Natasha Rice Portfolio by PDF Uploads

Portfolio Stage 5 Unlearning Architecture

Natasha Alexandra Rice 1

Contents 05 Critical Introduction 07 Semester 1 recap 09 Examining the Existing 36 Reimaging the Store 97 Reflective Conclusion 99 Bibliography New

Amended

Critical Introduction In semester one, I tried to question our human-centric approach towards design and explore what happens when we extend our moral concern to include non-human animals. I studied the experience of a cow as a commodity inside the shopping centre and as a sentient living being outside. This semester I started to explore our relationship with food and the animals that we eat. There is a strong disconnection between the food on the supermarket shelves and the consumer. As consumers we have become more and more disconnected from the source of our food. There is a strong detachment between the meat on the supermarket shelves that comes antiseptically packaged in plastic and the living animal. This process of distancing enables us to eat meat without thinking about the lives and subsequent deaths of the animals themselves (Pachirat, 2011). Children have the greatest misconceptions about where food comes from. According to the British Nutrition Foundation, nearly one in five children believe milk comes straight from the fridge or supermarket. Children have limited opportunities to learn about cows and have limited access to them, especially in inner cities. 1 in 8 children do not know that cows moo. When it comes to there appearance, one in 10 believe that a cow is the size of a doubledecker bus and over 10 percent think they are as small as cats. It is no surprise that children are perplexed by where their food comes from, as the whole process is concealed from them. The gritty process of how a cow is bred into existence, and then slaughtered to become sausages, is considered too distressing and unpalatable for children’s ears and eyes (Survey shows a third of British children don’t know where milk comes from, 2021).

Marks and Spencer’s are a highly regarded and reputable British supermarket chain; I used Marks and Spencer’s, on Northumberland street as a case study to explore and visualise my ideas. The store presents lots of contradictions in regard to its attitude towards animals, sustainability and transparency. It has a living wall supposedly designed to create ‘habitats for birds and insects’ but it is lined with anti-bird spikes. The shop’s interior walls are lined with puns and statements that fall flat such as ‘there’s

nothing woolly about our commitment to animal welfare’ and ‘we believe in sustainable fishing, hook, line & sinker.’ In her novel, the Dispossessed (1974), science fiction novelist, Ursula Le Guin juxtaposes a world (similar to ours), that functions through distancing, with one which operates through transparency. Walking through a fictional shopping district (reminiscent of Eldon Square) the protagonist, who is from a world where ‘nothing is hidden’ is dazed and perplexed. “The strangest thing about the nightmare street was that none of the millions of things for sale were made there. They were only sold there. Where were the workshops, the factories, where were the farmers, the craftsmen, the miners, the weavers, the chemists, the carvers, the dyers, the designers, the machinists, where were the hands, the people who made? Out of sight, somewhere else. Behind walls. All the people in all the shops were either buyers or sellers. They had no relation to the things but that of possession.” (Le Guin, 1975). The quote highlights the disconnect between what we buy and where it comes from. I have set my design project in the year 2050, re-imagining the future of Marks and Spencer, creating a Future Food District which aims to educate and reconnect the consumer with the whole supply chain. The centres ethos revolves around food transparency, technology and traceability, because conventional agriculture is too opaque, outdated and its supply chains are too long-winded. The centre recognises the power of visibility. The centre will showcase new, innovative ways of producing food sustainably. At the Future Food District, eating animal products is entirely out of the equation and animal products are off the menu. Instead, you will find cows roaming, around the district, playing, bonding with each-other and taking sanctuary in our spaces. The building is designed to bring joy, to humans and non-humans alike. It educates people about a food system that respects all species and is purposefully and thoughtfully designed without violence.

Semester 1 Recap During semester one, I tried to question our human-centric approach towards design and explore what happens when we extend our moral concern to include non-human animals, specifically cows. My studio visited the Metrocentre, a shopping centre in Gateshead, at the start of the year. The shopping centre epitomised how as a society we get joy out of excessively indulging and overconsuming things. The stark proximity of a field of cows to the Metrocentre highlighted how we treat the cow as a commodity. There was a sad irony to the cows stood in the field looking down at the Metrocentre and McDonalds, unaware that it is where their bodies are sold, their flesh for food and skin for leather. I explored the cows experience as a commodity inside the shopping centre and as a sentient living being outside. I thought about how the cow interacts with Newcastle city centre and Eldon Square. I began at a zoomed-out scale, stitching the cultivated farmlands surrounding the city and grasslands such as Town Moor. I created a series of whimsical and joyful photographs of cows in the city; the striking presence of the cows in the city forces us to rethink our relationship with nature. The photographs alongside the embroidered landscapes, remind us that our city is flourishing because of its dependency on the rural and farmed animals. I wanted to truly embody the cow, to understand what it would feel like to be a cow living on Town Moor that is suddenly rounded up, transported and moved to a small unit in a shed for winter. I tried looking through a cow’s eye to understand how they might experience the city centre, with their panoramic vision, colourblindness, and aversion to intense lighting and fast movements. Through the series of explorations in semester one, I tried to gain insight into what a cow experiences and express why doing so is important. I enjoyed my semester one work, so decided to make the cow one of my key building users in semester 2. 6

Marks and Spencer’s Living Wall

Marks and Spencer renovated its Northumberland Street Store in 2015, adding a green living wall as part of its ambitious sustainable action plan. They called it ‘Plan A because there is no Plan B’, a play on words referring to the fact we only have one planet and therefore only one chance at sustaining our life on it. The plan aims to address the key environmental, social and ethical challenges facing Marks and Spencer (Plan A because there is no Plan B, 2017). The living wall was built to improve biodiversity. It was designed by ANS Global. A rainwater collection and water irrigation system was also installed at the same time. The living wall is highly maintained and perfectly groomed. It has a highly rigorous maintenance schedule, not a single leaf out of place The living wall was supposedly designed for birds, with a plaque stating that it aims ‘to create habitats for insects and birds, helping support nature.’ However, the facade is lined with anti-bird spikes and I witnessed no pigeons or birds interacting with the wall at all.

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Living wall modules by ANS f i x e d t o r a i l s a t 5 0 0 m m . 18 m m recycled board by ANS with water p r o o f m e m b r a n e t o f r o n t . 16 m m irrigation pipes within the system

Irrigation pipe

Asphalt roof level

Living wall gutter

Structural steel Existing building gutter

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Living Wall Planting Plan

The design was created using organic curved shaped patterns, in order to give it a ‘naturalistic’ look. The plants have been chosen primarily for their ‘colour, texture, and form as well as their suitability to site conditions’ (M&S Indicative Planting Schedule, 2014).

