George Spendlove Portfolio by PDF Uploads

The Big Here + The Long Now

George Spendlove Academic Portfolio + Technical Report Stage 5

CONTENTS

George Spendlove 160147476

Central Station

CRITICAL INTRODUCTION

URBAN STRATEGY

PROJECT BRIEF

PRECEDENTS

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

PROGRAMME

‘A TYPICAL 24HRS ON SITE’

SITE CIRCULATION + PLANS

MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT

SITE SECTIONS

REFLECTIVE CONCLUSION

P2 TECHNICAL REPORT 1 : 20 SECTION DETAILS BIBLIOGRAPHY + FIGURES

New work Amended work

90 114 120

CRITICAL INTRODUCTION

The Big Here and the Long Now – Our projects aims at developing a set of urban moves to create a new infrastructure for mapping, sourcing, transporting, making, using, disassembling or reusing a creative range of materials.

be focused on modifying reclaimed timber and steel. These materials were chosen for the Byker makerspace as these are the materials that I propose to build the scheme out of. Having the Byker maker-space constructed from the materials which it processes and manufacturers, The brief for the studio is ambitious, makes it a testament and a statement focusing on the creative use of to what can be achieved when materials and harnessing the materials are re-used. technological, ecological, geological and social systems that make up Following on from setting up the urban the process from sourcing to using strategy in semester one, I decided to and recirculating them. This studio take the Byker MakerSpace Centre has encouraged me to approach forward for development. Byker has architectural design and engage the richest architectural context out with the urban fabric in a completely of the 5 designated MakerSpace different manner. I have engaged sites. Byker wall provides the site with the urban fabric in this thesis on with a dominant sense of scale a scale which has allowed me to map that I wanted to compliment with a material thoughtfully and categorise similarly linear structure that follows different areas of Newcastle so as to the metro line. The site also features harness it’s transport infrastructure. a steep gradient hill which draws out fantastic views over the metro This project aims to take into station roof towards the city. This is a account the residual architectures, feature I wanted to capitalise on after using either reclaimed materials or my visit to site. When constructing materials and construction methods my design, these features mentioned that are modular. The maker-space were at the forefront of my planning, culture plays a fundamental part so as to enhance the current in the circular hierarchy of reusing landscape whilst still addressing the and repairing possessions. There is current architectural context of the currently only one small maker-space site. facility in Newcastle. I propose five maker-space centres, and multiple This project hopes to bring different smaller pop-up maker-space frames people, both skilled and unskilled, to be situated along the metro line. together to build and create a The centres will act as specialised space where creating new from facilities for refurbishing, repairing old is common practice and is at and up-cycling materials collected the forefront of future thinking. This from around the city. Each maker- project will also establish a circulation space will specialise in refurbishing route through the site, forcing the or manipulating a certain type of public to witness and see the benefits material. Byker maker-space will of implementing such a strategy. By

combining social space within the proposed building, this scheme will also move to create a hub within Byker that would hopefully draw people in from all over Newcastle. This project puts the industry of the circular economy at the forefront of its design. The prominent gantry cranes overhanging the metro lines will be noticed all around Newcastle. I hope through the visibility of the proposed scheme, that it will cause a ripple effect and trigger a social shift towards enhancing a circular lifestyle that will not only be present in the short term, but also the long.

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Depending on the quality of waste wood (many contaminants), it will be processed and sent to Lynemouth Power Limited to produce renewable energy.

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End of life products are re-purposed repaired and re-used in order to retain their economic value

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Repair Café’s + Makespaces equipped with tools for collaborative restoring, repairing and innovating

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Unemployed / skilled workers / students / graduates

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Central Station

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Waste wood that can not be circulated back into the economy is used for chipboard and fibre board

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Restoration Café’s + Makespace HQs provide spaces in the city where repairing and re-using material is regulated, making it accessible, affordable and normalised.

