Westminster borough has a high contrast of income inequality with some of the wealthiest people in London living just blocks away from some of the most deprived people in London. This deprivation includes income inequality as well as pay inequality which leads to fuel impoverished families2.
2. THE SITE AROUND THE STATION LACKS A SENSE OF PLACE AND IS IMPERMEABLE TO ITS SURROUNDINGS Solutions: ● Create a public realm at the station entrance/exit for better permeability ● Enhance the public realm to guide users through a legible path to The Bays & the Paddington Basin
Least deprived areas in London
By: Laura, Makena, Kana, Aditi
What is Fuel Poverty? When households “have required fuel costs that are above average (the national median level); and were they to spend that amount, they would be left with a residual income below the poverty line”1.
Paddington’s Fuel Impoverished Areas
deprived in London”3
Development vs. Inequality? Upon further research into the inequality and social sustainability issues of Westminster we looked into which stations are the busiest among the London boroughs and found a potential correlation between the busiest stations and the boroughs with the greatest income inequality. This information made it clear that we need to address social inequality in a sustainable and creative way, which drew us to our second problematisation. Busiest Stations (London Borough) 1. Victoria (Westminster)
1. Westminster
2. Liverpool Street (City of London)
2. Camden
3. Charing Cross (Westminster)
Paddington Station
Income Inequality by Borough
4. Euston (Camden)
Westminster ranks in the worst 4 boroughs for unemployment, placing 30 out of 32 for unemployment longer than 3 years2.
7. St. Pancras (Camden)
Lacks Placemaking
Mean income of Westminster is 170% of the median income2
5. Paddington (Westminster) 6. Kings Cross (Camden)
Poor Wayfinding
Canal/station entrance
● Install solar panels at and around Paddington Station to supply renewable energy to the local energy grid ● Employ and train local fuel poor households on renewable energy systems to reduce the fuel poor population
“Westminster’s local areas are among both the most and least
The Bays corridor
1. FUEL POOR/DEPRIVATION POCKETS WITHIN & AROUND THE PADDINGTON OPPORTUNITY AREA (POA) Solutions:
Most deprived areas in London
Westminster alone accounts for 14% of all jobs in London… 69,000 of them are low paid2
London Street
Problematisation
Together with the employment opportunities created by our solar intervention, our project will also solve the lack of public realm by applying solar placemaking interventions outside the station and creating a more legible path through the POA.
Not pedestrian friendly
Station entrance
Solarizing Paddington
Westminster Borough’s Deprivation
Confusing Entrance
BPLN0051 Sustainable Urban Design | Solarizing Paddington | Laura Zumbado, Kana Nomoto, Makena Kirkham, Aditi Verma | Dr Tse-Hui Teh, Mr Fernando Gutierrez Hernandez
Intervention Proposal Solarizing Paddington brings together and tackles three key issues identified within and around the POA: energy consumption, socio-economic deprivation and site illegibility. The aim of the project is therefore to alleviate socioeconomic deprivation within Westminster Borough whilst lowering the energy consumption of Paddington Railway Station through solar energy generation, and also improving legibility around the station for better wayfinding. As a result, the intervention will address all three aspects of sustainability - environmental, social and economic, to some degree. As indicated by the triple bottom line model, this approach attempts to challenge the complexity of sustainability as a multifaceted issue in the context of the POA.
CASE STUDY 1
CASE STUDY 2
Kings Cross Station
Blackfriars Bridge
At Kings Cross Station solar PV panels were integrated into a glass roofing over an area of 2,300m2. As a Grade-I listed building, the process was guided by Historic England (HE) in order to preserve its
A solar roof with 4,400 panels was installed on Blackfriars Bridge in central London. Network Rail claimed it as the world’s largest This exemplifies how solar bridge and stations can benefit from provides up to 50% of the energy created and the station’s energy5. also catch public attention.
Architectural significance4. This project should similarly follow HE’s guidance on retrofitting listed buildings.
