, local communities and nurturing respect and understanding of the materials that form our built environment.

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Context: the problem Identifying the problems with modern, unsustainable ways of building and setting the scene for an innovative solution

E. Kandinsky

The problem of waste

The world faces a major problem of waste, with the construction industry at fault for most of that waste. As architects, it is up to us to find clean solutions to these problems, before itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s too late. Despite the availability of green alternatives to traditional ways of building, few developers are willing to embrace them.

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Over-consumption

The construction industry is responsible for the majority of materials used in the UK. Many of these are obtained from finite or unsustainable sources.

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Scale vs locality

Modern production models heavily rely on production in bulk and world-wide transportation of raw materials and goods, making the best use of the cheapest or most advantageous areas to produce in. While this makes economic sense, the Earth pays a hefty price for it on our behalf. Hence, ideas of locally sourced or grown materials are becoming ever more appealing.

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A new hope?

What if a system could be developed that would utilise sustainable, locally-grown materials that would generate no unusable waste? What if we were to rethink the way in which we approach construction, maintenance and consumption? What if it was possible to create structures that would last a lifetime and still look like new? The proposal that follows attempts to answer all these questions. In order for it to work, a completely different mindset would have to be adopted from what we are used to. And where better to set up a testing ground for this mindset other than in the charming town of Hexham?

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The Site: The charming town of Hexham Introducing the site and proposing masterplanning solutions for site management, while setting the scene for the proposal

E. Kandinsky

Hexham

The chosen site for this project is in the small town of Hexham, about 20 miles west of Newcastle. As a charming historic market town, it is an ideal location for those looking to escape busy city life.

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he ps st

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Shadows of Hexham's past

671 AD

circa 800 AD

1296

1330

1464

Hexham Abbey founded - over the Hexham has ais rich history next few centuries the town develops th dating backaround to the it. 7 century. Today, however, it is best known as a charming historic circa 800 AD market town,1600 overshadowed Hexham suffers from numerous by a giant factory. Viking raids and accepts refugees Hexham’s first Grammar Schoolfrom is

Hexham suffers from numerous Viking raids and accepts refugees from Lindisfarne.

For several years Hexham is pillaged by invading Scots, including William Wallace.

England’s first purpose-built gaol (jail) is built in Hexham, mostly used to house tenants not able to pay rent and outlaws.

The Battle of Hexham (a decisive part of the War of the Roses) takes place about 2 miles from the town.

1464 1296 1770-1795

1330 1827

1464

England’s first purpose-built gaolroutes (jail) Hexham establishes major trading is built in Hexham, mostlyvegetables used to house with Newcastle, exporting and tenants notproducts able to pay rent and outlaws. leather (mainly gloves).

The Battle of Hexham (a decisive part of the War of the Roses) takes place about 2 miles from the town.

founded. By Lindisfarne. 1688 it gets permanently housed in a building that still stands.

1296 671 AD 1700s For several years1889 Hexham is pillaged

Hexham Abbey is 3founded - over the isScots, home including to majorWilliam guilds: byHexham invading next few town develops Tanners & centuries Shoemakers, Skinners & Poor housing, povertythe and alcoholism Wallace. around it. Glovers, and Hatters & Weavers. earn Hexham the title of “one of the most drunken towns in Northumberland”.

1296 671 AD 1700s

For several years Hexham is pillaged byHexham invadingisAbbey Scots, including Hexham founded over the home isto 3 major -William guilds: Wallace. next few&centuries the town develops Tanners Shoemakers, Skinners & Glovers, and around Hattersit. & Weavers.

1330 circa 800 AD 1761 England’s first purpose-built gaol (jail) 1600 1921

Hexham suffers from numerous bloody takes place inused Hexham that isAbuilt in riot Hexham, mostly to house Viking raids and accepts refugees sees over dozen citizens orSchool soldiers Hexham’s first Grammar is Hexham’s first General isfrom tenants nottwo able to pay rent Hospital and outlaws. Lindisfarne. killed or gravely injured. founded. By 1688 it gets permanently established, after earlier improvements to housed in a building that still stands. sanitation and infrastructure.

671 AD

circa 1761800 AD 1600 1921

1330 circa 800 AD 1761

England’s first purpose-built gaol (jail) is inriot Hexham, mostly used to house Hexham suffers from A built bloody takes place in numerous Hexham that tenants not abledozen to pay rentrefugees and outlaws. Viking raids and accepts from sees over two citizens or soldiers killed orLindisfarne. gravely injured.

671 AD 1464 Hexham Abbey is1296 founded - over the 1770-1795 next few centuries the(atown develops The Battle of Hexham decisive part of 1700s 1935

For several years Hexham pillaged Hexham Bridge is built 4isattempts. around it.afterplace the War of the Roses) takes about 2 by Scots, including William Floods, hurricanes and poorget ground Hexham is home to 3areas major guilds: Most ofinvading Hexham’s slum cleared miles from the town. Wallace. conditions inhousing, multiple failures. Tannersresulted & Shoemakers, Skinners &to and replaced with new leading Glovers, andimage Hatters an improved of & theWeavers. town.

circa 800 AD 1600 Hexham suffers from numerous 1330 1827 Hexham’s Grammar Schoolfrom is Viking raidsfirst and accepts 1761 refugees Today founded. By 1688 it gets permanently England’s first purpose-built gaol (jail) Lindisfarne. Hexham establishes major trading routes 1921

The Battle of Hexham (a decisive part of the War of theyears Roses) takes about 2 For several Hexham is pillaged Hexham Bridge is built afterplace 4 attempts. milesScots, from including the town. by invading William Floods, hurricanes and poor ground Wallace. conditions resulted in multiple failures.

circa 800 AD Hexham suffers from numerous 1330 1827 Viking raids andToday accepts 1761 refugees from England’s first purpose-built gaol (jail) Hexham establishes major trading routes Lindisfarne. built in Hexham, used toashouse with Newcastle, exporting and Ais“Sleepy bloody riot takes place invegetables Hexham that Hexham” ismostly best-known tenants not able to pay rent and outlaws. leather products (mainly gloves). sees over two dozen citizens or soldiers a market town and home to a major killed manufacturer or gravely injured. chipboard - Egger.

1296 1700s For several years Hexham 1464 is pillaged Hexham is home to 3 major guilds: by invading Scots, including William 1770-1795 Tanners & Shoemakers, Skinners &part of The Battle ofWallace. Hexham (a decisive 1935

Hexham Abbey is1296 founded - over the 1770-1795 next few centuries the town develops 1700s 1935 suffers numerous For several years Hexham is pillaged around it. 4 attempts. AReferences: bloodyHexham riot takes placefrom in Hexham that Hexham Bridge is built after 1889 • Jennings, D. H., Eve. Fuller, and Hexham Local The Heart ofisAll England Hexham’s Story in Original Documents. Hexham Local History Society, Local History Hexham’s first Grammar School is History Society. Hexham home toincluding 3:poor major guilds: Ais bloody riot takes place in Hexham that(2005) Hexham Hexham Bridge is built& after 4 attempts. Hexham’s first General Hospital isfrom Most ofinvading Hexham’s slum areas get cleared “Sleepy Hexham” isthat best-known asand housed inin aHexham, building still stands. Glovers, and Weavers. Viking raids and accepts refugees by Scots, William builtHexham: mostly used to house the War of theHatters Roses) takes place about 2 sees over two dozen citizens or soldiers Floods, hurricanes and ground with Newcastle, exporting vegetables Society - Occasional Publications ; No. 5 founded. By 1688 it gets permanently Tanners & Shoemakers, Skinners & sees over two dozen citizens or soldiers Floods, hurricanes and poor ground established, after earlier improvements to and replaced with new housing, leading to a market town and home to a major Poor housing, poverty and alcoholism Hexham’s first General Hospital is Most of Hexham’s slum areas get cleared Lindisfarne. Wallace. tenants not able to pay rent and outlaws. miles from the town. killed or gravely injured. conditions resulted in multiple failures. leather products (mainly gloves). • Hexham Local History Society. Hexham Historian (1991) housed in a and building that still stands. and Hatters & Weavers. killed or earlier gravelyimprovements injured. resulted multipleleading failures. sanitation infrastructure. anGlovers, improved the town. chipboard manufacturer - Egger. to earn Hexham theimage title of “one of the most established, after andconditions replaced with newinhousing, to 671 AD 800 AD 1296 drunken circa towns in Northumberland”. sanitation and infrastructure. an improved1330 image of the town.