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Metro stations used as locations to provide circular services and training facilities. Metro line is used to distribute materials through out the city to different stations

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U R B A N ST R AT E GY + C O N T E X T

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Raw Materials to be reclaimed and re-used

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job spe cific tra inin g

DEPENDENT O C

lower level education

sh Apprenti

Labourer

Team Leader

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Operations Manager

Operative

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educated

CIRCULAR REFUSE ECONOMY (CRE)

‘UNSKILLED’ PERSONS transfered skills

ining a r t c i cif e p s b jo

I SC RIM INAT AM IVE - IN CLUSIVE - DYN

‘SKILLED’ PERSONS mature

Technician

experienced

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s n Inc ficati o i on at en c i supp f i l tive ort (management qua to s tay

‘Skilled Worker’

Operations Assistant Manager

Operations Manager

Facility Floor Manager

)

Site Manager

Regional Operations Manager

CAT E G O R I Z I N G M E T R O STAT I O N T Y P O LO G I E S

I identified two metro stations on the yellow line that were surrounded by vast areas of derelict land. This land could inhabit large warehouses to store material and sort/ grade it. There is also enough space on these sites to build factories to process the harvested material and new products.

These metro stations are situated in lively urban neighbourhoods. They would be preferred areas in which to propose Makerspace/ Fablab ‘type’ facilities around the city. They have smaller areas of land which can be expanded into should the proposals need the space in the future. Each facility could specialise in a different type of circular specialty such as textiles or furniture repair.

This category consists of stations which are large in size but do not have any derelict space surrounding them. Typically, inside these stations there are spaces/ shops/ rooms that could be utilized as storage areas when people drop off items or materials. Equally they could be made into specialist makerspaces, should the community elect themselves forward.

te i S

Not all the metro stations on the yellow line lend themselves to being immediately useful for more than just a ‘drop facility’. These stations typically have less infrastructure and space within them or surrounding them. I propose initially using these locations as facilities for the general public to drop off specified material. The materials are then to be loaded onto the metro at night. These stations do not have the access necessary for a vehicle to drop materials off on site. Most of these stations simply do not have the infrastructure in place to immediately fit into this new system of transporting materials on the metro.

Usable space within the metro station Public open space

South Shields Four Lanes End

North Shields Possible material drop off point Industry

Derelict land to store + process material

Residential

Tynemouth

Byker

A FLEET OF FIVE MAKER SPACES

Town centre/ core area to the neighbourhood

Used Industrial Buildings

Used Prefabricated Buildings

Reclaimed steel frame building to act as the factory which will engineer the building

Used Agriculture Buildings

BYKER METRO STATION l ria n e t o Ma racti t t ex poin

RECLAIMED CLADDING

Education + training through a live build project

Local Craftsmen

Architecture Students

Skilled Workers

Engineer Students

Employment Seekers/ Volunteers

Art & Design Students

PROJECT PROGRAM

BRIEF TIMBER / STEEL MAKERSPACE

NEWCASTLE CIRCULAR REFUSE ECONOMY

BY K E R U R B A N S C A L E A N A LYS I S

Grocery Store Charity Furniture Hospitality Home-ware + household goods Bank Currency exchanger Community HUB Post Office Beauty Shop Bookmakers / gambling premises Estate Agents Job Centre Pawn Brokers Barbers Photography Store Community facilities + businesses which lie in between Byker Wall and the high street Funeral Services Jewellers Pharmacy Byker Wall Housing Tobacco + Vape Store

Private car park

Seating that faces south towards Byker wall and bus stops across the road.

One way bus route. Removing this road would create a square of space that would have pedestrian only access.

The trees and vegetation are the only feature left to be desired on the site. I think retaining and celebrating them in the new pedestrian space is important.

Solicitors

Leisure Centre

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KEY VIEW

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SITE VISIT

HOOKE PARK

Figure 3

Figure 1

Figure 4

Figure 2 Hooke Park is a woodland campus in Dorset. It is an ever-growing campus containing education facilities and workshops that entail live-build projects that architecture students can take part in. Projects are supported by a diverse team including craftspeople, engineers and roboteers. Figure 5

B R E T TSTA P E L C O N ST R U CT I O N

Renewable, low-tech construction The Brettstapel process uses short lengths of softwood timber, held together with hardwood dowels that swell and tighten with exchanging moisture content. The result is a solid timber panel, providing a dual purposes as a load bearing wall or floor, and an exposed internal finish. There have been numerous projects constructed using brettstapel in the UK where local timber has been used and craftsmen have been commissioned to fabricate the panels. My project will use timber from the North East’s local sustainable forestry - Kielder forest.

Timber is cut to size

Lamellas are finger jointed to achieve greater spanning DLT pannels.

Figure 6

Figure 8

DLT panels can be constructed in a clamp press like this or with the setting out method and dowelling as seen in the drawing below and Figure 9. Timber can be planed and fluted to achieve different aesthetic and acoustic properties.