Plants selected for the living wall

Armeria maritima

Helleborous argutifolia

Fragaria vesca

Galium odorata

Phyllitis scolopendrium

Hyssopus officinalis

Galanthus nivalis

To brighten the wall up plants with light colours were selected. The living wall has an overall background of evergreen plants, so no exposed bare patches will be visible, at any point of the year. Planting Area 1 - Blechnum spicant , Galium odorata, Geranium macrorrhizium, Iris foetidissima

Planting Area 2 - Hebe pinguifolia pagel Armeria maritima Phyllitis scolopendrium Planting Area 3 - Galanthus nivalis, Silene dioica Planting Area 4

Blechnum spicant

Geranium macrorrhizium

Luzula nivea

Thymus vulgaris, Fragaria vesca, Luzula nivea, Persicaria bistorta,

Hebe pinguifolia ‘Pagei’

Thymus vulgaris

Hyacinthoides non-scripta

Silene dioica

Iris foetidissima

Persicaria bistorta

Planting Area 5

Hebe pinguifolia‘Pagei’, Fragaria vesca

Existing side elevation (Eldon Square)-

Existing front elevation (Northumberland St)

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Living Wall Maintenance Schedule

The wall is highly maintained, ordered and shaped, a manmade perfectly groomed and controlled kind of nature. The living wall has a highly rigorous maintenance schedule. There isn’t a bare spot or dead head in sight.

Figure 1: Dead heading as necessary

Backing board

The drawing opposites shows the maintenance cycle. The

Dec

perfectly maintained green wall raises questions about our controlled relationship with nature and dominance over it.

Waterproof membrane

Nov

16mm inline emitter pressure regulated irrigation pipe

-Visual inspection -Ensure even distribution of irrigation -Dead head as necessary -Clean/ sweep up

-Decommission irrigation for Winter months -Clean out solenoid valves and filters -Check pump is correctly working -Consistency of presentation, groom as required -Pull out any weed seedlings

Jan -Inspect irrigation -Check no failing parts -Dead leaf removal

Feb -Winter inspection -Remove and replace failing plants -Ensure even distribution of irrigation -Pest control -Check for airbone weeds

Mar

Oct -Autumn clean up -Remove dead flower heads -Autumn feed -Replace any failing plants -Sweep up

Sep 48X12mm ANS fixing rail

Osma Squareline Gutter

Planting

Maintenance Schedule

-Check irrigation -Check for any pests and diseases -Visual inspection of wall -Check for airbone weeds -Sweep up any debris -Feed

-Re-calibrate irrigation for Summer months -Check for weeds -Check for plant failure from Winter months -Sweep up hard standing -Check for pests and diseases

-Check even distribution of irrigation -Airborne weeds -Prune as necessary -Sweep up hard standing

Aug

Figure 2: Checking and servicing irrigation system, ensuring correct irrigation

-Summer close visual inspection -Remove Spring foliage, dead leaves and flowers etc -Summer feed -Remove airbonne weeds -Apply insecticide

Jul

-Check irrigation -Visual inspection to wall -Prune -Pest/ disease control

-Check on all irrigation -No airbone weeds -Prune -Ensure even plant coverage -Sweep up as necessary

-Spring clean up -Spring feed -Check for pests and diseases -Check for airbone weeds -Sweep up all local areas -Remove and replace failing plants -Check for any leak and repair

Apr

Figure 3: Sweeping and tidying below the wall

May

Jun 14

Thinking through making

I created a textured tapestry of the existing green wall, recreating the curving patterns of different coloured planting. I also looked at breaking down this maintained structure playing with wire and felt. I tried to imagine what the wall would be like if it was left abandoned. Would the plants take over, or would they shrivel?

Anti-Bird Spikes

It appears that the living walls main function is to be aesthetically pleasing. It is supposedly designed for birds, with a plaque stating that it aims ‘to create habitats for insects and birds, helping support nature’. However, the facade is lined with anti-bird spikes . Anti-bird spikes are literally used to deter birds from standing and roosting somewhere they are not wanted. The perfectly maintained green wall and the anti-bird spikes raise questions about our controlled relationship with nature. Presumably the bird spikes were installed to prevent the birds from defecating on the wall.

“Our green living wall... creates habitats for birds and insects helping support nature” - M&S 18

3D view of living wall

Front Elevation of living wall

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Embroidered Rubbish

On one of my site visits to the store, I bought two drinks, and instead of discarding the lid and can, I interacted with the rubbish, stitching and embroidering greenery into it. I crushed the can, creating different shadows and indentations. I tried to stitch in the places that greenery might grow, with different things growing in the shadows and in the bright sunlit places. Crushing the can almost creates different micro-climates for species to grow. It is fascinating to see how man-made objects can be re-purposed by nature. It led me to question what Marks and Spencer would be like if things weren’t only purchased and sold there. It made me think about the possibility of food being grown on-site and the different growing conditions that would be needed.

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Cows

Map depicting the location and density of Marks and Spencer’s beef farms Number of beef farms per county

10 20 50 100 200 400+

5,632

Marks and Spencer boasts about having 100% British Beef. However, the term ‘local’ reflects the distance a product has been transported before being marketed and does not consider the differences in production practices or sustainability. The environmental benefits of purchasing ‘local’ beef is minimal; transportation only accounts for 1 to 3 percent of the greenhouse gas emissions per unit of beef. (Ritchie, 2020) Local beef products decrease transportation distance, but often at the expense of increased frequency of shorter distance trips due to smaller beef delivery sizes. Therefore, greenhouse gas emissions from the burning of fossil fuels per unit of beef may not be greatly impacted.

Total farms

Marks and Spencer also celebrates that all of the beef has been ‘Marks and Spencer’s Select Farm Approved’, but why is this worth honouring? Of course, the beef that Marks and Spencer’s sells is M&S approved! (M&S Interactive Map, 2020)

100%

Farm Assured (Red Tractor Approved)

100%

M&S Select Farm Approved

Marks and Spencer also claims that 100% of the beef is Farm Assured, which means approved by Red Tractor. Lush Times columnist Miles King, stated ‘It sounds good, but look closer and you’ll discover the Red Tractor stamp of quality assurance and approval for food is nothing more than a clever marketing manoeuvre’(King, 2020). Alastair Crown, a pig farmer from Londonderry was quotes in the Farmers Guardian in 2017 “Red Tractor gives people this idea the produce they are buying is high welfare. But who defines high welfare? Who regulates Red Tractor? They just make up their own standards and as long as their farmers buy into it they are allowed to sell their produce under this banner. It is promoting the intensive production of animals.” (Kay, 2017). The drawing opposite depicts a cow in Marks and Spencer. The red outline represents Red Tractors minimum size for a cow cubicle, 2.5MX1.20M, in a cubicle housing systems (Beef & Lamb Standards, 2017).

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South Africa Uruguay

Australlia New Zealand

Wool

There is a slogan on the walls of Marks and Spencer, which states ‘there’s nothing woolly about our commitment to animal welfare’. Marks and Spencer’s sources its wool from New Zealand, Australia, South Africa and Uruguay (M&S Interactive Map, 2020). Sheep are second to cows in the global production of methane, a potent greenhouse gas. In New Zealand, methane emitted by animals, primarily sheep, accounts for over 90% of the country’s total methane emissions. In Australia, many landowners kill kangaroos who are considered “pests” because it is believed they compete with the sheep for resources (PETA Infographic: The Wool Industry Is Ruining the Planet, 2021).