Training & Employment Scheme
Renewable Energy Generation
In order to directly involve the fuel poor population into our initiative, the first step will be to establish a training and employment scheme to equip unemployed individuals with the technical electrical engineering skills and knowledge to instal solar panels. Upon completing training, they are guaranteed short-term employment with Network Rail’s contractors to instal (or maintain) the station’s solar roofing. The aim is for the employment contract to be short-term so that they can use their newly acquired skills and experience to enter the job market. This is critical so that the scheme can continue to train and employ the next set of fuel poor people.
The project will be tackling environmental sustainability through a series of solar panel installations that will generate renewable energy in the POA. Solar panels were chosen as the most cost effective (in the long-term) renewable energy system and the large surface area provided by the station further made this an attractive choice. Solar panels are also advantageous for large-scale implementation as they have no running costs and are low maintenance6. On average, they last for 25 - 30 years and with an average degradation rate of only 0.8% each year7.
North Western Economic Development Area (NWEDA)
NWEDA Borough boundary
POA
To initiate this scheme, the Council will need to make strategic use of initiatives and resources available in the NWEDA (detailed later on), in which the POA is located within.
Raising Public Awareness: In addition to cutting carbon emissions, another incentive for installing PV to the station specifically is the added benefit of public exposure. This table shows Paddington Station’s high footfall with over 3 billion entries and exits in the year 2018-198. The station thus provides an opportunity to promote the benefits of solar renewable energy to a wide audience.
Placemaking Urban Design Scope for increased legibility
This map indicates the routes of pedestrian movement (in red) from the multiple station exits9. Our intervention aims to create a more clear route in the highlighted area that is currently ignored and illegible.
Increasing the legibility of this area is a crucial opportunity because of its proximity to the surrounding developments: Paddington Basin (Merchant Square)
Paddington Central (Sheldon Square)
THE BAYS CORRIDOR
Our proposal will increase the connectivity of these three major developments to enhance the overall commercial activity of the POA, alongside the sustainability initiatives.
Paddington Cube (under construction)
BPLN0051 Sustainable Urban Design | Solarizing Paddington | Laura Zumbado, Kana Nomoto, Makena Kirkham, Aditi Verma | Dr Tse-Hui Teh, Mr Fernando Gutierrez Hernandez
The Actor Network
Key
The POA currently have a series of actants that aim to alleviate the high level of socioeconomic inequality and deprivation in Westminster Borough but are not well connected through any major schemes. On the other hand, there is a distinct absence of actants working towards reducing resource consumption and to achieving environmental sustainability more broadly. Thus, our intervention comes in to address these two motivations together, using the different human and non-human actants that currently occupy the space, as illustrated in our actor-network diagram on the right.
Existing relations New relations
Fuel poor people
Training & Employment
Energy savings and sustainability strategy
ZEDroof
Sunlight
ZEDroof
Humans Community Development goals
Increase solar urban design awareness
Art installations
Solar power street furniture Station users
Socio-economic support
Increase attractiveness of public realm
Reducing urban energy footprint
Urban Wildlife
Local artists
Interessment - Primary Actants
Social Performance Commitment
Natural
Fuel poor people
Infrastructure
Solar power food trucks Wayfinding signs
Workers at POA
City of Westminster Council As our intervention not only works to improve the socio-economic conditions of the Borough’s residents but also aims to improve one of its most visited sites, Paddington Station, the Council will have an interest in engaging with the intervention. In particular, they state in their most recent City Plan that they will “continue to support a partnership approach to tackling deprivation and promoting economic activity”10, which aligns with this project’s aims. Moreover, they will be a key actant in facilitating the relationships between organisations like the Paddington Development Trust and private sector developers.