1600

1700s

1761

1296 For several years Hexham 1464 is pillaged by invading Scots, including William 1770-1795 The Battle ofWallace. Hexham (a decisive part of the WarBridge of the Roses) about 2 Hexham is builttakes after place 4 attempts. miles fromand thepoor town. Floods, hurricanes ground conditions resulted in multiple failures.

England’s first purpose-built gaol (jail) is built in Hexham, 1827 mostly used to house tenants not able to pay rent and outlaws. Hexham establishes major trading routes with Newcastle, exporting vegetables and leather products (mainly gloves).

England’s first purpose-built gaol (jail) Aisbloody riot takes place in Hexham that built in Hexham, mostly used to house 1827 sees overnot twoable dozen citizens or soldiers tenants to pay rent and outlaws. Today Hexham trading routes killedestablishes or gravelymajor injured. with Newcastle, exporting vegetables “Sleepy Hexham” is best-known as and leathertown products (mainly a market and home to agloves). major 1464 - Egger. chipboard manufacturer

The Battle of Hexham (a decisive part of Hexham is builttakes after place 4 attempts. the WarBridge of the Roses) about 2 Floods, hurricanes ground miles fromand thepoor town. conditions resulted in multiple failures.

1330 1761

1770-1795

Hexham Abbey is founded - over the Hexham suffers1330 from numerous For several years Hexham England’s first 1921 purpose-built gaol (jail) The Battle of Hexham 1889 1935 (a decisive part of 1296 1464 is pillaged Hexham’s first Grammar School is Hexham is home to 3 major guilds: A bloody riot takes place in Hexham that Hexham Bridge is builttakes afterplace 4 attempts. next few centuries the town develops Viking raids and accepts refugees from by invading Scots, including William is built in Hexham, mostly used to house the War of the Roses) about 2 1700s 1761 1770-1795 1827 1935 Today Poor housing, poverty and alcoholism Hexham’s first General Hospital is Most of Hexham’s slum areas get cleared For several years Hexham is pillaged England’s first purpose-built gaol (jail) The Battle of Hexham (a decisive part of founded. By 1688 it gets permanently Tanners & Shoemakers, Skinners & sees over two dozen citizens or soldiers Floods, hurricanes and poor ground around it. Lindisfarne. Wallace. tenants not able to pay rent and outlaws. miles from the town. 1889 1921 1935 Today The Heart of is AllScots, England : 3Hexham’s Story in Original Documents. Hexham Localin History Society, (2005) Hexham Local History earn Hexham the of “one ofplace most established, after to andconditions replaced with newin housing, to sHistory Society. home major guilds: A riot takes Hexham that Hexham Bridge is built 4the attempts. Hexham establishes major trading routes om invading including William is bloody builtHexham: mostly used to house the War ofand thetitle Roses) takes about 2 housed in aHexham, building that still stands. Glovers, Hatters &after Weavers. killed or earlier gravelyimprovements injured. resulted multipleleading failures. Mostby ofHexham Hexham’s slumto areas get cleared “Sleepy Hexham” isplace best-known as References: •atenants Jennings, D.two H., Eve. Fuller, and Hexham Local History Society. TheofHeart of All England :areas Hexham’s Story in Original Documents. Hexham: Hexham Local History Society, (2005) Hexham Local Historyimage of the town. Poor housing, poverty and alcoholism Hexham’s first General Hospital is Most Hexham’s slum get cleared “Sleepy Hexham” is best-known as drunken towns in Northumberland”. sanitation and infrastructure. an improved tly Tanners & Shoemakers, Skinners & sees over dozen citizens or soldiers Floods, hurricanes and poor ground with Newcastle, exporting vegetables and Wallace. not able to pay rent and outlaws. miles from the town. and replaced with new housing, leading to market town and home to a major ian (1991) Society - Occasional Publications ; No. 5 earn Hexhamand the titleofofthe “one of the most established, after earlier improvements to (1991) and replaced with newinhousing, to a market and (mainly home to agloves). major ds. Hatters &town. Weavers. or gravely injured. conditions resulted multipleleading failures. leathertown products an Glovers, improved image manufacturer -Hexham Egger. Historian • chipboard Hexham killed Local History Society. circa 800 AD 1464 drunken towns in Northumberland”. sanitation1296 and infrastructure. an improved1330 image of the town. chipboard manufacturer - Egger.

1600

1700s 671 AD

1761 circa 800 AD

1770-1795 1296

1330

1827 1330

1464 1770-1795

1827 Today

Hexham establishes major trading routes “Sleepy Hexham” is best-known as and with Newcastle, exporting vegetables a market and home to agloves). major leathertown products (mainly chipboard manufacturer - Egger.

1464

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hat Hexham Bridge is built after 4 attempts. Hexham establishes trading routes earn Hexham theHatters title of & “one of the most established, after earlier improvements to and Tanners replacedresulted with new leading Glovers, and Weavers. killed or gravely injured. inhousing, multiple failures. founded. By 1688 itmajor gets permanently & Shoemakers, Skinners & to around it. Lindisfarne. Wallace. • Hexham Local History Society. Hexham Historian (1991) conditions The of All :poor Hexham’s Story in Original Documents. Hexham: Hexham Local History Society, Local Historyimage of the town. socal Most of Heart Hexham’s slum get cleared “Sleepy Hexham” isthat best-known asand (2005) Hexham rs History Society. Floods, hurricanes andareas ground with Newcastle, exporting vegetables drunken towns inEngland Northumberland”. sanitation and infrastructure. an improved housed in a building still stands. Glovers, and Hatters & Weavers. s to and replaced with new housing, leading to a leather market products town and(mainly home togloves). a major storian (1991) conditions resulted in multiple failures. an improved image of the town. chipboard manufacturer - Egger.

a leather market town and home a major products (mainly gloves). sees overnot two dozen citizens or soldiers tenants able to pay renttoand outlaws. chipboard - Egger. killed manufacturer or gravely injured.

1935 Today 1700s 1761 1770-1795 1889 1921Local History Society, (2005) Hexham Local History 1935 • Jennings, D. H., Eve. Fuller, and Hexham Local History Society. The Heart of All England : Hexham’s Story in Original Documents. Hexham: Hexham Hexham’s first General Hospital is is MostHexham of Hexham’s slum getguilds: cleared is best-known as that Hexham’s first Grammar School is home to areas 3 major A“Sleepy bloody Hexham” riot takes place in Hexham Hexham Bridge is built after 4 attempts. Today Society - Occasional Publications ; No. 5 References:

1921 1600

st established, after earlier to (1991) and Poor replaced with new housing, leading&to housing, poverty andSkinners alcoholism founded. ByHistory 1688 it improvements getsHexham permanently Tanners & Shoemakers, • Hexham Local Society. Historian ry in Original Documents. Hexham: Local History as Society, (2005) Hexham Local Historyimage of the town. red “Sleepy is best-known sanitation andHexham infrastructure. anGlovers, improved earn Hexham the title of “one of the most housed inHexham” a building that still stands. and Hatters & Weavers. g to a market town and home to a major drunken towns in Northumberland”. chipboard manufacturer - Egger.

a Hexham’s market and home to aormajor General Hospital is sees over town twofirst dozen citizens soldiers chipboard manufacturer - Egger. to established, after killed or earlier gravelyimprovements injured. sanitation and infrastructure.

Most of Hexham’s slumand areas cleared Floods, hurricanes poorgetground andconditions replaced with newinhousing, to resulted multipleleading failures. an improved image of the town.

Floods, hurricanes ground miles fromand thepoor town. conditions resulted in multiple failures.

1827 Today

1827 Hexham establishes major trading routes with Newcastle, exporting vegetables and leather products (mainly gloves).

E. Kandinsky

A feel of Hexham

During a visit to Hexham, I documented textures of walls in and around the medieval and residential parts of the town, mapping them onto a plan, to create a â&#x20AC;&#x153;texture mapâ&#x20AC;?. Thinking of materials this early on in the project fed into the way that the proposal would develop later on.

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In Plan

The town of Hexham lies just south of the Tyne river, centred around the Abbey, which was the main part of medieval Hexham. On the north bank of the river is Hexhamâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s industrial sector, which is of particular interest to this project.