Figure 7 Figure 9

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Exploration of station construction and how best to load and unload material off the metro line

Atmospheric montage of precedents to illustrate spaces in Byker Makersapce HQ

S I T E ST R AT E GY + M A S S I N G

Retaining public transport routes and creating a linear massing in conjunction with Byker Matro Station

A building growing from within a reclaimed steel portal frame

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Pulling the portal frame back off the metro and using it just for the DLT factory

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L I N E A R S I T E ST R AT E GY

E X P LO R AT I O N S O F F O R M + ST R U CT U R E

Structural strategy exploration that was resolved by using an inhabited vierendeel truss to span the road and also the metro station.

Site analysis - project situated on site showing views to the city, sun path and prevailing wind

PROGRAMME

The CRN commissions a gantry crane to be build, spanning over the metro station and across onto the steep site opposite it. The concrete slab and foundations are then prepared for a reclaimed steel portal frame to be erected on site. The steel structure will foster the accommodation of a Dowel Laminated Timber (DLT) Factory. DLT structural panels can be achieved within a self build context and will act as a foundation for the MakerSpace community to grow the Byker site organically, without needing a building contractor. The gantry crane is worked during the off peak hours of the metro, collecting reclaimed material that has been dropped at other Tyne metro stations.

PROGRAMME

Initially the steel frame will be clad in the traditional cladding from the structures past life. The cladding on the roof will be replaced with the first DLT panels that the factory produces. These panels will act as a testing ground for the makers as they are not structural. A DLT floor will also be placed over the steel beams making the portal frame a 2 storey building.

PROGRAMME

2 Phase 2 of the project will require the DLT factory to manufacture structural panels and a truss system that will span over the road. This span is around 10m and needs to allow for enough space beneath it so the bus routes are not affected.

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PROGRAMME

3 Phase 3 requires glue laminated posts, beams and a vierendeel truss structure. This is needed to span the 22m over the metro roof. This could be done with steel , however the span is too great to logistically use and source steel that is reclaimed. Once all the DLT members are manufactured, the factory remains operational. This provides skilled jobs which will help to establish a stronger DLT manufacture industry in the North East.

[1] ISOMETRIC ‘A T YPICAL 24HRS ON SITE’

The service yard is a private area that is not part of the public realm. HGV’s reverse into the DLT factory to pick up and drop off deliveries.

The car park is changed from private to public use by those who work in the DLT factory or come to visit the site.

15 : 00 The site’s current functions remain undisturbed by my proposal. The bus route can still pass under the building, as can traffic and pedestrians. Commuters using the metro also still have the same access points down to the platform.

[2] ISOMETRIC ‘A T YPICAL 24HRS ON SITE’

21 : 00 The bar staff on the terrace prepare the space for the small booking they have for the night. The MakerSpace is still alive with people repairing, restoring and creating furniture from salvage collected from the previous few days by the metro. People rush to get todays work done before the facility closes as 22 : 00. The Circular Refuse Network (CRN) operates at night time when fewer pedestrians use the line. The different yellow line metro stations act as magnets for material as people all around Newcastle have been dropping unwanted material/ broken goods off at their local service.

[3] ISOMETRIC ‘A T YPICAL 24HRS ON SITE’

01 : 00 The MakerSpace users have left by now. The workers employed by the Tyne and Wear metro come onto the gantry crane platform. Material which has been collecting at the drop zone down the side of the station is lifted onto the metro line. This material is bound for one of the other stations that features a large sorting warehouse. The material will then be re-dispersed to one of 5 Makerspace facilities or a recycling plant or manufacture plant. If the material is timber or scrap metal e.g. (steel, tin, aluminium, brass, copper, iron, stainless steel) of a salvageable grade, it will come back here to Byker. Once off the metro, the workers distribute the material to its designated area within the facility, ready to be used by the makers.

[4] ISOMETRIC ‘A T YPICAL 24HRS ON SITE’

09 : 00 The material lift is used to transport the steel material onto the third floor where there is extra space to put larger salvaged items. When the makers arrive in the morning, all the new material has been sorted and stored in its designated zone within the facility. It’s first come first served for the pieces that are considered of lesser value. Material considered of high value is put to the Maker Market where makers can buy it at a subsidized cost. The money obtained from these sales helps run the Tyne and Wear Circular Refuse Economy.