The company says its committed to the responsible sourcing of wool, only sourcing wool from sheep that have been mulesed

, a controversial process where skin is cut off sheep’ bottoms to decrease the likelihood of flystrike. Marks and Spencer is also committed to the Responsible Wool Standard. However, industry schemes like Responsible Wool Standard haven’t really reduced or prevented much suffering – they’ve just created a veil for the wool industry to hide its cruel practices behind.

There are one billion sheep, most of which we have bred into existence. The drawing opposite highlights the sheep on a continuous conveyor belt being constantly sheared, highlighting the anthropocentric purpose of their existence.

Australia is one of the biggest live exporters of sheep. Some live Marks and Spencer still supply Merino wool. Merino sheep are export vessels can hold up to 85,000 sheep (Sheep Live Export | bred to have wrinkly skin, which means more wool per animal. This Agriculture and Food, 2020). The journeys can take days to weeks. unnatural overload of wool causes many sheep to collapse and Many sheep die during the journey and are chucked overboard. even die of heat exhaustion during hot months and the wrinkles The responsible mortality rates for the journey are one percent for collect moisture, especially under the tail. sheep, meaning its acceptable for 850 of the sheep to not survive the Most shearers are paid by volume of wool, not per hour, so often journey rush to sheer sheep. Tails are often cut off sheep without pain relief being administered.

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Fish

On the walls of the Marks and Spencer’s store it is written ‘we believe in sustainable fishing. Hook, line & sinker.’ Yet when, I mapped where they source their wild fish from, I found out Marks and Spencer still uses longlines, trawling and gill-nets which are largely non selective and commonly result in by-catch (M&S Interactive Map, 2020). Bycatch occurs because the nets also trap everything larger than the net’s mesh, which includes juvenile fish, sharks, seabirds, marine turtles, and cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises). Only 10 percent of caught sealife are eaten. Over 27 million tonnes of marine life are

discarded annually as a result of fishing. Bycatch is often just thrown back overboard and unaccounted for (DAVIES, 2021).

Bags in Trestles Floating Net Pen Farm

I drew an image of Marks and Spencer’s frozen fish aisles with the dead dolphins, turtles and seals lying on the supermarket floor.

Freshwater Pond Farming Seawater Pond Farming

However, it shouldn’t only matter that fishing causes larger marine mega fauna to die, because fish themselves are sentient living creatures with complex inner emotional lives.

1 Atlantic Halibut 2 Atlantic Salmon 3 Black Tiger Shrimp 4 Blue Mussels 5 King Shrimp / Prawn 6 Pangasius

7 Rainbow Trout 8 Rock Oysters 9 Seabass 10 Seabream

Norway 1

Scotland 2

Suspended Rope Crown

Ireland 4 England 7

Turkey 9

Vietnam

10 3

Honduras 5

Madagascar 3

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FAO Area 27 (Northeast Atlantic) 2

7 10

FAO Area 21 (Northwest Atlantic)

FAO Area 67 (Northeast Pacific ) 1

8 11

27 3

5 FAO Area 61 (Northwest Pacific )

FAO Area 34 (Eastern Central Atlantic) FAO Area 71 (Western Central Pacific) 2

26 FAO Area 77 (Eastern Central Pacific)

FAO Area 41 (Southwest Atlantic)

Beam Trawl

Gill Net

Bottom Longline

Handline

Danish / Scottish Seine

Midwater / Pelagic Trawl

Dredge

Otter Trawl

FAO Area 51 (Western Indian Ocean)

FAO Area 47 (Southeast Atlantic)

Pelagic Longline Pole and Line Pot / Creel Purse / Seine

Troll

FAO Area 57 (Eastern Indian Ocean) 26

1 Alaskan Pollock 2 Albacore Tuna 3 American Lobster 4 Argentinian Scallops 5 Atlantic Cod 6 Atlantic Scallops 7 Blue Mussels 8 Brown Crab

9 Chum Salmon 10 Coldwater Prawns 11 Common Cockle 12 Crayfish 13 Dover Sole 14 European Anchovies 15 Haddock 16 Hake

17 Herring 18 Langoustine 19 Lemon Sole 20 Lumpfish 21 Mackerel 22 Pacific Squad 23 Pink Samon 24 Plaice

25 Sardines 26 Skipjack Tuna 27 Sockeye Salmon 28 Yellowfin Tuna

GC2.1,

Existing Programme

Ground floor programmatic layout

First floor programmatic layout

Second Floor programmatic layout/ Roof plan

I mapped out the existing programmatic layout of the Marks and Spencer’s store. This Mark and Spencer is more like a department store than a supermarket. It has three different outlets of food. A sales floor cafe that faces onto Northumberland Street, a supermarket ‘Food Hall’ which includes a small cafe, and a larger cafe area upstairs on the first floor. The Second Floor of the building is reserved for staff. The central elevators don’t access that floor. It is full of offices, meeting rooms, training rooms and stockrooms.

Childrenswear

Food Area

Beauty

Menswear

Womenswear

Home

Sales Floor Cafe

Lingerie

Existing Building Elevation Study

I sketched the original elevations of the two interlocking buildings.

Existing Eldon Place Elevation

Existing Northumberland Street Elevation

Existing Prudhoe Place street facade

Existing Percy Street Elevation

Pick Your Own Zone

The act of buying food will never disappear, but how we buy food will certainly evolve. In the future food shopping will focus more on the user experience. Advancements in technology, will make grocery shopping digitally even more accessible. The current pandemic has sped up the need for online grocery shopping. The supermarket of the future must be more focused on the experience rather than just the things. It will be a place customers come to be educated and learn about their food, interacting with it in new ways rather than simply purchasing it. There is also an ever-increasing demand for food traceability and transparency. I painted a picture of the Marks and Spencer’s store with a greenhouse roof and lots of crops growing on site. Consumers would be able to walk around the store, and literally pick their own groceries off the plants. The studies of Marks and Spencer’s existing supply chains and raw materials demonstrated how convoluted and outdated conventional agriculture is. Urban farming and growing things, hyper-locally, instore, in the centre of cities, could be part of the future.

Vertical Farming

Hyper-local

Transparency

Re-imaging the existing

I embroidered over a photograph of the existing store, stitching in greenery and crops. The existing store has a fairly large ETFE skylight; it made me question what the store could be like if the whole roof was transparent, like a greenhouse, enabling in-store growing. I wanted to re-imagine the store, and how the spaces could be used differently in fifty years time, thinking about how to design for joy, without violence. The concept images try to imagine a future food system, where animals are no longer seen as a commodity. The cows would serve no purpose to humans and would be respected simply because they exist and are living. The black and white pen drawing represents the existing store; the colourful, watercolour painted part represents the re-envisioned store, showing cows circulating around the building going up and down escalators and ramps.