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The 'Cloud' Factory

After the Abbey and the Hexham market the most memorable feature of the town is the Egger factory, located within the industrial district. Nicknamed by the local kids as the â&#x20AC;&#x153;Cloud Factoryâ&#x20AC;?, due to the plume of steam rising from its chimneys 24 hours a day, this industrial machine produces about 40 miles of chipboard every day, supplying the entire UK. Having taken a tour of the factory, I was able to witness first hand the scale and ambition of production that this plant undertakes.

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Chosen site

The Egger factory in Hexham symbolises everything that this project stands against mass production, disregard of local materials and character and excessive manufacturing. Hence, in an ironic twist, the Egger site was chosen to be used for this project.

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The industrial district

Having selected the site, it was important to understand what lay around it, as the purpose of the area would be drastically changed to a residential setting. On the right all the businesses and landmarks of the site have been colour coded into red, yellow and green. The red businesses would not have a place in the kind of community that is being proposed. The yellow ones would still be needed, but at a reduced scale. The green markers would have to stay, as they provide an essential service that would still be relevant for the proposed community.

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Site management: existing

As a masterplanning exercise, a rearrangement of the site was proposed, based on the revised purpose of the area and the businesses that would still be required. The image on the right shows the existing arrangement.

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Site management: proposed

This image shows the new proposed arrangement of the site, clearing the Egger site, as well as the connecting strip to the main road, establishing a firm border with the river. The buildings shown in orange represent the businesses that would be either moved or reduced in size to match the new site requirements. The highlighted arearepresents the entirety of the Egger site, while the smaller chunk indicates the chosen area for this project.

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Case study: feeding a building Identifying what makes a building and what resources would be required to maintain it over the course of its lifetime

E. Kandinsky

Case study: typical Victorian terraced house

In order to determine the type and quantity of materials required for a single dwelling, a typical British house was carefully modelled in 3D and analysed. 31 components were identified, quantified and their life expectancies noted.

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The lifespan of components

The two diagrams on this page show the volume of material that would be required to build each of the components (left) against what would be needed to build and maintain them over the course of 200 years (right).

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Chosen components

Of the 31 components analysed, 17 were chosen as the most important and interesting ones to address. These were the components with shorter life expectancies, that would need to be replaced at least several times over the course of their lifetime.

01_External cladding

02_Internal finish

03_Waterproofing layer

04_Roof cladding

05_Roof waterproofing layer

06_Floor finish

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07_Skirting

08-10_Drywall studs, sheets & finish

11-12_Door leaves & Ironmongery

13_Door frames

14_Glass

15-16_Window frames & ironmongery

Materials: a greener alternative Exploring alternative building materials and what would be needed for their creation

E. Kandinsky

Material palette

After careful consideration it was decided that the 17 chosen building components could be made of 9 new materials, that would be grown of 7 different plants.

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Proposed materials

The following pages outline green plant-based materials proposed to be used as substitutes for their traditional counterparts for the 17 components identified previously. An in-depth study of these materials follows.

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How to read material profile diagrams

The material profile diagrams found over the next few pages contain several parts, each representing certain information about the production of the material in question.

1. Ingredient origins: as most materials displayed are plant-based, this will usually be the plant in question. 2. Growth time: the red line is scaled in years and represents the amount of time the plant will take to grow from planting to harvesting. Plants that take less than a year to mature are assumed to be harvested annually. 3. Ingredient output: the size of the circle graphically symbolises the volume of the ingredient obtained per square metre of land used to grow it. 4. Optional junction: some materials may contain a variety of ingredients. In this case the optional junction symbol is used to depict this choice. This means that either one, the other, or a mixture of the two ingredients will be used. 5. External input: some materials require an external resource that cannot be grown. This ingredient will be traded from outside the community. 6. Process information: description of manufacturing process of the material. 7. Manufacturing time: the red line is scaled in days and symbolises the amount of time a material takes to manufacture. In case curing or maturing is required, this line will be longer, otherwise a single day is assumed. 8. Material output: the circle is scaled to symbolise the volume of material that could be produced per square metre of land. 9. Material name 10: Material uses: potential applications for the material in the context of construction.

E. Kandinsky

Proposed materials: Potato-peel board

Manufacturer: Chip(s) board Main ingredient: Potato peels Comparable to: MDF Process: 1. Potatoes are grown in 2-4 months on an annual basis. The peels are retained. 2. Potato peels are used to create a binding agent. 3. The boards are pressed using the binding agent and a filler material, such as softwood chips, bamboo chips or more potato peels.

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Proposed materials: Cornboard

Manufacturer: Cornboard Main ingredient: Corn waste Comparable to: OSB Process: 1. Corn is grown in 2-3 months for an annual harvest. The cob and ears are retained and dried. 2. The corn waste is combined with a water-based binding resin. 3. The boards are pressed using a hot press machine.

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Proposed materials: Zeoform

Manufacturer: Zeo IP Pty Main ingredient: Cellulose Comparable to: Plastic / paint Process: 1. Cellulose fibres (from a variety of sources, including recycled paper and hemp) are combined with water using a patented formula. 2. Through hydroxyl bonding, a rigid structure is created. 3. The material can be created in a variety of densities. Low-density can be sprayed on as a finish, medium-density could be used as insulation, while high-density forms a rigid and strong shape.

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Proposed materials: Hempcrete

Manufacturer: Hempcrete UK Main ingredient: Hemp Comparable to: Concrete Process: 1. Hemp regenerates annually and only takes several months to grow to maturity. 2. After harvesting the stems are dried and chipped. 3. Hempcrete is created by combining the hemp fibres with a lime binder at a ratio of 1 to 1.5. 4. Hempcrete can either be cast in-situ or pre-cast into blocks and stored for later use. 5. The material is not structural, but provides excellent thermal properties, reducing the need for additional insulation.

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Proposed materials: Transparent wood

Manufacturer: KTH Royal Institute of Technology Main ingredient: Balsa wood Comparable to: Glass Process: 1. Balsa trees are grown in a warm environment with plenty of water. It takes only 7-10 years to reach maturity. 2. Wood is cut into thin strips. 3. Lignin is removed from the wood via a chemical bath. 4. The lignin is replaced with clear acrylic and sealed in a vacuum chamber. 5. The product is similar to semi-transparent glass that has the capability to retain heat and change its opacity depending on the amount of sunlight it is exposed to.

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Proposed materials: Cellulose plastic

Manufacturer: various Main ingredient: reeds Comparable to: plastic Process: 1. Reeds are grown by the river, utilising the natural landscape. In places where a source of water is unavailable, they can be replaced with cotton, which produces a similar output. 2. Impurities are removed from the reeds using a homogeniser. 3. Cellulose fibres are separated by gently beating. 4. The thick paste is soaked in trifluoroacetic acid. 5. The resulting plastic is rolled out into a thin layer.

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Proposed materials: NatureCast

Manufacturer: Natures Legacy Main ingredient: Agro-forestry waste Comparable to: Chipboard Process: 1. The material entirely relies on waste left behind by the creation of other materials. 2. The agricultural and forestry waste is chipped and bound with a water-based binding resin. 3. Through additives colour and texture can be manipulated.

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Proposed materials: Bamboo

Manufacturer: Main ingredient: Comparable to: Process: 1. Bamboo grows for only 2 months per year and establishes colonies via its roots. 2. With every year the bamboo colony grows stronger, producing taller and thicker stems. 3. When a colony reaches a desirable size (3-7 years), it can begin to get harvested annually. 4. Bamboo is steamed and processed in order to prevent rot and insect infestations.

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Proposed materials: Softwood

Manufacturer: Main ingredient: Comparable to: Process: 1. As many as 1000 saplings could be planted per hectare. Approximately 250 of the strongest are allowed to reach maturity. 2. Softwood can take 25-30 years to grow. 3. The wood can then be cut into planks or chipped to be used as part of other materials.

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The system: how it would work Explaining how the proposed system would function, through the use of materials and the roles of the community

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Cycle of materials

In order to determine the quantities of plants that would be required, four points need to be taken into account: 1. What volume of the construction material is required. 2. What volume of usable ingredients the plants produce per square metre of land. 3. How often would the material be required (whatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s the life expectancy of the component itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s used to make). 4. How long do the plants take to grow. Based on the answers to these questions a production system can be developed in a manner demonstrated by the diagram on the right.

