Joshua W J Knight Portfolio by PDF Uploads

CRITICAL INTRODUCTION Embracing the theme of unlearning architecture, I set out to question the role

Through a rigorous forensic study of the existing building, the possibilities of the

of the architect and the practice of creating buildings. The primary focus of this

fabric of the building emerge, considering the alternative affordances of the mate-

project was on the process, instead of the product, considering what it means for a

rials, which in a capitalist society are only acknowledged for their primary and most

project to be “finished”, who controls the process, and how we can rethink our use of

efficient uses. Imagining a new approach to materiality, one which rejects ideals of

material and technology. This line of enquiry has been very risky, leaving behind the

efficiency of detailing and minimal dimensions which push materials to their literal

comforts of standard practice and familiar territory in ways to think about materi-

breaking points, Emerges a more sympathetic and attentive imagining of the fab-

al, detail, and representation. Having worked in practice for 2 years, I have become

ric of a building. A brick, commonly used for its aesthetic uniformity and structural

accustomed with standard practice, and have taken this year as a chance to experi-

qualities, could instead be split open, allowed to breathe, and exposed to reveal its

ment and explore new ideas.

rich latent information of its production within its internal structure.

Following my semester 1 studies into ownership in the city, agency in construction,

Through reusing and re evaluating the fabric of the existing building, the construc-

and the role of the architect in creating space, I wanted to further this explora-

tion metabolises into a new form, with minimal new material added. The primary

tion of how the uncounted human activities could create space for themselves with-

tectonic result of this process of construction is the fragmentation of material in-

in the discarded spaces that capitalism has created in the city, and look at how

evitably decays the tensile strength of the structure, therefore a heavy emphasis

this process might be applied to a project. This process is applied to all aspects of

on compressive structures of arches and monolithic structural walls to create new

the project, from the formatting of this document into an architects on site note-

spaces, while retaining the existing format of the building in places. This process

book, to detail drawings being created to communicate the experimental techniques

of deconstruction and reconstruction lends itself to a construction that is timeless,

to building control.

making and unmaking constantly to keep up with the demands of the ever changing community that it accommodates. The hierarchy of design, drawing, and construc-

The location of the project is Eldon Garden, in the city centre of Newcastle. Located

tion is blurred as the linear process becomes cyclical.

directly adjacent to Eldon Square, one of the most visited areas of Newcastle, Eldon Garden is contrastingly a retail ghost town, with around 80% of its units vacant.

Pairing this experimental materiality with the agency of its occupants requires a

The problem of what to do with this awkward and underappreciated space cannot

consideration of the role of architectural practice. How might space be created by

be solved with conventional thinking, of a “build it and they will come” mentality, a

the uncounted in the city for themselves, when such an alternative approach to

radical approach to space must instead be adopted.

construction is being applied? It is the architect, the craftsman, and the construction worker, who bridges the gap between form and function, working primarily as

enablers of space rather than the controllers, passing over the agency to the inhabitants. The method of working in this system is therefore similarly alternative to the standard methods of practice, with drawings being the medium of communication instead of a direct projection of the architect’s vision onto paper, to be later projected into the physical world. This is instead replaced with an architectural practice that is primarily focused on the conversations between the actors, and the drawings created are symbolic of the process and the construction, rather than directly representative.

Although us building designers would like to sometimes think otherwise, the building process entails more than just the clients, architect, and construction workers. Communication with the planning system is as important in enabling the success of the project, and the architect is again the medium of communication between the intent of the self building occupant and the technical and feasible constraints of the planning permission and building control. The drawings and the architect are therefore creating 2 key links in this project, one from the occupants and the construction workers, and another between them and the planning system. This acknowledgement of hierarchy serves not to limit the potential of the design, but to create an environment in which the self building community has the physical and metaphorical tools at their disposal to create space for themselves.

This document aims to serve as a documentation of this experimental process through the eyes of the architect working on the project, with all the drawings seen through the perspective of their notebook, photographs, sketches, and planning and construction documents.

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CONTENTS

Semester 1 Summary

Forensic Survey

Material Study

Programme Analysis

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Conversational Architecture

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Detailed Design

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Technology Report

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Reflective Conclusion

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Indicates general criteria being

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satisfied on the page

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SEMESTER 1 SUMMARY

15 function map and the social body.

In semester 1, I explored concepts of ownership in the city, and considered how as the current model for the city is geared almost exclusively towards functions that can generate profit. This leaves functions of society that arent economically productive, such as youths skateboarding, delivery workers having breaks on the side of the road (their employers aren’t legally required to provide break spaces), and the elderly needing a place to simply sit and rest.

Through considering alternative modes of production of spaces, I conceived a systematic approach, combining the uncounted functions with the underappreciated spaces in the city. This culminated in imagining vacant buildings in Newcastle becoming a network of community buildings for self builders to create spaces for themselves. an imagining of Eldon garden as a squatting co-operative.

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the network of community co operative spaces.

FORENSIC ANALYSIS OF THE EXISTING As a starting point to the semester, I set out to analyse the existing building fabric, and further understand its history and position in the society.

Online articles and retail plans point to the vacancy issue Eldon Garden is facing, its direct attachment to the bustling Eldon Square only serving to pull away any potential shoppers to international chains that the massive shopping centre offers.

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20 retail map showing the occupancy of the units - as well as the vacancies. (2019)

image of a vacant unit on the first floor of Eldon Garden. (Whitfield, 2018)

Chronical Article documenting the decline of the shopping centre (Whitfield, 2018)

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22 Handyside Arcade, circa 1970. (Morton, 2015)

Ordinance map showing Handyside Arcade (Digimap, 1910)

HANDYSIDE ARCADE Prior to Eldon Gardens development, the site used to be Handyside arcade, containing small independent shops, and creating a locus for a community to form around.

In 1981, the Chronicle reported on a day in the life of the arcade.

“Soon the airy galleries will be packed with young people and the high glass roof will echo with noisy chatter and laughter... Inside the parade of small shops that line one half of the U-shaped arcade, still more youths hang around against a backdrop

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of pop posters, badges, brightly-coloured clothes, and foisty old antiques... In the

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Kard Bar store, a steady stream of kids practice making 10p coins disappear into a

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Space Invaders machine.” (Morton, 2015)

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view towards the st James Park

visual connections to the city.

Civic Centre

St. James Park

view towards the Civic Centre

ANALYSING THE EXISTING Unfortunately due to the national lockdown, it was only possible to visit the roof and the car park. While these are far from key spaces, they gave insight into the structure of the rest of the building. Through meticulously looking through online photos of the interior, it was possible to construct an understanding of the existing spatial condition.

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28 the southern side of the structure, containing Tesco & Pure Gym

small independent shops face onto Percy Street within the car park structure

concrete structure within the car park

the northern side of the structure containing a multi storey car park

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servicing is carried through the structural beams

further images taken of the car parking structure

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on site field notes, understanding the structural grid

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To communicate the project, it is necessary to communicate on several levels. While the creation of the concept and design comes from conversations with the self builders and the occupants, and the implementation of those designs come from working drawings and conversations with the specialist construction workers on site, the creation of the building is also reliant on the planning system. This line of communication therefore requires a different method of working, one focused on clear technical drawings that aim to literally translate the project. The role of the architect in relation to the community and the planning system is to translate their intentions into valid building design, in regards to technical spatial requirements. 0

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Eldon Garden Redevelopment

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Introduction

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Ground Floor Structural Plan

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Existing Ground Floor Plan Structural

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First Floor Structural Plan

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Existing First Floor Plan Structural

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Second Floor Structural Plan

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Existing Second Floor Plan Structural

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The existing function of the building is primarily retail, with some pubs and independent shops on the ground floor. The building is largely generic shopping spaces, although the large atriums and the retained original trusses from handyside arcade are spaces that should be maximised in the proposed development.

view of the central atrium space when the building was first constructed.