[5] ISOMETRIC ‘A T YPICAL 24HRS ON SITE’

13 : 00 Come lunch time, the makers have begun manipulating, carving, sculpting, dismantling, welding and chipping away at the salvaged material. All the makers specialise in different disciplines and crafts. However, when someone wants to learn a new skill they can attend the workshop sessions that run twice a month. These take place next to the public cafe in the Mega Maker Zone. Here learn how to work the material in alternative ways. The orange arrow illustrates where the finishing, sanding and painting room is before the up-cycled, curated architectural salvage moves to the Maker Market to be exhibited and sold.

[6] ISOMETRIC ‘A T YPICAL 24HRS ON SITE’

15 : 00 Whether it is a feature light, refurbished church door or a fixed toy, once ready, it will be put up on display for sale in the maker market. Exhibitions of the most impressive feature pieces will be displayed at the front of the Market (see shaded orange area). This is the only access point for the public and is the beginning of the linear journey through to the maker cafe workshops and up onto the roof terrace that looks out over the city.

P U B L I C + P R I VAT E C I R C U L AT I O N

The public circulation aims to encourage more people to invest in more circular possessions and increase awareness of the circular economy. The route to the Maker Cafe, Mega Maker Zone and the Terrace Bar and city views is all channelled through the Market. Here you experience the fruits of the makers labour and see first hand how things can be up-cycled, repaired and restored. The main entrance features views into the maker market, so that passers by can view the shop floor on their way to or from the high street and be enticed in. This route and the placing of the main entrance also ensures the pieces made in the Maker Space receive maximum exposure to buyers. Public Private

/ Exit

Ma pace S r p e Mak e Sho e e ff o C 1 Spac o e r t c e ffi M yO C 2 actor F ce W T L ffi D O WC y 3 ption actor e F c T e L D ce R on 4 r Spa e cepti k e rd a R M e ge Ya ac a p r S o 5 t r er S Make Timb + 6 e c Servi Floor y r o t c 7 a ess DLT F y Acc r e v i l 8 e DLT D 9

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M AT E R I A L S A M P L E B OA R D

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Figure 10

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Figure 11 Figure 12

Figure 15

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N O R T H FACA D E + M AT E R I A L I T Y D E V E LO P M E N T

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BY K E R M E T R O STAT I O N B E F O R E + A F T E R

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SOUTH FACADE

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T E R R AC E L AT E N I G H T B A R + E V E N T S PAC E

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MAKER CAFE / MAG SPACE / MEGA MAKER ZONE

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I N T E R G R AT E D P E R S P E CT I V E S E CT I O N

REFLECTIVE CONCLUSION

What are the strongest aspects of your project and what parts could be improved? Reflecting on my work and the project as a whole I think the strongest aspects are the tectonic exploration. I have worked rigorously on the structural systems of my proposal, modelling them in sketchup and growing my understanding of mass timber structural systems. I have however missed not working with physical models this year. Initial design exploration is more fluid when working with modelling materials and I think not building a physical site model hindered both my motivation and creativity. How did you find working remotely this semester? I found working remotely tough this semester. I fell behind with work around midterm reviews and even more over Easter due to a PEC. The studios only just began to fill back up towards the end of the semester so I also felt disconnected from my fellow peers and also the degree.

What mark would you give to your own work? I’ll take what I can and look forward to next year!

PART 2 TECHNICAL REPORT

E N V I R O N M E N TA L S T R AT E GY D LT CRADLE TO CRADLE

Sustainable forestry

DLT

Consumer

DLT Factory

DLT

CO2

Green electricity to power manufacture process

Sawmill

230,000 tonnes of discarded wood into enough electricity to supply approximately 66,000 homes through the National Grid.

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S E A S O N A L E N V I R O N M E N TA L ST R AT E GY

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E N V I R O N M E N TA L ST R AT E GY

ST R U CT U R A L ST R AT E GY

Primary

Bracing

Secondary

Cladding

Primary Suspended Glulam Beams

Figure 16 - The use of the Vierendeel Truss in the MIES VAN DER ROHE: S.R. CROWN HALL helped me to resolve the large spanning distance over the Metro Station

ST R U CT U R A L ST R AT E GY

GLUE LAMINATED VIERENDEEL TRUSS DOWEL LAMINATED TRUSS USING DENSIFIED SOFTWOOD DOWELS THAT CREATE STRONGER AND TIGHTER JOINT 300MM STRUCTURAL DLT PANEL https://doi.org/10.1016/j. dibe.2019.100004