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Space for growing

Based on the figures obtained previously, calculations were made to determine the areas of land that would be needed to grow sufficient resources over a given time period to produce the right quantity of materials needed for maintaining the community. The graphic on this page demonstrates that every unit of 92 square metres would require 84 square metres of land to grow the materials required, of which: 3m2: potatoes 4m2: bamboo 6.5m2: balsa trees 7.5m2: corn 13m2: hemp 20.5m2: softwood 29.5m2: reeds For more detailed information about the building components and materials, as well as all the calculations that were performed to arrive at this point, refer to Appendix 04 on page 116.

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The community

An important aspect of the proposal would be to consider how the people residing within the community would make use of the provided resources and facilities. In order to function the community would rely on: 1. Caretakers: 3 dedicated households that would tend to the plants and manufacture the required materials as their full-time jobs, funded by the rest of the residents. 2. Management board: 3 dedicated people handling managerial responsibilities, such as storage management, allocation of resources, and the running of community services. 3. Services staff: employed on site to provide certain amenities to the community. Not a full-time position, it could be occupied by teenagers or those looking for a bit of extra income. 4. Volunteers: at peak times volunteers would be required to assist the Caretakers with the execution of their tasks.

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The community cycle

Click to play the video. The short stop-motion video demonstrates how the basics of how the community and the cycle of building maintenance would function, by following the story of a new family moving in. The video can also be viewed at the following URL: https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=bFritM30mK0

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The proposal: concept Examining the inspiration and underlying ideas behind the proposal

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Proposal: concept

The concept attempts to merge three worlds: 1. Natural 2. Residential 3. Industrial In order to achieve success, all three have to play a role in the arrangement and appearance of the proposal. As the most distinctive feature of this proposal is its relationship with the natural world, a tree was chosen as a catalyst. Traditionally trees have been associated with legends, deities and life. A tree can also symbolise strength, stability and wisdom.

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Yggdrasil - the world tree

According to Norse mythology, Yggdrasil, also known as the World Tree, was a gigantic ash tree that held up the world. It was traditionally depicted as a series of populated platforms held up by an enormous trunk, with roots spreading over the ground, leading to a series of portals to other dimensions. The tree was home to gods, humans and animals. Considered as the source of all life, it was said that Yggdrasil would even survive the end of the world Ragnarok, and would give birth to new life.

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Tree references

A tree is made up of three primary parts: 1. Trunk: provides stability and structure to the tree. 2. Crown: the seasonal green part of the tree where most of the visible growth takes place. Seeds are grown amongst the leaves, allowing the reproduction of the tree. 3. Roots: bring nutrients to the tree, ensuring its survival and growth. Similarly, the proposal reinterprets those three parts: 1. The central space: acts as the structural support for the building, as well as an incubation space. 2. The platforms: act as growth spaces for a variety of plants that will be used for prolonging the life of the community. 3. The residential dwellings: spread out on the ground around the proposal, they house the residents - bringing income and life to the community.

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Introducing greenery

As the proposal is so heavily based on plants and a link to nature, an experimental model incorporating living plants was made early on and maintained throughout the design process.

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The proposal: general arrangement Arranging the proposal across the site and identifying sitespecific design considerations

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General arrangement

1. The Incubator: as the main focus of the proposal, the Incubator contains an assortment of growth spaces for 5 out of 7 plants grown on site, as well as workshops for material manufacturing and a selection of communal spaces.

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General arrangement

2. Residential dwellings (nodes): arranged around the site in a manner that imitates roots. There are 36 unique nodes of different sizes and shapes, sub-divided into 3 â&#x20AC;&#x153;neighbourhoodsâ&#x20AC;? - Ivy, Flora and Clover. 29 of the nodes have a first floor. Every node is provided with a vehicle garage.

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General arrangement

3. Community pods: the site contains a pod in each of its 3 neighbourhoods. These serve a dual purpose as weekly communal dining facilities for their neighbourhoods, and amenities run by the community for the community. These are a pub, a games room and an essentials store.

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General arrangement

4. Material storage: the northfacing facility is in close proximity to the workshops and is used to safely store materials being produced on site. These could be stored for just several months or years, depending on when the material is needed and how much of it is available on an annual basis.

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General arrangement

5. Saplings incubators: these two small greenhouses are used for safely growing softwood and balsa saplings until they are ready to be replanted in their permanent spaces.

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General arrangement

6. Communal courtyards: each of the neighbourhoods would have a dedicated courtyard providing a safe space for the residents to exercise, socialise or play.

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General arrangement

7. Softwood growth spaces: these elevated spaces are dedicated to the growth of softwood, such as pine or spruce. These spaces would be shared with adjacent communities.

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General arrangement

8. Flood protection planting: As part of the flood management strategy for the site, these spaces would be dedicated to permanent planting to prevent the erosion of the earth and increase the rate of absorption of flood water, safeguarding the community beyond. River Tyne is shown in blue at the bottom of the image.

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General arrangement

9. Reeds growth space: this space would be used for growing the reeds required for the production of cellulose plastic. Positioned by the river, a large plot of land is allocated for it. Hence, the reeds produced in this area would be sufficient for all the communities spread across the site.

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The proposal: residential nodes Briefly examining the concepts, systems and the design of the residential provisions of the proposal

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Residential nodes

Although the residential dwellings that form the outer ring of the proposal are not the focus of this project, they ought to be briefly mentioned, due to the importance that they play in the overall appearance and functionality of the scheme.

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In plan

Natural objects, such as roots, always follow a set of rules or patterns in their growth, but are almost never identical. Similarly, each of the nodes would follow a similar logic and add up to roughly the same floor area, but be shaped and orientated in unique ways. The layout of each node would be flexible, allowing their occupants to interpret them in whichever way they saw fit and modify them using the materials grown on site. The following two pages contain a more detailed version of this image at 1:50 scale.

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In section

Most of the nodes would be spread over two floors, facing out onto communal courtyards and backed by softwood growth spaces. As most of the light would have to come through the windows on the front face of the buildings, light wells would have to be provided further back in order to channel daylight into every corner of the space. The living spaces would also be elevated above ground level on a plinth, as part of the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s flood prevention strategy.

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The composters

Every node would come equipped with a composter. The composters would be used by every household to turn food and garden waste (both from personal use and the plant growing within the Incubator) into compost that would be collected by the community caretakers. The compost would then be used to enrich the soil in the Incubator.

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Example wall construction (exterior)

The external walls of the residential nodes would be constructed of a structural timber frame that would support a Hempcrete wall, finished in low-density Zeoform. The Hempcrete blocks are designed to slot together to avoid the need for mortar, making them easier to replace at the end of their life span.

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Example wall construction (interior)

Exterior walls are insulated in addition to the high thermal performance of Hempcrete and clad in potato-peel board and bamboo. Internal stud walls have a slightly different build-up, being finished in low-density Zeoform.

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The proposal: the Incubator Focusing on the main aspect and the heart of this proposal - the central Incubator for growing materials

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The Incubator

The central structure of the proposal - the Incubator, is the main focus of this project. As the backbone of the scheme, it allows the growing and manufacturing of most of the materials required for the upkeep of the community. Throughout the year the Incubator serves a variety of purposes, which change from season to season.

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The Incubator levels

The Incubator would be made up of 5 levels, each used for growing a specific plant, as well as containing secondary uses for the community and the management.

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In plan: level 00

The ground floor of the Incubator is the busiest. The central space, which maintains a void up to the top floor, is used as a controlledenvironment growth space for balsa trees. Originally grown in tropical climates, these fast-growing hardwood trees require a warm environment and plenty of water for sustenance. As they can grow up to 27m tall, the space allocated for their growth requires tall ceilings. The east side is occupied by manufacturing workshops, used to craft materials out of the ingredients grown on site. The workshops are specifically designed for their use, featuring all the necessary equipment. The west side contains a communal meeting space that would be used for important community meetings and presentations, for discussions on allocation of resources, requests and plans for future expansions.

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Growth platforms: level 02

The lowest of the Incubatorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s platforms is also the largest. It is used for growing hemp and has no secondary purposes.

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Growth platforms: level 03

The second platform occupies a smaller footprint than the first and is used for growing corn.

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Growth platforms: level 04

This platform is used for growing bamboo and has even fewer growth areas than the previous one. This platform also provides some casual seating areas, inviting residents to use the Incubator for social interactions.