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Entrance to Eldon Garden from Eldon Square across the bridge (Whitfield, 2018)

Spatial Analysis

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Spatial analysis

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Existing Section

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Analysing the existing material fabric, I opted to represent the materials in a fragmented and raw state, exposing their alternative material properties and considering the likely demolition of the building. What will these materials become?

6200 mm centre structural grid

typical brick and block wall construction

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102.5 mm red brick

100 mm blockwork 100 mm insulation

DPM Layer

12 mm Plasterboard

20 mm Tile Finish 450 x 550 mm Steel reinforced concrete beam 20 mm Suspended ceiling & 300 mm service space

150 mm cast in situ concrete floor slab

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52 Eldon Garden Area

Embodied Carbon per m2

14 000 m2

What is the alternative to the violence of demolition?

900 kgCO2/m2 (UK Green Building Council,2017)

Eldon Garden Embodied Carbon

Equivalent Carbon

12.6 ktCO2

630 000 trees growing for one year. (What Group, n.d.)

when looking at the decline of Eldon Garden, it is easy to imagine a solution that starts with its anihilation - wiping the slate clean to impose a new architectural vision onto it. This method of unecological thinking ignores the possibility of architectural rehabilitation of the existing. How might the existing fabric be re considered to bring it new life?

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POST DEMOLITION POTENTIALS Flooring

Steel: Due to its high value, steelwork is 98% recycled, although goes through an energy intensive process to be reused including seperating it from the concrete and other rubble.

Glass: The process of melting and reforming glass makes it a prime candidate for recycling, although additives are impossible to remove, meaning coloured or treated

Brick

Plasterboard

glass is not desirable and does not get reused.

Concrete: Concrete is impossible to recycle, so it is instead downcycled. Broken down into aggregate. It is in its most effective condition in its current form as a structural frame, and any alterations will permanently devalue the material.

Insulation

Steel

Plasterboard: While recyclable in theory, the paper covering make it difficult to seperate from the gypsum, meaning that it is a process that is not viable. The boards can be reused however if they are kept whole during the demolition process.

Flooring: Less than 10% of flooring is recycled due to the bonding to the floor and each other, so they will never be as pristine as newly created products.

Blockwork

Glass Brick & Blockwork: The nature of the components mean that they are reusable, but care is needed in the process to clean them for reuse.

Insulation: Fiberglass is almost impossible to recycle, but with careful management it

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should be possible to reuse.

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(Metropolis, , 2019) (Bennett, 2014)

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RECONSTRUCTION THROUGH DECONSTRUCTION fracture map & organised fragments

Before diving into the complexity of Eldon Garden, I first looked to refine the concept on a smaller scale. Taking a plant pot that was fractured, I considered its potential. While it could be reconstructed to its original form, it will never be its complete former self.

By alternatively considering its cylindrical form and its texture, it can be reconstructed into a new and excitng form, with new and exciting function, in a fruit bowl.

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58 Reconstructed, but never complete.

In rejecting the attempt to return to history, the material takes on a new form and a new life.

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PARK GUELL & STRUCTURE

(Gaudi, 1914)

Following the experiment with reconstructing the plant pot, I was considering how fragments may be bonded together. The visual similarities lead me to Gaudis work, although his strategy of using compressive structure which minimised the use of specialist bonding material was key in understanding the potential structure of Eldon Garden.

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DRYWALL IS FOREVER

This installation project explores the concept of fragmentation of existing materials, and their tectonic qualities when they are reapplied. The texture of imperfections between the plasterboard expresses more about the material than its original application, expressing the tears and corners brings an understanding of the quality of the space that is so often hidden under a veil of perfection in modern construction.

This exposing of imperfection serves to create a space where imperfection is celebrated, and unrealistic standards of precise operation are left behind.

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(Drywall is Forever — New Affiliates, 2019)

turning my attention back to Eldon Garden, how may this theory of fragments apply?

Looking at brick in detail, it is more than the current standard of construction acknowledges. Internally, it is a complex texture of aggregates, veins, and ridges. While bricks in buildings like Eldon Garden are inhuman, vast planes of uniformity, a bricks dimension is a result of the size of a human hand, with different makers producing different dimension bricks until standardisation reduced a bricks characteristic down to a shadow of its true self.

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fragmented brick stacked to create a new, expressive wall texture.

gaps between the structure packed with earth to stabilise the structure.

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Treating material as fragments lends to a detail system that is fluid - rejecting an approach of layered, singularly

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functioning members, this construction rather considers a barrierless system that allows water to be partly

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absorbed and drawn back out, with the earth acting as bonding, growth medium, insulation, and structure.

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Straw Bale House St Dogmaels

BaleHaus ModCell Technology

Bath University

When considering self build, there are two main approaches. Looking at straw, the first is a building in St Dogmaels, Wales, that used the material in its most basic form. Finished with a lime render, it uses traditional methods and the materials natural qualities to achieve a successful building. This building won the 2009 Grand Deisgns eco-house award. (Naturalhomes, 2009)

Rachel Shiamh

Secondly is the ‘ModCell’, a prefab panel that can be delivered to site, that uses straw as a insulating material. The productivisation of the material makes it inaccessible, hiding it behind a construction system that requires specialists, creating a profit through the unnessesary innovation. (ModCell, 2009) This project will follow the approach of the former, seeking to be accessible, low impact, and environmentally sound.

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Self Build Strategy

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Self Build Strategy

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One of the most readily accessible materials is the ground itself. Architecture formed from Muds, and Mudcretes, are the foundation of many civilisations including in the UK in cob constructions. Looking at this report from the National Soil Resources institute (2021) shows the conditions of the soil in the North East. While excavation can be expensive, developments in the city centre must excavate and remove the subsoils for foundations, therefore it would be possible to simply move the unwanted earth from one site to another.

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Material Research: Cob

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1a Soils - Spatial Distribution 424000

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423000

30% Clay 45% Sand 25% Silt

National Soil Resources Institute

30% Clay 45% Sand 25% Silt

National Soil Resources Institute

Soils - Spatial Distribution Key DUNKESWICK (711p)

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541g RIVINGTON 2 Slowly permeable seasonally waterlogged fine loamy and fine loamy over clayey soils 567000

National Soil Resources Institute

Well drained coarse loamy soils over rock. d. DUNKESWICK Component Series Profiles

561c ALUN

Deep stoneless permeable coarse loamy soils.

711p DUNKESWICK

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Slowly permeable seasonally waterlogged fine loamy and fine loamy over clayey soils

711p

566000 565000

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713g BRICKFIELD 3

962 NEUTRAL RST OPENCAST

Restored opencast coal workings. Slowly permeable seasonally waterlogged compacted fine loamy and clayey disturbed soils. Often stony with thin topsoils.

SOIL ASSOCIATION DESCRIPTION Soil associations represent a group of soil series (soil types) which are typically found occurring together, associated in the landscape (Avery, 1973; 1980; Clayden and Hollis, 1984). Soil associations may occur in many geographical locations around the country where the environmental conditions are comparable. For each of these soil associations, a collection of soil types (or soil series) are recorded together with their approximate proportions within the association. Soil associations have codes as well as textual names, thus code '554a' refers to the 'Frilford' association. Where a code is prefixed with 'U', the area is predominantly urbanised (e.g. 'U571v'). The soil associations for your location, as mapped above, are described in more detail in Section 2: Soil Association Descriptions.

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Slowly permeable seasonally waterlogged fine loamy fine loamy over clayey and clayey soils.

earth / cob overview Sea

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U561c

563000

U541g

U561c U713g 423000

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Through the descriptions of the soil it is possible to assess that the soil has an approrpiate ratio of sand, clay, and loam to be used in cob construction. In the diagram above the yellow highlighted area indicates the appropriate composition for cob construction, and the red mark is the approximate composition of the soil in Newcastle.