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S E R V I C E / AC C E S S / F I R E ST R AT E GY

Compliant Ramp Lift

Fire Escape Core

Water/ WC Waste

Fresh Air distributor

Dust Extractor

Air Extractor

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S E R V I C E / AC C E S S / F I R E ST R AT E GY

Compliant Ramp Lift

Fire Escape Core

Water/ WC Waste

Fresh Air distributor

Dust Extractor

Air Extractor

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S E R V I C E / AC C E S S / F I R E ST R AT E GY

Compliant Ramp Lift

Fire Escape Core

Water/ WC Waste

Fresh Air distributor

Dust Extractor

Air Extractor

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S E R V I C E / AC C E S S / F I R E ST R AT E GY

Compliant Ramp Lift

Fire Escape Core

External Fire Escape

Water/ WC Waste

Fresh Air distributor

Dust Extractor

Air Extractor

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1 : 20 SECTION CUT LINE

S CA L E 1 : 2 0 R O O F D E TA I L

RECLAIMED TIMBER JOISTS TO FINISH INSIDE OF PARAPET 140MM H200-W30 DLT PANEL

100x25MM DECKING WITH 10MM GAP BETWEEN BOARDS 250x75MM JOISTS CUT TO FALLS OF 1 : 40 SO THAT A MINIMUM FALL OF 1 : 80 IS ACHIEVED 50<350MM ROOF INSULATION CUT TO FALLS (1 : 40) VCL 203x3450MM DLT FLOOR SLAB SUPPORTED VIA SUSPENDED GLUE LAMINATED TRUSS (SEE FULL IMAGE) SOUND ABSORBING FIXINGS SIT WITHIN THE PRE-FLUTED LAMELLAS

VAPOUR CONTROL LAYER TAPED 300MM ABOVE DLT SLAB LEVEL MOUNTING JOIST STAINLESS STEEL SUPPORT PLATE

STAINLESS STEEL LINTEL TO SUPPORT BRICKWORK ABOVE WINDOW NON-STRUCTURAL CLADDING AND WATERPROOFING

SALVAGED/ RECLAIMED BRICK PERFORATED CLADDING WITH RAKED MORTAR JOINT BRICK TO BE FIXED WITH ANCON TFMT7 WALL TIE AT 300MM VERTICAL CENTRES BREATHER MEMBRANE 60MM SOFTWOOD FIBREBOARD 306MM H200-W30 DLT STRUCTURAL WALL PANEL SPECIFIED TO (THOMA Holx GmbH, 2020)

RECYCLED VELFAC DOUBLE GLAZED WINDOW

RECLAIMED RUSTED STEEL WINDOW SURROUND

TIMBER BEAM TO SUPPORT WINDOW - SPECIFIED TO ENGINEERS CALCULATIONS

2m DLT specified to (THOMA Holx GmbH, 2020) (StructureCraft, 2020)

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S CA L E 1 : 2 0 STO R E Y T R A N S I T I O N D E TA I L

150x60MM MOUNTING JOIST TO HOLD DLT PANEL IN POSITION

STAINLESS STEEL LINTEL TO SUPPORT BRICKWORK ABOVE WINDOW NON-STRUCTURAL CLADDING AND VAPOUR CONTROL LAYER

RECYCLED VELFAC DOUBLE GLAZED WINDOW

RECLAIMED RUSTED STEEL WINDOW SURROUND

TIMBER BEAM TO SUPPORT WINDOW - SPECIFIED TO ENGINEERS CALCULATIONS

2m DLT specified to (THOMA Holx GmbH, 2020) (StructureCraft, 2020)

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S U S P E N D I N G D LT S L A B D E TA I L SCALE 1 : 20

20MM RECLAIMED TIMBER FLOOR BOARD 40MM SUBSTRUCTURE FLOORBOARDS PLACED AT CENTRES 400MM CENTRES (TO BE LIFTED WHEN INSTALLING ANY FUTURE SERVICING) 40x400MM JOISTS FIXED AT 400MM CENTRES 30MM IMPACT SOUND INSULATION 100MM GRANULATE FILL CONTAINING FLOOR HEATING PIPES TRICKLE PAPER 203x3450MM DLT FLOOR SLAB SUPPORTED VIA SUSPENDED GLUE LAMINATED BEAMS 150MM DRY WOOD FIBRE INSULATION BOARD FIXED TO UNDERSIDE OF DLT FLOOR SLAB BREATHER MEMBRANE 150x60MM MOUNTING JOIST TO HOLD DLT PANEL IN POSITION VAPOUR CONTROL LAYER FLASHING FOR FACADE WATER RUN OFF STAINLESS STEEL LINTEL TO SUPPORT BRICK WORK FLASHING TO GUIDE FLAT ROOF DRAINAGE ONTO EXISTING METRO STATION ROOF