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Growth platforms: level 05

The top platform forms part of the roof of the Incubator. While a great portion is occupied by a raised transparent roof, the rest is dedicated to potato growth spaces and a large social area containing seating and a rooftop bar. This ought to make the Incubator feel less like a production machine and more like an integrated part of the community.

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Section AA

This section shows the vertical arrangement of the platforms and the workshops. For more close-up, scaled images refer to the following 3 pages.

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Section BB

The section shows a cut through the facade of the Incubator. For scaled images refer to the following two pages.

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Hexham - industrial / residential areas

River Tyne and Hexham Bridge

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Reeds growth spaces

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Flood protection planting

Residential nodes

The Incubator

Softwood growth spaces

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Structural strategy

The structure of the Incubator is proposed of a material that might at first seem counterintuitive, given the theme of the project: concrete. However, it is used sparingly for the structural elements that would be expected to endure throughout their lifetime. The robustness, strength, malleability and water resistance of concrete make it an attractive and sensible option. As the proposal is intended to stand for a long time, the carbon footprint of the concrete will be effectively spread over a long period of time, making its impact appear relatively small and reasonably balanced.

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Workshop layout

While laying out the workshop, careful considerations were taken of all the tools that would be required for the creation of all the materials. Having decided on a line-up, the building was designed from the inside-out to accommodate everything needed.

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Sunlight considerations

While designing the layout and orientating the proposal, exposure to the sun was particularly important to consider. The Incubator was orientated in a manner that allowed maximum exposure for all of its platforms. This ensured that the plants growing on the platforms received a healthy amount of sunlight. The residential nodes were also arranged in a manner that made use of natural sunlight for at least some of the day. Hence, there are very few north-facing nodes. The materials storage room, on the other hand, was positioned facing north, so as to be exposed to little sunlight and heat, creating a desirable interior environment.

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Solar shading

In order for the balsa tree growth space to act as a successful greenhouse it is important to ensure that the space does not get overheated when exposed to intense sunlight. Hence, a solar shading system would be provided over two sections of the facade that would be most likely to receive surplus direct sunlight.

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Ventilation

In addition to solar shading, a ventilation strategy is important for the functionality of the Incubator. Hence, an automated system will be provided on the glazing panes. The system is commonly used in greenhouses and relies on a tube filled with wax that melts when the temperature rises, expanding and causing a piston to push the window open. Additionally, manually openable windows will be available around the perimetre and on the roof.

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Rainwater management

Rainwater will be used to irrigate plants growing on the platforms. A drainage system of rainwater pipes embedded within the columns will drain excess water from platform to platform. The Incubator will sit at the lowest point of the site, with all the ground around it sloping towards it at a rate of 1:60. Hence, most of the rainwater will gather there and be collected in collection tanks concealed below the ground floor structures. The rainwater would then be either fed into the balsa growth space or pumped up to the platforms for irrigation.

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Floods in Hexham

River Tyne is prone to flooding, particularly in the low-lying area of the industrial district. Hence, a flood management strategy would be required for the proposal.

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Flood protection

In order to protect the community from the frequent floods that Hexham suffers from, several defensive strategies have been implemented. 1. Flood protection barriers: a minor and a major flood barrier protect the community, based on calculated flood levels. 2. Protection planting: trees planted in the areas along the river banks will help to prevent erosion and increase the absorption of the soil. This will need to be implemented along the entire length of the river to be effective. 3. Elevated floor levels: the buildings are raised 800mm off the ground level as a last defence against flood waters. 4. Drainage: the site will be angled downwards to the central Incubator. Rainwater will be drained into the balsa growth area and rainwater collection tanks.

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Platforms

The platforms would be mainly used by the caretakers to grow the plants for the community. However, public access and involvement would be permitted and encouraged.

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Rooftop

The top level of the Incubator would have some growth spaces, however its main purpose would be as a community space. Hence, seating and a rooftop bar would be provided and the residents would be highly encouraged to use the space.

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Appendix 01: Oikos furniture Going back to the catalyst that was the starting point for this project

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Self-regenerating furniture

As a catalyst to this project I had designed a set of armchairs that were supposed to regenerate themselves by recreating the materials that they were built of.

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A circle of life

The concept of the armchairs was that there would be 3 armchairs, each responsible for creating a different material. They would be made of 3 materials: rice seeds for upholstery stuffing, rice fabric for the upholstery, and 3D-printed cellulose structures for the frame. This exercise got me thinking about expanding selfregenerating ideas to a larger, urban scale, leading me to proposing the project seen in this document.

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Appendix 02: precedents Identifying a few of the inspirations that helped the project along the way

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Influences

This project used several precedents as inspiration. The three most important could be narrowed down to: 1. Planter Box House (Formzero): for its integration of green spaces into a vertical residential setting (top left). 2. Rogner Bad Blumau (Hundertwasser): for its arrangement of accommodation and green spaces (bottom left). 3. Hundertwasserhaus (Hundertwasser): for its verticality and the concept of creating a space thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s as much home to plants as it is to humans (right).

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Appendix 03: Development Showcasing a few notable pieces of work that were produced over the course of the design phase

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Early concepts

The development process for this project began with a series of massing models based on the living and growing areas worked out during the research phase. The final image on this page shows a configuration that served as a vague basis for how the project developed after that point: based around communal courtyards and utilising a â&#x20AC;&#x153;greenhouse towerâ&#x20AC;? for growing balsa trees.

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Original form

While working on the design of the Incubator I experimented with a lot of forms. Originally the proposed shape was far more erratic, but was later superceded by a better structured and functional form.

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General arrangement

The general arrangement of the proposal went through a lot of changes as the brief was developed. Nodes were added and removed, shifted, aligned and moved. Communal pods were added and the Incubator was completely remodelled.

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Original tree references

The proposal took inspiration from a tree from early on originally even more literally than the final product.

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Appendix 04: calculations Sharing additional information and calculations that had been carried out to make this proposal feasible

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Calculations: all building components

This page shows volume calculations carried out for considering all identified components for a building. Category Foundations External walls

Internal walls

Floors

Rooves

Staircases Doors

Windows

Ceilings Electrical fittings

Plumbing

Furniture

Replaceable No Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No

Purpose Foundations External cladding (facades only) Structural frame Insulation Waterproofing layer Internal finish Cavity ventilation Studs Sheet material Finish Structure Flooring Floor finish Skirting Cladding Waterproofing layer Structure Substructure Stair treads Handrails Door leaf Ironmongery Frames Glass Frames Ironmongery Finish Appliances Lighting Wiring Pipes Sanitaryware Faucets Countertops Other

Traditional material Concrete / brick Lime mortar / paint Bricks and mortar None / cavity / asbestos Bitumen (or polyethylene in newer builds) Plaster and paint Air brick Softwood battens Plasterboard Paint / wallpaper Softwood joists Hardwood planks / tiles Laminate / carpet Softwood skirting Shingles / slate / clay Polyethylene Softwood joists Plywood Softwood / hardwood Softwood MDF filling / hardwood / honey comb paper Stainless steel / aluminium Softwood Glass Softwood / aluminium Stainless steel / aluminium Plaster and paint Varies Varies Copper and plastic Copper / galvanised steel / PVC Ceramics / stainless steel Stainless steel Granite / hardwood / laminated MDF Varies

Proposed new material Mineralised 'alien' concrete Hempcrete bricks Mineralised 'alien' concrete / structural softwood Milkweed insulation / hempcrete Cellulose plastics Bamboo / natural paint /LD Zeoform Spray Hemcrete bricks Softwood Potato-peel board LD Zeoform spray Bamboo / softwood / HD Zeoform Potato-peel board 3D printed bioplastic Softwood / HD Zeoform Treated HD Zeoform Cellulose plastics HD Zeoform beams / Hempcrete Potato-peel board Potato-peel board HD Zeoform Potato-peel board HD Zeoform Softwood / HD Zeoform Transparent wood Softwood / HD Zeoform HD Zeoform LD Zeoform spray / natural paint PLA for 3D printing replacement parts PLA for 3D printing replacement parts Cellulose plastics Treated HD Zeoform HD Zeoform varies