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Soils Data © Cranfield University (NSRI) and for the Controller of HMSO 2021 Contains OS data © Crown Copyright and database right 2017

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Material Research: Cob

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80 Soil Tests

Soil Tests

Stabilisers

Modern adobe bricks consist of a mixture of clay, sand, straw, and emulsified asphalt. Clay holds your bricks together just like the cement in a concrete block. It contains primarily and is madestraw, up of and extremely fine particles. Modern adobe bricks consistan of aluminum a mixturesalt of clay, sand, emulsified asphalt.There are several different kinds of clay, but you can use any one of them for making bricks. The so-called adobe soil of the Southwest actually contains too much clay to produce good bricks. What you need is a sandy Clay holds your bricks together just like the cement in a concrete block. It contains primarily clay or a clay loam. Soil with too much clayWhile produces toobemany cracks. Soil testing that isand altering the soil can ready shrinkage to construct from the ground, an aluminum salt and is made up of extremely fine particles. There are several different kinds theyou composition of the soil can make has it ready formuch construction. This process too sandy crumbles easily. If, after a soil test find that your ground too or too of clay, but you can use any one of them for making bricks. The so-called adobe soil of the would be done in the workshop by the construction workers, and the cob little clay, you can bring in sand or soil with a higher clay content as needed. available to the self buildiers as and when they need it for construction. Southwest actually contains too much clay to produce good bricks. What you need is a sandy

clay or a clay loam. Soil with too much clay produces too many shrinkage cracks. Soil that is (Cob building, n.d.) too sandy crumbles easily. If, after a soil test you find that your ground has too much or too little clay, you can bring in sand or soil with a higher clay content as needed.

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Papers on soil carbon: Beerling, D.J., Leake, J.R., Long, S.P., Scholes, J.D., Ton, J., Nelson, P.N., Bird, M.I., Kantzas, E., Taylor, L.L., Sarkar, B., Kelland, M., DeLucia, E., Kantola, I., Müller, C., Rau, G.H., Hansen, J., 2018. Farming with crops and rocks to address global climate, food and soil security. Nat. Plants 4, 138–147. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477018-0108-y Beerling, D.J.; Kantzas, E.P.; Lomas, M.R.; Wade, P.; Eufrasio, R.M.; Renforth, P.; Sarkar, B.; Andrews, M.G.; James, R.H.; Pearce, C.R.; Mercure, J.-F.; Pollitt, H.; Holden, P.B.; Edwards, N.R.; Khanna, M.; Koh, L.; Quegan, S.; Pidgeon, N.F.; Janssens, I.A; Hansen, J.; Banwart, S.A. (2020) Potential for large-scale CO2 removal via enhanced rock weathering with croplands. Nature, v 583, p 242-248. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2448-9 Kelland, M.E., Wade, P.W., Lewis, A.L., Taylor, L.L., Sarkar, B., Andrews, M.G., Lomas, M.R., Cotton, T.E.A., Kemp, S.J., James, R.H., Pearce, C.R., Hartley, S.E., Hodson, M.E., Leake, J.R., Banwart, S.A. and Beerling, D.J. 2020. Increased yield and CO2 sequestration potential with the C4 cereal Sorghum bicolor cultivated in basaltic rock dust‐amended agricultural soil. Global Change Biology, 26, 3658-3676. https://doi.org/10.1111/ gcb.15089 Kolosz, B. W., Sohi, S. and Manning, D. A. C. (2019). CASPER: A modelling framework to link mineral carbonation with turnover of organic matter in soil. Computers and Geosciences, 124, 58-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. cageo.2018.12.012 Lefebvre D., Goglio, P., Williams, A., Manning, D. A. C., de Azevedo, A. C., Bergmann, M., Meersmans, J. and Smith, P. (2019) Assessing the potential of soil carbonation and enhanced weathering through Life Cycle Assessment: a case study for Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Journal of Cleaner Production, 233, 468-481. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.099

Another technology that can be encorperated is carbon capture soil, a new emerging technology where rock dust and building rubble can be encorperated within soil as a growth medium for plants, and the carbon absorbed through the plant is trapped within the ground. WIth the green roof and facade elements in the design this could bring the construction to 0 net carbon or below.

Manning, D.A.C., Renforth, P., Lopez-Capel, E., Robertson, S. and Ghazireh, N. (2013) Carbonate precipitation in artificial soils produced from basaltic quarry fines and composts: an opportunity for passive carbon sequestration. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 17, 309-317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2013.05.012 Renforth, P. (2019) The negative emission potential of alkaline materials. Nature Communications, 10, 1401. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09475-5 Renforth, P., Edmondson J., Leake J.R., Gaston K.J., Manning, D. A. C. (2011) Designing a carbon capture function into urban soils, Proceedings of the ICE: Urban Design and Planning, 164, 121-128. https://doi.org/10.1680/ udap.2011.164.2.121 Renforth, P., Washbourne, C.-L., Taylder, J., Manning, D.A.C. (2011) Silicate production and availability for mineral carbonation, Environmental Science and Technology, 45, 2035–2041. https://doi.org/10.1021/es103241w

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The root systems that are within the green wall will develop over time, becoming larger and stronger, able to tie the structural fragments together and offer some tension within the wall structure.

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Plane Tree Cube, Ludwig & Schoenle (2016)

RECONSTRUCTING PROGRAMME

Through developing an understanding of the construction process, the program can be given a heirarchy in the creation of space. Central, are the architects and construction workers who technically design the spaces. These functions are the enablers of space, there to act as a medium for communication between the various systems in building, but also to apply knowledge and expertise so that the construction is sound and performs adequately.

Outside of this creative core, is the community. The people who once had no representation in the city, who entered into the experimental squatting co operative and were rewarded with the ability to decide what space they wanted in the city. The Homeless, Elderly, Artists, Youths, or just people who wanted a space to rest without the pressure to spend money. Through conversations with the design team, the spaces were divided up and decided on, and they went to work constructing them, with help from the construction workers.

The lively community that is constructed within this process leads to interaction with the wider city, with markets spreading onto the streets, live music, being heard, and regular events in the performance spaces, the community is strengthened by it attracting visitors.

The lines of communication between the actors in the system, and the different means of expression.

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PRECEDENT ANALYSIS A spatial analysis of existing projects to understand what the spaces the various functions require.

Homeless Shelter (Levy, 2019) Child care & Workspace (Brillon, 2019)

Urban Farming (Andrews, 2013)

Musicians Studios (Meritxell Inaraja, Adrià Goula · ESPAI JOVE I DE CREACIÓ, 2020) Artist and Craft Spaces (Making Space for Making Art / Sutherland Hussey Harris, 2015)

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Youth Centre (The Point / Ayre Chamberlain Gaunt, 2016)

Space for the Elderly (Astbury, 2019)

Co working space (JWA BERLIN, Ralf Wilkening, Simon Menges · REMISE IMMANUELKIRCHSTRASSE, 2020)

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Co Working Plant Rooms 50 - 60 sqm.

Community Gardens Green Facades 1m deep.

Storage

Toilets

Treatment Rooms

80 - 100 sqm.

30 sqm.

Toilets

Plant Rooms

Treatment Rooms

Storage

Toilets

Lounge Area

Reception

Management

Guest Room

50 sqm.

30 sqm.

25 sqm.

Allotment

250 sqm.

Homeless

Restaurant Areas

250 sqm.

Cafeteria 20 cap. 40 - 50 sqm.

Toilets

150 sqm. Kitchens 30 sqm.

Cleaners Room

Sauna + Steam

Exercise Area

25 sqm.

70 sqm.

Lounge Area Kitchens

Allotment

250 sqm.

Leisure Area 10 cap. 20 - 40 sqm.

Co Working

120 sqm. Restaurant Areas

60 - 100 sqm each.

External Space

Refuse

250sqm.

25 - 30 sqm.