Off-site Seaweed Farming

Sea Trees

Ultra Fast Growing Max Growth Per Day (cm) Bamboo Kelp Kudzu

Biofertilizer

Bioplastics

Seaweed Market

Asia

Europe

Algae 4.2 Acacia 2.5 Seaweed absorbs at least as much C02 as trees, but without taking up land. A dry tonne of kelp absorbs about a tonne of CO2 in its lifetime.

Kelp seaweed grows incredibly quickly- one of the fastest growing plants in nature. So fast, it could be harvested for various uses every 90 days.

Livestock feed

Seaweed contains strong growth-stimulating hormones. They stimulate seed germination and nutrient uptake while protecting plants from infection. It can be used for ‘veganic’ farming at future M&S

Ocean Forest

There is preliminary evidence that cow food made from seaweed reduces methane expelled from both ends of the animal

Seaweed can be used to create biodegradable plastic. Biodegrades within 4-6 weeks. It’s not only biodegradable but also edible. It can be used for cling film, plastic packaging, sachets, straws and grease proof film.

Fuel For Thought

Seafood Diet

Norweigan Kelp

Irish Moss They grow vertically, meaning they use less space and attract aquatic life, boosting the ecosystem. They also sit 25m underwater so boats can pass above.

Harvesting is simple and frequently done by hand, using very little CO2 burning fuel

695,000 Size of Texas

392,000

To switch USA’s petrol to biofuel

Today’s wild kelp forests make up just 76,000km2 of the ocean, approximately the size of Australia.

Sustainable, Low-Carbon Crop

Area of kelp needed to switch all the world’s petrol to seaweed biofuel

It yields 30X more energy per acre than other biofuel crops like soy or corn and there is no need to clear forests to grow it!

12% of the world’s methane emissions come from the billions of cows, sheep and goats around the world.

Ocean seaweed farms are kinder to the environment, than conventional land farming. They don’t involve deforestation or the over-use of fertilizers and pesticides, fresh water and fuel-burning machinery.

1,920,000 km2

About 50% of seaweed is oil, ideal for making biofuel

In ongoing studies feeding limu kohu seaweed to cows caused their methane emissions to drop between 12-15%. In sheep, it was 80%.

Asian producers account for 97% of the industry. Europe contributes around only 1-3% of the production. It could be a sustainable and economic opportunity for Europe.

Symbiotic Relationship Grass Kelp

Oarwood

Widespread seaweed farms, could supply very high quality, high nutrient food. Great sources of calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium & iodine. There are meat substitutes made of seaweed, including seabacon and sausages

The fish and other creatures that live near the farms experience a mutually benefiting relationship with the seaweed, a symbiosis .

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Seaweed for Cows,

Suitable areas for seaweed species growth off the English coast

I researched which areas in the UK are the most suitable for seaweed farming. The government released a document in 2019 entitled ‘Identification of areas of aquaculture potential in English waters’. Some of the most suitable areas for seaweed growth are on the north-east coast (Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science, 2019).

MMO (2019). Identification of Areas of Aquaculture Potential in English Waters, A report produced for the Marine Management Organisation by Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, MMO Project No: 1184, May 2019

Figure 4: Suitable areas maps 56 54 Suitability Index (0-1) High : 1

52 50

0.8

Cows and climate change

Animal agriculture is one of the main contributors to methane emissions. Cows generate methane in two main ways: through their digestion and through their waste

Cows have four stomachs

Cows produce methane via microbes in their stomachs as they digest their fibrous food, in a process a little like fermentation.

0.6

Cows can swim

It is a little known fact that cows can swim and it’s not well known that cows like seaweed.

Saccharina latissmima

Laminaria digitata 0.4

The seaweed market at the moment is mainly in Asia, but is growing in the west. Seaweed production has boomed, between 2005 and 2015 the volume of seaweed produced has doubled surpassing 30 million tonnes annually (Murray, 2020). The first English commercial seaweed farmer Crooke’s stated ‘we don’t need land, power, freshwater or chemicals - all we need is the sun and the sea.’ (Haines, 2019).

56 54

0.2

Low : 0

48 -10

Seaweed for dinner?

A type of Seaweed called Asparagopis Taxiformis can partially inhibit these emissions, when fed to cows in their feed.

-8

-6

-4 -2 Alaria esculenta

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

Palmaria palmat

Realistic?

However, this isn’t a reason or justification to continue exploiting cows. There are 1.5 billion cows on Earth. The strategy of feeding them all seaweed to reduce their emissions is unrealistic. We need to stop breeding them into existence for the sake of our palette.

Rising awareness about seaweed health benefits and other non-food related functions

Rise in seaweed farming risen by increase in global demand

Countries in North America and Europe offer major growth opportunities

Market set to grow at a CAGR of 12.6% between 2020-2025

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Infarm UK Map

Marks and Spencer, Infarm 2019

Supermarket stores partnered with Infarm

Marks and Spencer’s has previously worked with Infarm (a vertical farming company) to bring urban farming to its London Stores. It trialled growing and harvesting a range of fresh produce on-site in some of it’s London stores (Marks & Spencer partners Infarm to bring urban farming to its London Stores, 2019).

Figure 5: M&S Partnered with Infarm to bring urban farming to its London Stores in 2019

The units were mainly trailed growing a selection of herbs in store. The CEO of infarm has stated “we’re adding speed to scale with new technology that allows us to deploy a Growing Center to any city in the world in a fraction of the time, space and capital investment of most large-scale farming solutions today. Both the farms and the software that powers them were designed to make fresh food more accessible for everyone, everywhere.” (James, 2021)

Marks and Spencer’s herb Infarm range

The herbs were launched across some M&S London stores including: Clapham Junction, Ealing Broadway, Kensington, Bromley, Marble Arch, Stratford and Brent Cross. The herbs were priced at £1.20.

Counties with Infarm technologies in their supermarkets

Marks and Spencer’s

Italian Basil

Greek Basil

Bordeaux Basil

Mint

Mountain Coriander

Curly Parsley

Other supermarkets

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Infarming

Each in-store farm unit uses 95% less water and 75% less fertilizers than traditional soil-based agriculture . Each unit is capable of producing the same amount of produce as 400 square metres of farmland. The in-farm units result in ‘a more sustainable use of natural resources and ensuring zero pesticide use’ (Horton, 2019). I tried to push this idea of in-farming further. What would a Marks and Spencer’s store look like if it had not only one unit, but aisles of in-farming fridges. The painting opposite demonstrated this concept. However, this vision wasn’t future thinking and forward-thinking enough. It resembles the near-future, perhaps ten years in the future. I wanted to push- the bounds of my imagination further and imagine what the store would look like further into the future. Would there still be aisles? Would supermarkets exist in the same way at all?