Coverage Concrete: 4m³, brick: 1.5m³ 28m² Brick: 24m³ (solid brick walls) 5.7m³ (if has 60mm insulation) 25m² (house perimeter: 37.5m) 77m² (not including attic areas) under 0.1m³ 160m (0.42m³ 35x75mm studs) 80m² 80m² 220m (2.8m³ 75x170 joists) 92m² 92m² 114m 67m² (+25% for overlaps = 84m²) 67m² 140m joists, 195m rafters (3.2m³) 67m² 0.2m³ 0.2m³ 15m² (8 doors), (0.6m³) under 0.1m³ 9.5m² (0.2m³) 9.2m² (11 windows), (0.2m³) 6.5m² (0.2m³) under 0.1m³ 90m² Varies (under 0.3m³) Varies (under 0.1m³) N/A N/A N/A under 0.1m³ 3.6m² (0.2m³) N/A

Traditional life expectancy lifetime 15 years lifetime lifetime 10 years 15 years lifetime lifetime lifetime 15 years lifetime 100 years 25 years / 8-10 years 30 years 50 years 20-40 years lifetime lifetime 60 years 100 years 20-40 years 30 years 30 years 10+ years 30 years / 15-20 years 30 years lifetime 9-15 years 10+ years lifetime 50 years 50 years 15 years 20 years / lifetime varies

Equivalent volume coverage 5.5m³ 1.1m³ 24m³ 5.7m³ 0.1m³ 0.4m³ 0.1m³ 0.4m³ 1.4m³ 0.4m³ 2.8m³ 1.7m³ 0.1m³ 0.1m³ 1.7m³ 0.1m³ 3.2m³ 1.2m³ 0.2m³ 0.2m³ 0.6m³ 0.1m³ 0.2m³ 0.2m³ 0.2m³ 0.1m³ 1.3m³ 0.3m³ 0.1m³ N/A N/A N/A 0.1m³ 0.2m³ N/A

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Calculations: selected components

The calculations on this page are relevant to the 17 components chosen to be addressed for the proposal. A lot of additional research was carried out for these elements, the final outcome of which was calculating the growth areas required to grow a sufficient volume of ingredients to create the needed materials.

Category External walls

Replaceable

Purpose

Traditional material

Proposed new material

Coverage

Traditional life expectancy

Proposed life expectancy

Yes Yes Yes Yes

External cladding (facades only) Waterproofing layer Internal finish Studs

Lime mortar / paint Bitumen (or polyethylene in newer builds) Plaster and paint Softwood battens

Hempcrete bricks Cellulose plastics Bamboo Softwood

28m² 25m² (house perimeter: 37.5m) 77m² (not including attic areas) 160m (0.42m³ 35x75mm studs)

15 years 10 years 15 years lifetime - retrofit every 50 years

50 years 10 years 7 years 50 years

Yes Yes Yes Yes

Sheet material Finish Floor finish Skirting

Plasterboard Paint / wallpaper Laminate / carpet Softwood skirting

Potato-peel board LD Zeoform spray NatureCast Softwood

80m² 80m² 92m² 114m

lifetime - retrofit every 50 years 15 years 25 years / 8-10 years 30 years

50 years 15 years 25 years 30 years

Rooves

Yes Yes

Cladding Waterproofing layer

Shingles / slate / clay Polyethylene

NatureCast Cellulose plastics

67m² (+25% for overlaps = 84m²) 67m²

50 years 20-40 years

50 years 20 years

Doors

Yes Yes Yes Yes

Door leaf Ironmongery Frames Glass

MDF filling / hardwood / honey comb paper Stainless steel / aluminium Softwood Glass

Potato-peel board HD Zeoform Cornboard Transparent wood

15m² (8 doors), (0.6m³) under 0.1m³ 9.5m² (0.2m³) 9.2m² (11 windows), (0.2m³)

20-40 years 30 years 30 years 10+ years

20 years 30 years 30 years 10 years

Yes Yes Yes

Glass for greenhouses Frames Ironmongery

Glass Softwood / aluminium Stainless steel / aluminium

Transparent wood Cornboard HD Zeoform

770m² (16.2m³) 6.5m² (0.2m³) under 0.1m³

20 years 30 years / 15-20 years 30 years

20 years 30 years 30 years

Internal walls

Floors

Windows

Category External walls

Equivalent volume coverage

Annual volume of material needed

Annual grown materials volume

Growth time

1.1m³ 0.1m³ 0.4m³ 0.4m³

0.02m³ 0.01m³ 0.06m³ 0.008m³

0.008m³ Hemp 0.01m³ Cotton / reed 0.06m³ Bamboo 0.008m³ Softwood

1.4m³ 0.4m³ 0.1m³ 0.1m³

0.03m³ 0.03m³ 0.004m³ 0.003m³

0.003m³ (potato peel), 0.02m³ (softwood / bamboo) 0.03m³ Hemp or Recycled paper (ext) 0.003m³ Corn waste 0.003m³ Softwood

Rooves

1.7m³ 0.1m³

0.03m³ 0.005m³

0.02m³ agro-forest waste or Recycled paper (ext) 0.005m³Cotton / reed

Doors

0.6m³ 0.1m³ 0.2m³ 0.2m³

0.03m³ 0.003m³ 0.007m³ 0.02m³

0.003m³ (potato peel), 0.02m³ (softwood / bamboo) 0.003m³ Hemp or Recycled paper (ext) 0.006m³ Corn waste 0.02m³ Balsa wood

25 years / annual Annual Annual (potato / bamboo), 25 years (softwood) Annual Annual 10 years

16.2m³ 0.2m³ 0.1m³

8.1m³ 0.007m³ 0.003m³

8.1m³ Balsa wood 0.006m³ Corn waste 0.003m³ Hemp or Recycled paper (ext)

10 years Annual Annual

Internal walls

Floors

Windows

Annual Annual Annual 25 years Annual (potato / bamboo), 25 years (softwood) Annual Annual 25 years

SQM for planting needed

Notes

4m² 25m² cotton / 19.5m² reeds 3m² 5m² 1.5m² (potato) 1m² (bamboo) OR 13m² (softwood) 15m² (hemp) OR none (paper) 1.5m² 2.5m² Assuming 15% of softwood = waste, no additional planting needed 12.5m² cotton / 10m² reeds 1.5m² (potato) 1m² (bamboo) OR 12.5m² (softwood) 1.5m² (hemp) OR none (paper) 3m² 6.5m² 270m² 3m² 1.5m² (hemp) OR none (paper)

Glass coverage: 17m height, 55% cover

E. Kandinsky

Material

Calculations: materials

3D printed bioplastic

The following two pages demonstrate my understanding of the materials I researched, the process needed for their growth and manufacture and calculations of how much useable volume of materials would be yielded per square metre of land.

Bamboo

Example manufacturer

Aectual

Ingredients

Bamboo saplings

Cellulose plastics (cotton)

Cellulose esters, extracted from most plants. Cotton contain a high percentage of cellulose, at ~90%.

Cellulose plastics (reeds)

Cellulose esters, extracted from most plants. Reed contain a high percentage of cellulose, at 40%.

Cornboard

Corn Board Manufacturing Inc.

Corn waste + binding resin (95%+5%, similar to OSB)

Milkweed insulation

Mineralised 'alien' concrete

Natural paint

NatureCast

Polylactic acid

Hempcrete UK

Altitude

Hemp, lime binder

Asclepias plant (milkweed)

ARC8060 Architectural Design

Required process

Applications

Production time

Output per sqm

Refer to Cellulose plastics for growth 3D printing building components like walls or floors out 0.0004m³/sqm time. Application is done within a of bioplastic. few days

Refer to Cellulose plastics

Hempcrete bricks

Page 119

Plant expands via roots, rarely seeds. Every new generation is larger and taller than the previous.

Cellulose extraction - remove impurities using homogeniser, separate fibers by gently beating, allow to form thick paste / soak in trifluoroacetic acid Cellulose extraction - remove impurities using homogeniser, separate fibers by gently beating, allow to form thick paste / soak in trifluoroacetic acid The corn stover is sorted, combined with a resin and bonded using heat and pressure to form boards. 8% lower density with equal strength to MDF. Harvesting hemp stems and on-site mixing (1 part hemp, 1.5 parts binder) with lime (produced by burning limestone at 900C). Poured on site or premanufactured.