Toilets 6 cap. 20 -30 sqm.

Kitchens Studio Apartments 1 - 2 cap. 40 - 60 sqm.

15 - 20 sqm.

Open Work Spaces 30 cap. 50 - 60 sqm.

Open Work Spaces

Resident Units

60 - 100 sqm each.

Storage

Kitchen 12 - 30 sqm.

Swimming Pool

Resident Units

Councilling Room 1 cap. 10 - 20 sqm.

Closed Work Spaces 20 cap. 60 - 70 sqm.

Youth Centre

Herb Garden 80 sqm.

Allotment

250 sqm.

Break Areas 30 cap. 80 sqm.

Meeting Room 15 - 20 sqm

Break Areas

Toilets

Multipurpose Hall 50-60 sqm

Closed Work Spaces Breakout Space 25 - 30 sqm

Toilets

Break Areas

Stores

Control Room 5 sqm

Kitchens Kitchen 2 cap. 15 - 20 sqm.

Open Work Spaces

Consultation Room 2 cap. 10 - 15 sqm

Toilets 4 cap. 15 - 20 sqm.

Stores

Allotment

250 sqm.

Kitchen 2 cap. 15 - 20 sqm.

Existing Internal 10500 sqm.

Activity Pods 3-4 cap. 20 sqm.

Activity Pods

Plant Room 5-10 sqm Stores

External Area Multipurpose Hall 100 sqm

100 sqm.

Cycle Storage 10 sqm.

Musicians

Single Parents

Toilets

Work Areas Practice Rooms

Store

Practice Rooms

Seating Areas

Practice Rooms 1-5 cap. 10 - 40 sqm.

Storage 20 sqm.

Stores 20 sqm

Tea Station

Storage

5 sqm. Practice Rooms

Store

Practice Rooms

Artist + Craftspeople

External Open Workspace

5 sqm

700 sqm.

Toilets 4 cap. 15 - 25 sqm

Performance Space 75 - 200 cap. 125 - 270 sqm.

Break Room

40 sqm.

30 - 40 sqm.

Meeting Rooms

Large Workspaces Cafe

Storage

30 - 40 sqm.

External Closed Workspace 100 sqm.

Toilets Kitchen

Toilets

Stores

Warehouse Space

Storage

300 - 400 sqm.

20 sqm.

80 sqm.

Work Areas 80 - 100 sqm.

Toilets

Play Spaces

30 sqm.

200 sqm.

Kitchen 10 sqm.

Practice Rooms

Small Workspaces

Storage

Large Workspaces

300 - 400 sqm.

Warehouse Space 200 sqm. Seating Areas 150 sqm.

Play Spaces Toilets

Work Areas Plant Room 5 - 10 sqm

Reception

Seating Areas

30 - 40 sqm. Play Spaces

Seating Areas

Ancillary for 24 people. Play Spaces

Toilets

Canteen and rest areas.

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25m

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101

100 Mapping the spaces, deconstructing and reconstructing reveals the overlaps and interactions between the functions.

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A strong social core to the building, manifesting as a continuous stair running through the spaces, connecting to the various markets, cafes, theatres, skateparks, and function rooms on its path to the rooftop gardens. The spaces required as units for living, crafts, and office space occupy the car park, while the bridge is transformed into a musical entrance to the co operative, also making use of the glazing to become a greenhouse space. The heavy mechanical ventilation of the warehouse enables the workshop to take its place., with the architectural offices adjacent.

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CONVERSATIONAL ARCHITECTURE Unlike a standard client - architect relationship, this project aims to place the community as central to the process as possible. The drawings created represent this conversation - rather than drawings created on CAD software to communicate with planners, these drawings focus on the construction, and the experience of the spaces created.

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The original section is overlaid with diagrams of construction methods, function, new ideas and notes for the future. The effect is a rich understanding of the inner working of the building and the process that lead to it, reminiscent of Scarpas working drawings.

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10m

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110

loading workshop space existing circulation material storage existing W.C.s

backstage

theatre

workshop lobby

craft spaces

access to first floor

independent shops

circulation and courtyard existing circulation

independent shops

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112 skatepark park & kids area

meeting rooms

existing circulation function rooms

lobby

office spaces

existing W.Cs control room

theatre

lobby

social stair

storage for allotments

existing circulation

pure gym

existing circulation

circulation and courtyard

void below spiral stairs & lightwell cafe

music rooms

kitchen office spaces

greenhouse allotments

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1F eldon garden

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void

youth room support spaces void

existing circulation residential units bar existing W.C.s

social stair

social stair below existing circulation

existing circulation

lounge / beer garden / social space

spiral stairs & lightwell residents lounge

residential units

performance space

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eldon garden

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Ground Floor Plan

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Proposed Section

The importance of the social stair is to connect the functions across a common ground, that can be inhabited and spilled over into by the various community members. the generous spaces, as well as the generous detailing releaves the pressure to be efficient and productive from the occupiers of the space. The rooftop gardens are constructed ontop of brick arches, displacing the weight into the retained concrete structure. The split of spaces allows an accoustic seperation, with the spaces under the stair being more closed in and above more open and connected.

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Proposed Section

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rooftop gardens

social stair

performance space eldon garden

music rooms

park & kids space

spiral stair & lightwell

independent shops

material storage

workshop

percy street

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127

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Typical Interfacing Detail

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500 mm

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Typical existing wall - proposed wall detail Plan

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128

Typical Interfacing Detail

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Typical existing wall - proposed window detail Plan

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Typical Interfacing Detail

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Typical existing wall/floor - proposed wall detail Section

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Typical Interfacing Detail

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Typical existing floor - proposed green floor detail Section

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To explore the relation between the function and the detail, this isometric detail was created. A variety of spaces are complimented by a variety of altered details, crafted individually to cater to each spaces needs.

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Above is a retained foundation detail. Although there is much about the construction that has been altered, key structural elements such as the foundations and the concrete frame were left untouched, as to retain their integrity and allow for any potential future reuses.

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700 mm thick reinforced concrete foundation 100 mm solid insulation Waterproof membrane with 20mm screed ontop Hardcore with waterproof membrane ontop 100 mm blockwork 500 mm retaining concrete wall with waterproof membrane

600

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1000 mm

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Inhabited Details 1

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137

136

10 9 8 7 6

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2 1

To bring more light in, handmade windows made from waste glass are installed at high level in the workshop. Above, the skatepark is raised to allow for drops within the floor structure. The set aggregate is a solid base for the structure.

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Timber baton with new timber sill above 200 x 400 mm handmade glass panels 450 x 600 mm reinforced concrete beam Brick arch spanning 5750 mm between beams Existing floor slab cut to support brick arch Solid set aggregate structurally bonded with lime 20 mm smooth timber boarding Existing brick block and insulation wall construction Existing brick pathway

The skatepark is open to the elements, with a blockwork arch supporting the openings below the eaves. The double layer brick arch is solid set towards the existing roof structure, although gradually becomes a growth medium the further the soil composition is from the edge.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

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400

Blockwork arch spanning 2800 between collumns Existing brick block and insulation wall construction Timber beam capping insulation Gutter and ventilation gap within fascia 450 x 600 mm reinforced concrete beam Existing floor slab cut to support brick arch Double brick arch spanning 5750 mm between beams Solid set aggregate structurally bonded with lime Insulation infilled between 350 mm joists Roof tiles fixed on horizontal battons, on counter battons

600

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1000 mm

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Inhabited Details 2

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138

4 9

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The barrier between the retaining wall and the green roof detail, with a blockwork end. The waterproof membrane drains the water down the arch into a gutter where it is taken out of the structure. The original floor level is dropped so that the beams can be treated as seating, and “raised” walkways.