0.5% Space usage

2M2 ≈ 400M2 Instore farm Farmland

8,320 Plants per year

0 Pesticides

95%

75%

90%

Less water

Less fertilizers

Less transportation

Hyper-local produce

Full transparency

Aeroponics

Growth Cycle

The process of growing plants in an air or mist environment without the use of soil or an aggregate medium

Horizontal plane growing systems often require a person in a scissor lift to service one row of tiers and spend the time moving up and down. Scissor lifts are cumbersome, expensive, dangerous and block access Less efficient use of space.

I researched the types of crops that could grow using aeroponic towers. I also looked into the growth cycles and yields of the specific crops. In general, the growth cycles and yields were faster and larger than conventional farming methods.

Zoomed in section of what vertical farm looks like

0 Faster Growth

Pesticides

Crop

Less water

No Soil

Strawberries

Red Bell Pepper

Aubergine

56-63 days

50-80 days

52 plants

20 plants

Yield per plant (g)

150g-200g

Yield per tower (g)

7800-10400

Growth Cycle (days)

Recommended plants per tower

A vertical plane growing system allows workers to access any row they need without bulky equipment. Aisle widths and growing equipment on wheels make it easier to accommodate multiple workers at once. Some vertical techniques allow workers at ground level to care for crops at all heights eliminating the need for a scissor lift . Growing in a vertical plane is a more efficient use of space. Vertical growing systems can have plants growing on both sides of the plane and increase ventillation.

Pests/Crop deaths

Weeds

Cucumber

Large Tomatoes

Cherry Tomatoes

Leafy Greens and herbs

50-70 days

56 Days

47 Days

21-28 days

15-18 plants

15-20 plants

12-15 plants

52 plants

135-180g

180-300g

235-300g

330-420g

310-400g

100-175g

2700-3600g

2700-4500g

4700g

5000g

4700g

5,200 - 9,100g

Translating the Aeroponic Towers

I wanted to try imagine what Marks and Spencer would be like if the aeroponic growing towers were an integral part of the buildings framework.

Aerial View Concept Image

GC1.1

Embroidered Concept Images

I painted a concept image and embroidered into it. The painting tries to imagine what Marks and Spencer would be like if the aeroponic growing towers were an integral part of the buildings framework. I played with the idea of collecting rainwater from the roof scape and bringing it down through the building. I like the idea of the different elements and environments being a key part of the experience of the store. I would like the visitors to be immersed in the growing experience and the different environments the building creates. The stitched painting evokes different textures, with the bobbled greenery and dashed water marks. The texture of the stitched painting is supposed to represent the sensory experiences created in the building. The public can run their hands through the water and touch =all the greenery.

GC1.1

Marks and Spencer’s Future Food District

We could face a global food crisis by the year 2050. The global population is expected to reach 9.8 billion, our food supplies will be under far greater stress. (Foley, 2021) Demand for food will be at least 60% higher than it is today, but climate change, urbanisation, and soil degradation will have shrunk the availability of arable land. (Hincks, 2018) Add water shortages, increasing temperatures, unpredictable weather patterns, pollution, more pandemics, and worsening inequality into the mix and the implications are stark. Marks and Spencer’s Future Food District aims to educate and reconnect consumers with the whole supply chain. The centre’s ethos revolves around food transparency, traceability and technology, because conventional agriculture is too opaque, outdated and its supply chains are too longwinded. The centre recognises the power of both visibility and invisibility. It attempts to make visible what is invisible. The simple act of making things visible is what leads to social and political change. (Pachirat, 2011) The centre will have a Marks and Spencer’s Future Food Hall where people will be able to interact with – and buy products. Visitors will be able to explore a more ethical and transparent food chain. As visitors browse the products, they will be able to discover everything there is to know about the product they are looking at: the tree it was grown on, its

carbon and water footprints, the chemical treatments it received, and its journey to the supermarket. Information and data can change the way we interact with food and promote more informed consumption habitats. The centre will showcase new, innovative ways of producing food sustainably, with live demonstrations and talks. At the Future Food District, eating animal products is entirely out of the equation and animal products are off the menu. Instead, you will find cows roaming, around the district, playing, bonding with each-other and taking sanctuary in our spaces. The Future Food District does not believe it is possible to fish sustainably. By 2050 there is more plastic in the ocean than fish and fish stocks are on the “verge of collapse”. The Future Food District is working in conjunction with local seaweed farmers to help promote viable and sustainable alternatives to fishing.

Water, 2018). The Future Food expo aims to educate visitors about agricultures impact on water scarcity, informing visitors about water conservation and soil health. Agriculture accounts for about 70% of global water withdrawals. (Ritchie and Roser, 2021). The Future Food District will have a rainwater harvesting green roof and water recycling systems. The district will host a local seedbank which acts as an ‘insurance policy’ against the extinction of plants in the wild. The centre will also have food testing facilities. Members of the public will be able to test food samples and trace where their food is coming from.

Due to extreme soil degradation and lack of arable land by 2050, the district is invested in vertical farming methods, such as aeroponics, which do not require soil to grow crops. The vertical farming method aims to help feed the ever-increasing population, without increasing the area of land used for farming. It is also a less water intensive farming method. By 2050, nearly 5 billion people are affected by water shortages (UN

M&S Food Timeline

M&S food departments open in all stores selling canned goods, fruits, vegetables & cakes

Penny Bazaar

M&S Cafe bars launch

Cooked meats, sausages, pies, cheese and bacon introduced

Fresh chilled chicken goes on sale

Self-service food launch

‘Convenience foods’ launched

Frozen food launch

All eggs come from ‘free-range’ hens

Vegetarian ready meals launch

Meets ‘Plan A’ sustainable food targets

Plant Chef vegan food range launch & Infarm units installed in select stores

M&S Future Food District

M&S bans sale of beef from its stores

GC5.1,GC6.3

Existing Structural Plan Diagram

Ground Floor

First Floor Plan

Second Floor Plan

The existing Marks and Spencer’s is made up of two interlocking buildings. Transforming the existing store was an opportunity to do more and better with what already exists. I began by mapping out the structure of the existing buildings, creating plans showing the building’s column grid. With the current climate emergency; it was vital to retain as much of the existing structure and building as possible. Following Lacaton & Vassals mantra to ‘never demolish, never remove or replace, always add transform and reuse!’ (Waite, 2021) and the idea that ‘demolition is a waste of many things – a waste of energy, a waste of material, and a waste of history.’ (Wainwright, 2021)

Two interconnecting structures diagram

Experimental Stitched Plans Ground floor

First floor plan

Second floor plan

Roof plan

GC1.1, GC3.1, GC3.2, GC3.3

Collaged Ground Floor Plan I decided to collage and stitch leaves into the existing floor plans. I wanted the programmatic zones and routes through the building to be inspired by the leaves‘ organic forms. The ground floor plan shows orange stitched curving ramps and, the pale blue colour represents the routes for human visitors. The buildings is anchored around two central aeroponic growing towers. The vertical circulation wraps around one of these towers. There is also a maze-like mushroom growing area on the ground floor.