Developers
Institutions
Network Rail Network Rail will have an interest in the project as part of two existing motivations. Firstly, the solar panel installations will contribute to their Energy and Carbon policy of which their first commitment is to “continually improving the energy efficiency of our estates”11. Secondly, they also have a Social Performance Policy which addresses ways in which they intend to maximise their social impact. In particular, one of their key principles are to “identify opportunities to address the skills shortage and contribute to a thriving local economy through apprenticeships and local recruitment”12.
The Paddington Partnership
Fuel poor people
The Paddington Partnership will be incentivised to get involved in the intervention as their work is focused around bringing together local partners and companies to “meet the needs of business, visitors and the local community”13. In particular, their ‘Paddington Community Programme’ will be a key resource to facilitate new relations between the private sector (including National Rail and ZEDfactory) and local residents to achieve the project’s sustainability goals.
The fuel poor people will be incentivised to gain skills through training and employment schemes as a way of entering the job market with a skillset that is expected to remain valuable in the future, as the number of renewable energy infrastructure increase around the city. Moreover, as a community development initiative it will empower them as members of the local community.
Existing versus New Relations
The Community Programme has been connecting community members with corporate clients since 2004
City of Westminster College - Paddington Green campus
The actor-network diagram aims to illustrate how our intervention produces important new relations between human actants (humans and institutions) and non-human actants (natural and infrastructure) that evolve alongside existing relations. The existing relationship between the Paddington Partnership and developers, as well as between the local charity Paddington Development Trust (PDT) and fuel poor people are critical as they enable the working relationship between Network Rail and the fuel poor people to be formed. The number of relations connected to the fuel poor people is also significant as it reflects how we want our initiative to be deployed bottom-up by directly involving the local community from the very initial phase.
BPLN0051 Sustainable Urban Design | Solarizing Paddington | Laura Zumbado, Kana Nomoto, Makena Kirkham, Aditi Verma | Dr Tse-Hui Teh, Mr Fernando Gutierrez Hernandez
Urban Design Proposal
Solar Trees
Trees & vegetation
Solar Canopy
Green concrete square
Pocket Park
Solar Roofing
Active Frontages
Street 3D view
Calculating Solar Feasibility The feasibility of the solar panel energy generation in the Paddington Station coordinates was tested using the European Commission’s PVGIS-5 (Photovoltaic Geographical Information System) interactive tool14. The PVGIS-5 simulates utilizing the inputs: PV technology, PVGIS SARAH database, horizon, system capacity and known losses. The graph below represents the results from the simulation showing the monthly energy production of PV panels from solar radiation for the Paddington Station area.
The figure above shows the solar roofing coverage and other placemaking interventions envisioned square at the station’s entrance. The pedestrianisation of London Street with cycling facilities and active frontages will increase footfall along the street. A green pocket park will signpost the entrance to The Bays and a green connection that leads to the Paddington Basin area. Finally, The Bays will be a key public realm with urban furniture and activities.
Simulation:
Grid- connected PV performance
Technology:
Crystalline silicon
PV installed2 :
5000 kWp
Losses:
14% system 19% simulation The diagram on the left illustrates the sun movement between Spring and Autumn equinox, when the solar potential is highest in the year as shown in the graph. Accordingly, the panels will be oriented in a southwesterly direction for maximum efficiency.
Above are the locations of other solar interventions. This includes solar powered street furniture such as bike stands, benches and street lights to create a public realm that guides users from Paddington Station through London Street (see above) and the Bays, then continuing to the Paddington Basin (see below).