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Double brick arch spanning 5750 mm between beams Solid set aggregate structurally bonded with lime Insulation infilled between 350 mm joists Roof tiles fixed on horizontal battons, on counter battons 450 x 600 mm reinforced concrete beam Blockwork retaining wall on pad to spread load Angled waterproof membrane Growth medium earth Boxed railing and service space 450 x 600 mm reinforced concrete beam with existing floor slab cut into walkway

1 2 3 4 5 6

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450 x 600 mm reinforced concrete beam Existing floor slab cut to support brick arch with gutter above Loose aggregate Double brick arch spanning 5750 mm between beams Growth medium earth Fiberglass insulation packed around beam, finished with mosaic reclaimed plasterboard

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Inhabited Details 3

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8 7

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6 2

1 Above the theatre space, the floor is heavily accoustically treated, with an expanded service space for lighting and cabling, that is filled with broken ceiling tiles and plasterboard to absorb the sound. Below, suspended angled plasterboards deflect the sound and create indirect light through the theatre space.

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10 mm reused tile Solid set aggregate structurally bonded with lime Blockwork support underneath steps Brick arch spanning 5750 mm between beams Existing floor slab cut to support brick arch 450 x 600 mm reinforced concrete beam Loosely packed ceiling tile, insulation and plasterboard fragments within service space 8 Existing ceiling tile grid, with ‘hit and miss’ tiles for accoustics and mess over gaps 9 Angled suspended plasterboard

Between the theatre and the skatepark and workshop, is a massive 1200 mm cob wall, with fiberglass insulation encased within to ensure a very high level of accoustic and thermal insulation. The servicing and lighting is embedded within the cob wall, or attached onto the surface, for ease of access for maintenance and aesthetics.

1 Loosely packed ceiling tile, insulation and plasterboard frag ments within service space 2 Brick arch spanning 5750 mm between beams 3 Solid set aggregate structurally bonded with lime 4 10 mm reused tile 5 1200 mm cob wall 6 100mm fiberglass insulation core 7 450 x 450 mm reinforced concrete column 8 Mosaic reclaimed plasterboard

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Inhabited Details 4

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142

Technology Report Joshua W J Knight ARC8052 15018759

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Eldon Garden is located in the city centre of Newcastle. Directly adjacent to Eldon Square, one of the most visited areas of Newcastle, Eldon Garden is contrastingly a retail ghost town, with around 80% of its units vacant. It is facing Percy Street (B1307), which is a key road network to the site. The Eldon Square bus station, and the Haymarket Metro station are both within 2 minutes walk of the site, giving it great accessibility to public transport.

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Eldon Garden Redevelopment

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Introduction

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149

148

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Ground Floor Structural Plan

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Existing Ground Floor Plan Structural

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151

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First Floor Structural Plan

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Existing First Floor Plan Structural

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153

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Second Floor Structural Plan

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Existing Second Floor Plan Structural

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154

view of the central atrium space when the building was first constructed.

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Entrance to Eldon Garden from Eldon Square across the bridge (Whitfield, 2018)

Spatial Analysis

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Spatial analysis

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157

156

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Existing Section

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6200 mm centre structural grid

typical brick and block wall construction

service space within floor plane

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161

160

102.5 mm red brick

100 mm blockwork 100 mm insulation

DPM Layer

12 mm Plasterboard

20 mm Tile Finish 450 x 550 mm Steel reinforced concrete beam 20 mm Suspended ceiling & 300 mm service space

150 mm cast in situ concrete floor slab

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163

162 Eldon Garden Area

Embodied Carbon per m2

14 000 m2

What is the alternative to the violence of demolition?

900 kgCO2/m2 (UK Green Building Council,2017)

Eldon Garden Embodied Carbon

Equivalent Carbon

12.6 ktCO2

630 000 trees growing for one year. (What Group, n.d.)

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164

POST DEMOLITION POTENTIALS Flooring

165

Steel: Due to its high value, steelwork is 98% recycled, although goes through an energy intensive process to be reused including seperating it from the concrete and other rubble.

Glass: The process of melting and reforming glass makes it a prime candidate for recycling, although additives are impossible to remove, meaning coloured or treated

Brick

Plasterboard

glass is not desirable and does not get reused.

Insulation

Steel

Flooring: Less than 10% of flooring is recycled due to the bonding to the floor and each other, so they will never be as pristine as newly created products.

Blockwork

Glass Brick & Blockwork: The nature of the components mean that they are reusable, but care is needed in the process to clean them for reuse.

Insulation: Fiberglass is almost impossible to recycle, but with careful management it

GC1

should be possible to reuse.

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(Metropolis, , 2019) (Bennett, 2014)

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167

RECONSTRUCTION THROUGH DECONSTRUCTION fracture map & organised fragments

By alternatively considering its cylindrical form and its texture, it can be reconstructed into a new and excitng form, with new and exciting function, in a fruit bowl.

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168 Reconstructed, but never complete.

In rejecting the attempt to return to history, the material takes on a new form and a new life.

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170

PARK GUELL & STRUCTURE

(Gaudi, 1914)

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DRYWALL IS FOREVER

173

This exposing of imperfection serves to create a space where imperfection is celebrated, and unrealistic standards of precise operation are left behind.

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(Drywall is Forever — New Affiliates, 2019)

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174

turning my attention back to Eldon Garden, how may this theory of fragments apply?

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177

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fragmented brick stacked to create a new, expressive wall texture.

gaps between the structure packed with earth to stabilise the structure.

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Treating material as fragments lends to a detail system that is fluid - rejecting an approach of layered, singularly

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functioning members, this construction rather considers a barrierless system that allows water to be partly absorbed and drawn back out, with the earth acting as bonding, growth medium, insulation, and structure.

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Straw Bale House St Dogmaels

BaleHaus ModCell Technology

Bath University

Rachel Shiamh

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Self Build Strategy

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Self Build Strategy

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NTS

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Material Research: Cob

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Self Build Strategy

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187

186 National Soil Resources Institute

National Soil Resources Institute

424000

425000

426000

567000

423000

30% Clay 45% Sand 25% Silt

National Soil Resources Institute

Soils - Spatial Distribution Key

427000

DUNKESWICK (711p) 541g RIVINGTON 2

567000

1a Soils - Spatial Distribution

30% Clay 45% Sand 25% Silt

permeable seasonally waterlogged fine loamy and fine loamy over clayey soils Well drainedSlowly coarse loamy soils over rock.

d. DUNKESWICK Component Series Profiles

561c ALUN

Deep stoneless permeable coarse loamy soils.

711p DUNKESWICK

962

Slowly permeable seasonally waterlogged fine loamy and fine loamy over clayey soils

711p

566000 565000

565000

566000

713g BRICKFIELD 3

962 NEUTRAL RST OPENCAST

Restored opencast coal workings. Slowly permeable seasonally waterlogged compacted fine loamy and clayey disturbed soils. Often stony with thin topsoils.

564000

U711p

Slowly permeable seasonally waterlogged fine loamy fine loamy over clayey and clayey soils.

earth / cob overview Sea

U711p

U561c

563000

U541g

U561c U713g 423000

424000

425000

426000

427000

Soils Data © Cranfield University (NSRI) and for the Controller of HMSO 2021 Contains OS data © Crown Copyright and database right 2017

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Material Research: Cob

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Soil Tests

Stabilisers

189

Stabilisers

Modern adobe bricks consist of a mixture of clay, sand, straw, and emulsified asphalt. Clay holds your bricks together just like the cement in a concrete block. It contains primarily an aluminum salt and is made up of extremely fine particles. There are several different kinds but youofcan use any one of them for making bricks. The so-called adobe soil of the Modern adobe bricks consistofofclay, a mixture clay, sand, straw, and emulsified asphalt. Southwest actually contains too much clay to produce good bricks. What you need is a sandy clay or a clay loam. Soil with too much clayWhile produces toobemany cracks. Soil testing that isand altering the soil can ready shrinkage to construct from the ground, Clay holds your bricks together just like the cement in a concrete block. It contains primarily theyou composition of the soil can make has it ready formuch construction. This process too sandy crumbles easily. If, after a soil test find that your ground too or too an aluminum salt and is made up of extremely fine particles. There are several different kinds would be done in the workshop by the construction workers, and the cob little clay, you can bring in sand or soil with a higher clay content as needed. availableadobe to the self buildiers as and when they need it for construction. of clay, but you can use any one of them for making bricks. The so-called soil of the

Southwest actually contains too much clay to produce good bricks. What you need is a sandy (Cob building, n.d.) clay or a clay loam. Soil with too much clay produces too many shrinkage cracks. Soil that is too sandy crumbles easily. If, after a soil test you find that your ground has too much or too little clay, you can bring in sand or soil with a higher clay content as needed.