Harvesting the fibers from plant pods, compressing into sheets

Growth of plants about a year Good water and vapour proof properties. Often used in (cotton is 5 months). Refinement packaging into plastic takes several days

Harvest: 40 tonnes per acre, hence 1sqm = 0.02m³ at a density of 500kg/m³

Yield: 2-4 tonnes per hectare (taking Cotton plants typically prefer 3 as average). Hence 0.0004m³/sqm. frost-free and warm conditions

Growth of plants about a year. Yield: about 7.5 tonnes per hectare. Good water and vapour proof properties. Often used in Refinement into plastic takes several Hence, assuming 40% as useable packaging days material, 0.00051m³/sqm.

Furniture, flooring, roofing, doors.

Corn grows in 2-3 months in warm weather.

Non-structural building blocks (could be structural with an additional timber frame), good thermal and acoustic Hemp regenerates annually and only takes a few months to grow. insulation. Retains heat. Breathable material allows ventilation of cavities

Insulation - waterproof properties

After use bioplastic can be shredded and recycled straight away

Reeds grow on wetlands either in water or up to 1m above water level.

Corn cob yield: 1.5mg/ha, corn ears yield: 8.3mg/ha. Together, that equates to 0.95kg/sqm, or 0.002m³/sqm.

Can be used to replace plywood, OSB or MDF.

Stem yield: 1.3-22.3 tonnes per hectare (average 10). Seed yield: 0.32.1. Hence, 1sqm produces 0.002m³ of hemp stems.

High planting density tends to yield more stems (90-350 plants per sqm), while low density (3075 plants) yields more seeds.

Usually harvested in autumn. Regenerates annually.

Little information is available about commercial growth densities. Wild plants can yield 550kg of flower pods per hectare, but it may be possible to increase these numbers with commercial growing. Hence, assuming a similar weight to volume ratio of commercial wool insulation (31kg/m³), we can get 0.002m³/sqm.

Trees are fast growing (up to 2m a year). Can live for up to 100 years.

Maleleuca trees can grow up to 25m with 90cm diameter trunk within 15 years. Assuming a similar planting density and harvesting output to softwood, that means that 1sqm produces 0.02m³. Replacing paperbark trees with softwood, generates 0.04m³/sqm.

Maleleuca trees unlikely to survive outdoors in Northern Britain. Indigenous to Australia. Could be replaced with other trees?

N/A

Due to high number of technical components, unrealistic to produce on a household scale.

0.17m³ annually of waste paper. 0.04m³ of softwood per sqm. An extra 25% can be assumed to be useable waste. Additional agro waste from other plantations.

VOC-free, water and fire resistant.

Nick Gelpi Studio (architect)

Wood chips from Paperbark tea trees, lime solution

Auro

Castor oil, potassium silicate, replebin, rapeseed oil, titanium dioxide, water, cellulose, silicate, mineral fillers

Natures Legacy Eximport Inc.

65% agro-forest waste and recycled paper, 23% water-based binder, 12% additives.

Recycled paper is mixed with agricultural and forestry waste and bonded with a binder. By adding certain additives, colour / texture can be modified.

Starch fibers (most common corn, sugarcane)

Plants milled to extract starch, enzymes added to convert glucose into lactic acid. Two-step process transforms it into lactide.Using polymerization, 3D printing elements the lactide rings are opened to form the finished product that can then be shaped.

Corn cob yield: 1.5mg/ha, corn ears Corn grows in 2-3 months in warm yield: 8.3mg/ha. Together, that weather. Creating PLA takes several equates to 0.95kg/sqm, or days for fermentation. 0.002m³/sqm.

Create binding agent from potato peels, heat press it along with filler materials

Solid, non-structural boards

Potatoes grow in 2-4 months. Manufacturing process takes little time.

Approximately 8 potato tubers per sqm. Each yields 5-10 potatoes, i.e. 1.3-1.8kg. 1m³ of potatoes = 634kg. Assuming 10% of potato is peel, then 1sqm yields 0.002m³ of potato peel.

Biodegradable - can be composted after use. Exact method of production currently kept a secret

Structural elements, cladding or chipboard

25-30 years

250 trees grown per hectare. 15m³ growth per hectare per year. Hence 0.04m³ output per sqm.

Typical softwoods include Scots pine or fir

6-10 years

Up to 1000 trees grown per hectare. Reach height of up to 27m and trunk diameter of 50cm after 10 years. Hence, 1sqm of land generates approx. 0.03m³ of balsa wood.

Turns clear when heated (e.g. in the sun) and frosted when cooled. Has ability to store heat and then release it.

NatureWorks

Wood chips are mineralised in a lime solution to produce concrete.

Structural, decorative, cladding purposes

Establishes colony with new generations being larger than the previous. Takes 3-7 years to reach optimum colony size. New shoots grow in spring and reach maximum size in 2 months.

Notes

Structural elements or cladding tiles

Interior and exterior surfaces paint without toxic additives

Potato-peel board

Chip(s) board

Potato peel / bamboo / recycled wood / beer hops

Softwood

Pine saplings

After harvesting, you can produce structural lumber, non-structural softwood planks or wood chips

Transparent wood

KTH Royal Institute of Technology (Stockholm)

Balsa wood + acrylic

Remove lignin from wood, replace it with acrylic, which forms a strong bond

Ceilings, wall cladding, accents, roofing.

Glass alternative

Waste paper available on a regular basis. Softwood available in 25-30 years, while agricultural waste available annually.

Commonly used for 3D printing, not suitable for high temperature applications due to low heat deflection and melting points.

E. Kandinsky Mineralised 'alien' concrete

Nick Gelpi Studio (architect)

Material

Example manufacturer

Wood chips from Paperbark tea trees, lime solution Ingredients

Page 120

Wood chips are mineralised in a lime solution to produce concrete.

Aectual Auro

Bamboo NatureCast

Natures Legacy Eximport Inc.

Bamboo saplingswaste and 65% agro-forest recycled paper, 23% water-based binder, 12% additives.

Cellulose plastics (cotton) Polylactic acid

NatureWorks

Cellulose esters, extracted from most plants. Cotton contain a high Starch fibers (most common corn, percentage of cellulose, at ~90%. sugarcane)

Cellulose plastics (reeds)

Cellulose esters, extracted from most plants. Reed contain a high percentage of cellulose, at 40%.

Potato-peel board Cornboard

Chip(s) board Corn Board Manufacturing Inc.

Potato peel / bamboo / recycled Corn binding resin woodwaste / beer+hops (95%+5%, similar to OSB)

Softwood Hempcrete bricks

Hempcrete UK

Structural elements or cladding tiles

Required process

Castor oil, potassium silicate, Refer to Cellulose plastics replebin, rapeseed oil, titanium dioxide, water, cellulose, silicate, mineral fillers

3D printed bioplastic Natural paint

ARC8060 Architectural Design

Plant expands roots, rarely seeds. Every new Recycled papervia is mixed with agricultural and generation is larger and taller than the previous. forestry waste and bonded with a binder. By adding certain additives, colour / texture can be modified.

Applications

Trees are fast growing (up to 2m a year). Can live for up to 100 years. Production time

Refer to Cellulose plastics for growth 3D printing building components like walls or floors out time. Application is done within a of bioplastic. Interior and exterior surfaces paint without toxic few days additives Establishes colony with new generations being larger than the previous. Takes 3-7 years reach Waste paper available on to a regular Structural, decorative, cladding purposes optimum colonyavailable size. Newinshoots basis. Softwood 25-30 Ceilings, wall cladding, accents, roofing. grow inwhile spring and reachwaste maximum years, agricultural size in 2 months. available annually.

Maleleuca trees can grow up to 25m with 90cm diameter trunk within 15 years. Assuming a similar planting density and harvesting output to softwood, that means that 1sqm produces 0.02m³. Replacing persoftwood, sqm paperbark Output trees with generates 0.04m³/sqm.

Maleleuca trees unlikely to survive outdoors in Northern Britain. Indigenous to Australia. Could be replaced with other trees? Notes

0.0004m³/sqm N/A

After use bioplastic can be shredded and recycled straight Due to high number of technical away components, unrealistic to produce on a household scale.

Harvest:annually 40 tonnes per acre, hence 0.17m³ of waste paper. 1sqm = of 0.02m³ at a density ofAn 0.04m³ softwood per sqm. 500kg/m³ extra 25% can be assumed to be useable waste. Additional agro waste from other plantations.

VOC-free, water and fire resistant.