This street view below shows the placement of solar furniture, bicycle parking, green walls, green tunnel and food carts. Starting at the station entrance from the Praed Street, it extends through the Bays Corridor. The vision is to improve this stretch with legible solar and green interventions that also provide employment. Train tracks
Paddington station roof
7:30
12:30
8:30
17:30
Taxi Drop-Off Entry
Energy Cost Savings
The Cube
Phasing Overview
Canal
PHASE 1
PHASE 2
PHASE 3
First cohort trained
First cohort employed
Enter job market with new skills
Network Rail plan with contractors
Solar panels on station roof
The Bays solar street furniture
Network Rail plan with the Council
Information boards in station
Pedestrianisation of London Street
PHASE 4 New jobs for food trucks and street art Growing public awareness of solar energy Wayfinding signs and new public realm
A shadow analysis highlights that only at 7:30am the shadow of the upcoming “Paddington Cube” will partially affect the station’s solar exposure. Based on the area of the station to be solarized and using existing data14, 15, 16 on the standard capacity of a PV system, the total yearly energy generated is calculated to be over 4 million kWh per year. Multiplied with the (lowest) energy cost in the area17, the total energy cost savings yearly is determined to be £576,178.98
BPLN0051 Sustainable Urban Design | Solarizing Paddington | Laura Zumbado, Kana Nomoto, Makena Kirkham, Aditi Verma | Dr Tse-Hui Teh, Mr Fernando Gutierrez Hernandez
Phase One: Training & Employment Identify socio-economically deprived people to train and enrol them into training programmes
PV Installation Qualifications
The group are trained and gain employment with Network Rail’s contractors to instal panels
Location of the four most deprived wards in the NWEDA
First cohort of fully trained and qualified people ready to instal PV panels into Paddington Station
Preparing Information signs to place around the station to raise awareness about the PV panel roofing
Classroom training
The Training & Employment Scheme Cycle Training qualifications awarded
Participants will first need a foundational electrician qualification which they can acquire through the ‘City & Guilds Diploma in Electrical Installations’ offered at City of Westminster College18. Lasting 36 weeks, they will then be qualified to begin their specialised training in installing and testing photovoltaic systems through ‘Solar Photovoltaic Qualification Course’ issued by the the European Energy Centre19. This second part of the training will be facilitated and funded together by Network Rail and their contractors. This qualification involves two core units: knowledge of photovoltaic systems and practical applications of installing and testing, involving both theory and practical assessments. The entire training process will last approximately one year, by the end of which the fuel poor people will be equipped with in-demand electrotechnical skills as well as in-depth knowledge of photovoltaic systems (both front and backend). By receiving the PV training directly from Network Rail’s contractors, the newly qualified fuel poor people will be familiar with the station’s roofing system as soon as they start working.
Practical training with panels
Funding and Initial Costs
The Paddington Development Trust is a local charity that have raised £60,000,000 since 1998 to invest in local opportunities in employment, skills & qualifications and community infrastructure20. Their partnerships with investors and community grants will be vital for the financial viability of this project.
City & Guilds Level 2 Diploma in Electrical Installations (City of Westminster College)
£1,760
Solar Photovoltaic Qualification Course (EU Energy Center)
£540
Total training cost (per person)
£2,300
Salary for first 6 months of employment (per person)
£10,500
TOTAL (for 27 employees)
£345,600
60% 40%
The PDT will input their funds and investment from their corporate partners to support the community with their training and salaries, whilst Network Rail as the employer will partner with contractors to also fund their initial salary (the latter 6 months will come from the energy cost savings).
BPLN0051 Sustainable Urban Design | Solarizing Paddington | Laura Zumbado, Kana Nomoto, Makena Kirkham, Aditi Verma | Dr Tse-Hui Teh, Mr Fernando Gutierrez Hernandez
Phase Two: Solar Roofing Paddington Station First cohort of fully trained people begin work on installing ZEDroof PV panels Paddington Station roof is solarized and visitors read the information signs
Panels capture Works on Following the principles of the green energy to power implementing economy, the City of Westminster and the station and ZEDroof panels to Network Rail achieve socially and Network Rail invest the Paddington environmentally conscious goals as the cost savings into Cube and first trainees instal, maintain and operate ongoing training potentially other the solar roofing at Paddington Station. programme new developments
Design Precedents
Trainees develop solar energy literacy and bring it to their communities to alleviate fuel poverty
ZEDfactory’s PowerClad System creating solar canopies21
Station Interior Proposal
Benefits of ZEDRoof PV Panels23 ❖Self cleaning ❖Can be installed on any roof with a 15 degree pitch ❖Can be retrofitted on an existing building including historically preserved ones ❖Provide shade without compromising natural light ❖Create passive cooling ❖Generate over 100% annual electricity ❖Generate over 60% annual hot water The ZEDroof PV panels are Tedlar backed (film-based solar backsheets that form the outermost layer of a solar panel22) allowing light to filter through into the space below. The matt black anodised aluminium flush fitting enables not only an attractive but seamless and easily maintained roof surface21.