Key Cow ramps/routes

Mushroom growing zone Giant aeroponic growing tower Routes/ circulation for humans

Ramps for humans

GC1.1, GC3.1, GC3.2, GC3.3

Collaged First Floor Plan The first floor is split into two different themed growing areas: ‘land’ and ‘sea’. The ‘land’ area has lots of smaller aeroponic growing towers circulating the main tower. The ‘sea’ zone demonstrates how to grow and harvest seaweed. There are tanks for growing and areas for drying.

Key Seaweed drying

Seaweed tanks

Cow ramps/routes

Giant aeroponic growing tower Routes/ circulation for humans Ramps for humans

Small aeroponic growing towers

GC1.1, GC3.1, GC3.2, GC3.3

Collaged Second Floor Plan The top floor is dedicated to the seed bank. The bank collects local species, in case of natural disasters or disease outbreaks. Seed banks offer a way to preserve historic and cultural value. It gives agency and value to the seeds.

Key Cow ramps/ Seed bank zone

Giant aeroponic growing tower Routes/ circulation for humans Ramps for humans

GC1.1, GC3.1, GC3.2, GC3.3

Collaged Roof Plan The roof plan depicts the rolling hill, green roof and cow pasture. I collected an ordinary tree leaf and turned it into a skeleton leaf, by gently soaking and removing the fleshy parts while preserving the fine rib structure. The transparent skeleton leaf, hints at what the transparent roof might be like.

Key Cows

Hay

Cow ramps/ Giant aeroponic growing tower

Routes/ circulation for humans

Ramps for humans

GC1.1, GC3.1, GC3.2, GC3.3

Floor Plan Iterations

I extrapolated some of the organic forms, routes and shapes to help create these different zones and areas.

Reception

Mushrooms grown in soil

Cow routes

Aeroponics Growing zone

‘Supermarket’ zone

Hanging oyster mushroom bags

Human routes

Seaweed zone

Cafe

Testing zone

Cow routes

Aeroponics Growing zone

Seed bank

Human routes

Seaweed zone

GC2.2

Perspective Sketches

I sketched a few different perspectives. I drew the seaweed growing zone, showing the seaweed tanks; light projected fish animate one of the seaweed tanks, educating people and telling a story, about seaweed farming’s symbiotic relationship with sea creatures. On the wall of there is also a pun, which references Marks and Spencer’s current scheme, saying ‘there is nothing fishy about our commitment to sustainable aquaculture.’. This is a play on words as no-fish are farmed for food in the district. I also drew a perspective of the maze-like mushroom growing zones. The drawing shows the inoculated mushrooms hanging in the growing bags and other mushrooms growing in soil. There is another pun on the wall stating ‘the only thing we keep in the dark are our mushrooms’. This is referring to the transparent and open food system the Future Food District is aiming to create and operate. I drew two perspectives of the ramps circulating the aeroponic growing towers. The first drawing shows both cows and humans using the ramps. The second focuses on the cows experience. It shows the anti-slip tyre mat flooring, which is comfortable on the cows feet.

GC2.2

Keeping the existing concrete columns

Existing Column plan and grid

ETFE roof plan highlighting re -purposed concrete columns

The project aims to reuse as much of the existing structure as possible. The original concrete columns have been re-purposed. The roof has been removed to create an ETFE canopy over part of the building. The design was inspired by nature, with the addition of tree-like timber structural supports. Timber was selected as a primary material because of its sustainability, all the timber would be from FSC sources. The timber supports the glulam beams and ETFE cushions. ETFE cushions are extremely lightweight and require less structural support than glass. ETFE also allows large amounts of natural light into the building, helping to create an open and light space that is ideal for growing. ETFE has non-stick properties making it self-cleaning (Durston and Robinson 2016).

Glulam beam

Flitch plates with circular bolted connections

ETFE out performs other transparent materials in terms of insulation, translucency, recyclability, weight and production costs. Structural tapered timber arm

Decorative timber branches

Iterations of tree like column extensions

Detailed drawing of node connection Central cast steel node

Existing concrete column

GC1.2,GC5.2, GC8.1, GC8.2

Designing for cows, Access for All

Designing for violence vs designing for joy

Temple Grandin is an animal scientist and ‘activist’ who advocates for the humane treatment of livestock. She designed the Serpentine Ramp, which was intended to reduce the suffering of cows about to be slaughtered. The snake-like ramp takes advantage of the cows natural circling behaviour. The cattle naturally follow each-other around the system. I was inspired by this design and flipped its purpose to design for joy.

Steel side panels

Recycled tires

The ramp is supported by cables and suspended from the roof box beams. The balustrade of the ramp acts as a beam. The surface of the ramp spans between the two beams. Climbing plants are grown along the cables.

The ramp I’ve designed imitates the curving nature of the serpentine ramp . It is 7 feet wide which is enough for two cows to comfortably pass each-other. The ramp floor is made of non-slip woven tyre mats, which are comfortable and safe for the cows’ hooves. The ramp and entry ways for the cows also visually contrast with the surroundings, as cows are red-green colour blind, and are visually impaired (Jacobs, Neitz and Deegan Li, 2021). Automatic doors

Ramp Structure

The floor is made of woven recycled tyres that create a non-slip surface that is comfortable for the cows hooves. The mat is joined together at the sides with steel bolts.

7ft. Wide corridors

The suspended ramp structure acts as an inverse to the branch-like timber supports added to the existing concrete columns. There is an irregular organic geometry to them both. The cables come down from the roof at different angles and the branches reach up to the ETFE roof at different angles.

Ramp Structural diagram

Suspension cables

Climbing plants Anti-slip recycled tyre texture ramp surfaces

Suspension cables

Figure 6: Temple Grandin’s Serpentine ramp (aka Stairway to heaven) Visual contrasts (cows are red-green colour blind)

Vertical Circulation

Gusset plate connection

Steel side panels acting as beams

Non-slip woven recycled tyre mat

GC5.1,

Bird Nest Panels

Breakdown of bird nest panel

I wanted to make simple changes to the facade to make it more habitable for birds. Firstly by removing the anti-bird spikes and secondly adding bird nest panels to the facade.

Recycled plastic panels

The drawing below shows the facade with the addition of the bird nest panels and more living wall panels. The drawing shows bird excrement on the Marks and Spencer’s sign. It highlights the continuous maintenance cycle of the existing, perfectly groomed living wall and our battle to control nature.

Corrugated recyled plastic sheet C-Channels

The drawing opposite demonstrates the breakdown of a bird nest panel. C-Channels

Wo o d b l o c k i n g

Drawing depicting the more habitable living wall

Bird nest panels

Making the Building More Transparent The Future Food District aims to break through and open up the building, punching holes through the concrete floor slabs, making the building itself more open and transparent, whilst creating different zones for growing. The district aims to connect the consumer to the whole supply chain, demonstrating how new sustainable food can be grown without harming other living beings and the environment. .

Roof Plan

The painted and stitched roof plan depicts the rolling hill cows pasture green roof. There are lots of different circular and curved organic shaped portholes. The drawing also shows the ETFE cushions roof grid.