Cellulose extraction - remove impurities using Plants milled to extract starch, enzymes added to homogeniser, separate fibers by gently beating, convert glucose into lactic acid. Two-step process allow to form thick paste / soak in trifluoroacetic transforms it into lactide.Using polymerization, acid the lactide rings are opened to form the finished Cellulose extraction - remove impurities using product that can then be shaped. homogeniser, separate fibers by gently beating, allow to form thick paste / soak in trifluoroacetic acid The corn stoveragent is sorted, withheat a resin Create binding fromcombined potato peels, and pressure to form pressbonded it alongusing withheat fillerand materials boards. 8% lower density with equal strength to MDF.

Growth of plants about a year Good water and vapour proof properties. Often used in (cotton is 5 months). Refinement Corn grows in 2-3 months in warm packaging into plastic takes several daysseveral 3D printing elements weather. Creating PLA takes days for fermentation. Growth of plants about a year. Good water and vapour proof properties. Often used in Refinement into plastic takes several packaging days Potatoes grow in 2-4 months. Solid, non-structural boards Manufacturing process takes little Corn grows in 2-3 months in warm Furniture, flooring, roofing, doors. time. weather.

Pine saplings Hemp, lime binder

Harvesting hemp you stems on-sitestructural mixing (1 part After harvesting, canand produce hemp, parts binder)softwood with limeplanks (produced by lumber,1.5 non-structural or wood burning chips limestone at 900C). Poured on site or premanufactured.

Non-structural building blocks (could be structural with regenerates annually and only an additional timber cladding frame), good thermal and acoustic Hemp Structural elements, or chipboard 25-30 years takes a few months to grow. insulation. Retains heat. Breathable material allows ventilation of cavities

High planting density tends to Typical softwoods include Scots yield more stems (90-350 plants pine or fir per sqm), while low density (3075 plants) yields more seeds.

Transparent wood

KTH Royal Institute of Technology (Stockholm)

Balsa wood + acrylic

Remove lignin from wood, replace it with acrylic, which forms a strong bond

Glass alternative

Turns clear when heated (e.g. in the sun) and frosted when cooled. Has ability to store heat and then release it.

Milkweed insulation

Altitude

Asclepias plant (milkweed)

Harvesting the fibers from plant pods, compressing into sheets

Insulation - waterproof properties

Zeoform

Zeo IP Pty

Cellulose (hemp fibre or recycled paper most common) + water

Patented formula. Uses cellulose fibers (could be recycled paper) and water. Water evaporation causes hydroxyl bonding and creates a rigid structure. Certain uses require pressing afterwards

Range of uses dependent on density - spray-on protection, insulation, structural components

Mineralised 'alien' concrete

Nick Gelpi Studio (architect)

Wood chips from Paperbark tea trees, lime solution

Wood chips are mineralised in a lime solution to produce concrete.

Auro

Castor oil, potassium silicate, replebin, rapeseed oil, titanium dioxide, water, cellulose, silicate, mineral fillers

Natures Legacy Eximport Inc.

65% agro-forest waste and recycled paper, 23% water-based binder, 12% additives.

Recycled paper is mixed with agricultural and forestry waste and bonded with a binder. By adding certain additives, colour / texture can be modified.

Starch fibers (most common corn, sugarcane)

Corn cob yield: 1.5mg/ha, corn ears Corn grows in 2-3 months in warm yield: 8.3mg/ha. Together, that weather. Creating PLA takes several equates to 0.95kg/sqm, or days for fermentation. 0.002m³/sqm.

Create binding agent from potato peels, heat press it along with filler materials

Solid, non-structural boards

Potatoes grow in 2-4 months. Manufacturing process takes little time.

Approximately 8 potato tubers per sqm. Each yields 5-10 potatoes, i.e. 1.3-1.8kg. 1m³ of potatoes = 634kg. Assuming 10% of potato is peel, then 1sqm yields 0.002m³ of potato peel.

Biodegradable - can be composted after use. Exact method of production currently kept a secret

Structural elements, cladding or chipboard

25-30 years

250 trees grown per hectare. 15m³ growth per hectare per year. Hence 0.04m³ output per sqm.

Typical softwoods include Scots pine or fir

6-10 years

Up to 1000 trees grown per hectare. Reach height of up to 27m and trunk diameter of 50cm after 10 years. Hence, 1sqm of land generates approx. 0.03m³ of balsa wood.

Turns clear when heated (e.g. in the sun) and frosted when cooled. Has ability to store heat and then release it.

Natural paint

NatureCast

Polylactic acid

NatureWorks

Structural elements or cladding tiles

Stem yield:grown 1.3-22.3 per 250 trees per tonnes hectare. 15m³ hectare (average 10). Seed yield: 0.3growth per hectare per year. Hence 2.1. Hence, 1sqm 0.002m³ 0.04m³ output perproduces sqm. of hemp stems. Up to 1000 trees grown per hectare. Reach height of up to 27m and trunk Little information is available about diameter of 50cm after 10 years. 6-10 years commercial growth densities. Wild Hence, 1sqm of land generates plants can yield 550kg of flower approx. 0.03m³ of balsa wood. pods per hectare, but it may be Usually harvested in autumn. possible to increase these numbers 0.002m³/sqm of hemp. Waste paper Regenerates annually. with commercial growing. Hence, commonly available from everyday Hemp regenerates annually and only assuming a similar weight to volume waste. It's said that every European takes a few months to grow. ratio of commercial wool insulation uses about 200kg of paper annually. Recycled paper available at short (31kg/m³), we can get 0.002m³/sqm. Assuming a household of 3 and 1/3 notice. Curing time takes several of it being recyclable for this hours to several days. Maleleuca trees that can grow upof to 25m purpose, means 0.17m³ with diameter trunk within 15 paper90cm is available annually. years. Assuming a similar planting density and harvesting output to Trees are fast growing (up to 2m a softwood, that means that 1sqm year). Can live for up to 100 years. produces 0.02m³. Replacing paperbark trees with softwood, generates 0.04m³/sqm.

Interior and exterior surfaces paint without toxic additives

Potato-peel board

Chip(s) board

Potato peel / bamboo / recycled wood / beer hops

Softwood

Pine saplings

After harvesting, you can produce structural lumber, non-structural softwood planks or wood chips

Transparent wood

KTH Royal Institute of Technology (Stockholm)

Balsa wood + acrylic

Remove lignin from wood, replace it with acrylic, which forms a strong bond

Ceilings, wall cladding, accents, roofing.

Glass alternative

Yield: 2-4 yield: tonnes per hectare (taking Corn cob 1.5mg/ha, corn ears 3 as average). Hence 0.0004m³/sqm. yield: 8.3mg/ha. Together, that equates to 0.95kg/sqm, or 0.002m³/sqm. Yield: about 7.5 tonnes per hectare. Hence, assuming 40% as useable Approximately 8 potato tubers per material, 0.00051m³/sqm. sqm. Each yields 5-10 potatoes, i.e. Corn cob yield: 1.5mg/ha, corn ears 1.3-1.8kg. 1m³ of potatoes = 634kg. yield: 8.3mg/ha. Together, that Assuming 10% of potato is peel, then equates to 0.95kg/sqm, or 1sqm yields 0.002m³ of potato peel. 0.002m³/sqm.

Waste paper available on a regular basis. Softwood available in 25-30 years, while agricultural waste available annually.

Cotton plants typically Commonly used for 3D prefer printing, frost-free and not suitable forwarm high conditions temperature applications due to low heat deflection and melting points. Reeds grow on wetlands either in water or up to 1m above water level. Biodegradable - can be composted after use. Exact Can be used to replacecurrently plywood, method of production OSB MDF. kept aorsecret

1kg of cellulose fibers and 6L of water create 7kg of wet Zeoform. Shrinks by 600% during drying, ending up with 1kg of finished product Maleleuca trees unlikely to survive outdoors in Northern Britain. Indigenous to Australia. Could be replaced with other trees?

N/A

Due to high number of technical components, unrealistic to produce on a household scale.

0.17m³ annually of waste paper. 0.04m³ of softwood per sqm. An extra 25% can be assumed to be useable waste. Additional agro waste from other plantations.

VOC-free, water and fire resistant.

Commonly used for 3D printing, not suitable for high temperature applications due to low heat deflection and melting points.

Newcastle University Architectural Design ARC8060 2019-2020