The interlocking structure of monocrystalline solar electric panels with translucent glass panels of the ZEDroofs means that no natural light will be lost when changing the current roof of the station as they transmit daylight between the silicon cells23.
Funding
To raise public awareness, there will be billboards placed inside the station detailing the benefits of the ZEDroof and displaying energy consumption and solar energy generation in real time. Through this, we aim to promote the use of renewable energy.
90%
10%
As the building and landowner of the station, Network Rail will be the main source of funding for installing the ZEDroof PV panels. There will also be a 10% subsidy from Westminster Council following the Mayor of London’s Solar Action Plan, which urges Local Councils to maximise solar energy production. The Council will also be motivated to provide funding as the station has one of largest surface areas in the Borough with solar potential. Additionally, this will also be a social capital investment for the borough’s development.
BPLN0051 Sustainable Urban Design | Solarizing Paddington | Laura Zumbado, Kana NOMOTO, Makena KIRKHAM, Aditi VERMA | Dr Tse-Hui Teh, Mr Fernando Gutierrez Hernandez
Phase Three: Placemaking London Street Legibility Proposal
Phase Four: Public Realm
Meanwhile, next cohort of sociallyeconomically deprived people are trained for solar street furniture implementing
Initiate commercial activity and local participation with solarpowered food trucks and street art
London Street and the Bays are modified for a legible and inviting public realm
Further job creation for local food vendors and artists; increasing overall awareness of solar energy initiatives as more people come to the area
Increased footfall creates demand for commercial activity
Greening of public realm provides opportunities for increased biodiversity Additional sustainable coevolution
Garages on the street converted into eating joints and stores
Street access limited to cyclists and pedestrians.
ZEDtrees, with solar panels on the top, used as urban furniture Improving legibility and wayfinding through signposts and eye-catching green walls Green walls act as a trail for a biodiversity network and enhance the environmental sustainability of Paddington
The road for cab drop off will be covered by a green tunnel to reduce noise and air pollution. It will also act as a wayfinding sign for people entering the station
The existing wall will be converted into a Biodiversity wall with plants, flowers and vegetation of different species
Funding Developers
70%
20%
10%
Majority of the funding will come from the developers in the Paddington Basin as the placemaking initiative will increase attractiveness and hence uplift land value. The NHS will also contribute funding towards transforming their current ground floor offices into retail activity, which would finance the creation of additional floors as new office space. Again, the Council will subsidise 10% of the funding as it creates valuable public space outside the station.
Solar Canopy bridge across canal
Continuous The POA cycle of training becomes a model more people for of urban maintenance of placemaking with panels renewables for other stations
Placemaking the Bays Corridor The Bays becomes an important node with public space to provide social spaces and commercial activity created by the solar food carts and interactive art installations..
Funding Developers will continue to finance this phase as increased commercial Developers activity will further attract visitors to their site. The PDT will also be an important source of financing as they continue to support local employment through the 40% provision of food trucks and art installations.