Existing Marks and Spencer conceptual section showing the rigid grid structure

Envisioned Marks and Spencer with new roof-scape and cuts through the building

GC1.1, GC2.2, GC2.3

Final Second Floor Plan

The top floor of the building is the seaweed zone. The seaweed zone is split into four zones. The first zone educates people on the production and farming of seaweed, displaying the drying processes. The kelp is suspended through the portholes, down through the building. The second zone is about ‘seaweed for people’ educating people on the different food’s seaweed can be made into and the nutritional benefits. The third zone ‘Seaweed for the planet’ educates people about seaweed carbon sequestration and the symbiotic relationship it creates with the fish. The fish are light projected into the tank.

Final First Floor Plan

The first floor plan shows the seed bank area. Seed

banks are vital backups for the extinction of local species. The seed bank shows the process of testing, sorting, drying and storing the seeds in these cold room pods. The plan also depicts the cafe which is integrated amongst the aeroponic growing towers. The cafe offers a ‘pick and eat’ dining experience, where visitors can literally stroll round and choose the crops they would like in their meal.

The last zone is more humorous and demonstrates the benefits of cows eating seaweed, as it has been shown to reduce the methane they release into the air. There is a statue showing a cow’s anatomy and an opportunity to take seaweed up onto the roof, to feed the cows.

Key Aeroponic growing towers and integrated cafe

Key

Seaweed for cows

Seed cold room storage pods

Seaweed for people

Seed drying

Seaweed for the planet

Seed sorting

Seaweed growing & harvesting

Testing

Final Ground Floor Plan

The ground floor depicts the entrances from Northumberland Street and Haymarket. The Northumberland Street entrance acts as the ‘exhibition/museum entrance, whereas the Haymarket entrance belongs more to the supermarket.

Final Basement Floor Plan

The basement floor plan shows the maze-like mushroom and rhubarb growing trail areas. The basement also has room for water storage tanks and services.

As you walk in the store you are immediately immersed into this new kind of shopping experience. On Northumberland Street you are instantly immersed in the growing , you can see mushrooms growing beneath your feet, through the grated steel mesh floor, and seaweed drying above your head. You can catch glimpses of the cows circulating around the ramps and on the roofscape through the portholes.

Key

Reception ‘Supermarket’ zone Mushroom sterilization Mushroom inoculation Mushroom preparation

Water storage Candle lit rhubarb areas Grounded mushrooms Hanging mushrooms

Integrated 1:50 Section

Entering on Northumberland Street, visitors are immersed in the experience. When you look upwards you can see glimpses of the different growing areas, with seaweed drying above your head, and the portholes allow chances to view the cows on the roof from all levels. There are mushrooms growing beneath your feet, as you walk over the grated mesh floor. The water from the seaweed drips down into the basement helping to help create the moist environment needed for growing mushrooms. Ahead you can see the cows circulating around the ramp on there own specific routes, through the building. Cows and people circulate round the building, on their own specific routes and ramps. The cows have a pasture outside on ground level and upstairs on the roof-scape. The ramps are suspended with cables.

Living wall & bird nests

Punched holes & portholes

Suspended ramp and timber roof truss

ETFE roof with glulam frame and timber tree -like supports

Immersive water conservation strategies

GC2.2, GC2.3 , GC5.2, GC5.3-

Lighting conditions The building is lit in many unique ways to create different atmospheric zones for the public as well as different growing conditions. The basement is split into two lighting zones, one for growing mushrooms and the other for rhubarb. The rhubarb growing room is pitch black, and it is lit solely by candles. The vegetable is deprived of sunlight to create extra sweetness. It is inspired by the Yorkshire Rhubarb Triangle, who use this method (Cumming, 2021). The mushrooms are grown in the dark. However, light from above filters down into the space through the grated mesh walkways above. The walkways cast patterned shadows down into the basement. The portholes through the building, create openness and make the building more transparent as well as creating ideal places for hanging and drying zones. The portholes flood the building with natural daylight perfect for drying the long kelp though the building.

Portholes creature drying spaces with lots of natural daylight

Dark mushroom growing area in the base ment, with light coming through the grated floor casting shadows

Artificial blue light aeroponic tower growing space

Candle -lit rhubarb growing in the dark

ETFE roof allowing large amounts of natural light into the building

The aeroponic tower with ramps encircling it, is lit by artificial blue light. Blue light is ideal for leafy crops. Red light was considered but cows are red-green colour blind so the lighting wouldn’t be appropriate for all users (Jacobs, Neitz and Deegan Li, 2021). This creates another atmospheric change in lighting, and enables the crops to be grown without direct sunlight under the green roof mound. The ETFE roof floods the building with natural daylight on the right hand-side. It creates the optimum conditions for more intensive aeroponics growing. The bright and open space emulates the outdoors and contrasts with the other growing zones. The changes in light throughout the building, create different experiences, which help further immerse the visitors in the growing.

GC2.3, GC5.2, GC5.3-

1:20 Technical Section

Key Red - New Black - Existing

6. Upper floors

1. Living wall

Overgrown planting 16mm in line emitter pressure regulated irrigation pipe Osma square-line gutter Ans fixing rail Water proof membrane Backing board Concrete slab (200mm) Brick wall (350m) Insulation (100mm)

2. Bird Boxes

Bird spikes removed Species panel Wood blocking White plastic panels Backing board Concrete slab (200mm) Brick wall (350m) Insulation (100mm)

Screed (25mm) Insulation (150mm) Concrete waffle slab depth (400mm) Concrete waffle slab (120mm)

7. Steal support beams 8. Water collection tray Open grill steel floor plates Aluminium frame

9. Mushroom growing tank

Tank Lining System Standard Insulating concrete wall form (100mm) Reinforced concrete(250mm) Standard Insulating concrete wall form (100mm) Tanking Tanking Protection layer

10. Basement Floor 3. Green Roof

Concrete foundation lab (350mm) Hardcore

Protection course Membrane flashing Sealant if required Root barrier Drainage layer Thermal insulation (200mm) Aeration layer Moisture retention later Concrete waffle slab depth (400mm) Concrete waffle slab (120mm)

4. Porthole Skylight

Sealed insulated safety glass roof skylight Extruded aluminium retainer cap frame Glazing seal Rigid vinyl thermal break Draft seal Assembly Screw Timber up-stand

5. Seaweed tank

Tank Lining System Standard Insulating concrete wall form (100mm) Reinforced concrete(250mm) Standard Insulating concrete wall form (100mm) Tanking Tanking Protection layer 10

GC1.2,GC1.3, GC2.3, GC8.2

Reflective Conclusion I really engaged with remote working this semester. However, I found it easier during semester one. I still managed to find many different ways to work, using different techniques, including: photography, embroidery and stitching, collaging and hand-drawing.

breaking down its puns and slogans. I thought this careful examination was one of the strengths of the project. I looked at the store with an ‘ecological mindset’ and broke its claims down into pieces, before building it back up again for my own building proposal.