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Material Research: Cob

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190

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Carbon Capture Gardens

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The root systems that are within the green wall will develop over time, becoming larger and stronger, able to tie the structural fragments together and offer some tension within the wall structure.

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Plane Tree Cube, Ludwig & Schoenle (2016)

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194

The existing access is ample for road connections, with service and heavy goods vehicles having access to the warehouse to the rear of the building. Percy Street experiences heavy footfall, and the main access to the building at ground floor is alongthe facade facing the street. The primary pedestrian route is from the busy Eldon Square at first and second floor, although the building regularly fails to attract pedestrians away from the shopping experience of Eldon Square.

Existing: Environmental Strategy

The southern most point of the structure is occupied by Tesco and Pure Gym, leaving the building with very little allowance for south facing windows, so large rooflights have been used to maximise daylight into the central spaces. The internal spaces are primarily lighted with artifical sources due to the retail units being completely compartmentalised within the building.

19 GC1

Existing Environmental Diagrams

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Existing: Environmental Strategy

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Existing Environmental Diagrams

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Alnatura in Darmstadt

74 Technik Technology

Limburg als zusätzlichem Bindemittel sowie aus Lavaschotter zur Verbesserung der Dämmwirkung. Rationeller Herstellungsprozess Für das Ricola-Kräuterzentrum hatte Lehm Ton Erde eine Maschine zur Herstellung der Stampflehmelemente konstruiert. Sie füllt das lose Material in eine Schalung ein, zieht seine Oberfläche auf eine Höhe ab und verdichtet es anschließend. In Darmstadt wurde die Maschine nun um einen zweiten Beschicker für das Einbringen des Dämmschotters ergänzt. Gestampft wird das Material in einer Systemschalung aus dem Betonbau mit zusätzlicher Verstärkung, die dem bei der Stampflehmherstellung eingebrachten deutlich höheren Druck widerstehen muss. Um Zeit und Kosten zu sparen, entstehen die Stampflehmelemente als rund 30 m lange Streifen, die erst nach dem Ausschalen in einzelne Blöcke von 3,50 m Länge zugeschnitten werden. Pro Meter Wandhöhe wiederholt sich der Prozess aus Einfüllen und Stampfen 13–14 mal. Auf jede Stampflehmschicht wird in die Innenschale der Wand manuell ein MetallverbundHeizrohr eingelegt, wie es auch aus Fußbodenheizungen bekannt ist. Die vertikalen Sammelleitungen der Wandheizung verlaufen in den Fensterlaibungen hinter Verkleidungen aus geschlitzten Holzpaneelen. Im Abstand von 25–30 cm verbinden horizontal eingelegte Geogitter aus hochmodulem Polyester die beiden Wandschalen durch die Dämmschicht miteinander. Um den Verbund zwischen Lehm und Glasschaumschotter herzustellen, ist sonst kein zusätzliches Bindemittel erforderlich. Der beim Einfüllen mit 10/75 mm Korngröße noch sehr grobe Schotter wird beim Stampfen zerkleinert und verzahnt sich dabei von selbst in sich und mit der Lehmmasse.

198

∂

construction usually makes use of local resources. In Darmstadt, however, the loam had a reddish hue, Mehr über das Bauen mit Stampflehm: so 70 % of the material used was taken instead from Martin Rauch: Das Eigengewicht bestimmt die Wandstärke the Stuttgart 21 excavation site. The remaining 30 % Gebaute Erde, Edition Detail 2015 of loam from a im brickyard near Limburg, Jede derconsists Wandscheiben Alnatura-VerwaltungsJean Dethier: which was used as an additional binding agent, and Lehmbaukultur, Von ist inklusive Sockel 12 m hoch und besteht aus bau den Anfängen bis crushed lava to improve the insulating performance.

elf Stampflehmblöcken übereinander sowie einem Rational production process 0,5 m hohen Attikaelement aus Stampflehm. An More about rammed For the Ricola Herbal Centre, Lehm Ton Erde had earth construction: sechs Punkten – zwei pro Geschossdecke und zwei Martin Rauch: designed a machine to produce the rammed earth Refined Earth, für Edition den Randbalken desmaterial Dachs sind diestrikes Wände units. It fills the loose into–formwork, Detail 2015 off therückverankert. top to a consistent height thenauf compacts am Rohbau Dazuand sind Höhe der detail.de/shop 2019 it. For Darmstadt, the machine has now been suppleGeschossdecken Dämmbetonbalken die Lehmmented by a second feeder for placing theininsulating wände integriert. Zur Verankerung gravel. The material is tamped down dienen in modularschlanke formwork commonly used for concrete construction, Gewindestangen, die mittels Stahlwinkeln an den but with added reinforcement to resist the signifiGeschossdecken verschraubt und am anderen cantly higher pressures generated when compacting theStirnplatten rammed earth. in To save time and money, the Ende mit die Betonbalken eingegosrammed earth units are produced as 30 m long sen sind. Zwischen den geschosshohen Fenstern bands that are then cut into individual 3.50 m long und denblocks Stampflehmelementen gibt keine after removing the formwork. The es process of kraftfillingVerbindung, and tamping is repeated 13–14 times per metre schlüssige obwohl eine solche mit of wall height. Atop each layer of rammed earth, a Spezialdübeln durchaus möglich wäre. Letztlich composite heating pipe, like those known from gab vor underfloor allem das unterschiedliche Setzungsverhalheating, is manually inserted into the wall’s inner shell. The vertical distribution pipes for ten von Stampflehm und Beton den Ausschlag the wall heating run in the window reveals, behind dafür, die Fenster lediglich oben und unten an den casing made of slotted wood panels. Geschossdecken zu of verankern. At a spacing 25–30 cm, horizontal geogrids highAußenwände modulus polyesterselbsttragend connect the two wall shellswar Daofdie sind, through the insulation layer. No additional binding nur ihr Eigengewicht für diethe statische agent is needed to maßgeblich create the bond between loam and the foam glass. The gravel, which is still Bemessung. Dabei wurde angenommen, dass allein die Außenschale den Lastabtrag übernimmt. Ausgehend von der Wandhöhe und einer Druckfestigkeit von 2,4 N/mm2 ergab sich ein erforderlicher Wandquerschnitt von 35 cm. Die äußersten 3 cm der Wand durchfeuchten bei Regen und werden daher statisch nicht angesetzt. Allerdings, so betont Thomas Honermann, trocknet Lehm ebenso schnell wieder aus, wie er feucht wird. Auch deswegen droht auf Stampflehmfassaden keinerlei Algenbewuchs. Ein wichtiger Parameter bei der Planung von Stampflehmwänden ist das Schwinden der Elemente. Während des mindestens vierwöchigen Trocknungsvorgangs ziehen sie sich in jeder Dimenaa sion um rund 0,5 % zusammen – bei 3,50 m ElementThe clay walls with breite also um etwa 1–2 cm. Die so entstandenen foam glass insulation were tamped down in Ungenauigkeiten lassen sich durch Fugenverfüllung bands about 30 m long, then cut into Lehmbau bedient sich zunehmend industrieller Fertigungsmethoden. Der mit Lehmmörtel normalerweise gut ausgleichen. large blocks, stored temporarily in a shed Bei der neuen Alnatura-Hauptverwaltung in Darmstadt wurden erstmals next to the building site, and finally mountvorgefertigte Stampflehmelemente mit im integrierter Dämmung und WandZulassung Einzelfall ed to the structural frame. heizung verbaut. Earthen construction increasingly makes use Zulassung of industrialfür Eine allgemeine bauaufsichtliche production methods. At the Stampflehm new Alnaturagibt headquarters in Darmstadt, pre-sich es bis heute nicht, obwohl fabricated rammed earth units integrated insulation and wall heating lautwith Thomas Honermann die gebräuchlichen were installed for the first time. Lehmmischungen in ihren Eigenschaften nicht Marc Doradzillo