60%
Pop up solar food carts to be operated Floor patterns and Improved landscapes by fuel poor people, providing further graffitis to enhance promoting biodiversity employment opportunities legibility
Solar interventions on lamp posts and benches
BPLN0051 Sustainable Urban Design | Solarizing Paddington | Laura Zumbado, Kana Nomoto, Makena Kirkham, Aditi Verma | Dr Tse-Hui Teh, Mr Fernando Gutierrez Hernandez
Outcomes & Sustainable Coevolution Social Sustainability Outcomes
Environmental Sustainability Outcomes
Solarizing Paddington will create new jobs for those within the POA that are most in need in two ways: firstly through the training and employment scheme for PV panel installation and maintenance, and secondly by providing casual employment as food truck operators or artists for public art installations in the newly created public realm.
Social Data Outcomes: Savings (£/year) Lower income yearly per person(£) Employment (person/yearly)
The financial savings from the station’s solar energy generation alone will be enough to support 27 starting employees with a living wage salary24.
576,179 21,000 27
Solarizing Paddington will generate environmental benefits both directly and indirectly. Directly, it will reduce Paddington Station’s fossil fuel consumption as it generates renewable solar energy. Indirectly, the station’s new solar roofing will increase public awareness on renewable energy and the urban placemaking will contribute towards improved air quality around the station.
Environmental Data Outcomes: CO2 emission reduction yearly (tons) Renewable energy generated (kWh/Year)
Humans
Gain an awareness and understanding of sustainable energy initiatives in the Paddington area and teach them about the potential of creating renewable energy in urban areas.
Environment
Fuel poor people
Local artists
Station users
Gain employable trade skills through renewable energy installation and maintenance, lifting themselves out of fuel poverty.
Gain commissions and exposure of their art as they create installations along the brick walls of The Bays and in sections of the newly pedestrianised London Street.
Solar food trucks Food truck operators will be able to own their own small businesses in a low risk manner encouraging sustainable local economic growth.
Urban Wildlife Increased urban biodiversity as the proposed green spaces in the Bays corridor provides insects and bugs with habitat and pollination opportunities
Sustainable Coevolution Fuel poor people acquire technical skills and gain employment opportunities
Network Rail move towards achieving their carbon reduction targets
Paddington Station reduce their fossil fuel energy consumption The general public awareness of renewable energy potential in urban areas increases
Trainees develop solar energy literacy and bring it to their communities Increased green corridors for enhanced biodiversity and capturing pollutants
Improved legibility and opportunities for socialising in the newly created public realm
1,183 4,665,615.29
Solar roofing the station will reduce the station’s CO2 emissions by 1,183 tons yearly25 and generate 4,665,615 kWh of renewable energy yearly.
Will generate 100% of the electricity for the station as well as for the fuel poor people/solar panel installers within the POA.
Increased green space
Renewable Energy
ZEDroof
The POA’s overall environmental impact will be reduced by implementing an evolving system that is fossil fuel independent.
Pedestrianisation of London Street and adding green squares and walls will encourage traffic reduction and also capture particulate matter generated by vehicles.
References
1.GOV.UK. Fuel Poverty Sub-Regional Statistics [Website]. 13 Jun 2019 [Accessed 20 Mar 2020]; Available from www.gov.uk/government/collections/fuel-poverty-subregional-statistics.
2. Trust for London. London’s Poverty Profile. London: New Policy Institute; 2017. 3. MHCLG. English Indices of Deprivation 2015 [Website]. 30 Sept 2015 [Accessed 20 Mar 2020]; Available from www.gov.uk/government/statistics/english-indices-of-
Model for Other Stations
deprivation-2015.
4.Historic England. Energy Efficiency and Historic Buildings. London: Historic England; 2018 5.BusinessGreen. World’s largest solar-powered bridge opens in London. The Guardian [Internet]. 2014 Jan 22 [Accessed 20 Mar 2020]; Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jan/22/worlds-largest-solar-powered-bridge-opens-in-london.