2m DLT specified to (THOMA Holx GmbH, 2020) (StructureCraft, 2020)

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StructureCraft. (2020). DLT/DowelLam Design and Profile Guide. [Online] Available at: <https://structurecraft.com/materials/masstimber/dlt-dowel-laminated-timber> [Accessed 11 Nov. 2020]. Ellen Macarther Foundation. (2020) What is the Circular Economy?. [Online] Available at: https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/ circular-economy/what-is-the-circular-economy [Accessed 11 Nov. 2020]. FAB9, (2018) The Maker Movement: How Hackerspaces, Makerspaces, And Fab Labs Are Revolutionising The Way We Make…. [online] Medium. Available at: <https://medium.com/@ fab9au/the-maker-movement-a550e68a9ad3> [Accessed 14 November 2020]. (Ed.), K., (2017) Urban Re-Industrialization. [Place of publication not identified]: Punctum Books. Sotayo, A., Bradley, D., Bather, M., Sareh, P., Oudjene, M., El-Houjeyri, I., Harte, A., Mehra, S., O’Ceallaigh, C., Haller, P., Namari, S., Makradi, A., Belouettar, S., Bouhala, L., Deneufbourg, F. and Guan, Z. (2020). Review of state of the art of dowel laminated timber members and densified wood materials as sustainable engineered wood products for construction and building applications. Developments in the Built Environment, 1, p.100004. THOMA Holx GmbH. (2020) Holz100 Thoma Planning Guide. Available at: < https://www.thoma.at/thomaplanungshandbuch/?lang=en > [Accessed 5 May 2021].

LIST OF FIGURES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Braungart, M. and McDonough, W. (2002) Cradle To Cradle. 1st ed. New York: North Point Press.

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Figure 11 - ArchDaily. (2018). “Kamikatz Public House / Hiroshi Nakamura & NAP”. Available at: <https://www.archdaily.com/892767/kamikatzpublic-house-hiroshi-nakamura-and-nap> ISSN 0719-8884 [Accessed 8 May 2021]. Figure 12 - DIVISARE JOURNAL. (2018). GROUPWORK + AMIN TAHA BARRETTS GROVE. Available at: < https://divisare.com/projects/391150groupwork-amin-taha-timothy-soar-barretts-grove> [Accessed 22 May 2021]. Figure 13 - Nardi, G. (2017). TOO GOOD TO WASTE. MIRALLES TAGLIABUE EMBT. Available at: <http://www.mirallestagliabue.com/project/toogood-to-waste/> [Accessed 20 May 2021]. Figure 14 - THOMA Holx GmbH. (2020) Holz100 Thoma Planning Guide. Available at: < https://www.thoma.at/thomaplanungshandbuch/?lang=en > [Accessed 5 May 2021]. Figure 15 Mark, L. (2016). What Amin Taha specified on Barrett’s Grove. Available at: < https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/buildings/ what-amin-taha-specified-on-barretts-grove> [Accessed 5 May 2021]. Figure 16 - Barba, J. (2013). RESTORING MIES VAN DER ROHE: S.R. CROWN HALL. METALOCUS. Available at: < https://www.metalocus.es/en/news/restoringmies-van-der-rohe-sr-crown-hall > [Accessed 5 May 2021].

Figure 8 - SEISER ALM HOTELS. (2021) Available at: < http://www.seiseralm.com > [Accessed 1 May 2021]. Figure 9 - THOMA Holx GmbH. (2020) Holz100 Thoma Planning Guide. Available at: < https://www.thoma.at/thomaplanungshandbuch/?lang=en > [Accessed 5 May 2021]. Figure 10 - “ArchDaily. (2021) “Wooden Production Facility for Timber Construction and Carpentry / AMJGS Architektur + Marti AG Matt” . Available at: <https://www.archdaily.com/960151/woodenproduction-facility-for-timber-construction-and-carpentryamjgs-architektur-plus-marti-ag-matt> ISSN 0719-8884. [Accessed 1 April 2021].

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