Precedents: Lehmbau im Großformat

Brigida González

heute, Edition Detail 2019

Lehmbau im Großformat Building with Earth at Large Scale

Die Lehmwände wurden inklusive Schaumglasdämmung in rund 30 m langen Streifen gestampft, Text: Jakob anschlieSchoof ßend in große Blöcke zerschnitten, in einer Halle neben dem Bauplatz zwischengelagert und schließlich am Rohbau montiert.

11.2019

allzu sehr voneinander unterscheiden. Für die 2 somit erforderliche Zulassung im Einzelfall ließ 2 Lehm Ton Erde Materialtests durchführen und hygrothermische Simulationen anfertigen, um die Wasseraufnahme des Lehms zu bestimmen. Außer7 dem fanden während der Stampflehmherstellung im Rahmen der Fremdüberwachung regelmäßig Druckfestigkeitstests an zylindrischen Testkörpern 2 aus der Lehmmasse statt, die separat gestampft 3 wurden. Für die nächsten Jahre hofft Honermann, dass die Lehmbauunternehmen aus ihren Bauprojekten und mehreren, derzeit anlaufenden Forschungsvorhaben genug Materialkennwerte zusammentragen, um den Prüfungsaufwand nach

80 Technik Technology

Graue Energie der Lehmwände Embodied energy of the earth walls

Dead load determines wall thickness Each of the wall segments in the Alnatura building is 12 m high including the base, and consists of eleven stacked rammed earth blocks plus a 0.52 m high parapet coping block also made of rammed earth. The walls are anchored back to the structural frame at six points – two per floor slab and two for the roof edge 3 beam. In addition, beams of insulating concrete are integrated into the clay walls at the level of the floor 5 slabs. Slender threaded rods serve as anchors; 6 7 they are bolted to the floor slabs with steel angles, 8 and they are cast with end plates into the concrete beams at the other end. There is no force-transmit9 ting connection between the storey-high windows and the rammed earth elements. 10The different settlement behaviour of rammed earth and concrete was the main deciding factor for anchoring the windows 11 solely to the floor slabs at the top and bottom. 4 Since the outer walls are self-supporting, only their own weight was relevant for the structural calculations. It was assumed that the load transfer occurred only in the outer shell. Based on the wall height and a compressive strength of 2.4 N/mm2, the required wall cross section was 35 cm. The outermost 16 3 cm of the wall become moist from rain and are 12 therefore ignored in the calculation. An important parameter for 13planning rammed earth walls is the shrinkage of the elements. During the drying process, which lasts at least four weeks, they shrink by roughly 0.5 % in each dimension – which is approximately 1–2 cm14 for a unit width of 3.50 m. The resulting inaccuracies are normally easy to compensate by filling the joints with clay mortar.

121 kWh/m 2

+ Transport Transport

1065 kWh/m 2

+ Herstellung der Elemente Component production

kWh/m 2

+ Bau/Einbau Construction/ installation

kWh/m 2 3 2

Summe Herstellung und Errichtung Total (production and erection)

1260 kWh/m 2

∂

very coarse when filled (grain size 10/75 mm), is crushed during tamping and thereby automatically becomes meshed with itself and the earth mass.

Rohstoffbereit stellung Raw material supply

11.2019

199 1

Vertikalschnitt • Horizontalschnitt Maßstab 1:20

Vertical section • Horizontal section scale 1:20

1 Stehfalzdeckung Aluminiumblech 1 mm; Schalung 160/24 mm Hinterlüftung 80 mm; Unterspannbahn diffusionsoffen Schalung 25 mm; Kantholz 80/280 mm dazwischen Wärmedämmung Mineralwolle 280 mm; Dampfbremse; Brandschutzplatte mineralisch gebunden 18 mm; Schalldämmung Mineralwolle 100 mm Vollholzleiste Fichte 57/18 mm 2 Kastenrinne Aluminiumblech 3 Fertigteil Stampflehm 380 mm Wärmedämmung Mineralwolle 250 + 100 mm; Dampfbremse Träger Brettschichtholz 140 mm 4 Ankerplatte Stahlprofil feuer verzinkt l 330/140/12 mm 5 Verfugung Lehmmörtel 15 mm 6 Balken Dämmbeton, Bewehrungsstahl B500 B, Längs- und Bügelbewehrung t je 8 mm 7 Wärmedämmung Schaumglas 30 mm 8 Trasskalkschicht 9 Fertigteil aus Stampflehm 380 mm + Wärmedämmung Schaumglasschotter 170 mm + Stampfl ehm mit integrierter Wandheizung 140 mm 10 Geogitter Kunststoff 11 Teppichboden 6,5 mm; Hohlraumboden Kalziumsulfatplatte 38 mm; Akustikvlies 1,5 mm Luftzwischenraum 152,5 mm Decke Stahlbeton 300 mm 12 Dichtschlämme mineralisch 13 Dämmbeton-Fertigteil 80 mm Unterkonstruktion Aluminiumblechwinkel; Edelstahlprofil 200/100/10 mm, 100 mm breit Verkleidung Aluminiumblech Geotextil filter stabil Dränageelement Noppenbahn Abdichtung Bitumenbahn Sockelelement LeichtbetonFertigteil LC 12/LC 13 mit Blähtonzuschlag 560 mm 14 Geotextil filterstabil; Dränage element Noppenbahn; Wärmedämmung Schaumglas 140 mm Abdichtung Bitumenbahn Außenwand Stahlbeton 350 mm 15 Kabelkanal Brandschutzplatte mineralisch gebunden 18 mm 16 Akustikpaneel Weißtanne geschlitzt, lasiert 33 mm 17 Regenfallrohr t 125 mm 18 Lehmverfüllung 19 Wärmedämmung Mineralwolle

1 1 mm standing seam aluminium roofing; 160/24 mm sheathing; 80 mm back ventilation; 25 mm sheathing; breather membrane; 80/280 mm squared timber, with 280 mm mineral wool insulation in between; vapour retarder; 18 mm mineralbound fire protection board; 100 mm mineral wool acoustic insulation; 57/18 mm solid spruce battens 2 aluminium trough gutter 3 380 mm precast rammed earth unit; 250 + 100 mm mineral wool thermal insulation; vapour retarder; 140 mm glulam timber beam 4 L 330/140/12 mm steel angle anchor plate, hot-dip galvanized 5 15 mm clay mortar jointing 6 insulating concrete beam; B500 B reinforcing steel, longitudinal and stirrup reinforcement, d = 8 mm 7 30 mm foam glass insulation 8 trass lime layer 9 380 mm precast rammed earth unit + 170 mm foam glass gravel as thermal insulation + 140 mm rammed earth with integrated wall heating 10 polypropylene geogrid 11 6.5 mm carpet; 38 mm raised floor with gypsum panels; 1.5 mm acoustic fleece; 152.5 mm air cavity; 300 mm reinforced concrete slab 12 mineral-based slurry sealant 13 plinth facing: 80 mm precast insulating concrete unit; substructure: aluminium sheet angles; stainless steel profile 200/100/10 mm, 100 mm wide; aluminium sheet cladding; geo textile; dimpled membrane drainage surface; bitumen membrane waterproofing; 560 mm precast lightweight concrete element (LC 12/13) with expanded clay aggregate 14 geotextile; dimpled membrane drainage surface; 140 mm foam glass thermal insulation; bitumen membrane waterproofing; 350 mm reinforced concrete exterior wall 15 cable raceway, 18 mm mineralbound fire protection board 16 33 mm slotted acoustic panel, silver fir with scumbled finish 17 rainwater downpipe, d = 125 mm 18 loam fill 19 mineral wool thermal insulation