6.Solar Guide. Are Solar Panels Worth It? 7 Benefits of Installing Solar Panels [Internet]. [date unknown]. [Accessed 20 Mar 2020]; Available from: https://www.solarguide.co.uk/solar-panel-costs-benefits-and-savings#/
7.Energy Sage. How Long Do Solar Panels Last? [Internet]. 4 Feb 2019. [Accessed 20 Mar 2020];https://news.energysage.com/how-long-do-solar-panels-last/ 8.Office of Rail and Road. Estimates of station usage [Internet]. 2019 [Accessed 20 Mar 2020]; https://dataportal.orr.gov.uk/statistics/usage/estimates-of-station-usage/ 9.The Paddington Partnership. Padding Connections. London: The Paddington Partnership; 2019. 10.City of Westminster. Westminster City Plan. London: Westminster City Hall; 2016. 11.Network Rail. Energy and Carbon Policy. London: Network Rail; 2016. 12.Network Rail. Social Performance Policy. London: Network Rail; 2017. 13.The Paddington Partnership. About Us [Internet]. [date unknown]. [Accessed 13 Mar 2020]; Available from: https://www.thisispaddington.com/paddingtonpartnership/about-us
14.European Commission. Photovoltaic Geographical Information System [Internet]. 24 Feb 2020 [Accessed 3 Mar 2020]; Available from https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/pvgis. 15.The Renewable Energy Hub. How to Calculate Solar Panel Size Needed [Internet]. [date unknown] [Accessed 1 Mar 2020]; Available from https://www.renewableenergyhub.co.uk/main/solar-panels/how-to-calculate-solar-panel-size-needed/
16.GreenMatch. What is the Installation Costs of Solar Panels? [Internet]. 11 Mar 2020 [Accessed 1 Mar 2020]; Available from
Upon reaching stabilisation, this model can be applied to other stations, specifically those in Camden and Westminster - the two highest income inequality boroughs identified in the problematisation phase.
https://www.greenmatch.co.uk/blog/2014/08/what-is-the-installation-cost-for-solar-panels.
17.UK Power. Compare energy prices per kWh [Internet]. [date unknown] [Accessed 1 Mar 2020]; Available from https://www.ukpower.co.uk/home_energy. 18.City of Westminster College. City & Guilds Level 2 Diploma in Electrical Installations (Structures & Buildings) [Internet]. [date unknown] [Accessed 7 April 2020]; Available from: https://www.cwc.ac.uk/courses/section/course/city-guilds-level-2-diploma-in-electrical-installations-(structures-building)
19.The European Energy Centre. Solar Photovoltaic Qualification Course [Internet]. [date unknown] [Accessed 7 April 2020]; Available from: https://www.euenergycentre.org/training/solar-photovoltaic-course/
20.Paddington Development Trust. PDT - what we do [Internet]. [date unknown] [Accessed 30 Apr 2020]; Available from: https://www.pdt.org.uk/pdt-what-we-do/. 21.ZEDfactory. Solar Photovoltaic Roofing System [Internet]. [date unknown] [Accessed 28 March 2020]; Available from: https://www.zedfactory.com/zed-roof. 22.DuPont. Tedlar Backsheets [Internet]. [date unknown] [Accessed 7 Apr 2020]; Available from: https://www.dupont.com/products/tedlar-backsheets.html 23.Bill Dunster. ZEDlife - From BedZED to the ‘Zero Bills Home’ [unpublished lecture notes]. BPLN0051: Sustainable Urban Design, UCL; lecture given 2020 14 Feb. 24.Living Wage Foundation. The Calculation [Website]. [date unknown] [Accessed 30 Mar 2020]; Available from: https://www.livingwage.org.uk/calculation. 25.Greater London Authority. London Energy and Greenhouse Gas Inventory [Website]. Jan 2020 [Accessed 25 Mar 2020]; Available: https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/leggi.
BPLN0051 Sustainable Urban Design | Solarizing Paddington | Laura Zumbado, Kana Nomoto, Makena Kirkham, Aditi Verma | Dr Tse-Hui Teh, Mr Fernando Gutierrez Hernandez