One thing I found particularly useful was having a highly accessible site. I felt like I actively engaged with the store, frequently walking around; the site visits made a good contrast to remote working. The proximity to site enabled me to examine the store in closer detail, from breaking down the build up of the existing living wall and questioning its intentions to looking at the internal marketing strategies and store layout.

I felt my work embodied the studio themes really successfully. I questioned our human-centric approach towards design and our dependence and exploitation of other sentient living beings and the environment. The project tries to make visible what is invisible. It removed the human from the central point of focus and gave agency to the non-human, from the plants that grow inside the building, the cows that take shelter in it and to the birds that interact with the structure. I explored what might be possible, if we expand our moral concern to include non-human animals and start designing with an inclusive -

I particularly enjoyed looking at the store with a critical eye and investigating its attitude towards animals,

ecological mindset. I wish I had more time to continue researching these ideas. Overall, I am really satisfied with my project. It reflects my genuine interests and personal beliefs. I have enjoyed my studies and hope my grade reflects that.

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Corporate Marks and Spencer. 2019. Marks & Spencer partners Infarm to bring urban farming to its London Stores. [online] Available at: <https:// corporate.marksandspencer.com/media/press-releases/5c2f8d617880b210 84450f5e/marks-and-spencer-partners-infarm-to-bring-urban-farming-to-itslondon-stores> [Accessed 3 June 2021]. DAVIES, R., 2021. Defining and estimating global marine fisheries bycatch. Marine Policy. WWF International Durston, L. and Robinson, S., 2016. Symposium On Building Envelope Technology: A Case History Review Of ETFE On Current Projects. [ebook] p.138. Available at: <https://iibec.org/wp-content/uploads/2016-besdurston-robinson.pdf> [Accessed 7 May 2020]. Le Guin, U., 1975. Dispossed, The. London: Grafton. Farminguk.com. 2021. Survey shows a third of British children don’t know where milk comes from. [online] Available at: <https://www.farminguk.com/ news/survey-shows-a-third-of-british-children-don-t-know-where-milk-comesfrom_46824.html> [Accessed 3 June 2021]. Foley, J., 2021. Feeding 9 Billion - National Geographic. [online] National Geographic. Available at: <https://www.nationalgeographic.com/ foodfeatures/feeding-9-billion/> [Accessed 3 June 2021]. Haines, G., 2019. ‘All we need is sun and sea’: England’s first commercial seaweed farm to open - Positive News. [online] Positive News. Available at: <https://www.positive.news/environment/all-we-need-is-sun-and-seaenglands-first-commercial-seaweed-farm-to-open/> [Accessed 3 June 2021]. Hincks, J., 2018. We Are Headed for a World Food Crisis. Here’s How to Stop It. [online] Time. Available at: <https://time.com/5216532/global-foodsecurity-richard-deverell/> [Accessed 3 June 2021].

Jacobs, G., Neitz, J. and Deegan Li, J., 2021. Photopigment Basis For Dichromatic Color Vision In Cows, Goats, And Sheep. Visual Neuroscience. PubMed. James, A., 2021. Infarm introduces first new high-capacity, cloud-connected growing centre | Food and Farming Technology. [online] Food and Farming Technology. Available at: <https://www.foodandfarmingtechnology.com/ news/vertical-farming/infarm-introduces-first-new-high-capacity-cloudconnected-growing-centre.html> [Accessed 3 June 2021].

Pachirat, T., 2011. Every twelve seconds. London: Yale University Press. PETA. 2021. PETA Infographic: The Wool Industry Is Ruining the Planet. [online] Available at: <https://www.peta.org/features/infographic-wool-climatechange-pollution-cruelty/> [Accessed 3 June 2021]. Ritchie, H., 2020. You want to reduce the carbon footprint of your food? Focus on what you eat, not whether your food is local. [online] Our World in Data. Available at: <https://ourworldindata.org/food-choice-vs-eating-local> [Accessed 3 June 2021]. Waite, R., 2021. ‘Never demolish, never replace’: retrofit aces Lacaton and Vassal win 2021 Pritzker Prize. [online] The Architects’ Journal. Available at: <https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/never-demolish-never-replaceretrofit-aces-lacaton-and-vassal-win-2021-pritzker-prize> [Accessed 30 May 2021]. 2014. M&S Indicative Planting Schedule. Newcastle Upon Tyne: Newcastle City Council.

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King, M., 2020. No Tern Unstoned: The Truth Behind The Red Tractor Scheme. [online] Lush Fresh Handmade Cosmetics UK. Available at: <https://uk.lush. com/article/no-tern-unstoned-truth-behind-red-tractor-scheme> [Accessed 3 June 2021].

2017. Plan A because there is no Plan B. [ebook] Available at: <https:// corporate.marksandspencer.com/documents/reports-results-andpublications/plan-a-reports/plan-a-report-2017.pdf> [Accessed 3 June 2021]. 2021. Plan A because there is no Plan B. [ebook] Available at: <https://corporate.marksandspencer.com/documents/reports-results-andpublications/plan-a-reports/plan-a-report-2017.pdf> [Accessed 3 June 2021].

Le Guin, U., 1975. Dispossed, The. London: Grafton. Murray, A., 2020. Seaweed: The food and fuel of the future?. [online] BBC News. Available at: <https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-53610683> [Accessed 3 June 2021]. UN Water, 2018. . The United Nations World Water Development Report 2018: Nature-Based Solutions for Water. [online] Paris: UNESCO. Available at: <https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/261424e.pdf> [Accessed 30 May 2021]. Wainwright, O., 2021. ‘Sometimes the answer is to do nothing’: unflashy French duo take architecture’s top prize. [online] the Guardian. Available at: <https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2021/mar/16/lacatonvassal-unflashy-french-architectures-pritzker-prize> [Accessed 30 May 2021].

List of Figures Figure 1:2021. ANS Living Wall Maintenance. Email from ANS Global. Figure 2: 2021. ANS Living Wall Maintenance. Email from ANS Global. Figure 3:=2021. ANS Living Wall Maintenance. Email from ANS Global. Figure 4: Assets.publishing.service.gov.uk. 2019. Identification of areas of aquaculture potential in English waters. [online] Available at: <https:// assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/ attachment_data/file/854128/MMO1184_AquaPotential_forPub_191210. pdf> [Accessed 3 June 2021]. Figure 5: Forbes, 2019. Infarm display of herbs at Marks & Spencer’s Clapham Junction store in London. [image] Available at: <https://www.forbes.com/ sites/elizabethrushe/2019/10/18/major-uk-supermarket-marks--spencerwill-launch-infarm-vertical-farms-in-six-more-london-stores/> [Accessed 3 June 2021]. Figure 6:MOMA, 2021. Serpentine Ramp (Temple Grandin). [image] Available at: <https://www.moma.org/interactives/exhibitions/2013/ designandviolence/serpentine-ramp-temple-grandin/> [Accessed 3 June 2021].

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