The Alnatura headquarters in Darmstadt is constructed from large precast rammed earth panIndividual els, withapproval foam glass gravel insulation and intergrated wall heating. The construction adds up to There aismassive still no690 generally valid building mm wall depth, which has approval the same U-for value of 0.35 W/m2K but only required around one even fifth of though the energyaccording to produce. to In this project only 30% of the earth was sourced rammed earth, Thomas locally, although this was an aethetic decision. Honermann, the properties of the commonly used clay mixtures do not greatly from one another. Fortothe An issue withdiffer this method is that it still requires concrete produce, although there is potential to substitute and adapton thean detail for cob construction. The wall can also be easily de conapproval thus required individual basis, Lehm structed, to recover the servicing re use. A large benefit of earthen construction like this is Ton Erde commissioned materialfortests and hygrotherthe natural moisture control, and thermal mass that can regulate temperature, air quality, and mal simulations determine water absorption of natural stack to effects. (DETAIL,the 2019) the clay. In addition, as the rammed earth was produced, regular compressive strength tests were con0 2.5 5 ducted on cylindrical test bodies made from the clay. Honermann hopes that over the next few years, rammed earth contractors will compile enough material properties from their construction projects and multiple research projects currently underway to gradually reduce the amount of testing required.

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Precedent Study

GC4 GC7

Ecological balance In a life cycle assessment study2, scientists from TU München, working together with Lehm Ton Erde, compared the embodied energy of the rammed earth walls with that of a brick façade with an external thermal insulation composite system (ETICS) that has the same U-value of 0.35 W/m2K. The result: The

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loading workshop space existing circulation material storage existing W.C.s

backstage

theatre

workshop lobby

craft spaces

access to first floor

independent shops

circulation and courtyard existing circulation

independent shops

open market extended units

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meeting rooms

existing circulation function rooms

lobby

office spaces

existing W.Cs control room

theatre

lobby

social stair

storage for allotments

existing circulation

pure gym

existing circulation

circulation and courtyard

void below spiral stairs & lightwell cafe

music rooms

kitchen office spaces

greenhouse allotments

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eldon garden

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void

youth room support spaces void

existing circulation residential units bar existing W.C.s

social stair

social stair below existing circulation

existing circulation

lounge / beer garden / social space

spiral stairs & lightwell residents lounge

residential units

performance space

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eldon garden

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Ground Floor Plan

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Propsoed Section

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Proposed Section

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rooftop gardens

social stair

performance space eldon garden

music rooms

park & kids space

spiral stair & lightwell

independent shops

material storage

workshop

percy street

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The proposed intervention to the existing building is primarily focused on creating voids to create connections between the spaces vertically and introduce more daylight throughout the building. The central attrium has been widened and converted into a “social stair”, allowing overflow from the functions that are accessed from it. This space is also opened to the elements at the roof and ground floor level, allowing a large stack ventilated space, with the roof light heating the air within the space. Two large voids have been cut from the car park to bring light through, enabling units to be installed in the car park structure which can be cross ventilated through the courtyards. The roof level has been dropped to just below the structure, with a massive earthen green roof allowing rooftop gardens, that environmentally insulate and drain the roof. Experimental cob walls with greenery integrated within enhance the building facade facing the road, absorbing carbon through its material construction. On the southern side of the building, there are several spaces that have not been redeveloped, so therefore use the existing mechanical and artificial lighting and ventilation

Proposed: Environmental Strategy

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Proposed Environmental Strategy

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During the summer months, the environmental strategy aims to cool the building through the thermal buffer offered by the massive cob walls. The cut in voids light the space while the generous openings allow for adequate ventilation. The spaces on the left of this diagram are largely as original, so the existing mechanical ventilation strategy is used, whereas on the right the voids allow for stack ventilation to occur.

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Proposed Sectional Environmental Strategy

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At night the thermal buffer maintains an internal temperature around 16 degrees, while the central space continues to exhaust hot air from the building. indirect lighting is used in the circulation spaces, while traditional ceiling lights are used in functional spaces of the building.

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Proposed Sectional Environmental Strategy

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During the winter, the large central space is closed off, trapping the heated air. The large skylights still heat the space, although to a lesser extent, and the cob walls are internally heated to dissapate heat throughout the building as efficiently as possible.

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Proposed Sectional Environmental Strategy

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Similar to the daytime, the central space is closed to retain the heat. electronic sensors are able to adjust the heating to maintain a comfortable temperature.

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Proposed Sectional Environmental Strategy

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The social staircase is intentionally loud, to create a shared experience between the different floors and to encourage people to get involved. The central theatre space is accoustically seperated from the rest of the building.

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Accoustic Strategy

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To reduce the energy required to heat the building, the circulation spaces are for the most part covered but not insulated, with only spaces where people are staying in are heated. The large thermal mass of the hybrid cob walls with in wall heating networks mean that the spaces are heated efficiently and gradually.

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Thermal Strategy

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Ground Floor: Thermal & Accoustic Strategy

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The main service space is located nearer the workshop, and the theatre, which are high energy usage areas. There is another sub service closet towards the other side of the building.

Ground Floor: Servicing & Access Strategy

3 of the 4 existing escape stairs are retained, with 2 new staircases added in their place. The protected escape stairs allows occupants to escape safely in the event of a fire, from any floor down to exit the building directly from the protected space.

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Typical Interfacing Detail

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Typical existing wall - proposed wall detail Plan

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Typical Interfacing Detail

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Typical existing wall - proposed window detail Plan

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Typical Interfacing Detail

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Typical Interfacing Detail

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Inhabited Details 1

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REFLECTIVE CONCLUSION

In my work this year I made a conscious effort to push myself as a designer. After

Given the hardships that I and everyone else has endured this year, I would say

spending 2 years in industry designing residential and civic buildings, I have become

that I have done fairly well. There is a lot that I want to do differently going into

very comfortable with traditional architectural practice and wanted to turn it on

next year, although I can definitely say that I am proud of what I have achieved

its head. The result of this is the project before you, a piece of work that is highly

this year. I am reluctant to mark my own work, although if I had to give myself a

focused on questioning the role of the architect and the systems that we operate

grade I would say that I have done enough to earn a 70. Although I haven’t been

within. I feel I have been very successful in thinking beyond this traditional system

successful in everything I have attempted, I firmly believe the risks and experi-

of relationships between clients, planners, architects, builders, and buildings them-

mentation that I have attempted this year have provided interesting and fruitful

selves. A weakness in this project is not so much in the work produced, but rather in

work that would not be possible through a more cautious and box-ticking approach.

what is not produced. In aiming to expand my skill set I haven’t adequately repre-

I hope that you have enjoyed this project and that it may have made you consider

sented what I am currently capable of, although the reason I decided to come back

a new way of practicing architecture. Thank you.

to university to do a masters in architecture was to challenge myself and learn, rather than rest on my laurels and produce work that doesn’t test or excite anyone.

In all honesty I have found this year extremely difficult. It was hard enough doing a project that was outside of my comfort zone, but living and working in a confined space, and only seeing a handful of people all year made it extremely difficult to find a good work-life balance, and my productivity and work suffered as a result. I am sure in a regular year I would have been much more active in model making, as well as more confident in my ideas from the conversations that were sorely missed.

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